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Leucoagaricus subtropicus sp. nov. (Agaricaceae) from Anhui Province, China
Abstract
Leucoagaricus subtropicus sp. nov., a new species of lepiotaceous fungi, is described from Anhui Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequence data from ITS and LSU indicated that it forms clusters within the Leucoagaricus. Moreover, morpho-anatomical analyses provided further confirmation of its distinctiveness. This novel taxon is mainly recognized by its medium-size, brownish-red fibrous scales in pileus with darker in the middle, greyish red to blood-red when bruised, brownish-orange droplets on base stipe, polymorphic cheilocystidia. The observed morphological and molecular phylogenetic differences clearly distinguish our species from all previously known species of Leucoagaricus, confirming its novelty. The new species is described, illustrated, and compared to species with similar characteristics.
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Six new species, Leucoagaricus albosquamosus, Leucoagaricus atroviridis, Leucoagaricus aurantioruber, Leucoagaricus candidus, Leucoagaricus centricastaneus and Leucoagaricus virens, collected from northeastern China are described based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. Illustrations of fresh basidiomata and line drawings of key anatomical characters are provided. A phylogenetic tree inferred from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU) sequences shows that three of the new taxa are nested within the section Leucoagaricus and two of the new taxa are in the subgenus Sericeomyces, whereas the other new taxus is clustered with Leucoagaricus viriditinctus and Leucoagaricus irinellus, forming a clade that does not fit in any known section.
Based on solid phase extrac- tion (SPE) combined with disper- sive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), a novel method is described for speciation of thal- lium by electrothermal vaporiza- tion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS). In the SPE step, titanium dioxide nanofibers were used for precon- centration of the analytes and removal of the matrix by the selective adsorption. The elution solution from the SPE was employed for further preconcen- tration and separation of the ana- lytes with DLLME. The main factors affecting SPE and DLLME were examined in detail. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit of this method for Tl(III) was 0.039 pg mL−1 with relative
standard deviations of 6.5%. This technique exhibited a high enrichment factor of 400-fold. The concentration of Tl(I) was calculated by subtracting Tl(III) from total Tl. Total Tl was deter- mined as Tl(III) after the oxida- tion of Tl(I) into Tl(III). This method was applied for the determination of Tl(I) and Tl(III) in water samples (industrial wastewater, urban sewage, and lake water) with satisfactory results.
IQ-TREE (http://www.iqtree.org, last accessed February 6, 2020) is a user-friendly and widely used software package for phylogenetic inference using maximum likelihood. Since the release of version 1 in 2014, we have continuously expanded IQ-TREE to integrate a plethora of new models of sequence evolution and efficient computational approaches of phylogenetic inference to deal with genomic data. Here, we describe notable features of IQ-TREE version 2 and highlight the key advantages over other software.
Multigene and genomic data sets have become commonplace in the field of phylogenetics, but many existing tools are not designed for such data sets, which often makes the analysis time‐consuming and tedious. Here, we present PhyloSuite, a (crossplatform, open‐source, stand‐alone Python graphical user interface) user‐friendly workflow desktop platform dedicated to streamlining molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. It uses a plugin‐based system that integrates several phylogenetic and bioinformatic tools, thereby streamlining the entire procedure, from data acquisition to phylogenetic tree annotation (in combination with iTOL). It has the following features: (a) point‐and‐click and drag‐and‐drop graphical user interface; (b) a workplace to manage and organize molecular sequence data and results of analyses; (c) GenBank entry extraction and comparative statistics; and (d) a phylogenetic workflow with batch processing capability, comprising sequence alignment (mafft and macse), alignment optimization (trimAl, HmmCleaner and Gblocks), data set concatenation, best partitioning scheme and best evolutionary model selection (PartitionFinder and modelfinder), and phylogenetic inference (MrBayes and iq‐tree). PhyloSuite is designed for both beginners and experienced researchers, allowing the former to quick‐start their way into phylogenetic analysis, and the latter to conduct, store and manage their work in a streamlined way, and spend more time investigating scientific questions instead of wasting it on transferring files from one software program to another.
Mushrooms, a treasure of diverse bioactive scaffolds, have been widely admired due to their nutritional and medicinal significance all over the world. The current study intended to evaluate the therapeutic potentiality of an edible mushroom, Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser. Thus, anti-oxidant potential of L. leucothites was determined using DPPH assay and for the determination of anti-microbial potential agar dilution procedure was followed. TOS (total oxidant status), TAS (total anti-oxidant status), and OSI (oxidative stress index) values were evaluated utilizing Rel Assay Kits. For the assessment of heavy metal contents, wet decomposition approach with atomic absorption spectrophotometry was adopted. Screening of phytochemicals present in ethanolic extract of L. leucothites were determined by HPLC. TAS, TOS and OSI values were found to be 8.291mmol/L, 10.797μmol/L and 0.130 respectively. Our results declared that heavy metal contents are generally in the safe range. Phytochemical analysis of L. leucothites has affirmed the presence of important phenolics such as gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin. Investigations on antioxidant and anti-microbial potential of L. leucothites has uncovered the fact that this naturally occurring, biologically active, and therapeutically effective mushroom specie has natural borne anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potential and it would be worthwhile to use it for nutritional as well as medicinal purpose.
Bayesian inference of phylogeny using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) (Drummond et al., 2002; Mau et al., 1999; Rannala and Yang, 1996) flourishes as a popular approach to uncover the evolutionary relationships among taxa, such as genes, genomes, individuals or species. MCMC approaches generate samples of model parameter values - including the phylogenetic tree -drawn from their posterior distribution given molecular sequence data and a selection of evolutionary models. Visualising, tabulating and marginalising these samples is critical for approximating the posterior quantities of interest that one reports as the outcome of a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. To facilitate this task, we have developed the Tracer (version 1.7) software package to process MCMC trace files containing parameter samples and to interactively explore the high-dimensional posterior distribution. Tracer works automatically with sample output from BEAST (Drummond et al., 2012), BEAST2 (Bouckaert et al., 2014), LAMARC (Kuhner, 2006), Migrate (Beerli, 2006), MrBayes (Ronquist et al., 2012), RevBayes (Höhna et al., 2016) and possibly other MCMC programs from other domains.
The large genus Leucoagaricus (Basidiomycota) is poorly studied in Pakistan, where the northern parts of the country are considered hotspots for biodiversity. Based on morphological and molecular data, five new species are described: Leucoagaricus badius, L. lahorensiformis, L. pakistaniensis, L. sultanii and L. umbonatus. Descriptions and illustrations are given for the new taxa. A phylogeny based on morphology and four DNA regions, including the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and D1-D2 domains of the 28S gene of the nuc rDNA), the gene for RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF1-α), show that the new taxa are clustered in a clade representing Leucoagaricus section Rubrotincti subgenus Sericeomyces.
The standard bootstrap (SBS), despite being computationally intensive, is widely used in maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. We recently proposed the ultrafast bootstrap approximation (UFBoot) to reduce computing time while achieving more unbiased branch supports than SBS under mild model violations. UFBoot has been steadily adopted as an efficient alternative to SBS and other bootstrap approaches.
Here, we present UFBoot2, which substantially accelerates UFBoot and reduces the risk of overestimating branch supports due to polytomies or severe model violations. Additionally, UFBoot2 provides suitable bootstrap resampling strategies for phylogenomic data. UFBoot2 is 778 times (median) faster than SBS and 8.4 times (median) faster than RAxML rapid bootstrap on tested datasets. UFBoot2 is implemented in the IQ-TREE software package version 1.6 and freely available at http://www.iqtree.org.
A new species, Leucoagaricus brunneocanus, is described from southwestern China. It is characterized by a greyish brown to brownish black fibrillose pileus, amygdaliform basidiospores, variably shaped cheilocystidia, and a pileus covering made up of repent to ascending differentiated cylindrical hyphae. Based on morphological and molecular evidences, La. brunneocanus was tentatively placed in sect. Rubrotincti subsect. Trichodermi according to Bon's taxonomical views.
Available online xxx Keywords: ITS LSU Morphology Phylogeny Taxonomy a b s t r a c t The monotypic genus Allopsalliota (Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) was created to accommodate Allopsalliota geesterani, originally described as Agaricus geesterani. After reexamination of this species based on both morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic evidence, we conclude that Allopsalliota should be considered a synonym of Micropsalliota, and we propose the transfer of Al. geesterani into Micropsalliota.
A new species, Leucoagaricus tangerinus sp. nov., is described from southern China, based on morphological and molecular characters. It is characterized by its light orange to brownish orange fibrillose squamules on the fragile pileus, a whitish stipe with colourless drops, ellipsoid basidiospores and narrowly clavate to subfusiform or subutriform cheilocystidia. Phylogenetic relationships among the new species and its closely related species were inferred based on the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.
BioEdit is one of the most common program used in molecular biology studies. It was developed initially as a biological sequence alignment editor written for Windows only. It contains many features for sequence alignments modes of easy hand alignment, Split window view, user defined color, information based shading and auto integration with other programs such as ClustalW and Blast. However, in the last few years it was developed dramatically to integrate many other features and functions and useful molecular tools for molecular biologist such as several modes of hand alignment, plasmid drawing and annotation, restriction mapping and much more. It became one of the widely used programs in molecular biology with its multipurpose toolsin molecular biology. The freeware license and its efficient up to date modules beside its quick ability to produce results make it one of the most popular programs for molecular biologist nowadays.
Molecular data form an important research tool in most branches of mycology. A non-trivial proportion of the public fungal DNA sequences are, however, compromised in terms of quality and reliability, contributing noise and bias to sequence-borne inferences such as phylogenetic analysis, diversity assessment, and barcoding. In this paper we discuss various aspects and pitfalls of sequence quality assessment. Based on our observations, we provide a set of guidelines to assist in manual quality management of newly generated, near-full-length (Sanger-derived) fungal ITS sequences and to some extent also sequences of shorter read lengths, other genes or markers, and groups of organisms. The guidelines are intentionally non-technical and do not require substantial bioinformatics skills or significant computational power. Despite their simple nature, we feel they would have caught the vast majority of the severely compromised ITS sequences in the public corpus. Our guidelines are nevertheless not infallible, and common sense and intuition remain important elements in the pursuit of compromised sequence data. The guidelines focus on basic sequence authenticity and reliability of the newly generated sequences, and the user may want to consider additional resources and steps to accomplish the best possible quality control. A discussion on the technical resources for further sequence quality management is therefore provided in the supplementary material.
We report a major update of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. This version has several new features, including
options for adding unaligned sequences into an existing alignment, adjustment of direction in nucleotide alignment, constrained
alignment and parallel processing, which were implemented after the previous major update. This report shows actual examples
to explain how these features work, alone and in combination. Some examples incorrectly aligned by MAFFT are also shown to
clarify its limitations. We discuss how to avoid misalignments, and our ongoing efforts to overcome such limitations.
Leucoagaricus orientiflavus is described as new from southwestern China. It is characterized by a yellow pileus lacking plicate striations toward the margin, pure white lamellae, yellowish stipe and context, subamygdaliform basidiospores that are dextrinoid and lack a germ pore, cylindrico-clavate cheilocystidia, and a cutis-type pileipellis made up of radially arranged subcylindrical hyphae.
Nine Leucoagaricus and fifteen Leucocoprinus species are recorded from Kerala State, India, including six new Leucoagaricus species (Leucoagaricus crystalliferoides, L. subflavus, L rufosquamulosus, L. candicans, L. luteosquamulosus, L. majusculus) and four new Leucocoprinus species (Leucocoprinus acutoumbonatus, L. delicatulus, L. munnarensis, L. pusillus). A neotype from Kerala is designated for Lepiota viridiflava, rediscovered after nine decades and for which the new combination, Leucoagaricus viridiflavus, is proposed. A key to the Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus species collected during this study from Kerala is given and some taxonomic observations on the group are provided.
Leucocoprinus lacrymans sp.nov. is described, illustrated and discussed based on collections made in Kerala State, India.
Lepiotaceous fungi form relatively fragile basidiocarps with white, rarely coloured, spores. Most are saprotrophic forest-floor dwellers that grow in the lower litter layers of the soil, and probably decompose lignin and cellulose. They occur worldwide, with many representatives in tropical and temperate regions, and a few species in arctic-alpine areas and in deserts. Most taxa are agaricoid, though a relatively small number of secotioid variants exist. Because of their relative rarity, the clustering together of many species in limited habitats, and the differences in species composition along latitudinal transects, lepiotaceous fungi may be vulnerable to changes in the environment, both on a local (habitat destruction) and on a global scale (climate change). Sister taxa occur in different parts of the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, indicating that vicariance events might have played a role in speciation. A few species have a very extended distribution, and those species occur either in man-made habitats or else in cooler habitats. Many ecological features of the lepiotaceous fungi are unknown, including the survival rates and colonization success of spores, nutrient and temperature requirements, longevity and size of genets. Conservation of existing diversity calls for policies underpinned by new ecological research, more taxonomical studies, and more recording projects.
Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site d(N)/d(S) rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software.
A well resolved phylogeny of the Agaricaceae based on partial rpb2 sequences is presented from a wide geographic and systematic sampling of the family and compared to phylogenies based on nrLSU and tef1 sequences. A smaller dataset of the family focusing on the Agaricus clade of nrITS sequences and a combined dataset were used to determine the position of several white-spored taxa from northern Thailand. Two new genera are described from Thailand. Coniolepiota accommodates Lepiota spongodes, a gray-lilac-purple floccose white-spored species with a wide distribution in tropical Asia; Eriocybe has a white wooly felt-like covering of pileus and stipe, white spores and is described with one new species E. chionea, so far known only from northern Thailand. These new genera are closely related to three genera with colored spores (viz. Agaricus, Heinemannomyces and Clarkeinda) and not to other white-spored taxa.
Most species of the genus Leucoagaricus have been described from temperate regions in North America and Europe, but little is known about the genus from tropical areas. In this report we describe two new species of Leucoagaricus, namely La. flavovirens and La. atroazureus, from tropical China. The two species are characterized by turning blue-green or dark blue where bruised and by unique phylogenetic placement. Two new combinations, namely La. viriditinctus and La. caerulescens, are proposed. A collection examined and cited under the name of La. viridiflavus by Kumar & Manimohan (2009b), who designated the neotype of the species, (Petch) TKA Kumar & Manimohan, was found to differ from La. flavovirens based on morphology and ITS sequence comparison. [corrected] A monophyletic group of four bluing species from Old World tropics is recovered but with poor measures of branch
Leucoagaricus decipiens and La. erythrophaeus, are described as new from Sardinia, Italy, and California, USA, respectively. These sister species show distinct reddening when touched on all parts of the basidiocarps and darken on drying. Their collariate lamellae, broadly cylindrical to utriform cheilocystidia and trichodermal pileus covering distinguish them morphologically from other species in sect. Piloselli, while nrITS and EF1-alpha sequences distinguish them from each other. Leucoagaricus erythrophaeus has been known under the name Lepiota roseifolia, but the type collection of this species does not fit the interpretation.
A new species, Leucoagaricus purpurascens, collected from a subtropical region in China, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Leucoagaricus purpurascens is characterized by its small basidiomata with purple discolouration when dried, the pileus with distinct umbo, the amygdaliform, ellipsoidal to oblong basidiospores, and the absence of cheilocystidia. A detailed morphological description, line drawings, colour photographs, and a phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic placement of the new species are provided.
A new species, Leucoagaricus cupresseoides, from a pine forest in Castelfusano, Rome, Italy, is described based on both morphological and molecular analyses. Updated morphological descriptions of Leucoagaricus aurantiovergens and L. pseudopilatianus are presented due to new collections from Italy and confirmed by nrITS sequence analysis of the type specimens of the two species. Based on our morphological and molecular analyses, L. pseudopilatianus var. roseodiffractus and L. paracupresseus are synonyms of L. aurantiovergens; and L. pseudopilatianus var. rugosoreticulatus is not molecularly distinct from L. pseudopilatianus. Leucoagaricus cupresseus, L. cupresseoides, L. aurantiovergens and L. pseudopilatianus form the L. cupresseus complex for which a comparative table is provided.
Two new species, Leucoagaricus tropicus and Leucoagaricus brunneodiscus, are described from West Bengal, Eastern India, based on morphological details and phylogenetic analyses. Leucoagaricus tropicus is characterized by its white, medium-sized pileus with a brown to dark brown umbo, a white stipe that directly changes to brownish-red or brown on bruising or with KOH, ellipsoid basidiospores with inconspicuous germ pore, dimorphic cheilocystidia, narrowly clavate to narrowly fusiform cystidioid elements on the annulus and small cystidioid elements of the pileus covering. Leucoagaricus brunneodiscus is distinguished by the presence of colourless to orange-white drops on the stipe, brownish-orange to brown annulus with dark brown edge, ellipsoid basidiospores without a germ pore and small, clavate cheilocystidia. Detailed descriptions, field photographs of the collected basidiomata, comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram generated from the combined dataset of nrITS and LSU sequences are provided. An artificial key to all Leucoagaricus taxa reported in India is also provided.
We studied species of Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus collected in the Dominican Republic over the past 10 years using morphological and molecular methods and carefully compared our collections with previously described neotropical taxa. Twelve new species, eight in Leucoagaricus (La. bulbiger, La. caeruleovertens, La. margaritifer, La. pegleri, La. roseovertens, La. silvestris, La. stillatus, La. turgipes) and four in Leucocoprinus (Lc. antillarum, Lc. fuligineopunctatus, Lc. microlepis, Lc. scissus) are described. Additional records of previously described taxa are also discussed, including the first molecularly annotated occurrences of Lepiota guatopoensis, Lepiota mucrocystis, and La. rubroconfusus in their putative natural habitats and of Lc. cretaceus in the neotropics. Lepiota guatopoensis and Lepiota mucrocystis are transferred here to Leucoagaricus based on their phylogenetic placement and morphological characteristics. Color photographs of fresh basidiocarps and line drawings of microscopic characters are provided for all species.
Current classifications of the light-spored agaric genus Lepiota s. 1. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) were evaluated using parsimony analyses of morphological and molecular characters. Thirty-eight morphological characters were studied using macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical analysis of fruit-body, basidiospores, and vegetative cultures. These characters were used in parsimony analysis of 25 species within Lepiota s. 1., which represent a broad sampling within the six key segregate genera recognized by Singer: Lepiota s. s., Cystolepiota, Leucocoprinus, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, and Chlorophyllum. In addition, five other members of the Agaricales were evaluated from Agaricus, Cystoderma, and Ripartitella, as well as two dark-spored allies from Coprinus section Comati and a dark-spored secotioid relative. Additional outgroups were used to evaluate the root of the phylogeny. Morphology-based analyses support the use of the Lepiota segregate genera recognized by Singer that are included in the tribes Lepioteae and Leucocoprineae, with two exceptions: Lepiota section Echinatae is in a clade with Cystolepiota, and Leucoagaricus appears paraphyletic. Molecule-based analyses using both nuclear and mitochondrial rDNA data provide less resolution but support the transfer of Lepiota section Echinatae to Cystolepiota and a paraphyletic Leucoagaricus, as well as a distinct Chlorophyllum.
Model-based molecular phylogenetics plays an important role in comparisons of genomic data, and model selection is a key step in all such analyses. We present ModelFinder, a fast model-selection method that greatly improves the accuracy of phylogenetic estimates by incorporating a model of rate heterogeneity across sites not previously considered in this context and by allowing concurrent searches of model space and tree space.
Type studies on some North American Lepiota species reveal that several well-known European names have to be changed. 1. Lepiota magnispora replaces L. ventriosospora 2. Leucoagaricus barssii comb. nov. is an older name for L. pinguipes and L. macrorhizus; and 3. Leucoagaricus americanus comb. nov. replaces L. bresadolae.
Taxonomic circumscription and segregation of the genus Lepiots has been problematic.Phylogenetic relationships were investigated for lepiotoid and closely related taxa using DNA sequence data. Our analysis reflects a broad sampling across eight segregate genera used by Singer: Lepiota s.s., Cystolepiola Leucoprinus, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, Chlorophyllum, Cystoderma, and Riparlitella (Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycots). Related fungi were evaluated from the dark-spored genera Agaricus and Coprinus and representative secotioid and attine fungi, along with more distantly related and attine fungi. DNA sequences were compared for the 5' end region of the nuclear encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (25-28S rDNA) from 55 ingroup and outgroup taxa. Results from parsimony analysisare consistent with the exclusion of the tribe Cystodermateae (Cystoderma and Ripartitella) from the family Agaricaceae, and the retention of the tribes Lepioteae and Leucocoprineae. Lepiotoid segregate genera remain poorly resolved using this molecule. Parsimony analysis indicates that both Agaricus and Coprinus section Comati are nested within the lepiotois fungi. The support for Coprinus section Comati to be within the Agaricaceae presents intersting taxonomic problems involving nomeclatural precedence and usage of commonly known groups including Agaricus, Coprinus, and Lepiota.
A critical restudy of the holotype of Chamaeota dextrinoidespora, and the holotype and paratypes of Chamaeota sinica showed that they belong to Leucoagaricus/ Leucocoprinus clade in the Agaricaceae and should be placed in the genus Leucoagaricus. Thus, two new combinations, Leucoagaricus dextrinoidesporus, and L. sinicus, are made. Both species are redescribed and illustrated in detail.
The phylogenetic distribution of Gliocladium within the Hypocreales was investigated by parsimony analysis of partial sequences from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA). Two principal monophyletic groups were resolved that included species with anamorphs classified in Gliocladium. The first clade includes elements of the genera Hypocrea (H. gelatinosa, H. lutea) plus Trichoderma, Hypocrea pallida, Hypomyces and Sphaerostilbella, which are each shown to be monophyletic but whose sister group relationships are unresolved with the present data set. Gliocladium anamorphs in this clade include Gliocladium penicillioides, the type species of Gliocladium and anamorph of Sphaerostilbella aureonitens, and Trichoderma virens (= G. virens) which is a member of the clade containing Hypocrea and Trichoderma. A second clade, consisting of species with pallid perithecia, is grouped around Nectria ochroleuca, whose anamorph is Gliocladium roseum. Other species in this clade having Gliocladium-like anamorphs are Nectriopsis sporangiicola and Roumegueriella rufula. The species of Nectria represented in this study are polyphyletic and resolved as four separate groups: (1) N. cinnabarina the type species, (2) three species with Fusarium anamorphs including N. albosuccinea, N. haematococca and Gibberella fujikoroi, (3) N. purtonii a species whose anamorph is classified in Fusarium sect. Eupionnotes, and (4) N. ochroleuca, which is representative of species with pallid perithecia. The results indicate that Gliocladium is polyphyletic and that G. penicillioides, G. roseum, and Trichoderma virens (= G. virens), are generically distinct.
A key is provided to the European taxa of the Leucocoprinus badhamii complex, followed by accounts of the nine species and two varieties which comprise the group. Two new taxa are described, L. caldariorum sp. n. and L. croceovelutinus var. diversisporus var. nov. L. caldariorum, L. croceovelutinus var. croceovelutinus, L. croceovelutinus var. diversisporus, L. pilatianus var. pilatianus and L. pilatianus var. subrubens are all new records for Britain. Doubt is expressed as to European reports of the occurrence of L. biornatus.
Detailed restriction analyses of many samples often require substantial amounts of time and effort for DNA extraction, restriction digests, Southern blotting, and hybridization. We describe a novel approach that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid simplified restriction typing and mapping of DNA from many different isolates. DNA fragments up to 2 kilobase pairs in length were efficiently amplified from crude DNA samples of several pathogenic Cryptococcus species, including C. neoformans, C. albidus, C. laurentii, and C. uniguttulatus. Digestion and electrophoresis of the PCR products by using frequent-cutting restriction enzymes produced complex restriction phenotypes (fingerprints) that were often unique for each strain or species. We used the PCR to amplify and analyze restriction pattern variation within three major portions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats from these fungi. Detailed mapping of many restriction sites within the rDNA locus was determined by fingerprint analysis of progressively larger PCR fragments sharing a common primer site at one end. As judged by PCR fingerprints, the rDNA of 19 C. neoformans isolates showed no variation for four restriction enzymes that we surveyed. Other Cryptococcus spp. showed varying levels of restriction pattern variation within their rDNAs and were shown to be genetically distinct from C. neoformans. The PCR primers used in this study have also been successfully applied for amplification of rDNAs from other pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, including Candida spp., and ought to have wide applicability for clinical detection and other studies.
The circumscription of the family Agaricaceae, its genera and their characters are investigated. Analyses of the ITS and LSU sequence data, separately and in combination result in exclusions and reorganization. Notholepiota areolata, a secotioid species from New Zealand, Cystoagaricus with brown, irregular-knobby spores, and Leucopholiota with gelatinized hymenophoral trama and amyloid spores, fall outside the family Agaricaceae. In the reorganization, long accepted tribe and genus definitions are amended, viz.: (1) Macrolepiota and Chlorophyllum separately are monophyletic, but not together; (2) Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus together form one large monophyletic clade, that also includes polyphyletic Sericeomyces; (3) Lepiota, Cystolepiota and Melanophyllum together form a monophyletic clade; (4) Secotiation has happened within several clades (e.g. Agaricus and Chlorophyllum), though not in the Leucoagaricus/Leucocoprinus clade, nor in the lineage of Macrolepiota proper; gasteroid and most secotioid species in the course of adaptation acquire coloured spores; and (5) the monovelangiocarpic Chamaemyces fracidus appears to be basal to the family and provides clues to the morphology of the ancestral Agaricaceae. Trama and developmental characters characterize the different clades, whereas spore characters play a minor role.
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Leucoagaricus pabbiensis sp
- M Usman
- A N Khalid
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