Design of a Terahertz Regime-Based Surface Plasmon Hybrid Photonic Crystal Fiber Edible Oil Biosensor

Abstract

In this paper, a terahertz range hybrid structured with square hollow-core PCF-based edible oil sensor is presented and statistically examined. For the purpose of determining this proposed hollow core fiber’s propagation characteristics, the finite element method is used with a circular perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In ideal geometrical circumstances, the recommended detector exhibits 98.45% relative sensitivity to various edible oils at optimum frequency of 1.8 THz. An extensive simulation of that microstructure fiber across THz frequency range reveals that it is possible to concurrently achieve very low effective material loss of 0.004632 cm⁻¹ and a very low confinement loss of 1.07 × 10–15 dB/m. In addition, the proposed fiber is thoroughly studied for other crucial factors like total loss, spot size, and numerical aperture. This optical waveguide’s outstanding achievements will make it possible to use it in a variety of practical terahertz applications.

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Vol.:(0123456789)
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Plasmonics
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01917-7
RESEARCH
Design ofaTerahertz Regime‑Based Surface Plasmon Hybrid Photonic
Crystal Fiber Edible Oil Biosensor
A.H.M.IftekharulFerdous1· PretomSarker1· Md.GalibHasan1· Md.ArifulIslam1· AhmmadMusha1·
TwanaMohammedKakAnwer2· ShaikHasaneAhammad3· AhmedNabihZakiRashed4,5· MahmoudM.A.Eid6·
Md.AmzadHossain7
Received: 12 May 2023 / Accepted: 13 June 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
In this paper, a terahertz range hybrid structured with square hollow-core PCF-based edible oil sensor is presented and
statistically examined. For the purpose of determining this proposed hollow core fiber’s propagation characteristics,
the finite element method is used with a circular perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In ideal geometrical
circumstances, the recommended detector exhibits 98.45% relative sensitivity to various edible oils at optimum fre-
quency of 1.8 THz. An extensive simulation of that microstructure fiber across THz frequency range reveals that it is
possible to concurrently achieve very low effective material loss of 0.004632 cm−1 and a very low confinement loss of
1.07 × 10–15dB/m. In addition, the proposed fiber is thoroughly studied for other crucial factors like total loss, spot size,
and numerical aperture. This optical waveguide’s outstanding achievements will make it possible to use it in a variety
of practical terahertz applications.
Keywords PCF· Edible oil· Terahertz· Sensitivity
* Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
ahmed_733@yahoo.com
* Md.Amzad Hossain
mahossain.eee@gmail.com
A. H. M. Iftekharul Ferdous
digonto_eee3@yahoo.com
Pretom Sarker
sarkerpretom0@gmail.com
Md. Galib Hasan
eeemgh@gmail.com
Md. Ariful Islam
milon17pust@gmail.com
Ahmmad Musha
mushaxyz@gmail.com
Twana Mohammed Kak Anwer
twana.anwar1@su.edu.krd
Shaik Hasane Ahammad
ahammadklu@gmail.com
Mahmoud M. A. Eid
m.elfateh@tu.edu.sa
1 Department ofElectrical andElectronic Engineering, Pabna
University ofScience andTechnology, Pabna- 6600, Pabna,
Bangladesh
2 Department ofPhysics, College ofEducation, Salahaddin
University-Erbil, , 44002Erbil, Iraq
3 Department ofECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, Vaddeswaram, India522302
4 Electronics andElectrical Communications Engineering
Department, Faculty ofElectronic Engineering, Menoufia
University, Menouf32951, Egypt
5 Department ofVLSI Microelectronics, Institute
ofElectronics andCommunication Engineering,
Saveetha School ofEngineering, SIMATS,
Chennai602105,TamilNadu, India
6 Department ofElectrical Engineering, College
ofEngineering, Taif University, P.O. Box11099, Taif21944,
SaudiArabia
7 Department ofElectrical andElectronic Engineering, Jashore
University ofScience andTechnology, Jashore-7408,
Bangladesh

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Introduction
Terahertz is the frequency range of the electromagnetic
spectrum that is between the microwave and infrared
bands, often between 0.1 and 10 THz, additionally called
sub millimeter radiation. Unique characteristics of this
kind of radiation include its ability to penetrate deeply
into a variety of materials, its low ionizing potential, and
its sensitivity to molecular vibrations. Terahertz radiation
is perfect for a variety of applications, including sensing
and communication systems, thanks to these characteris-
tics [1]. With little signal quality degradation, optical fib-
ers are clear, flexible, and thin fibers composed of glass or
plastic that are used to transmit light signals across great
distances. The idea of harnessing light for communication
dates back to the nineteenth century, but telecommunica-
tions underwent a revolution when the first useful optical
fiber was created in the 1960s. The core, or center portion
through which light passes, and the cladding, or layer of
material that surrounds the core and has a lower refractive
index than the core, make up the essential components of
an optical fiber [2–4]. A special optical fiber known as
a photonic crystal fiber enables more precise control of
light transmission. A photonic band gap that may contain
light is produced by the regular pattern of air holes that
run down the length of a PCF. Due to its unique architec-
ture, PCF can possess qualities that are not feasible with
conventional optical fibers.
The capacity of PCF to direct light over a wider range
of wavelengths, including the visible and near-infrared
areas, is one of its most important benefits [5]. Since its
creation in 1996, PCF has opened up new opportunities
for improving photonic instruments for detecting and net-
working applications [6]. In a similar manner, PCFs were
created to provide a better generation of active and pas-
sive optical component to networking sector [7, 8]. The
structure that results when the core portion of the air hole
array is simply replaced with a considerably bigger hole
that is significantly larger in diameter in contrast to the
surrounding holes results in photonic band-gap fiber [9].
However, hollow-core PCF is preferred because it provides
the most communication space among investigator and
emission. Newly, a number of substitute upheld transmis-
sion lines that had been proposed were used to examine
adaptation for mixtures in terahertz [10]. The act of sens-
ing is the detection and measurement of the physical or
chemical characteristics of a substance, an environment,
or a biological system. Applications for sensing include
environmental monitoring, industrial control, and medical
diagnostics [11].
By meeting healthful requirements, boosting growth,
securing appropriate perception, and tissue responsibility,
moreover a regulated hormonal climate, edible oils have
a crucial duty on organism. Soybean oil is produced by
grains of soybean flora and expand utilized cooking oils in
earth. Given that it is a form of vegetation, it has a number
of health benefits to the organs, notably the heart, bones,
cuticle, and cerebrum. Additionally, it has omega-3 fatty
acids which is favorable for heart vitality and susceptibil-
ity. Vitamin K, which is present in this hot oil, is essential
for blood shrinkage, controlling the function of bones, and
maintaining skeletal strength [12–15]. However, because
palm oil contains omega-6 fatty acids, using too much of
it when preparing meals may have some adverse effects.
Unfortunately, some dishonest firms offer impure oil,
endangering your health in many ways. Finally, physicians
are highly recommending and motivating both the general
population and those with heart disease to cook with vari-
ous vegetable and seed oils. Compared to soybean oil, culi-
nary oils like olive, coconut, and others have less negative
health consequences. Unfortunately, it is challenging to dis-
cern distinct cooking oils since their hues are so similar.
For lowering health risks and keeping a healthy lifestyle,
obtaining pure edible oil is essential, since inexpensive
cooking oils like palm oil can occasionally be misrepre-
sented as expensive oils like olive oil mixtures color or
dangerous materials [16]. In fiber optics and many detect-
ing devices where light must maintain a straight polariza-
tion region, birefringence is a crucial characteristic.
Typically, this optical phenomenon is displayed by mate-
rials with uniaxial anisotropy, where the hub of symmetry
is referred to as the optical pivot of a particular material and
when there is no equivalent hub in the plane opposite it [17].
A hollow-core PCF for identification of blood segments was
suggested and researched by Bellal etal. in 2019 [18] using
zeonex for foundation component with hexagonal holes
both side the core and cladding portion. To check effective-
ness of this setup in detecting water and white and crimson
blood cells, hemoglobin and plasma at 3 THz were examined
by authors. The outcomes showed that this identification
could achieve extremely more sensitivity, between 88.25
and 92.75% [19]. In 2022, Ferdous presented the design of
an oil detector which measures the amount of impurity in
liquid fuel [20].
For identifying the presence associated with mixed grub
oils, such as olive, palm, and coconut oil, this study sug-
gested a brand new hybrid chemical sensor with a square
core surrounded by the circular and rectangular air holes
to create a sensor for sensing oil spotting within the THz
realm. The ingenious hybrid configuration supplies small
waveguide, enabling the suggested sensor has remarkable
perceiving potential. The proposed design achieved maxi-
mum relative sensitivity of 98.45% at the 1.8-THz optimum
frequency with a low total loss of 4.63 × 10–3dB/cm at a

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single geometry and operating environment and also fea-
tures a numerical aperture of 0.34. The following segment
examines and describes the guiding and sensing character-
istics of the proposed sensor for a variety of geometrical and
practical issues. The chemical industry could benefit greatly
from our terahertz photonic crystal fiber in the near future.
Methodology
Figure1 illustrates the cross-sectional schematic for our
square core PCF model graphically. Trial and error led to
the development of this concept. The suggested hybrid PCF
has a single, central hole with a square form. The square core
will enable the placement of more samples there, enhancing
the detecting potential. Diameter of SC core is D. The size
of square shape is 1.2 × p and rectangular R1 and R2 size is
width 5 × p and height 0.8 × p.
Since the suggested sensor has desired characteristics in
these circumstances, these values are selected through trial
and error and stand for the space among the core and near-
est cladding arm, moreover subsequent cladding air holes. To
minimize fabrication difficulty, all geometric components are
relevant to just one component, namely, p. By suppressing light
which escapes through the core at the cladding’s exterior, this
layer prevents back-reflection. Since zeonex’s core diameter
ranges from 160 to 270
𝝁
m and possesses a stable index of
refraction (n = 1.466, 1.463, and 1.454) over a frequency range
of 0.8 to 2 THz, it has a relatively small loss. It was picked to
serve as the claimed oil detector’s foreground components.
Zeonex is selected as the sensor’s constituent because it has
the maximum RI and transparency in the THz frequency range.
A PML boundary circumstance was employed in our
research. PML was designated as a material by aeolotropic
and composite-valued permittivity and permeability. PML is
put in place around the exterior boundary of the framework
in order and soaks up all incoming waves. Zeonex serves
as the waveguide material for this sensor in the PML and
outer circle. It has numerous benefits like high-temperature
insensitivity, low material loss, and constant refractive index
where PML’s width is 10% of the proposed fiber’s radius.
Simulation Results andDiscussion
The numerical study was carried out using FEA, a method for
solving Maxwell’s formula. By dissecting the problem into
its component parts, this approach resolves the effects of each
finite element. The COMSOL Multiphysics software is used
to simulate the suggested model. The triangular mesh is con-
sidered for the model’s entire geometry. Here, the number of
elements 60 solid object, the lowest element quality is 0.3144,
the average element quality is 0.8634. The element boundaries
is 237, and mesh consists of 27,226 domain elements. The
mesh vertex number is 236, and domain elements is 27,226.
The FEM is used to examine the electric field distribu-
tion of the proposed waveguide, with the sample under test
placed inside the core. Data on the refractive indices of sev-
eral oil samples is included in Table1 at room temperature.
The basic components of this type of sensing system are
THz light root, a precisely manufactured PCF sensor, optical
Fig. 1 The recommended layout
for an edible oil detection
sensor
Table 1 RI of various oil tests
at room temperature [8]Various oils RI
Olive 1.466
Coconut 1.463
Palm 1.454

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identification, a wavelength analyzer, and a display unit. A
laser origin with a narrow bandwidth and an isotonic solu-
tion of the identification sample are necessary for optimal
accuracy. Previously, light origin is twisted on, the sample
shall be inserted into core using any common technique.
After the light beam have passed through the waveguide
and have been received by the photodetector, the evaluator
will measure its power and determine its effective refrac-
tive index. Finally, the required mathematical equations will
be input into a computer, which will calculate and estimate
the sensitivity of the recommended sensor and other guid-
ing factors. When the suggested sensor is loaded with olive,
coconut, and palm oils in that sequence, at the optimal fre-
quency of 2.4 THz, Fig.2 depicts the power allocation for
ethanol over the two distinct x- and y-polarizations. The hol-
low core of the graphic renders crystal clear that the light is
severely limited, leading to an interesting interplay involv-
ing the shifting field and the identified object. Precisely a
result, the proportionate sensitivity would become apparent.
Figure2 depicts the power distributions for a particular set
of parameter permutations. All of the graphs demonstrated
the core’s intense light restriction, which is necessary for
high sensitivity.
According to the Beer–Lambert law, the radiation–matter
coupling’s strength influences the oil contamination sensor’s
sensitivity. This operating theory is utilized for the Eq.(1)
illustrates a suggested sensor in which measurements are
based on variations in the ingestion coefficient at a certain
frequency.
where I(f) stands for the radiation’s intensity when the SUT
fills the THz waveguide, I0(f) for the radiation’s intensity
when the SUT is absent, r for the sensor’s relative sensitiv-
ity, m for the absorption coefficient, and lc for the wave-
guide’s length. The most crucial factor is relative sensitivity
(1)
I(
f
)=
I
0(
f
)
e−ra
m1c
since it shows how well the sensor can identify alterations
in the SUT. Equation(2) using relative sensitivity of the
suggested sensor may be established [21].
where neff represents for the effective RI of the guiding mode
and nr stands for the actual portion representing the RI of the
targeted analyte to be detected. This is essential to keep in
mind the benefits of guiding mode. The vulnerability of RI to
SUT’s features may be very high. The power that travels via
middle region and interfaces with SUT may be easily calcu-
lated because the amount of light that interacts with the analy-
sis material is indicated as X (power fraction). Equation(3) is
frequently used to compute the power fraction [22].
where x and y, respectively, stand representing the polariza-
tion along the x- and y-axes, and E and H, respectively, rep-
resent signals for electric and magnetic fields. In Eq.(3), the
numerator applies an identical approach to the core region
of the string, which is where the specimen is placed, and the
denominator aggregates the real component (Re) of the total
power over the full string sizes. Analysis of the achievement
of our suggested oil adulteration detector in relation to both
frequency and structural shape. The sensor’s relative sensi-
tivity was initially seen to be a function of the square core’s
diameter, ranging from 160 to 270mm where a frequency
of 1.8 THz is ideal. The relative sensitivity of different core
sizes is depicted in Fig.3a. This graphical representation
shows that as core diameter grows, the relative sensitivity
increases gradually. This pattern is caused by the fact that
as the core’s diameter rises, so does the concentration of
determined substance inside. Outcome substance is exposed
(2)
r
=
n
r
n
eff
X
(3)
∫R
e
(E
x
H
y
−E
y
H
x
)
sample
∫
Re(ExHy−EyHx)
tot al
×
100
Fig. 2 The recommended sensor’s electric field allocation at 1.8 THz for (a) olive, (b) coconut, and (c) palm oils

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to more radiation, which rises the relative sensitivity of the
suggested model. Otherwise, the core size and the bigger
and bulkier structure control the overall stringer dimensions.
As a consequence, 250µm is chosen as the optimal core
diameter and a trade-off between the predicted parametric
value and the stringer dimensions is taken into account. For
this core diameter, the confinement loss is acceptable and
the relative sensitivity is higher. As shown in Fig.3a, the rel-
ative sensitivities of our suggested detectors olive, coconut,
and palm oils—under ideal circumstances are, respectively,
98.45%, 98.22%, and 97.96%; this occurs because palm oil
has the lowest RI while olive oil has the highest. Olive oil
offers the highest relative sensitivity, whereas palm oil pos-
sesses the lowest. Figure3b displays the recommended sen-
sor’s relative sensitivity at 250-µm core diameter for various
operating frequencies. From 0.8 to 2 THz, the relative sen-
sitivity increases fast, then decreases after that and becomes
almost constant for all kinds of oils around 1.8 THz. As large
light spread through the high indexed sample due to more
frequency electromagnetic wave’s propensity to cross bigger
indexed zones, the sensitivity rises.
A photonic crystal fiber’s sensitivity to other materials
depends on a variety of factors, including the fiber’s design,
the wavelength of the light, and the properties of the sur-
rounding medium. PCF frequently exhibits higher relative
sensitivity than typical optical fibers because of its small
core size and huge surface area.
Now, several circumstances’ effects on the recommended
oil detector’s loss profile are explored. The two primary
kinds of losses that occur in all different types of PCF-
based sensors are confinement and EML, respectively. The
first one occurs because there is solid material inside the
waveguide, whereas the second results from the core’s clad-
ding air holes absorbing power. Figure4a, b respectively,
display the EML of the suggested detector for different core
sizes and operating frequencies. These graphs demonstrate
that EML at 1.8 THz decreases as core diameter increases
because less resistivity can propagate across an expanding
core. As a result, the loss is decreased and a little amount
of light is retained by solid substance. EML ranges from
around 0.0071 to 0.0044 cm−1 for various oil samples at
ideal core diameter, which is a very tiny range. As observed
in Fig.4a, b the palm oil has the highest effective material
loss than other two oils. The graphical representation justi-
fied it. Less light is pinned to hard material within the core
and cladding at more frequencies because less light passes
through the low-indexed cladding area. The loss is less for
higher frequencies levels because of this perspective.
The CL profile of the suggested oil sensor is shown in
Fig.5a, b for different core diameters and operation frequencies,
severally. As the core width and frequency are increased in both
scenarios, more light may reach the core, outcome decrease
in loss. The confinement loss of the suggested sensor is
6.455698252033 × 10–15dB/m, 4.940018927468 × 10–9dB/m,
and 1.070765066404 × 10–15dB/m, for olive, coconut, and palm
oils, respectively, at the optimal core diameter of 250µm and
operational frequency of 1.8 THz.
As was previously established, significant losses in PCF-based
sensors include the EML and CL. Figure6a, b displays all losses
brought on due to the suggested sensor. The total losses provided
by the detector under ideal circumstances for various types of oil
such as olive, coconut, and palm oil samples are respectively,
4.632000000006 × 10–3dB/cm, 4.727004940019 × 10–3dB/cm,
and 5.026100000001 × 10–3dB/cm.
The following subsection discusses the proposed sensor’s
numerical aperture (NA). The NA governs the biggest allow-
able cone of incoming signal that may pass across optical
waveguide and is a crucial sensor component. The chances
Fig. 3 Relative sensitivity alterations to the recommended detector for olive, coconut, and palm oils at (a) various core diameters at 1.8-THz fre-
quencies and (b) various driving frequencies at 250-µm core diameter

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of signal–sample interaction within the fiber increments
with increased NA because more light will likely reach the
core. The following Eq. [22] provides the algebraic phrase
to compute the NA of any PCF-based detector.
(4)
𝐍𝐀
=
1
√
1+𝝅A𝐜𝐟𝐟 f2
c
2
≈
1
√
1+
𝝅Acff
𝝀
2
(5)
A
𝐞𝐟𝐟 =[∫I(r)rdr]
2
[
∫
Ir(r)dr]
2
where f is the frequency of the incident light beam and Aeff
is the effective area to stringer. It deals the real area through
which signal transmits. Figure7a, b depicts visually the part-
nership within the NA and driving frequency under opti-
mal constructive circumstances. A smaller effective area
results from increased light confinement at higher operat-
ing frequencies (f). Equation(4) states that NA and Aeff are
inversely related, meaning that NA drops as frequency rises.
The figure also demonstrates that, for various oil sample
types at 1.8 THz, the NA of our proposed oil detector is
around 0.326.
Fig. 4 EML characteristics of the suggested oil sensor for (a) various core diameters at 1.8-THz frequencies and (b) various operating frequen-
cies at 250-µm core diameter
Fig. 5 The proposed oil detector's CL characteristics for (a) various core diameters over 1.8-THz frequencies and (b) various operating frequen-
cies for 250-µm core diameter

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Finally, we investigated how changing the effective area
of our recommended PCF-based sensor might affect its
ability to detect light signals and offer relevant information
about the real area over which they travel. The following
Eq.(5) is used to determine the PCF’s effective area.
The suggested sensor’s spot size is depicted in Fig.8a
and b, as a function of frequency and it is obvious that
the spot size decreases as the frequency increases and core
diameter increases spot size also increases. The graph
illustrates these features since the normalized frequency
parameter grows as frequency increases and has an inverse
relationship to spot size.
A comparison is calculated and shown in Table2 to contrast
the sensing and guiding features of the suggested detector com-
pared to the previously suggested PCF-based detectors. The
chart shows the values of relative sensitivity; this suggested
sensor is noticeably superior to the recently recommended
chemical/liquid sensors. The proposed sensor’s potential
manufacturing approach is next looked into. Figure1’s cross-
sectional illustration demonstrates the hybrid construction of
this sensor, which has a square core the manufacturing com-
plexity is reduced. A number of very precise square PCFs
have been recommended and created by researchers utilizing
a range of techniques. Additionally, different asymmetrically
Fig. 6 Total loss to suggested oil identification for (a) different core sizes running at 1.8-THz frequencies and (b) various operating frequencies
at a core diameter of 250µm
Fig. 7 The suggested oil detector’s numerical aperture for different operating conditions, including (a) different core sizes operating for 1.8-THz
frequencies and (b) different operating conditions for core sizes of 250µm

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structured PCFs have been created in the lab using a variety
of stacking techniques. For instance, high birefringence sus-
pended core and six-hole suspended core fiber. The electronic
spectroscopic image of the fiber that was created in the lab
is displayed in [23–26]. If we look closely at those fibers, it
becomes obvious that the manufactured PCFs and our simu-
lated PCF are virtually similar. Therefore, it is evident that a
hybrid PCF can be made using the stack and draw procedure
with respectable precession. Currently, if we compare the con-
struction of our recommended PCF to those of PCFs that have
already been reported, this proposed fiber could be made in
the lab with little difficulty [27–36].
The suggested optimal model achieves leading criteria for
the optical components. In terms of sensitivity and material
loss, the optimal model outperforms prior models.
However, the fabrication of the suggested square core
sensor is another major concern. Different structure PCFs
have recently been fabricated utilizing a variety of processes,
including extrusion 3D painting, stacking, jacketing, collapsing
and sketching employing a typical sketching tower. Sol–gel
methods, which give considerable flexibility in designing the
form and size of the core, are utilized in among these many
types of procedures. To its versatility in producing any sort of
fiber, this may be employed to create the fiber we have pro-
posed [28]. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
fiber rather than the previously developed fibers, the essen-
tial parameters of the proposed fiber are compared with some
other documented structural designs addressed in the literature
and are displayed in Table2.
These proposed sensors are formed with rectangular
and circle air holes in cladding portion and core portion is
square. But square core design is difficult with other fabri-
cation techniques which is a limitation. On the other hand,
circular core is very easy to fabricate but sensitivity will be
less than this work which can be easily solved in the near
future with any available fabrication techniques.
Fig. 8 Effective area of the suggested oil detector for (a) a range of core diameters for 1.8-THz frequencies and (b) a range of frequencies for
core sizes of 250m
Table 2 Comparison of PCF-
based sensors’ detecting and
guiding properties
The signifinance is the best performance parameters for the proposed model as clarified in bold configuration
Ref Year Sample Sensitivity (%) CL Total loss EML NA
[22] 2018 Benzene
Ethanol
Water
97.20
96.97
96.69
9.70 × 10−13
7.76 × 10−13
3.55 × 10−13
4.85 × 10−3
5.94 × 10−3
6.07 × 10−3
0.004932
0.005227
0.0053261
0.42
0.42
0.42
[37] 2020 Benzene
Ethanol
water
98.40
98.20
97.60
2.34 × 10−12
5.98 × 10−11
9.51 × 10−11
9.45 × 10−3
10.94 × 10−3
11.07 × 10−3
0.005945
0.006034
0.006378
0.38
0.38
0.38
[8] 2023 Sunflower oil
Mustard oil
Olive oil Coco-
nut oil
98.25
97.90
97.60
96.50
3.80 × 10−12
1.13 × 10−11
2.15 × 10−11
6.25 × 10−11
1.91 × 10−12
1.93 × 10−12
2.62 × 10−12
3.3 × 10−12
0.005745
0.005834
0.006578
0.007389
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
This work 2023 Olive oil
Coconut oil
Palm oil
98.45
98.22
97.96
6.45 × 10−15
4.94 × 10−9
1.07 × 10−15
4.63 × 10−3
4.70 × 10−3
5.02 × 10−3
0.004632
0.004727
0.0050261
0.34
0.34
0.34

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Conclusions
The modeling of a brand new PCF-based biosensor is pre-
sented in this paper. This sensor’s architecture has undergone a
numerical analysis and has been specifically created for effec-
tive sensing. People may live a safe and healthy life with the
aid of pure and nourishing edible oil. To the detriment of their
customers’ health, some dishonest dealers, however, offer low-
grade oil in order to increase their profits. Thus, it is essential
to evaluate the standard of edible oil previous it is consumed by
people which can be assured by our suggested sensor. Accord-
ing to the numerical calculations, this suggested detector has
relative sensitivity values for olive, coconut and palm oils at
1.8 THz of 98.45%, 98.22%, and 97.96%, respectively, while
it offers the lowest total loss of 4.63 × 10−3, 4.70 × 10−3, and
5.02 × 10−3dB/cm. Due to its high sensitivity, straight forward
form, and less fabrication complexity, we are certain that for
the suggested sphere of oil detection applications, a sensor will
be a competitive tool.
Acknowledgements The researchers would like to acknowledge Dean-
ship of Scientific Research, Taif University for funding this work.
Author Contribution Conceptualization: A. H. M. Iftekharul Ferdous,
Pretom Sarker, Md. Galib Hasan, Md.Ariful Islam, and Ahmmad Musha.
Data curation, formal analysis, and investigation: Twana Mohammed Kak
Anwer, Shaik Hasane Ahammad, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Mahmoud
M. A. Eid, and Md. Amzad Hossain. Methodology: A. H. M. Iftekharul
Ferdous, Pretom Sarker, Md. Galib Hasan, Md.Ariful Islam, and Ahmmad
Musha. Resource and software acquisition: Twana Mohammed Kak Anwer,
Shaik Hasane Ahammad, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Mahmoud M. A. Eid,
and Md. Amzad Hossain. Supervision and Validation: A. H. M. Iftekharul
Ferdous, Pretom Sarker, Md. Galib Hasan, Md.Ariful Islam, and Ahmmad
Musha. Visualization, writing—original draft, and Writing—review edit-
ing: Twana Mohammed Kak Anwer, Shaik Hasane Ahammad, Ahmed
Nabih Zaki Rashed, Mahmoud M. A. Eid, and Md. Amzad Hossain.
Funding This work is funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,
Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
Availability of Data and Material Simulation software is available.
Code Availability This is not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics Approval This is not applicable.
Consent to Participate This is not applicable.
Consent for Publication This is not applicable.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests.
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