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Identify the Social and Economic Impact of the Rajagiriya Flyover Construction
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Abstract: Public construction infrastructure projects have been recognized as one of the fundamental tools in enhancing community socio-economic conditions for community development. The pur- pose of this study is to empirically investigate the impacts of socio-economic factors on community development of rural regions. Through a questionnaire survey administrated in Pakistan, public construction practitioners’ views were sought and evaluated. Empirical support for the argument originated from the data collected from 213 respondents in Pakistan’s public construction industry. The questionnaire’s data were evaluated employing the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The study’s findings showed that economic and social factors influence the community development of rural regions. The result obtained from PLS-SEM proposed a more viable method to realize community development and objectives. The study’s results have offered precious lessons for local authorities, policymakers, and project stakeholders to strengthen the drive for achieving community development goals. Strategies supporting community development in rural regions are indispensable for local community development. This study provides empirical confirmation for the understanding and combining the community development concept; it illumi- nates absent knowledge about community development, especially in rural regions. This is one of the few studies investigating the influencing dimensions of community development in rural regions. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first research article providing empirical evidence of the influencing dimensions of community development in rural regions in a developing country.
Sub-Saharan suffers from a poor transport system failing to address equity and sustainability. The system can be affected by several factors; however, this study explores how African historical transport infrastructure development and socio-economic changes affect institutional changes and preferences of available transport modes. We used recently published systematic reviews, case studies, analytical cross-sectional studies, policy review papers, and available relevant studies reports and some grey literature to understand the impacts of these factors. Our analysis shows that the transport demand is affected by local socio-economic contexts shaped by historical pretexts, socio-technical changes, economic transitions, and related value systems. These is essential to understand the operational characteristics of the formal and informal transport modalities, their roles and contribution to meet the mobility needs of the people and designing of an effective management system. This paper can provide insights to policy-makers, urban transport planners and researchers in the field on the complementary modalities involving formal and informal transportation.
The main focus of this study is aimed at understanding the factors causing traffic congestion in Colombo Metropolitan Area. Therefore, the study was carried out to address major research questions as, what factors affecting the current vehicle traffic flow, followed by what are the impacts of traffic congestion and what is the opportunity cost of time and fuel wastage cost of congestion. The main objective of the research was to identify the factors affecting the current vehicle traffic flow in Colombo, while the specific objectives of the research are to identify the impacts of traffic congestion, to estimate the opportunity cost of time and fuel wastage cost and to identify whether the commuters are satisfied with the strategies implemented by the government to mitigate traffic congestion. Accordingly, from the survey conducted for the commuters, the researcher identified factors such as “Growth of population and vehicles”, “Unforeseen circumstances”, “Events and incidents” has an individual effect on the current vehicle traffic flow. In addition to that the researcher identified the main impacts of traffic congestion as “Time”, “Fuel”, “Earnings” and “Productivity”. And also the esearcher identified that majority of the commuters are satisfied with the Bus Priority Lane and Park and Ride, while majority of the commuters neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with the Ferry Service as a strategy implemented to mitigate traffic congestion.
As a developing country, Sri Lanka is facing rapid urbanization which increases the 13 need for mobility. Lack of comfort, safety and ride quality in public transportation modes 14 such as busses and trains have lead people to use higher number of private vehicles on roads. 15 This has caused heavy traffic congestion and higher demand for parking space in major cities. 16 It further causes higher levels of air pollution, noise pollution and the lesser vehicular speeds 17 which lead to inefficient use of the infrastructure provided. To address this issue carpooling 18 can be adopted reducing the number of vehicle trips to the cities. Higher occupancy levels in 19 vehicles facilitate shared journeys reducing the overall cost of total journeys. A study has 20 been carried out through a survey to determine the preference for carpooling. Acceptance of 21 carpooling is presented comparing age, gender variation and vehicle ownership of the 22 community in Sri Lanka. 23 24
Does infrastructural development cause underdevelopment of the third world peripheral states like Bangladesh? Can flyover project overcome traffic congestion? Does it create vulnerabilities for the common people? This paper is an attempt to answer all the above questions. Depending on the qualitative research design, this study was conducted on the two selected flyover projects in Dhaka, Bangladesh named Mayor Hanif Flyover and Khilgaon Flyover. Theoretical arguments of development and underdevelopment on modernization and dependency school were incorporated for critically examining this research. Hence, the researcher followed conflict approaches given by Dahrendorf (1959), later used Coser (1956) and Guangshe Jia, et al.’s (2011) arguments to understand how mega projects like flyover operate through different channels in third world countries. The study then reveals that although these mega projects benefited communication system, it literally failed to fulfill public core demands and interests by making people marginalized and vulnerable. Besides, this study explored that mega projects like flyover are an outcome of bureaucratic decision in which social and environmental impact assessment was ignored.
To many people, traffic congestion is an irritant because it throws their personal schedules in to chaos. To others conscious of the value of time in their economic pursuit, it is a financial loss. Yet to some others, it is an easy excuse for being habitually late for appointments and for some others it is a convenient conversation starter. But most often, all these people tend to shrug their shoulders and appear to accept that this part and parcel of the travails of urban living.
This article examines the proposition if traffic congestion is something we just have to learn to live with or if there are indeed initiatives that could be taken to reduce and manage it within tolerable levels. But ahead of answering that, we need to ask some basic questions: • Why is there congestion? • What are the effects of congestion?
Put simply, traffic congestion means there are more vehicles trying to use a given road facility than it can handle- without exceeding acceptable levels of delay or inconvenience. In Colombo and other major cities, this occurs mostly during certain times of the day- we call peak periods or rush hours. There are two clear parameters within a single equation that causes congestion, which is the balance between the demand and the supply of road space.
The demand for road space arises from the universally observed desire of individuals to own and use a motor vehicle. As incomes increase and technological advancements reduce the real cost of producing a motor vehicle, more and more persons find the financial means for owning and using a motor vehicle. However, motor vehicles do not come without their share of physical and environmental limitations. A motor vehicle in the first instance requires road space to operate freely, parking spaces at residences and work places. Increase of motor vehicles (the demand) often outstrips the provision of road space (the supply) in many countries. The result is traffic congestion..
According to the TransPlan Model (UoM, 1999) average traffic speeds within the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR) have dropped to around 20 kms/hr today. The typical corridor (major artery) speed is around 10-15 kms/hr within Colombo City. Traffic congestion may be considered a problem, by many, they often fail to see the extent of its impact on the community and country. These impacts could be further discussed as:
Economic Growth: A good transportation system is an important selling point to communities that desire to attract development that provides for employment and growth of a city. If transport costs due to congestion increase, goods and services produced within that city tend to increase in costs thus losing competitiveness in international markets. Efficient transportation access is therefore a very important consideration as it has a direct impact on sound and sustainable economic growth and productivity. The cost of congestion in the Western Province of Sri Lanka is over Rs 20,000 million per year (around 2 percent of Regional GDP). This includes the cost of productive time and wastage of fuel.
Quality-of-Life: To some people, congested highways are a symptom of deteriorating quality-oflife-in a community. The amount of time that is spent on commuting to and from work is also in reality, time that is taken away from social interactions or pursuit of activities that have a personal value and satisfaction.
3
Environmental Quality: Congested road conditions can have a detrimental effect on the environment, in particular air quality and noise pollution. Congestion arises due to increase vehicles on the road. Ironically this is the time when there are the most number of people on the roads as well. This means that many more people become vulnerable to respiratory diseases such as asthma -widely prevalent today.
Anti- Social Behavior: Increasing social problems referred to as Highway Rage (or Road Rage) experienced in many countries where drivers show hostility to each other most often due to the frustration of slow moving traffic is also becoming a serious social problem.
Urban traffic congestion has become a serious concern of transportation professionals and traffic managers. Rajagiriya town becomes severely congested due to vehicular traffic during daytime. Therefore, efforts were made to quantify this congestion and formulate appropriate measures to mitigate it. Rajagiriya town consists of several intersections located at close proximity to one another, and they have become potential sources of acute traffic congestion. There are three junctions situated along the main road (i.e. Sri-Jayewardenepura road) namely Police station junction, Bo-tree junction and the Kohilawatta road junction.
In order to find a solution to this traffic congestion, the capacities of the roads were evaluated by compiling data related to prevailing vehicular flows and collecting other supportive information both as of today and for the next 20 years (i.e. up to the year 2035). From the capacity calculations made from field data it is evident that all the roads in the area would fail to cater to the future traffic demands. Road widths, lanes and walkway shoulders were designed using the U. S. Highway Capacity Manual so as to meet the anticipated traffic demands and pedestrian requirements of the future, [1].
As a solution to ease the transportation problems mentioned, initiatives were taken to separate out the traffic flows by constructing a flyover. The design of the flyover was done considering a heavy traffic movement and the flyover was so located that it did not hinder the three junctions. The location for the flyover was decided based on the prevailing operating conditions. For the flyover, pre-stressed material was proposed as it is found to be economical whereas pre-stressed concrete and in-situ concrete were proposed for the beams and piers respectively.
Roundabouts were found to be a suitable solution to manage the traffic flow under the flyover. The roundabout design was done using a turning template and based on the Australian Standards (AUSTROADS) [2]. The selection and the design of a roundabout, as with any intersection, require the balancing of competing objectives such as safety, operational performance, and accessibility for all users. Factors such as land use, aesthetics, and environmental aspects too were considered. Flexible concepts allow room for independent designs and techniques tailored for a particular situation while emphasizing performance based evaluation of those designs.
Finally a suitable layout plan was introduced for the study.
To reduce traffic congestion at an at-grade intersection near a big city, one method is construction a flyover bridge at the old junction in two directions on one of the main highways. The flyover facilitates the traffic flow in the directions of the bridge, but the infrastructure cannot fully solve all of the problems especially on the secondary road. Under the bridge, although it relieves the traffic congestion at the intersection; the traffic signal still uses the same control as the “before” situation, that is the fixed time control plan. With the flyover bridge in place, it was found that about 30-35% of all traffic volumes diverted to the bridges, and time delay reduced by 30% over the same period. This paper which is one part of the first author’s thesis, presents the issues that still exist at the flyover-improved junction and makes suggestions to increase the benefits of the flyover such as creating a new cycle and phase times and improving the physical area under the bridge. The SIDRA software is used to determine the appropriate fixed time plans, and using the process of Road Safety Inspection (RSI) to audit the safety of the site and presents the improvements to the remaining problems.
A Study on the effects of flyover Construction on Traffic Flow
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