The impact of Lisbon's subway development on Avenida da Républica

Abstract

In an environment of political regeneration, Lisbon expansion during the XX century is marked by the "Avenidas Novas" (new avenues) project. In this work we show how the development of the Avenida da República is affected by the development of the Lisbon subway. The opening of a new subway station is transformative event that has potential impacts on the development of different sectors and of the growth of the city. This work was done by in several steps: (i) critical reading of works that focus the space and time of the object of this study; (ii) identification and analysis of several specific moments of the growth of the Avenida da República through urban cartography and (iii) assessment of the urban form of this avenue through a comparative analysis of the results.

Full text

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TheimpactofLisbon’ssubwaydevelopmentonAvenida da
Républica
Mafalda Teixeira de Sampayo, Carina Silvestre
Departamento de Arquitectura e Urbanismo, ISCTE-IUL ISCTE-IUL, Av. Forças
Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
E-mail: mgts@iscte.pt, carinasilvestre4@gmail.com
Abstract. In an environment of political regeneration, Lisbon expansion during the XX century is marked
by the “Avenidas Novas” (new avenues) project. In this work we show how the development of the
Avenida da República is affected by the development of the Lisbon subway. The opening of a new subway
station is transformative event that has potential impacts on the development of different sectors and of
the growth of the city. This work was done by in several steps: (i) critical reading of works that focus the
space and time of the object of this study; (ii) identification and analysis of several specific moments of
the growth of the Avenida da República through urban cartography and (iii) assessment of the urban
form of this avenue through a comparative analysis of the results.
Key Words: Urban design, morphology; urban form, Lisbon subway, Avenida da República
Introduction
This work is to be considered in the context of a larger research project. Starting from the
hypothesis that the mass transportation system of the subway acts as a driver of the
transformations of the urban fabric this work presents the case study of the Avenida da
Républica in Lisbon in the context of its three main subway stations. We aim to examine the
evolution of this main boulevard in terms of its buildings, taking into account the several crucial
developmentperiodsofLisbon’ssubwaysystem.
How can the transportation systems, namely the subway system, condition the development
and growth of the city? How will it interfere with the social and economical factors of the city
policies? How does the subway change the urban fabric, connecting (or eventually
disconnecting) different city areas? These are some of the questions that this study aims to
answer.
The subway constrains and promotes simultaneously the territory development. It is in
itself a process of urban renewal. The subway growth gives rise to new forms of centrality,
acting as an attractor for new city usages, according to the location of subway stations. This
role of the subway can define different typologies, with places suited for services, commerce,
and office buildings, residential, among others.
This research aims to contextualize the city growth at those dates with the subway
expansion. In the inauguration date of the subway (1959) the stations of Entrecampos, Campo
Grande, and Saldanha open their doors to Avenida da Républica forcing changes in the
boulevard uses and stimulating its growth. The development of this subway line, the relative
importance of its stations would see changes in their centrality that would then have several
implications on the boulevard identity, mainly in buildings facing the boulevard.
Objectives
The main objective of this research is to study the changes suffered by Avenida da
Républica through time, taking into consideration the crucial periods of the development of

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mass transit systems in Lisbon, namely the transformative implications of the construction
of the Lisbon subway.
This was accomplished also with the fulfilment of secondary objectives in the study of
Avenida da Républica such as: i) the Identification the buildings that are still intact since their
construction; ii) the identification of the architects that took part in the different phases of its
growth; iii) the evaluation the impact of the construction and expansion of the subway of
Lisbon; iv) the Identification of the reasons for the demolishing of buildings seen between
1959 and 2014.
Related Work
There have been several methodological contributions to the study of the city of Lisbon, and in
particular for the study of the new avenues (avenidas novas) and the Avenida da Républica.
Those contributions are based on different approaches ranging from urban history (Dá Mesquita
e Serrano, 2007; Silva, 2006), to urban design (Sampayo, 2003, 2011, 2012), to infrastructural
analysis and network analysis (Rodrigues and Sampayo, 2009; Derrible, 2012).
DáMesquitaandSerrano(2007)in“ConstruçãoModerna”performedanextensiveanalysis
of the different aspects that are involved on the development of the city plan in the early XX
century, which are crucial to the present study. The authors state that in this period the city
development had little dependence on the city plan once the power of decision belonged to the
owners.Thus,theydescribethattheurbaninterventionisregulatedby“specialsolutionswhose
technical and strategic value superimposes the construction of an image of the city established
earlier - translationbytheauthors”(DáMesquitaeSerrano,2007,p.69).
Silva(2006)presentedthenewavenuesas“anefficientpictureofLisbondevelopmentinthe
latter part of the XIX century - translationbytheauthors”(Silva,2006,p.127)referredtothe
industrial era. Accordingly to the author the Parisian-like Boulevard was the main reference to
inspire the connection between Campo Grande and the ancient Passeio Público. However, she
states that the quality of the architectonic solutions adopted was inferior when compared to the
great quality of the urban project (Silva, 2006, p. 127). This fact is still visible today on the
buildings along the Avenida da República.
Previous studies by Sampayo (2003, 2012) analysed the urban form and its public space,
showingthatLavedan’splanpermanencelawisobservedinseveral urban locations through out
history. The new avenues plan is one more example where this can be observed.
InDerrible(2012)workentitled“NetworkCentralityofMetroSystems”theauthorstudies
the subway systems of several cities using a network analysis based methodology, namely in
terms of traffic. For this the author analyses the betweenness (Freeman, 1977) of 28 subway
systems across the world to understand the regularities and trends in centrality as a function of
the subway system size.
Rodrigues and Sampayo (2009) showed the role of Closeness and Betweenness in the
subway of Lisbon in the period spanning from 1959 to 2009. The authors produced a
comprehensive analysis of the different stages of the subway expansion measuring the network
properties of interest for the study of the urban form. This work expands the work of Rodrigues
and Sampayo (2009) by extending the study to the upmost recent transformations of the subway
network.
Methodology
The methodology used for this research is based on four steps: i) research in archives for
material gathering; ii) production of building report cards from gathered material and direct
observation (when possible); iii) graphical analysis of the cartography and maps, and iv) data

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interpretation.
In the archives research (Arquivo do Arco do Cego, Arquivo Fotográfico e Arquivo
Intermédio da Câmara de Lisboa) several maps where identified and dated to different periods.
A comparison between these maps proves the evolution of the buildings through out the years.
The building report cards where produced for the buildings of Avenida da Républica. These
include: i) images of the built structures before the building and of the existing ones, ii) dates
of construction, demolition and reconstruction, iii) functional description of the building, iv)
number of floors and v) author of the project.
These report cards allowed the construction of a historical timeline about the evolution of the
boulevard. This timeline highlights the changes that it suffered through its history.
The graphical analysis of the existing cartography was done using software systems for
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Computer Aided Design (CAD). The usage of
these two software programs helped in the understanding of the Avenida da Républica growth
over time. Both software systems allow for complimentary analysis of the boulevard allowing a
quantitative analysis of spatially defined data.
In this study of the development of Avenida da Républica four dates were taken into
particular consideration: 1908, 1950, 1970 and 2014. i) 1908 corresponds to the initial phase
where the initial plan of the city blocks is defined by the construction of the main avenues that
support the plan and the initial constructions are built; ii) 1950 is the phase just before the start
of the construction of the subway in Avenida da Républica where one can observe the big
developments since the 1908 city plan; iii) 1970 in this phase, after the subway construction in
the avenue, its when the roads, sidewalks and some city blocks suffer some minor
rearrangements; finally iv) 2014 corresponds to the present situation, where all city blocks are
fully occupied.
In the data interpretation step, the analysis was aided by two software packages: GIS and
visone (Brandes and Wagner, 2004). GIS was used for spatial quantitative analysis of the
maps and visone was used for the topological analysis of the network of the Lisbon subway
system.
This methodology allowed the confrontation of the data obtained for the evolution of
Avenida da República and the subway expansion.
Avenida da República
The growth of Lisbon in the XIX century arrives on a later stage when compared to other
European capital cities.
The idea of planning the modernization of Lisbon begins to take shape in the latter part of
the XIX century. In 1864, it is created the Ministry of Public Works (Ministério de Obras
Públicas) with the aim of creating a plan of general improvements. However, that plan ends to
be formulated by the municipal chief engineer Pierre-Joseph Pézerat (1800-1872), in 1865,
entitled “Mémoiressurlesétudesd’amélioration et embellissement de Lisbonne - translation by
the authors”.OnthisworkPézeratdescribes“astrategytoapply inLisbonsimilartotheone
adopted in Paris by Haussmann - translationbytheauthors”(Paixão,2007,p.107),inwhichare
included plans for a sewerage system and water supply plan, with the main purpose of
“renewingtheurbandesignofthecityandofimprovingtheexistinginfrastructurestranslation
bytheauthors”(Paixão,2007,p.107).However,theproposalspresentedbyPézeratwould end
bybeingrejectedbythecitycouncilofLisbon,“whoconsideredthemunrealizableandutopian
in a time when the city council was dealing with economic difficulties - translation by the
authors”(Paixão,2007,p.107).
With the need of expansion came the necessity of a new urban design plan for Lisbon.
Consequently, it was asked to Frederico Ressano Garcia to formulate the expansion plan.
Ressano Garcia finishes his studies in engineering, in 1869, at the École Imperiale des Ponts et
Chaussées of Paris. He returns to Lisbon and starts working at the city council as a municipal

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chief engineer using the work of Pézerat as a starting point.
In1888,itisinitiatedtheexpansionofthecityfromtheRessanoGarcia’splanswithallthe
ideas inherited from Paris. The expansion project presented had the main purpose of congregate
thepreviousplansinordertocreateafluidandfastconnectiontotheriver.Italsointended“to
endow Lisbon of new residential blocks with efficient internal articulation and capable of
stimulating the external environment - translationbytheauthors”(Silva,2001,p.60).Theplans
correspondto “anareadefinedbythetopographyandbythe configurationofafutureblock -
translation by the authors” (Lamas, 1993, p. 221). According to Ressano Garcia, the narrow
streets of the ancient Lisbon and the interior of the blocks were poorly ventilated and
illuminated.
In the planning Ressano Garcia decides to include some hygienization ideas with emphasis
laid upon the regularization and enlargement of streets, the integration of a sewerage system and
a water and electricity supply system, and the plantation of trees. The latter consisted in long
central bands of trees along the avenues so that the public sidewalk could be adapted to the
residential area around.
ThefoundationelementsusedinthecreationofanewimageofLisbonwere“thegrid,the
convergent square, the blocks and grid typologies as the reticulated grid translation by the
authors”(Lamas,1993,p.224).The blocks were divided in plots that could have been used to
build different kinds of buildings. The plots were sold mostly depending on its location in
relation to the most important avenues. This organization method gave origin to a discontinuous
development of buildings and of the plots occupation.
In contrast to what happened in the planning of Baixa, a block of Lisbon, the new avenues
did not have an architectural development plan. The absence of restrictions in terms of
construction gave origin to diverse kinds of buildings along the avenues. This fact is also
referred by Silva (2006), as mentioned earlier, as she states that the poor architectonical
planning when compared with the great quality urban design planning, are one of the
characteristics that one is still able to observe on today buildings present along the new avenues.
In the late 1930s the expansion plan was not finished, as there were still some plots of land in
the Avenida da República free to build on. However, there were already some building
demolitions registered.
AnalysisofLisbon’ssubwaynetwork:1959– 2012
The development of a subway infrastructure plays a revolutionary role in the growth of a city.
On one hand the subway follows the development of the urban fabric, on the other, it acts as the
driver for the renewal of the latter.
In this case study it was shown that the subway was the main factor by which the Avenida da
República saw major changes, mainly in terms of its buildings.
The first initial subway line of 1958 foresees a great city development encompassing the
urban fabric of the new avenues through an axis starting in Marquês de Pombal and bearing
Entrecampos.
Since 1959, the subway network has gained complexity being composed by four lines, 55
undergroundstationsforatotalof43km.Ofthese55stationsonly49representa“place”inthe
city of Lisbon (the remaining 6 stations are the result of the unfolding of existing stations due to
crossings of two subway lines). Figure 1 shows that the majority of the expansion of the subway
occurred in 1998 and 2004 as consequence of two major international events (World Exhibition
– Expo 98 and the European Championship of Football in 2004).
As a consequence of the expansion of the subway networks, existing stations reflect that
expansion in terms of the traffic to and through them. Considering the subway network as a
graph composed of nodes (stations) and edges (connections) one can study the betweenness and
the closeness of every station in this graph (Rodrigues anda Sampayo, 2009). Closeness gives

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the level of proximity a certain node is from all others, while the betweenness represents the role
as intermediate in traffic between other stations.
Figure 1. Expansion of the subway occurred in 1959 and 2012.
Focusing on the stations that are directly situated in Avenida da República (Entrecampos,
Campo Grande and Saldanha), all of which exist since the opening of the network, the role of
the subway as driver of the renewal of the urban fabric was studied. In particular, it was
important to show the subway changed the buildings in plots facing the avenue. To avoid
boundary definition problems in the analysis this subset of the network was extended by one
station in each direction of the 2012 network. In Entrecampos, Cidade Universitária was added
and for Saldanha, Picoas,
S. Sebastião and Alameda were added.
In figure 2a) the betweenness of the seven stations shows that Saldanha always had an
important role in terms of betweenness, but after 2009 this role has been greatly enhanced by
the connections to Alameda and S. Sebastião. It means that this station is now the station that
potentially can have more traffic going through it. It is an important point for the flow of people
in the network.
Figure 2b) shows rank of the seven stations in terms of closeness. It is observed that once
again Saldanha is in first position with the highest closeness. This means that it is also the
station that on average will be closest to any other station making this station the most central
station in the network. It is observed in this situation that Picoas also is highly ranked (4th
place) in terms of closeness and that it had in the past higher ranking then Saldanha (mainly
because it was connected to what was for many years the most central station, Rotunda
(Rodrigues anda Sampayo, 2009)).
Figures 2c) and 2d) show the evolution of the values of betweenness and closeness for the
top 10 stations in the entire network ordered by the 2012 values. It is clear that in 2012 Alameda
becomes almost as important in terms of betweenness as Saldanha and stations connecting to

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Alameda like Chelas, Olaias, or Bela-Vista can now enter the top 10 in what was until now
considered a peripheral area of the city. In terms of the stations of the new avenues we see that
neither Campo Pequeno or Entrecampos make it into the top 10 in terms of betweenness, but
Campo Pequeno ranks high (4th in 49 stations) in terms of closeness taking advantage of being
just one connection away from Saldanha. Saldanha has become the new central station of the
city after many years where Rotunda occupied first place.
In summary both betweenness and closeness show that the centrality of the subway network
stations is shifting towards the stations of the new avenues, namely Saldanha and Campo
Pequeno are becoming the new centralities of the network.
Figure 2 a) Betweenness of the 7 stations serving the new avenues; b) rank of the 7 stations
serving the new avenues in terms of Closeness; 3) Betweenness evolution of the 2012 top 10
stations at different phases of the subway expansion; 4) Closeness evolution of the 2012 top
10 stations at different phases of the subway expansion.
Graphical Analysis of the 1908, 1950, 1970 and 2014 Cartography
The graphical analysis is based on the study of the different cartography found for the years of
1908, 1950, 1970 and 2014. Several synthesis drawings were generated using ARCGIS that
facilitate the reading of the several timeframes of this boulevard.
This study presents a detailed analysis of the buildings in Avenida da República taking into
account their evolution over time. The original plan for this boulevard was mane in 1889,
making the time frame for this span between 1889 and 2014. The buildings are characterized by
the construction dates, demolition date, by the architects that designed them, by the number of
storeys of the different construction phases, and by the different functions that they had over
time. This research includes all the existing buildings and pre-existing buildings of Avenida da
República, and also the buildings of the square Duque de Saldanha and the buildings of the
roundabout of Entrecampos.

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Concepts
To be able to synthesise the outcomes of this research, it is necessary to explain here some
concepts usually used in the context of urban form studies and that are applied in this work in
the context of the study.
This research has considered the following concepts:
‘PublicSpace’– this is a space not built. The public space can be subdivided in two types:
i) the linear public space, corresponding to channels of movement like streets, avenues and ii)
the non-linear public space, corresponding to the places ofstayinglikesquaresand‘largos’
(Sampayo, 2011:69). In summary the public space is made of all the circulation space and the
permanence space in the urban form. It is always made with the aim of solving questions
related to the urban design.
‘Cityblock”– It is an element that can generate and be generated by the urban fabric. The
city block has the particular characteristic of being a regularity, a structure, in the urban
layout.Itisinthiswayimportantin“thelocalconcretisationofacertain model of city, in the
conception of ways of life, in the shaping of the space and the architecture that builds the
city…”(Coelho,2013,p.123,translationbytheauthors).
“Avenue”– It is an important public space of the urban agglomerate. It integrates the two
types of public space: the linear public space and the non-linear public space. An avenue is
usually designed in a very linear way and with great width, integrating both circulation and
permanence spaces. Usually they are closed by the buildings that define it and by green spaces.
The avenues gain particular importance in the urban fabric because of their ability to integrate
buildings of major importance (commercial, monumental or cultural) usually at their endings.
“Plot”– Itisaspaceofland“representingaland-use unit defined by boundaries on the
ground”(Conzen,1969,p.128),usuallywith aregularshape (square,rectangleorother),
that when associated with other plots defines a zoning area (Merlin and Choay, 2010, p.
448).Theplotexistencedoesn’timplyitsoccupationbybuildingsinallitsarea.
Phases of the Evolution of the Urban Fabric of the New Avenues
The graphic timeline in (Figure 3) illustrates the evolution of the urban tissue in the new
avenues and the integration of new grids adjacent to the initial plan. Only the streets that gave
origin to the blocks were sketched. The original surroundings on the central area of the plan
were not considered.
Figure 3. Urban fabric development of the new avenues around Avenida da República.
In 1908, the avenues grid was not fully defined yet. Important avenues such as the Avenida de
Berna, the Avenida das Forças Armadas and the Avenida Duque de Ávila were on an early stage
of development not creating significant hierarchies on the grid. On the borders of the plan the

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grid is defined by considering the existent road network, which causes the appearance of blocks
with different shapes.
In the plan of 1950, the project of the new avenues was finally concluded. Adjacent to the
initial plan emerge new grids that highlight other influent avenues as the Avenida Duque de
Ávila and the Avenida Miguel Bombarda. It can also be observed the extension of the Avenida
Praia da Vitória Boulevard adjacent to the square Duque de Saldanha.
In 1970, the evolution of the gird does not present significant changes. Nevertheless, it is
worth mentioning the introduction of new roads near the Feira Popular.
Finally, in the scheme of 2014 the grid is completed and consolidated. The most influent
avenues as the Avenida de Berna, the Avenida de Duque Ávila, the Avenida Miguel Bombarda,
the Avenida das Forças Armadas and the Avenida da República no longer present the sidewalk
as a central band.
The blocks
The analysis of the growth of the different city blocks (Figure 4), can be made by comparing the
following periods: 1908, 1950, 1970 and 2014. It was observed that the blocks had a slow
evolution. In 1970, the most part of the blocks was still not completely defined.
Figure 4. City block evolution in Avenida da República.
In the 1908 chart, it is noted that the building development in the Avenida da República begins
south close to the square Duque de Saldanha. The building development at north near Campo
Pequeno and near Mercado do Gado can be considered as residual.
In 1908, south of the Avenida da República some blocks were already completed. Those
blocks also define the first great perpendicular boulevard named AvenidaDuqued’Ávila.
When comparing the charts of 1908 and 1950 it is observed that in the latter the blocks were
almost completed. In the front blocks to the Avenida da República there were no plots left to
build on. Nonetheless in 1950, it is still possible to find some free plots in the secondary
avenues adjacent to the Avenida da República.
In 1970, the blocks undergo some modifications with the appearance of new empty spots.
The demolition occurred mostly on blocks frontal to the Avenida da República and not so much
in the secondary avenues as visible in the 1950 chart.
In 2014, it is observed that the blocks were finally consolidated as there no more free plots to
build on. It is also possible to observe that construction grows out to the block interior, thereby
occupying the remaining large empty spots.

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The Buildings
As previously mentioned, the plan is developed from South towards North. This growth
direction is clear by taking into account the density of existing buildings in the southern part of
the area during the initial years of the avenue (Figure 5). In any case, the small number of
buildings in the avenue in 1908 is not totally relevant for the future layout of the city. The 1908
plan already shows the city blocks adjacent to the avenue, allowing an understanding both in
terms of its length and its width.
Figure 5. Evolution of buildings in the plots of Avenida da República.
The buildings of this phase are sparse and only in rare cases one observes plots being merged
into a single construction. Building present diversified architectonic characteristics namely the
varied depths of construction into the plot and the varied sizes of the frontages.
In the plans of 1930 the buildings are not so far apart. The limits of Avenida da República
are finally established. In this period all the plot sides facing the avenue are now built. Each city
block pacing the avenue has between 3 and 13 plots facing the avenue, but the majority of them
show an average 5 or 6 plots. In the 1950s it is observed that all the construction is made
without voids between consecutive plots.
By the 1970s some of the constructions start to disappear and some plots facing the avenue
become empty again. Some of these plots are merged with others and in some cases the total
size of the frontages and the plot depth are extended.
In the present all the plots facing the avenue are built and one can observe that cases where
plot merging and subsequent increase of frontages happened.
City blocks have now between 1 and 10 plots and the majority of the city blocks now
present 4 or 5 built plots.
Comparing the map of the avenue (found in the archive of Arco do Cego), from 1902, with

410
the survey made by Silva Pinto (map of 1908), in terms of the number of plots sold, one can
conclude that in 1902 there was a regularity in the drawing of the plots that is not observed in
1908. In the 1902 map the plots facing the avenue in the middle of the city blocks had identical
dimensions while the corner ones where bigger. It is natural that some owners bought more that
one plot and by 1908 the map shows a variety in term of the sizes of built frontages.
Building Height
When analysing the photos of buildings of that time one observes that those buildings presented
no more than 5 or 6 floors. Nowadays, the buildings present in general more than 10 floors.
From the 1950s until the 1970s, the number of floors increases significantly from 8 to 20 floors.
The schemes presented correspond only to the year of 2014 (Figure 6). The first one
illustrates the buildings with 1 to 5 floors and identifies the buildings of the first phase of
development of the Avenida da República from 1880 to 1920. The second scheme illustrates the
buildings with 6 to 8 floors (from 1930 to 1950) and the third scheme illustrates the buildings
with 9 to 20 floors (from 1970 to 2014). Finally, the forth scheme sums up the previous ones.
Today the most part of buildings with 10 to 20 floors are located on the block corners along
the boulevard.
It is worth mentioning that the buildings nearer the subway stations are generally the
buildings from the period between 1889 and 1950.
Figure 6. Number of storeys of the buildings in the city blocks adjacent to Avenida da
República in 2014.
Function of the Building
Initially the most part of buildings of the Avenida da República were residential buildings. The
buildings for business function were only introduced at the late 1950s. Figure 7 illustrates the
function of the buildings as it is today.
Nowadays residence and business buildings occupy the front of buildings to the Avenida da
República. On block corners near subway stations and bus stops it is possible to find mostly
business buildings whereas on the central part of block fronts are present both business and
residential buildings.

411
At the square Duque de Saldanha is where the buildings present the highest number of floors
(Figure 6). Those buildings are mainly occupied by the third sector activities due to the eased
access to public transportation systems.
Figure 7. Present function of buildings in the city blockadjacent to Avenida da República.
Building Preservation State
The building preservation state, when considering the façade, was divided into 6 different
classifications:i)‘Wellpreserved’– new building or not presenting any kind of anomalies; ii)
‘Preserved’ – building with some anomalies due to lack of maintenance iii) ‘Degraded’ –
building with severe anomalies iv) ‘Highly degraded’ – Vacant buildings (inhabited) v) ‘In
construction’ – Building in construction from the scratch v) ‘In restoration’ – Building in
restoration.
From the data collected in the beginning of 2014, 38 buildings were classified as ‘well
preserved’, 60 buildings as ‘preserved’, 7 buildings as ‘degraded’, 4 buildings as ‘in
construction’and3as‘highlydegraded’(Figure8).
The buildings in better state of preservation are generally located on block corners. The
buildingsclassified as‘preserved’ arelocated mostlyonthe central partof blockfronts. The

412
‘degraded’and‘highlydegraded’buildingsarestillfromtheearlybeginningsoftheAvenida da
República development.
Figure 8. Present condition of the buildings facing Avenida da República
Urban Void and Green Structures
In addition to the building evolution study, it is important to mention the green spaces role on
theurbandesigntransformationthroughthetime.RessanoGarcia’splansgoalwastointegrate
new hygienization solutions on the new boulevards. One of those solutions was the introduction
of new green structures. When analysing the existent cartography from 1908, 1950, 1970 and
2014 it is visible the progressive disappearing of green zones on the Avenida da República
(Figure 9). When observing to old photos it is visible that the subway integration gave origin to
the removal of several trees.
Furthermore, the significant increase of traffic in this area forced the introduction of
additional number of lanes. The need for a better traffic flow induces a reduction on the size of
sidewalks, which used to contain the most part of planted trees.

413
Figure 9. Overview of green space development in Avenida da República.
Conclusions
It has been shown that the new avenues organised the structure of the public space, butdidn’t
regulate the height of the buildings, neither did they regulate the architectonic typologies that
define those spaces. The city is organised by a structure based on designed voids that need to be
analysed and thought off in a chronological manner. The law of permanence of the plan attests
the importance of the public space structure (squares, streets) as they resist the change of time. It
is clear that the plan of the new avenues allows for the introduction of new rules over time that
will improve its composition. Those new rules will weight in the typologies, the facades and the
heights of buildings.
Ressano Garcia incorporated Haussmann social and urban sanitation and hygienisation ideas
in the plan, but war more respectful of the existing urban features. He opted to keep and
linearize many of the existing roads (some resulting from stigmergic foot paths), and chose to
consider the particularly heterogeneous topography of Lisbon. With this balance this plan can is
considered as a good illustration of urban design.
The subway and the stations built in Avenida da República (Entrecampos, Campo Pequeno e
Saldanha) have a big role in the renewal of the buildings of the avenue. Saldanha always
presented a high betweenness but has since 2009 become the most important station in terms of
betweenness with the connections to Alameda and S. Sebastião. Together with having the
highest closeness value, Saldanha is now the most central station in Lisbon with the most
potential to see traffic being sent through and to/from its station. The placement of bus stops on
the surface also potentiates further its centrality, making this station and its above ground square
the new central area of the city. The analysis of the buildings in this square showed only
buildings in normal and good conservation states. Nearby Saldanha station it is clear that a
greater renewal and construction effort was made. This is in part justified by the role attained by
the subway station over time being the most central station in Lisbon (just followed by
Alameda).
In Avenida da Liberdade it was observed that Campo Pequeno is also becoming one of the
most central stations of the network with positive effects on the renewal of the nearby plots.
Near the Entrecampos station no particular changes were observed in the buildings in the past
few years. This is in accordance with the lower values obtained for the centrality measures of
the subway network.
This work also verified the law of the permanence of the public space through a reading of
the cartographic material form 1908, 1950, 1970 and 2014 for Avenida da República and it was
shown how the evolution of the buildings in the avenue are consequence of the expansion of the
Lisbon’ssubwaynetwork.

414
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Dr. David M. S. Rodrigues of The Open University, United Kingdom, for his
mathematical insights and discussion on the subway network expansion measures. The authors are
thankful to the students of architecture Sara Albuquerque e Pedro Baptista from the Lisbon University
Institute, Portugal, co-authors of Carina Silvestre in the production of images 3, 4 and 7 for allowing their
publication in this paper. The authors are also thankful to Mr. João Salmim Ferreira for his help with the
translation of the document.
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2
ISBN: 978-972-99101-6-6
Editors: Vítor Oliveira, Paulo Pinho, Luisa Mendes Batista, Tiago Patatas, Cláudia Monteiro
Cover Design by Cláudia Monteiro
The present volume contains the full papers presented at the 21st International Seminar on Urban
Form, held in Porto, from 3 to 6 July, 2014. Authors alone are responsible for options expressed in
the book.
Cite as: Oliveira V, Pinho P, Batista L, Patatas T and Monteiro C (eds.) (2014) Our common future
in Urban Morphology, FEUP, Porto.

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
Preface
13
THE PORTO CHARTER
15
URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
17
Urban morphological elements studies: for describing generated urban form
Li Q, Ding W
18
Urban morphology of streets in central area of Vitoria (ES)
Botechia F, Thompson A
36
Studies and hypothesis on Mdina and Rabat urban form
Camporeale A
47
Territory and urban planning in northern Sinaloa
Cataldi G, Urios D, Colomer J, Portalés A
53
The memory of informality: the typological cycles in the self-built environment
Montejano M
63
The positive dissemination: interpreting a new process for urban form analysis
Gonçalves A, Tomé A, Medeiros V
74
The sociability of the street interface - revisiting West Village, Manhattan
Palaiologou G, Vaughan L
88
The ‘Projeto Orla’ (Lake Paranoá, Brasília/Brazil): the creation of an exclusionary lake shore
Lembi M, Medeiros V
103
Mapping urban space based on visual perception
Zhuang Y, Ding W
114
Changing form of the Baltic cities: resurrection of the suburbs
Cirtautas M
121
Mind the gap. Multi-sacle landscape approaches
Marras F
134
Conurbation in the Porto Alegre metropolitan region
Rigatti D
142
Configuration of urban grid and the relationship between apartment buildings location
Corrêa A
155
Typological atlases of block and block-face
Vialard A
166
Analysis and modeling of spatial changes
Weiss R, Santiago A
181
The urban form of the inner port area in Kesennuma, Miyagi prefecture, as source of resilience
Abe T, Satoh S
195
Air oriented urban form: to develop an Eco-City in the tropical urban area
Mamun M, Begum A
205
Territorial and urban form regulation: from Garden-City to Low Carbon City
Mourão J
218
Analysis of tools and ‘patterns’ for assessment of urban sustainability to promote design quality
Otto E, Andrade L, Lemos N
227

4
Hybrid cellular automaton – agent-based model of informal peripheral development in Latin America
cities
Santos A, Polidori M, Peres O, Saraiva M
239
Urban street tree modelling using high polygon 3D models with photometric daylight systems
White M, Langenheim N
256
The recomposition of urban public spaces. Case study of the historic centre of Noale, Italy
Pietrogrande E, Caneva A
268
Landscape design method toward tops of surrounding mountains tops yama-ate in Murakami castle
town
Sugano K, Satoh S
281
Measuring urban canyons with real-time light based sky view factor modelling
White M
293
An approach on describing the street skyline
Yang H
305
Urban form and accessibility to rail transit stations: a case study of Auckland
Adli S
317
Systems thinking for new perspectives on urban form
Stevens N, Salmon P, Taylor N
327
THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN FORM
343
Polish city from conzenian perspective – fringe belt phenomenon in Toruń
Deptuła M
344
Urban evolution analysis as a means to confirm an outstanding example of a traditional human
settlement in Rabat
Safe S, Costa S
353
Transformation of the fringe belt units at the perimeter of Avenida do Contorno/Belo Horizonte/MG
Simão K, Costa S
370
Urban morphology and architectural design in small towns. The case study of San Vito Romano
Ciotoli P
385
Railway as a vehicle of urban transformation. Past and present of the train station
Čechová K
388
The impact of Lisbon’s subway development on Avenida da República
Sampayo M, Silvestre C
401
Urban chronicles: exploring the evolution of the entrepreneurial disposition of Coimbra periphery
Tavares A
415
Spatial fabric of urban cemeteries. Two cases in Lisbon
Bazaraite E, Heitor T, Medeiros V
427
U+D urban form and design. A tool of urban syntax to design
Carlotti P
440
The evolution of house forms and the change of culture: a Turkish perspective
Gokce D, Chen F
444
Athens and military architecture
Zaroulas S
458
Transformation of urban blocks and property relations: cases from the Historical Peninsula
Küçük E, Kubat A
466

5
The transformation of the urban block in the European City
Oikonomou M
484
Morphology and structure of road crossings of the modernist urban ring of Viana do Castelo in the city’s
general plan
Lopes J, Gulias M, Cavaleiro R
498
Urbanization in the Brazilian hinterland’s ‘forgotten century’: growth patterns in Planaltina
Palazzo P
504
Hermann Jansen's Grünstreifen in Ankara and their transformation
Burat S
516
Morphological process as an instrument for knowing chronological character: a case study in Tainan
Chen C, Lin W
528
The evolution of urban form since post-war period in Taiwan – a case study of Yonghe city
Chen C, Tsai C
541
Analysis of the correlated relations between ancient Chinese urban morphology and social culture
Dai J, Wang Z
551
Morphological evolution of urban form components in the historical peninsula of Istanbul
Kubat A, Kürkçüoğlu E
563
A code for the Islamic cities of the Gulf
Petruccioli A
576
From ‘a miserable town of 150 mud houses’ to ‘the city that never sleeps’
Geddes I
583
Analyzing the effects of hot and arid climate on the form of historic cities of Iran
Daneshpour S, Nedoushan M
597
Island-City / City-Island: Island precincts and evolving urban morphology of Abu Dhabi, UAE
Mishra A
607
Restelo neighbourhood: a paradigmatic example of urban form overlapping
Almeida P
617
Utopia and reality: from Etiénne de Gröer to the late 20th century. Évora, Portugal
Monteiro M, Tereno M, Tomé M
625
Campo Alegre: the evolution and persistence of a territorial intent
Ramos S
635
Is there a transversal organic pattern? Favela and its diachronic relations
Loureiro V, Medeiros V
645
The ‘Ilhas’ of Porto and the ‘self-improvement’ urbanism
Sena N, Doevendans K, Rousseau S
659
The ‘ilhas’ of Oporto, a fundamental component of the city’s nineteenth century urban morphology
Teixeira M
674
AGENTS OF CHANGE
685
Influences of housing municipal policy in slum urban form: the case of Heliopolis (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
Antonucci D, Filocomo G
687
The auto representative image as an agent of legitimation and incorporation of urban settlements in the
city of Rio de Janeiro
Hollanda C
697

6
The origins and pathways of urban (in)formality
Rocha M
703
Fernando Távora and the Portuguese urban space design
Ferreira C
733
Fourth dimensions urban morphology. Urban geographies of work as a new perspective of urbanity
Screpanti D, Carlesi P
747
Change, utopia and ‘the public’: urban transformations and agents of survival in Brasilia and Rio de
Janeiro
Carvalho T
754
Public involvement transformation for best future of cities in Russia
Zakharova M, Gudz T, Meltsova E
766
Unidade Residencial da Reboleira Sul
Ferreira B
773
Tenure of urban land: structure, form and transformation of the original urban space of the city of
Ribeirão Preto - Sp, Brazil
Junior D, Salgado I
788
An introduction to the research on use pattern of Lushan National Park based on its cultural landscape process
Xiong X, Liu M, Song F
798
From urban sprawl to a compact city policy: the primacy of process over form
Cavaco C
810
Interpret planning gap caused from accomplished roads by identifying building forms
Chen C, Liang C
822
Events-driven morphological process: a case study of Auckland's Waterfront
Shephard T, Gibson L
833
Assessing the effects of governing thoughts on the form of cities
Daneshpour A, Soleimani A, Charbgoo N, Ashnaee T
848
The evolution of neighborhood model as a manifestation of political regime shift
Ghonimi I
866
Power, ideology and space re-generation: Istanbul case
Özden P
887
Within and outside virtual walls
Braga A, Trusiani E, Rigatti D, Ugalde C, Zampieri F, Reckziegel D
902
Analysis of urban morphology on festival space decorated on urban space, focusing revewing spaces
and closed spaces in the case of Chichibu Night Festival in Japan
Matsuura K
918
Mi casa es tu casa
Scarnato A
921
The role of municipality in urban regeneration: the case of Lisbon’s Eastern waterfront
Nevado A
932
The re-appropriation of industrial sites in the urban form of the post-communist city
Statica I
940
Urban mobility - Urban mutations. Means transport and morphological changes in the city of Belém
Andrade F, Silveira I
948
Tracing urban catalysts in ‘Noorderkwartier’ area
Waaijer A
955

7
Managing the mark of the memory
Moreira M
967
New University Complexes as a force of shaping the urban form of the medium sized cities in
contemporary Iran, a case study of Najaf Abad
Nasserian A, Klets V, Kalbasi S
985
Urban black holes: the rural in the urban as liminal spaces from where to build a new city
Santos P, Pena-Corvillon D
995
Exploring university morphology. Bergamo as case study
Silva L, Heitor T
1001
Aging as an agent of change in the way how we occupy our territory
Bordalo A, Matos M
1011
FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013 and urban conflicts in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Gonçalves R, Simão K, Araújo J, Pedroso A
1025
Urban morphologies of alternative spaces: a case study of Tehran
Soleimani B, Staub A
1036
REVISITING URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSICS
1047
Comparative notes on Saverio Muratori and Ludovico Quaroni's urban projects
Del Monaco A
1048
Re-thinking city. An exemple of Ilses multidisciplinary approach to urban morphology questions
Nicosia C
1060
The influence of classics on contemporary thinking Louis Kahn and Hestnes Ferreira
Saraiva A
1068
MULTIDISCIPLINARITY IN URBAN MORPHOLOGY
1091
The study of urban form versus water management: lessons to a sustainable urban future
Marat-Mendes T, Mourão J, Almeida P
1092
Morphology and functioning of the metropolitan urban areas
Benaiche A
1107
The city, the river and mangroves: a case study in San José, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Monteiro E, Weiss R, Barea G
1122
Urban growth and hydrography: convergences on landscape morphology
Peres O, Polidori M, Saraiva M, Santos A
1135
Epistemology of public spaces: a cultural approach
Hanzl M
1151
The interaction between urban form and public art. Two examples on Lisbon’s waterfront
Ochoa R
1160
The impact of urban form on wind energy potential
Wang B, Cot L, Adolphe L, Geoffroy S, Morchain J
1166
Heritage, infrastructure, structure and urban form
Nascimento A, Silva M
1176
Morphological structure and system community facilities
Schäfer K, Oliveira L
1181
Housing development transformations: political directives and post-occupation life
Teixeira M, Maciel M, Alonso P
1192

8
Unsustainable empty by inadequate use of urban space
Carvalho M
1202
Interactions between agricoltural-systems and urban forms in Sardinian villages
Dessì A
1215
Study on the sustainable development of urban fringe at the background of urban and rural co-ordination
in China
Ying W
1227
Contributions to the study of urban morphology
Dias F, Campos M
1238
A construction perspective of urban morphology study in Shanghai Alleyway House
Ni J, Liu G
1257
The effects of urban form on levels of integration of housing schemes and social interaction among residents
Lay M, Lima M
1269
Characterization of the relationship between commercial plots and building patterns
Jiang J
1281
Municipal average building capacity
Rebelo E
1293
The morphological sense of commerce
Saraiva M, Pinho P
1307
The systemic focus on walkability and urban form
Barros A
1322
By São Paulo sidewalks: urban form and walkability
Degreas H, Katakura P, Santos C
1331
The elements of urban morphology which influence residents’ leisure walking activities
Mao J, Chen Y
1338
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF URBAN FORM
1349
Urban transformation in meeting places: the cases of Bursa & Yazd
Eslami S, Kubat A
1350
Environmental evaluation method of urban spaces
Teixeira E, Romero M, Cantuaria G
1364
Comparing urban rules for urbanizing villages in Hong Kong, Macau and Shenzhen
Tieben H, Chu J, Soares N, Chungyim E
1374
A study of urban space form in areas with different economic development level
Xiong G, Cao B
1389
Gilberto Freyre’s work: between urban morphology and building typology – first approaches
Aragão S, Marques A
1399
Meeting of minds: investigation on the common concepts and different approaches of the major schools of
urban morphology
Costa S, Netto M, Moraes L
1409
Urban analysis techniques and role of morphology in post crisis urban design
Delsante I, Bertolino N
1413
Past and present: an architectural survey of Birnin Lafiya, a Dendi village
Pinet J
1422

9
Urban form and its implication for the use of urban spaces
Reis A
1433
Application of morphological concepts to characterize German immigration’s nucleus in Brazil
Andrade B, Taveira E, Almeida R
1444
Exhibition of city. The case of Lisbon 1940 vs Rome 1942
Pegorin E
1457
INTEGRATED APPROACHES
1469
Study on regeneration of downtown area through riverfront development as urban catalyst
Aitani K, Arima T
1470
Diaspora typo-morphology analysis: a study of post-colonial city in critical approaches
Huang P, Kuo C
1483
Morphological analysis of the informal city. The ‘Villa 31’ in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Amato A, Corvigno A, Bandieri G, Catanzano G, Maretto M, Boggio N
1492
Urbanization in the Ave Valley region: more than a sum of building projects?
Travasso N, Casas Valle D
1502
Integration of public spaces into the urban environment in case of Perm
Kuznetsova A, Maximova S
1521
A planning method for identifying viewing spots and area for landscape control by utilizing spectator’s
experience of a Japanese traditional festival
Yamamoto D, Kawahara S
1527
Urban form and orientation in urban space
Kantarek A
1535
Urban form and social output
Krafta R
1544
Mapping and typo-morphological inferences in low-lying coastal Tianjin
Wang L, Li L, Gong Q
1555
Industrial-housing ensembles at Lisbon – morphology and specialization
Antunes G, Lúcio J, Soares N, Julião R
1569
An urban taboo
Falsetti M
1575
European spatial paradigms. Urban infrastructural morphologies
Triggianese M, Berlingieri F
1580
TEACHING URBAN FORM
1589
Teaching and seminar of urban morphology in Peking University, China
Xiong X, Song F
1590
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
1601
Making a case for the broadening of the urban morphologist’s battlefield
Firley E, Frey A
1602
Towards a flexible definition of limits in urban planning: controlling urban form under uncertainty
Moreira B
1610
Interpretation of morphological data to inform design ‘Bridge to Bridge: Ridge to Ridge’ urban design
workshop
Sanders P
1620

10
Urban form study for better future of the city
Kantarek A
1634
The morphological dimension of planning documents: case study Belgrade, capital of Serbia
Niković A, Đokić V, Manić B
1642
Future urban changes through design guidance: new principles
Sepe M
1652
Density, urban form and quality of life
Beaurin C, Raymondon G, Andersen I, Dias S
1661
Study on relationship between urban morphology and policy in China
Gao C, Ding W
1676
A subtropical urban taxonomy: the tension of research informing practice
Richards P
1693
Shaping the city. Public space in the (re)construction of Portuguese contemporary city
Coelho R
1706
Empty vacant. R
Dias J, Ochoa R, Suaréz M
1710
Reviving the heart of a historical metropolis
Ismail K
1722
Urban design guideline for upgrading environmental quality of Niayasar
Lari S, Dehkordi N
1741
Urban morphology of historic fabrics and contemporary architectural design. The case study of Lazio
Strappa G
1756
Typomorphological methods in planning practice
Pattacini L, Samuels I
1763
SPECIAL PARALLEL SESSIONS
1783
CHINESE NETWORK OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY
1784
-belt approach
Ren Y, Fu K
1784
THE MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES AND ISFAHAN SCHOOL OF URBAN
MORPHOLOGY
1795
Isfahan School of urban design: a morphological perspective
Arefian F, Estaji H, Jabbari M, Koledova A, Fatemi M
1795
Discussion about the similarity of the forms of the cities of Porto (Portugal) and Qazvin (Iran)
Jabbari M, Ramos R
1808
OPEN SPACES AND THE NEW BRAZILIAN URBAN FORM
1817
Open space systems and the constitution of the contemporary Brazilian urban form
Queiroga E, Macedo S
1817
Open spaces and urban form: a systemic relation
Campos A, Queiroga E, Custódio V
1827
Landscape units as territorial analysis procedure
Montezuma R, Tangari V, Isidoro I, Magalhães A
1838

11
The landscape of sprawl: relationships between natural and urban dynamics in the Western Portion of
the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo
Coelho L, Macedo S
1849
Integrated approaches in Vitória workshop: a study on open space system and the urban form in Brazil
Mendonça E
1863
BRAZILIAN MORPHOLOGY
1885
The urban form of the housing policy Minha Casa Minha Vida in the metropolitan area of São Paulo
Donoso V, Queiroga E
1873
Open spaces system: describing the urban morphology of Vila Mariana’s district
Degreas H, Macedo S
1885
Urban form and multidisciplinarity: contributions to the São Paulo Master Plan revision
Queiroga E, Meyer J, Macedo S
1896
Public policies towards river and streams restoration: perception and appropriation
Galender F, Campos A
1905
Morphologic transformations of public spaces in the surroundings of Nova Lima’s churchs
Maciel M, Teixeira M
1918