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Hachijo Island (known locally as Hachijo-jima), located 287 km
south of Tokyo, Japan (33°06ʼN, 139°47ʼE), is a small volcanic oce-
anic island and part of the Izu Islands. The climate is humid sub-
tropical. In Aug 2010 and Sep 2011, the authors collected several
specimens of an undescribed corticoid fungus on dead petioles of
Livistona chinensis R. Br. ex Mart. var. subglobosa (Hassk.) Becc.
(Arecaceae) planted in gardens and along roadsides at several sites
on the island (Supplementary Fig. S1). This fungus is morphologi-
cally similar to taxa of Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schröt. and relat-
ed genera (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Stereaceae), except in its ba-
sidiospore morphology, which is clearly distinct. Here we describe
the fungus as a new species of Aleurodiscus and discuss its phyloge-
netic position and ecological features.
The color and conguration of the hymenial surface and mar-
ginal zone were noted based on fresh and dried specimens. In the
description, color names in quotation marks refer to Rayner (1970).
For microscopic observations, a piece of a dried specimen was sec-
tioned vertically using a razor blade. Sections were mounted in 3%
(w/v) KOH, Melzer’s reagent (Weresub, 1953), sulphobenzalde-
hyde reagent (SA) (Boidin, 1951), and distilled water. Microscopic
elements of the basidiomata were drawn using a drawing tube
(Y-IDT, Nikon Imaging, Tokyo, Japan) attached to the microscope
(Eclipse Ni, Nikon Imaging). For each taxonomic element of each
specimen, 20 measurements were usually made in Melzer’s re-
agent. Basidiospore surface structure was observed with a scanning
electron microscope (SU1510, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) under 5 kV
accelerating voltage, using dried specimens. Procedures for rehy-
drating, xing, dehydrating, critical-point drying and sputter coat-
ing of the specimens followed Endo et al. (2019). The specimens
and cultures examined in this study are deposited at the Tottori
University Mycological Herbarium (TUMH) and the fungal culture
collection (TUFC), respectively, in the Fungus/Mushroom Re-
source and Research Center (FMRC), Tottori University, Tottori,
Japan.
All polyspore isolates examined in this study were obtained
from voucher specimens. These isolates were grown on malt ex-
tract agar [MA, 1.5% (w/v) malt extract, Difco, Detroit, MI; 2% (w/v)
Bacto agar, Difco] at 25 °C in the dark. To determine the optimum
growth temperature, the isolates were grown on MA plates at eight
dierent temperatures (5–40 °C).
The procedures for DNA extraction, PCR amplication, and se-
quencing analysis followed Maekawa et al. (2020). For PCR ampli-
cation and sequencing analysis, we used the primer pairs ITS5/
ITS4 (White et al., 1990) for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
regions of nuclear rDNA and LR0R/LR5 (Hopple & Vilgalys, 1994)
for the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the 28S nuclear rRNA
(LSU). After assembling the bidirectional sequences, the ITS and
LSU sequences of each of the 10 strains were deposited in the DNA
Data Bank of Japan under the accession numbers LC754704–
754713 and LC754714–754723, respectively.
A new species of the genus Aleurodiscus sensu lato (Russulales,
Basidiomycota) from Hachijo Island, Japan
Nitaro Maekawaa*, Ryo Sugawarab, Ryo Nakanoc, Ryotaro Shinob, Kozue Sotomea, Akira Nakagiria, Yuichi Obad
a Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
b The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
c Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
d Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
Short communication
ABSTRACT
Aleurodiscus sagittisporus sp. nov. is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by producing basidiomata with a monomitic
hyphal system, clampless-septate hyphae, arrowhead-shaped, amyloid, finely verrucose basidiospores, gloeocystidia, dendrohyphid-
ium-like branched paraphysoid hyphae, and variously shaped swelling cells in the hymenium. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear
rDNA LSU and ITS sequences revealed that the species is distinct from the lineage of Aleurodiscus s. str. and related genera in the Aleu-
rodiscus s. lat. clade. Basidiomata of A. sagittisporus have been collected only from dead petioles attached to living trees of Livistona
chinensis var. subglobosa on Hachijo Island, Japan.
Keywords: corticioid fungi, Livistona chinensis, molecular phylogeny, Stereaceae
Article history: Received 23 February 2023, Revised 2 June 2023, Accepted 2 June 2023, Available online 31 July 2023.
* Corresponding author. Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty
of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
E-mail address: kin-maek@tottori-u.ac.jp (N. Maekawa)
This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 international license
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the combined LSU
and ITS dataset. Taxon sampling of Aleurodiscus s. lat. and related
taxa followed Wu et al. (2022) and included Stereaceae (Aleurodis-
cus s. lat.) and an outgroup (Table 1). We aligned sequences using
MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh et al., 2019) under the “L-INS-i” algorithm.
Because the resulting alignment included many ambiguous or
gapped sites due to low homology among taxa, we trimmed the se-
quences. Manual trimming was mostly performed on the ITS2 re-
gion, where the newly described species showed a large amount of
variation compared to related species. After manual trimming, the
alignment was further trimmed using the software trimAl v. 1.2.
(Capella-Gutiérrez et al., 2009) by using the “automated1” method.
We included a total of 1212 sites of the alignment in our analyses,
including 111 from ITS1, 55 from ITS2, 157 from 5.8S, and 885 from
28S. Each of ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S, and 28S was treated as a separate data
block during model selection with ModelTest-NG v. 0.2.0 (Flouri et
al., 2015; Darriba et al., 2020) and during phylogenetic analysis
under the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI)
methods. The best tting substitution models were GTR+G+I for
ITS1 and ITS2, HKY+G for 5.8S, and GTR+G+I for 28S. The ML
phylogeny was inferred by using raxml-ng v. 1.1.0 (Kozlov et al.,
2019) with 1,000 replicates for the bootstrap analysis for each
branch. The BI analysis was run under the same partition schemes
with MrBayes v. 3.2.7 (Ronquist et al., 2012). We ran two indepen-
dents four-chain Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis for 3,000,000
generations. We checked for convergence by using Tracer v. 1.7.2
(Rambaut et al., 2018) and calculated the posterior probability for
each branch under the 50% majority consensus tree after discard-
ing the rst 25% of trees as burn-in. The alignment and tree have
been submitted to TreeBase (http://www.treebase.org; accession
no. S30351).
Basidiomata of the present species are primarily characterized
by having a monomitic hyphal system, clampless-septate hyphae,
arrowhead-shaped, amyloid, nely verrucose basidiospores, gloeo-
cystidia, dendrohyphidium-like branched paraphysoid hyphae,
suburniform basidia, and variously shaped swelling cells in the
hymenium. In addition, this species produces gloeoplerous hyphae
with subhyaline oily contents, which have been observed in cul-
tures of several taxa of Aleurodiscus and related genera. These
morphological and cultural features indicate that the species be-
longs to Aleurodiscus s. lat.
Aleurodiscus s. lat. contains morphologically diverse species,
and the following genera have been segregated based on morpho-
logical and/or phylogenetic analyses: Acanthobasidium Oberw.
(Oberwinkler, 1966), Acanthophysellum Parmasto (Parmasto,
1967), Acanthophysium (Pilát) G. Cunn. (Cunningham, 1963), Al-
eurobotrys Boidin (Boidin et al., 1985), Aleurocystidiellum P.A.
Lemke (Lemke, 1964a), Gloeosoma Bres. (Bresadola, 1920), and
Stereodiscus Rajchenb. & Pildain (Rajchenberg et al., 2021). In ad-
dition, two allied genera, Acanthofungus Sheng H. Wu, Boidin &
C.Y. Chien (Wu et al., 2000) and Neoaleurodiscus Sheng H. Wu (Wu
et al., 2010), were established. However, recent phylogenetic analy-
ses suggested that Aleurodiscus s. lat. is still polyphyletic (Wu et al.,
2001; Dai & He, 2016; Wu et al., 2019; Rajchenberg et al., 2021; Wu
et al., 2022) and that the clade of Aleurodiscus s. lat. included, in
addition to the above genera, taxa of Aleurodiscus s. str., Confertici-
um Hallenb., Gloeocystidiellum Donk, Stereum Hill ex Pers., and
Xylobolus P. Karst. (Wu et al., 2001; Dai & He, 2016; Rajchenberg et
al., 2021; Wu et al., 2022). Our phylogenetic analyses based on nu-
clear rDNA LSU and ITS sequences also showed that Aleurodiscus
s. lat. is polyphyletic and is intermixed with taxa of Acanthobasidi-
um, Acanthofungus, Acanthophysellum, Acanthophysium, Boidinia
Stalpers & Hjortstam, Conferticium, Gloeocystidiellum, Gloeocystid-
iopsis, Gloeosoma, Megalocystidium Jülich, Neoaleurodiscus, Stere-
um, and Xylobolus within the clade (Fig. 1). In these genera, no
known species possess arrowhead-shaped (in frontal view) basidio-
spores like those produced by the present species (Figs. 2D, E, 3A).
In our phylogenetic tree, the 10 accessions formed a strongly sup-
ported monophyletic clade (ML bootstrup/BI probability = 100/1)
that is distinct from the lineage of Aleurodiscus s. str., to which the
type species A. amorphus belongs. We could not identify any
known genera suitable for this species within the Aleurodiscus s.
lat. clade, although many subterminal nodes of the tree were not
supported by high ML bootstrap values due to the high degree of
divergence of rDNA LSU and ITS sequences between species (less
than 90% sequence homology in most cases). Although this species
can easily be delineated by ITS sequences, the interrelationships
among the species within the clade remain unclear. Further phylo-
genetic studies are needed, including one to determine whether
this species should be treated as an independent genus. Therefore,
we describe the species as a new species of Aleurodiscus s. lat. as
follows.
Aleurodiscus sagittisporus N. Maek., Y. Oba & R. Nakano, sp.
nov. Figs. 2, 3.
MycoBank No.: MB 847629.
Diagnosis: This species is characterized by producing corticioid
basidiomata, clampless-septate hyphae, numerous gloeocystidia,
paraphysoid hyphae, usually urniform basidia and arrow-
head-shaped, nely verrucose, amyloid basidiospores measuring
14–17 × 10–11.5 µm in frontal view, and by growing on dead peti-
oles of Livistona chinensis var. subglobosa.
Holotype: JAPAN, Tokyo, Hachijo-machi, Sueyoshi, on dead
petiole of L. chinensis var. subglobosa, 8 Sep 2011, collected by N.
Maekawa and R. Nakano, TUMH 40363 (ex-holotype culture,
TUFC 14455). Gene sequences ex-holotype: LC754708 (ITS),
LC754718 (LSU).
Etymology: “sagittisporus” [sagitti (= sagittate) + sporus (=
spore)] refers to having arrowhead-shaped basidiospores.
Description: Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, occurring
as small patches, then conuent; hymenial surface ‘Rosy Bu’,
‘Rosy Vinaceous’ to ‘Pale Luteous’, partly ‘Orange’ when fresh,
‘Pale Luteous’, ‘Luteous’ to ‘Ochreous’ when dry; margin ‘Pale Lu-
teous’ to ‘Luteous’, thinning out, indeterminate; in vertical section
100–350 µm thick, subhyaline to pale yellow-brown, membranous,
sometimes containing masses of crystals in the subicula. Hyphal
system monomitic; hyphae 2–5 µm wide, smooth, thin- to slightly
thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), clampless septate, sometimes anasto-
mosing. Paraphysoid hyphae 1.5–4 µm wide, sinuous, thin-walled,
smooth, without a basal clamp, sometimes dendrohyphidium-like
branched; branches sometimes anastomosing. Gloeocystidia 75–
213 × 8.5–12.5 µm, cylindrical, narrowly obclavate to tubular, occa-
sionally branching at the apex, sometimes sinuous, smooth, thin-
walled, without a basal clamp, numerous, mostly embedded but
occasionally projecting up to 25 µm beyond the hymenial surface,
positive to sulphobenzaldehyde (SA+). Swelling cells 24–46 × 9.5–
13 µm, various shaped, smooth, thin-walled, without a basal clamp,
containing granular materials, present in the hymenium. Basidia
34.5–56 µm long, 7–9 µm wide at the upper part, 9.5–12.5 µm wide
at the under part, suburniform to subclavate, occasionally with
various shaped projections at under part, producing 4 sterigmata,
without a basal clamp, containing granular materials. Basidio-
spores 14–17 × 10–11.5 µm, triangular to lanceolate in frontal view,
14–17 × 4.5–5.5 µm, banana-shaped to lunate in lateral view, nely
verrucose, thin-walled, amyloid.
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Table 1. Sequences in nrITS-LSU dataset
Species Voucher/strain nos. Accession nos.
ITS nrLSU
Acanthobasidium bambusicola He 2357 KU559343 KU574833
Acanthobasidium norvegicum T623 – AY039328
Acanthobasidium penicillatum HHB13223 – KU574816
T322 – AY039315
Acanthobasidium phragmitis CBS 233.86 – AY039305
Acanthobasidium weirii HHB12678 – AY039322
Acanthofungus rimosus Wu 9601-1 MF043521 AY039333
Acanthophysellum cerussatum He 20120920–3 KU559339 KU574830
Acanthophysium bisporum T614 – AY039327
T627 – AY039318
Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum FP-100292 – AY039319
Aleurobotrys botryosus He 2712 KX306877 KY450788
Wu 9302-61 – AY039331
Aleurocystidiellum disciforme He 3159 KU559340 KU574831
Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum He 2886 KU559341 KU574847
Aleurodiscus abietis T330 – AY039324
Aleurodiscus alpinus Wu 1407–59 MF043522 MF043527
Wu 1407–61 MF043523 MF043528
Aleurodiscus amorphus Ghobad-Nejhad-2464 KU559342 KU574832
Aleurodiscus aurantius T621 – AY039317
Aleurodiscus bambusinus He 4261 KY706207 KY706219
Aleurodiscus bicornis Wu 1308–101 LC433893 LC433900
Wu 1308–125 LC433899 LC433906
Aleurodiscus canadensis Wu 1207–90 KY706203 KY706225
Aleurodiscus cerussatus He 2208 KX306874 KY450785
HHB11235 – AY039321
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus EL25-97 AF506401 AF506401
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideophyses He 4078 – KY450783
He 4105 MH109050 KY450784
Aleurodiscus eusus He 2261 KU559344 KU574834
Aleurodiscus formosanus Chen 2736 LC433894 LC433901
Chen 2748 LC433895 LC433902
Aleurodiscus gigasporus Wu 0108–15 KY706205 KY706213
Aleurodiscus grantii He 2895 KU559347 KU574837
HHB14417 KU559363 KU574821
Aleurodiscus isabellinus He 5283 MH109052 MH109046
Aleurodiscus mesaverdensis FP-120155 KU559359 KU574817
Aleurodiscus oakesii He 2243 KU559352 KU574840
HHB11890-A-sp KU559365 KU574823
Aleurodiscus parvisporus Wu 1307–84 LC433897 LC433904
Wu 1307–88 LC433898 LC433905
Aleurodiscus pinicola Wu 1106–16 MF043524 MF043529
Wu 1308-54 MF043525 MF043530
Aleurodiscus sagittisporus TUFC 13927 LC754704 LC754714
TUFC 14450 LC754705 LC754715
TUFC 14454 LC754706 LC754716
TUFC 14455 LC754707 LC754717
TUFC 14456 LC754708 LC754718
TUFC 14457 LC754709 LC754719
TUFC 14458 LC754710 LC754720
TUFC 14459 LC754711 LC754721
TUFC 14461 LC754712 LC754722
TUFC 14462 LC754713 LC754723
Aleurodiscus senticosus Wu 1209–7 MH596849 MF043531
Wu 1209–9 MH596850 MF043533
Aleurodiscus sichuanensis He 4935 LC430904 LC430907
Wu 0010–18 MH596852 MF043534
Aleurodiscus subroseus He 4807 MH109054 MH109048
He 4895 LC430903 LC430910
Aleurodiscus tenuissimus He 3575 KX306880 KX842529
Aleurodiscus thailandicus He 4099 KY450781 KY450782
Aleurodiscus tropicus He 3830 KX553875 KX578720
Aleurodiscus verrucosporus He 4491 KY450786 KY450790
Aleurodiscus wakeeldiae He 2580 KU559353 KU574841
FP-135654 KU559369 KU574829
Boidinia macrospora Wu 9202-21 AF506377 AF506377
Bondarzewia mesenterica DSM 108281 MK500942 MK500942
Conferticium heimii CBS 321.66 AF506381 AF506381
Conferticium ravum NH13291 AF506382 AF506382
Gloeocystidiellum aspellum LIN 625 AF506432 AF506432
Gloeocystidiellum compactum Wu880615-21 AF506434 AF506434
Gloeocystidiellum formosanum Wu9404-19 AF506439 AF506439
Gloeocystidiellum luridum HK9808 AF506421 AF506421
Gloeocystidiellum porosum Wu 1608–176 LC430905 LC430908
Gloeocystidiellum triste KHL10334 AF506442 AF506442
Gloeocystidiellum wakullum Oslo-930107 AF506443 AF506443
Gloeocystidiopsis ammea AH000219 AF506438 AF506438
CBS 324.66 AF506437 AF506437
Gloeosoma mirabile Dai 13281 KU559350 KU574839
He 3733 KY450787 KY450791
Heterobasidion parviporum 91605 KJ651503 KJ651561
Megalocystidium chelidonium LodgeSJ110.1 AF506441 AF506441
Megalocystidium dissum V.Spirin4244 MT477147 MT477147
Megalocystidium leucoxanthum HK9808 AF506420 AF506420
Neoaleurodiscus fujii He 2921 KU559357 KU574845
Wu 0807-41 – FJ799924
Stereodiscus limonisporus CBS 125846 – MH875266
Stereum complicatum He 2234 KU559368 KU574828
Stereum hirsutum JS18244 AF506479 AF506479
Wu 1109–127 LC430906 LC430909
Stereum ostrea He 2067 KU559366 KU574826
Stereum reexulum EL48-97 AF506480 AF506480
Stereum rugosum NH11952 AF506481 AF506481
Stereum sanguinolentum He 2111 KU559367 KU574827
Stereum subtomentosum EL11-97 AF506482 AF506482
Xylobolus subpileatus FP-106735 – AY039309
Xylobolus frustulatus He 2231 KU881905 KU574825
Bold shows newly obtained sequences. –: sequences not available.
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Fig. 1 – Maximum likelihood tree based on the LSU + ITS sequences of species of Aleurodiscus (s. lat.) and related genera. Values on branches show the maximum likelihood
bootstrap value (≥50) and Bayesian inference posterior probability (≥0.90). Species names in bold indicate sequences of type specimens, and lled circles indicate sequences of
type species in each genus.
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Other specimens and cultures examined: JAPAN, Tokyo, Hachi-
jo-machi (Hachijo Island), Nakanogo, on dead petiole of L. chinen-
sis var. subglobosa, 19 Aug 2010, collected by Y. Oba [TUMH 40359
(TUFC 13927)]; on dead petiole of L. chinensis var. subglobosa, 7
Sep 2011, collected by N. Maekawa and R. Nakano [TUMH 40360,
TUMH 40361, and TUMH 40362 (TUFC 14454)]; Hachijo-machi,
Mitsune, on dead petiole of L. chinensis var. subglobosa, collected
by N. Maekawa and R. Nakano [TUMH 40371 (TUFC 14462),
TUMH 40372, and TUMH 40373]; Hachijo-machi, Okago, on dead
petiole of L. chinensis, 8 Sep 2011, collected by N. Maekawa and R.
Nakano [TUMH 40357 (TUFC 14450), TUMH 40358, TUMH
40368, and TUMH 40374]; Hachijo-machi, Sueyoshi, on dead peti-
ole of L. chinensis var. subglobosa, 8 Sep 2011, collected by N.
Maekawa and R. Nakano [TUMH 40364 (TUFC 14456), TUMH
40365 (TUFC 14457), TUMH 40366 (TUFC 14458), TUMH 40367
(TUFC 14459), TUMH 40369 (TUFC 14461), and TUMH 40370].
TUFC number in parentheses indicates isolate number.
Characteristics in culture: The optimum growth temperature for
the polyspore isolates, TUFC 13927, TUFC 14456, and TUFC
14461, were 25–30 °C. These isolates could grow between 10 and 35
°C, but no visible growth was observed at 5 and 40 °C. Growth on
MA was 3–7 mm at 25 °C for 24 h in the dark. Mycelial mats after 1
wk subhyaline to white; aerial mycelium cottony, partly woolly;
margin distinct, raised, not even, usually with a fan-like extensions;
odor not noticeable; reverse side of the mycelial mats white; agar
not bleached; no fruiting after 6 wk. Marginal hyphae 1–5 µm wide,
thin-walled, clampless, sparsely branched. Aerial hyphae 1–4 µm
wide, thin-walled, clampless, sparsely branched, sometimes sparse-
ly encrusted. Submerged hyphae 1–8 µm wide, thin-walled, clamp-
less, sometimes constricted at the septa of broader hyphae, partly
encrusted, sometimes gloeoplerous with subhyaline oily contents.
Aleurodiscus sagittisporus is widely distributed on Hachijo Is-
land (Supplementary Fig. S1). Basidiomata were collected only
from dead petioles attached to living trees of L. chinensis var. sub-
globosa; they were not found on detached petioles. This species was
not found on any other palm trees (Arecaceae), such as Howea bel-
moreana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc., Hyophorbe lagenicaulis
(L.H. Bailey) H.E. Moore, Phoenix canariensis Nabonnand, or P.
roebelenii O’Brien. In addition, A. sagittisporus could not be ob-
served on the fallen trunks or branches of any woody plants near
individuals of L. chinensis on which its basidiomata occurred.
These observations suggest that L. chinensis var. subglobosa is a
specic host for A. sagittisporus. According to Index Fungorum
(http://www.indexfungorum.org/names.asp, 6 Feb 2023), about
Fig. 2 – Aleurodiscus sagittisporus (TUMH 40363, holotype). A: Livistona chinensis tree with a dead petiole (arrowhead) hanging
from the trunk, where basidioma was found. B: Basidioma. C: Hymenial surface, magnied. D: Frontal view of a basidiospore, fo-
cusing on the top surface (upper) and on the back surface showing an apiculus (arrowhead) in 3% KOH. E: SEM image of a basidio-
spore in frontal view showing the ne warts on the surface and a distinct apiculus (arrowhead). F: SEM image of a basidiospore in
lateral view (arrowhead: apiculus). Bars: B 1 cm; C 1 mm; D 5 µm; E, F 2 µm.
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200 species have been described as members of Aleurodiscus and
related genera, but no species that occurs only on palm trees has
been reported (Rogers & Jackson, 1943; Lemke, 1964a, 1964b;
Ginns & Lefebvre, 1993; Núñez & Ryvarden, 1997; Gorjón et al.,
2013; Dai & He, 2016; Dai, Zhao & He, 2017; Dai, Wu, et al., 2017;
Tian et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019; Rajchenberg et al., 2021; Wu et al.,
2022). In Japan, L. chinensis var. subglobosa is distributed from the
Nansei Islands to Kyushu (Yoshida et al., 2000) and is often planted
as a street tree in warm temperate to subtropical areas. We have
looked for basidiomata of A. sagittisporus on natural and planted L.
chinensis (var. subglobosa and var. boninensis Becc.) and other palm
trees since 2011 in Kagoshima Prefecture (including Yakushima
Island), Kochi Prefecture, Miyazaki Prefecture, Okinawa Prefec-
ture (Okinawa, Ishigaki, and Iriomote Islands), and Tokyo (Hachijo
Island and Ogasawara Islands), but so far this fungus has not been
found outside Hachijo Island. To determine whether A. sagittispo-
Fig. 3 – Line-drawing of microscopic elements of basidioma of Aleurodiscus sagittisporus (TUMH 40357). A: Basidiospores
in Melzer’s reagent, the upper ve in frontal view and the lower six in lateral view. B: Gloeocystidia. C: Basidia. D: Swelling
cells produced in the hymenium. E: Paraphysoid hyphae. F: Hyphae. Bars: 10 µm.
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rus is endemic to Hachijo Island, further distribution surveys are
required, including overseas.
Disclosures
The authors declare no conicts of interest. All the experiments
undertaken in this study comply with the current laws of Japan.
Acknowledgements
We thank Ms. Sachiko Ueta for experimental support. Polyspore
isolates examined in this study were provided by FMRC, Tottori
University, through the MEXT National BioResource Project. This
study was partially supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Institute
for Fermentation, Osaka.
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