Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students: A Literature Review

Abstract

Earthquake is frequent disasters in Indonesia, and children or students are a group that is vulnerable to becoming victims. Preparedness is one of the efforts that can be made to anticipate losses due to disasters, one of which is through education. However, educational methods related to preparedness carried out for students are still little identified. This literature review aims to identify educational methods to improve earthquake disaster preparedness, especially for students. This study used a literature review with a descriptive review approach. The databases used include PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, Garuda, and Google Scholar, published from 2018 to 2022. The result of study that article selection was carried out, including checking for duplication, suitability of titles, abstracts, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this selection, 14 articles were included in this literature review. It was found that several methods can be used to improve disaster preparedness, such as the simulation method, education with lectures, singing, and others, as well as a combination of simulation with other methods, all of which can increase the preparedness score. Meanwhile, students who deal with a disaster have the potential to gain an increase in disaster preparedness. Simulation, education, and combining both methods were practical in increasing earthquake disaster preparedness. Keywords: Education, earthquake, preparedness, students.

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Aan Nuraeni: Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students: A Literature Review
Media Karya Kesehatan: Volume 6 No 1 Mei 2023 61
Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students:
A Literature Review
Aan Nuraeni1, Salsabila Nabilla Puspa Ilham1, Nara Raihani1, Rini Dwi Puspitasari1, Nurul Azmi
Fauziyah1, Myra D Oruga2
1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, 2Faculty of Management and Development Studies,
University of the Philippines Open University, Philippines.
Email: aan.nuraeni@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Earthquake is frequent disasters in Indonesia, and children or students are a group that is vulnerable to becoming
victims. Preparedness is one of the efforts that can be made to anticipate losses due to disasters, one of which is
through education. However, educational methods related to preparedness carried out for students are still little
identified. This literature review aims to identify educational methods to improve earthquake disaster
preparedness, especially for students. This study used a literature review with a descriptive review approach. The
databases used include PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, Garuda, and Google Scholar, published from 2018 to
2022. The result of study that article selection was carried out, including checking for duplication, suitability of
titles, abstracts, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this selection, 14 articles were included in this literature
review. It was found that several methods can be used to improve disaster preparedness, such as the simulation
method, education with lectures, singing, and others, as well as a combination of simulation with other methods,
all of which can increase the preparedness score. Meanwhile, students who deal with a disaster have the potential
to gain an increase in disaster preparedness. Simulation, education, and combining both methods were practical
in increasing earthquake disaster preparedness.
Keywords: Education, earthquake, preparedness, students.

Aan Nuraeni: Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students: A Literature Review
Media Karya Kesehatan: Volume 6 No 1 Mei 2023 62
Introduction
Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has a high potential for disasters. Disasters in
Indonesia often occur, and natural factors cause the majority. Various natural disasters often
occur in Indonesia, are volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, landslides, and
earthquakes. Earthquakes are the most frequent disaster events in Indonesia. The Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) in Indonesia stated that in 2019, 11,515
earthquakes were recorded in Indonesia and decreased in 2020 to 8,264 earthquakes.
Meanwhile, in 2021 there will be another increase from the previous year to reach
10,570 earthquakes. Of the total earthquake incidents, the Department of Geology (ESDM) in
Indonesia recorded 26 earthquakes that damaged or resulted in casualties, infrastructure
damage, and property loss. The amount of damage is the highest in the last 20 years.
Preparedness is an effort that can be made to anticipate the occurrence of casualties,
loss of property, and losses to the high social order of life due to disasters (Husna, 2011).
Preparedness focuses on the ability to carry out disaster emergency response operations quickly
and accurately compared to disaster management efforts. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences
(LIPI) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
state that five factors can influence disaster preparedness. They are knowledgeable and have
attitudes toward disaster risk, policies, and guidelines, planning for disaster emergency
conditions, warning systems, disasters, and resource mobilization capabilities. Weak
preparedness can lead to more severe disaster impacts such as high death tolls, serious injuries,
extensive infrastructure damage, and the emergence of diseases resulting from disasters.
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups when an earthquake occurs. Their
vulnerability to disasters is due to their limited understanding of the risks around them, so they
are unprepared to face disasters. In several earthquake disaster incidents, most victims were
school-age children during and outside school hours. This situation shows the importance of
raising disaster risk awareness in children as early as possible so that children are expected to
know what to do when a disaster occurs. Providing understanding and guidance to children
about what to do when a disaster occurs around them is a form of disaster preparedness
(Indriasari, 2018). Currently, disaster risk reduction knowledge is still not included in the
education curriculum in Indonesia. However, several institutions have actively educated
school-age children regarding disaster preparedness, especially earthquake preparedness. Apart
from conventional education, a simulation method can also be used to increase knowledge
regarding disaster risk and its management. However, there was little evidence concerning it.

Aan Nuraeni: Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students: A Literature Review
Media Karya Kesehatan: Volume 6 No 1 Mei 2023 63
Therefore, we intend to conduct a literature review to identify education methods for preparing
students for earthquake disasters. In addition, we also try to identify the potential of its efficacy
in increasing students' preparedness for the earthquake.
Methods
This research is a literature review with a descriptive review approach.
Eligibility Criteria
The inclusion criteria in this study were that the article was primary research investigating
educational methods for earthquake disaster preparedness in students. Another inclusion
criterion is the availability of the full text in Indonesian and English, with a publication period
between 2018-2022. The exclusion criteria from this study were secondary research, such as
reviews and research on the subject of children with special needs.
Search Strategy
Two reviewers (SNPI, RDP) performed a structured literature search on five databases,
including PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, Garuda, and Google Scholar. Keywords were
arranged using the words 'student', 'simulation', 'education', 'disaster education', 'disaster
training', 'earthquake', 'earthquake preparedness'. The literature search process used the
booleans 'OR' and 'AND'.
Article Selection
The selection of articles in this study was carried out by four reviewers (SNPI, NR, RDP, NAF).
Articles included in the initial search were selected by examining duplication, suitability of
titles, abstracts, and inclusion-exclusion criteria for the review. Disagreements regarding the
appropriateness of the articles were decided through discussions within the research team.
Data Extraction and Synthesis
The data extraction table contains information related to the research characteristics of the
analyzed studies and used to assist in data synthesis. Another research team checked the
information listed in the table. The characteristics of the studies consist of research design,
research objectives, participants, interventions, and results. Furthermore, we summarized,
compared, and reported the research results qualitatively according to the problems and
research objectives.

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Media Karya Kesehatan: Volume 6 No 1 Mei 2023 64
Results
A total of 29,285 articles were identified in the initial search, consisting of 131 from
PubMed, 314 from ScienceDirect, five from DOAJ, 135 from Garuda, and 28,700 from Google
Scholar. A total of 38 articles were excluded due to duplication, and 12,443 articles were
excluded because the title did not match the research. Then 16,219 articles were examined
based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 17 full texts were obtained, which were then
selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and three papers were excluded. The
procedure for choosing this study is described in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Search Results and Article Selection Procedures

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Article Characteristics
There are twelve articles included in the qualitative analysis. All of the research articles
collected were in Indonesian, and the research was conducted in Indonesia. Most of the articles
used experimental research methods with seven quasi-experimental studies, four pre-
experimental studies, and one true-experimental study. In addition, there was also one paper,
each using a mixed approach and quantitative descriptive.
Interventions
Seven studies (50%) discussed educational methods without simulation. In comparison,
the other two studies (14.3%) discussed simulation methods, and three articles (21.4%) further
discussed simulation combined with other educational methods to increase earthquake
preparedness among students. In addition, the effects of the experience of dealing with disasters
were also identified and further increased students' disaster awareness in the two articles
analyzed (14.3%).
Table 1. Summary of Peer-reviewed Journal Articles Supporting Recent Research on
Simulation and Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness
among Students.
No
Author,
Year
(Country)
Title
Research design,
Objectives,
Participants
Interventions
Results
1.
Setyaningru
m and
Usmawati
(2020)
(Indonesia)
The Effect of
Earthquake and
Tsunami Disaster
Education on
Emergency
Planning
Preparedness
among students
(Pengaruh
Pendidikan
Bencana Gempa
Bumi dan
Tsunami terhadap
Kesiapsiagaan
Emergency
Planning Siswa)
Design: Pre-
experimental design
Purposes: To
determine the effect
of earthquake and
tsunami disaster
education on
emergency planning.
Participants: 46
students of grade 5
elementary school
Participants were
given education on
earthquake and
tsunami disaster
preparedness
through the lecture
method.
The results showed that
there was a significant
effect on students'
emergency planning
preparedness before and
after the intervention.
2.
Setyaningru
m and
Nurhayati
(2021)
Earthquake
Disaster
Education
Improves
Design: Pre-
experimental Design
Purposes: to
determine the effect
Providing
earthquake education
with the lecture
method.
The results of these
measurements are
mostly in
ready category with a

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(Indonesia)
Preparedness for
Students at
Elementary
School of Jigudan
Srandakan Bantul
Indonesia
of earthquake
disaster education on
the level of
preparedness of
Jigudan Srandakan
Elementary School
students.
Partisipan: 54
students.
score of 65 – 79 as
many as 42 students.
3.
Setyaningru
m and
Setyorini
(2020)
(Indonesia)
The Effect of
Earthquake and
Tsunami Disaster
Education on the
Level of
Preparedness in
Students
(Pengaruh
Pendidikan
Bencana Gempa
Bumi dan
Tsunami terhadap
Tingkat
Kesiapsiagaan
pada Siswa)
Design: Pre-
experimental Design
Purposes: to
determine the effect
of earthquake and
tsunami disaster
education on the
level of preparedness
of Jigudan Srandakan
Elementary School
students.
Participants: 46
students.
Providing education
through lectures,
videos, singing
about earthquake
and tsunami disaster
preparedness.
Earthquake and tsunami
disaster education can
increase the level of
preparedness for
students at SDN
Jigudan Srandakan,
Bantul Regency.
4.
Metrikayant
o and
Valabia
(2021)
(Indonesia)
An Educational
Video For
Earthquake
Disaster
Preparedness In
Students At St.
Aloysius
Weetabula
Christian Middle
School,
Southwest Sumba
Design: Pre-
experimental design
with one-group pre-
post test.
Purpose: to
determine the effect
of educational videos
on earthquake
disaster preparedness
in students.
Participants: 327
students
Earthquake disaster
educational video
Educational videos
influencing earthquake
disaster preparedness in
high school students.
The use of video media
in education can
improve earthquake
disaster preparedness.
5.
Yustisia,
Aprilatutini
, and
Utama
(2019)
(Indonesia)
The Effect of
Simulation of
Facing
Earthquake
Disasters on
Preparedness of
Students at SDN
86 Bengkulu City
(Pengaruh
Simulasi
Menghadapi
Bencana Gempa
Bumi terhadap
Kesiapsiagaan
Design: Quasi
experimental design
with non equivalent
control group design
Purpose: to
determine the effect
of earthquake
disaster simulation
on school
preparedness of
students at SDN 86
Bengkulu City.
Participants: 31
students in grades IV
Respondents in the
experimental group
received training on
earthquake disaster
management in 1
meeting with a time
of 120 minutes.
Training is
conducted on agreed
days. The training
includes the
provision of
materials,
discussions,
The results of the study
show that there is an
influence on disaster
preparedness using the
simulation method.
Earthquake
preparedness training
increases students' level
of disaster awareness.

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Siswa SDN 86
Kota Bengkulu)
and V who were
given a simulation
(experimental group)
and 31 people who
were not given a
simulation (control
group)
practices and
simulations of
disaster
management. As a
tool, material in the
form of leaflets was
also prepared to be
given to students
participating in the
training.
6.
Ratchna,
Suriah, and
Saleh
(2019)
(Indonesia)
Earthquake
Disaster
Preparedness
Education in
Elementary
School Students
in Majene
Regency
Design: Quasi
Experiment with Non
Randomized Pre-test
Post-Test Control
Group Design
Purposes: to
determine the effect
of education using
simulation methods
and picture books on
knowledge of
disaster preparedness
Participants: 70
students.
SDN 26 Pakkola as
the intervention
group was given
education using the
simulation method
and picture books
while SDN 28 Tamo
as the control group
was only given
education with
picture books.
There is an educational
influence of earthquake
disaster simulation and
picture books on
knowledge
7.
Romdhonah
, Sucipto,
and Nekada
(2019)
(Indonesia)
The Effect of
Earthquake
Disaster
Management
Education on
Students'
Preparedness in
Facing
Earthquakes
(Pengaruh
Edukasi
Manajemen
Bencana Gempa
Bumi terhadap
Kesiapsiagaan
Siswa dalam
Menghadapi
Gempa Bumi)
Design: Quasi
Experiment with pre-
post test control
group design.
Purposes: To find
out the effect of
providing education
earthquake disaster
management on
student preparedness
in the face of
earthquakes.
Participants: 36
students.
Providing material
related to earthquake
disaster preparedness
using the lecture
method.
There were differences
in the level of pre and
post test preparedness
in the control group and
the intervention group.
There was no difference
in the level of post-test
preparedness in the two
groups.
8.
Achmad
(2020)
(Indonesia)
The Effect of
Earthquake
Disaster
Education on
Increasing
Knowledge and
Attitudes of
Karya Bangsa
Design: quasi
experiment with
pretest-posttest
approach with
control group
Purposes: to
determine the effect
of earthquake
Earthquake disaster
education
The results of the study
were that there were
differences in the
knowledge and attitudes
of the respondents who
were higher in the
intervention group
before and after being

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Vocational School
Students,
Tangerang City
disaster education on
increasing students'
knowledge and
attitudes
Participants: 50
students.
given earthquake
disaster education.
9.
Setyaningru
m and
Sukma
(2020)
(Indonesia)
Increasing
Knowledge of
SMA/SMK
Students in
Malang Through
Earthquake
Disaster
Education with
Simulation
Methods
(Peningkatan
Pengetahuan
Siswa SMA/SMK
Malang Melalui
Pendidikan
Bencana Gempa
Bumi dengan
Metode Simulasi)
Design: Quasi
Experiment
Purposes: analyze
the level of
knowledge and
attitudes of high
school students
before and after
being given
earthquake disaster
education.
Participants: 66
high school students.
Edukasi bencana
gempa bumi.
There was an increase
in knowledge from
before being given the
intervention to 76.72
where before being
given health education
the average knowledge
score was 35.78.
10.
Sari et al.
(2019)
(Indonesia)
Earthquake
Readiness
Education Using
Simulation
Method and
Picture Book
Media in
Elementary
School Students
in Majene
Regency
Design: Quasi
Experiment
Purposes: to analyze
the impact of
education using
simulation methods
and picture books on
the knowledge and
attitudes of
elementary school
students regarding
earthquake disaster
preparedness
Participants: 70
Students
Earthquake
preparedness
education
There was an increase
in preparedness after
the earthquake
preparedness education
was carried out as
evidenced by the
significant difference
between the pre-test
and post-test scores.
11.
Simandalah
i, Apriyeni,
and
Pardede
(2019)
(Indonesia)
The Influence of
Health Education
on Students'
Knowledge of
Earthquake
Disaster
Preparedness
(Pengaruh
Pendidikan
Kesehatan
Terhadap
Design: Quasi
Experiment
Purposes: to
determine the effect
of health education
on students'
knowledge of
earthquake disaster
preparedness.
Participants: 48
students of class III
Health education on
earthquake disaster
preparedness which
has been adapted to
BNPB material on
"Resilient
Responsiveness to
Disasters"
There was an increase
in knowledge after
being given health
education as evidenced
by the increase in post-
test scores compared to
pre-test scores.

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Pengetahuan
Siswa Tentang
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana Gempa
Bumi)
and IV elementary
school.
12.
Widodo
(2020)
(Indonesia)
The Influence of
the Disaster
Simulation
Method on the
Preparedness of
Students of SMP
Negeri 4 Cigeulis,
Pandeglang
Regency in
Facing
Earthquake
Threats
(Pengaruh
Metode Simulasi
Bencana
Terhadap
Kesiapsiagaan
Peserta Didik
SMP Negeri 4
Cigeulis
Kabupaten
Pandeglang
dalam
Menghadapi
Ancaman Gempa
Bumi)
Design:
Experimental
research.
Purposes: to
determine the effect
of disaster simulation
methods on student
preparedness.
Partisipan: 100
junior high school
students.
Disaster simulation.
After the earthquake
disaster simulation,
there was an increase in
preparedness to deal
with earthquakes as
shown by the score
during the pre-test of
54.33 (unprepared) to
110.59 during the post-
test (ready).
13.
Aiko
Sakurai a,
Takeshi
Sato,
Yoshiyuki
Murayama
(2020)
(Japan).
Impact evaluation
of a school-based
disaster education
program in a city
affected by the
2011 great East
Japan earthquake
and tsunami
disaster
Design: a mixed-
methods approach.
Purpose: This study
investigated a school-
based disaster
education program
called the
“Reconstruction
Mapping Program
(RMP)”. The aim of
the Program was set
as developing
children’s attitudes
towards contributing
to the community.
Participants:
The fourth-grade
students
A disaster education
program emphasizes
positive aspects of
reconstruction in
consideration of the
disaster-affected
children’s mental
care.
The program impacts
students' desire to
contribute to society in
the long term.
Meanwhile, only a little
impact was seen on
behavior in their
disaster preparedness
and mitigation. This
program can make
students "agents of
change" to create a
disaster-resilient society
14.
Benyong
Evaluating the
Design: Quantitative
Evaluate the
More than 50% of

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Wei, Guiwu
Su a,
Yingkui Li
(2020)
(China)
cognition and
response of
middle/high
school students to
earthquake—a
case study from
the 2013 Mw6.6
Lushan
earthquake-hit
area, China
research
Purpose:
Investigated the
capability of
earthquake disaster
cognition and
response (EDCR)
based on a
questionnaire
survey of
middle/high school
students in the 2013
Lushan earthquake-
stricken area.
Participant:
Middle/high school
students.
earthquake disaster
cognition and
response capability
of the middle/high
school student based
on earthquake
exeprienced.
participants had an
EDCRI score between
0.51 and 0.70,
indicating a moderate
level of comprehensive
EDCR ability. For
individual EDCR
components, the
average score of
emergency response
ability and knowledge
of earthquake disasters
is relatively low, while
the average score of
emotion regulation is
very good.
Table 2. Summary of Peer-reviewed Journal Articles informing the Effectiveness and
Characteristics of Simulation and Education Methods to Improve Earthquake
Preparedness among Students.
No
Refference
Use of
Simulation
Methods
Use of Other
educational
methods
Effective in
increasing
earthquake
preparedness
Educati
onal
level
Method characteristics
Frequency
Media
1.
Setyaningrum
and Usmawati
(2020)
No
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
Lecture
2.
Setyaningrum
and Nurhayati
(2021)
No
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
Lecture
3.
Setyaningrum
and Setyorini
(2020)
No
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
lecture, video, singing
4.
Metrikayanto
and Valabia
(2021)
No
Yes
Yes
Yunior
high
school
1 session
Video
5.
Yustisia,
Aprilatutini,
and Utama
(2019)
Yes
No
Yes
Element
ary
school
5 session
Earthquake
simulation with role
playing method
6.
Ratchna,
Suriah, and
Saleh (2019)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
Earthquake
simulation and
educational book

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7.
Romdhonah,
Sucipto, and
Nekada (2019)
No
Yes
Yes
Senior
high
shcool
1 session
Lecture
8.
Achmad
(2020)
No
Yes
Yes
Senior
high
shcool
1 session
Lectures and
discussions using
power point (slides),
leaflets, and video
simulations
9.
Setyaningrum
and Sukma
(2020)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Senior
high
shcool
1 session
Lectures using audio
visual via LCD
projector, and
earthquake simulation
10.
Sari et al.
(2019)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
Earthquake
simulation and picture
book.
11.
Simandalahi,
Apriyeni, and
Pardede
(2019)
No
Yes
Yes
Element
ary
school
1 session
Slide power point and
leaflet
12.
Widodo
(2020)
Yes
No
Yes
Yunior
high
school
1 session
Earthquake disaster
simulation
13.
Aiko Sakurai
a, Takeshi
Sato,
Yoshiyuki
Murayama
(2020)
(Japan).
No
Experience
dealing with
disasters
Increase the
desire to
contribute to
disaster
preparedness
in the
community
The
fourth-
grade
students
NI
NI
14.
Benyong Wei,
Guiwu Su a,
Yingkui Li
(2020) (China)
No
Experience
dealing with
disasters
Improve
cognition and
response to
disaster
preparedness
Middle/
high
school
students
.
NI
NI
Based on the results of a literature search, learning methods that can improve earthquake
disaster preparedness in students are as follows:
Simulation
The study by Yustisia et al. (2019) showed that the simulation method can affect
increased preparedness for children in dealing with disasters. In this study, students were
divided into two groups: the experimental group which was given a simulation of five sessions
and the control group which was not given a simulation. It was found that in the experimental

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group there was an increase in preparedness compared to the control group. This is in line with
Widodo (2020) study which also discussed the potential effect of providing a simulation
method in increasing disaster preparedness. In this study, all participants were given one
session of earthquake simulations, then an evaluation was carried out and the results showed
that there was an increase in preparedness in dealing with the threat of earthquakes after the
simulation.
Other Education Methods
Disaster education is effective in increasing preparedness. Disaster education is carried
out with the aim of changing or influencing individual behavior. Based on the study by
Setyaningrum and Nurhayati (2021), most participants indicated that they were ready to face
an earthquake. Students can plan to save themselves if an earthquake occurs. In their other
studies, Setyaningrum and Usmawati (2020) and Simandalahi et al. (2019) both showed that
there was a significant potential influence on earthquake disaster preparedness for students
after being given education. Participants received education in the form of a lecture session
which was evaluated using a pre and post test questionnaire and the results showed that there
was a significant increase in scores between the pre and post test.
Effective disaster education can be carried out using methods other than lectures,
namely by providing videos and singing, which are known to have good effectiveness, with
significant differences in scores between the pre and post-tests (Setyaningrum & Setyorini,
2020). The effectiveness of providing education through video is also discussed in the research
by (Metrikayanto & Valabia, 2021). In his research, education via video was provided in one
session and evaluated using pre and post-questionnaires. The results show that most of the
respondents have a high level of earthquake disaster preparedness after watching the video.
Education through providing videos plus teaching aids has also been studied by
Achmad (2020), the pre and post tests showed that there were differences in the knowledge
and attitudes of the respondents before and after being given education on the earthquake
disaster. Romdhonah, Sucipto, and Nekada (2019) conducted study on the same topic with
different types of research. In this study, participants were divided into the control group and
the intervention group. There were differences in the evaluation results of the two groups,
where preparedness in the intervention group showed higher results.
Simulation Combine with Other Educational Methods
The combination of simulation and education are two methods that can be applied at
one time. Based on research conducted by Sari et al. (2019), participants in the experimental

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group (given simulations and education) showed increased knowledge and preparedness in
dealing with earthquake disasters. In another study, Sari et al. (2019), identified that after
conducting preparedness education and simulations, there was an increase in knowledge and
preparedness for participants who were in elementary school. This outcome aligns with the
results of research conducted by Setyaningrum and Sukma (2020), which also discussed
simulation and educational methods to increase knowledge and attitudes in dealing with
earthquake disasters. In this study, 66 participants were given education using audio-visual
media and a simulation, which increased knowledge and attitudes in dealing with earthquake
disasters.
Experience Dealing with Disasters
Experience in dealing with disasters provides awareness of the cognition and response
to disaster preparedness (Wei, Su, & Li, 2020). These results were shown by two studies
conducted in Japan and China where students with related experience showed a higher
awareness of disasters and a strong desire to improve people's ability to deal with disasters
(Sakurai, Sato, & Murayama, 2020; Wei et al., 2020), although not accompanied by an
increased ability to improve behavior—disaster preparedness. The results of these studies did
not explain the interventions that can be carried out to increase disaster preparedness among
students. However, the experience of undergoing a disaster can potentially influence disaster
awareness.
Discussion
According to Yustisia et al. (2019), preparedness is a determining factor for reducing
disaster risk, likewise with knowledge which can also be one of the factors that can reduce
disaster risk. Setyaningrum and Setyorini (2020) state that some of the main causes of the
emergence of many victims due to earthquake disasters are a lack of knowledge about disasters
and lack of preparedness in anticipating these disasters. A high level of knowledge and
preparedness gives positive results such as reducing the number of fatalities when natural
disasters occur.
Based on the literature review results, several methods were obtained that could
increase preparedness in dealing with earthquake disasters including simulation methods,
education, and a combination of the two. The simulation method is one of the examples
proposed to increase earthquake preparedness for students. Simulation is a representation of
learning experiences using fictional situations to understand certain concepts, principles or

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Media Karya Kesehatan: Volume 6 No 1 Mei 2023 74
skills. This simulation can be used as a teaching method with the assumption that not all
learning processes can be carried out directly on real objects. This simulation can influence
one's knowledge and actions towards earthquake disaster management (Yustisia et al., 2019).
Through this method, students will try to put themselves in a situation when an earthquake
disaster occurs (roleplay) and this will make most of the preparedness scores easier to
remember. So that when an actual earthquake disaster occurs, it is hoped that the things that
have been learned can be applied and this can reduce the number of fatalities due to earthquake
disasters. From a total of three articles, all stated that the use of the simulation method could
increase preparedness in dealing with earthquake disasters.
The educational method was carried out by providing material regarding earthquake
disaster preparedness. Providing education, one of which uses the lecture method with tools,
for example short papers, slides, sound systems and leaflets (Romdhonah, Sucipto & Nekada
2019). The educational method aims to influence the level of student knowledge which has
something to do with the level of student readiness in accordance with this research from
students who do not know about earthquake and tsunami disaster preparedness to become more
knowledgeable about earthquake and tsunami preparedness issues (Setyaningrum & Setyorini,
2020). From a total of 7 articles studied, all of them stated that there was an increase in the
final evaluation value after being given education.
Several studies have been conducted that discuss the combination of simulation
methods with education in increasing earthquake disaster preparedness. This method is carried
out by providing education to participants in advance using the help of various media such as
picture books and audio-visual (Sari et al., 2019; Setyaningrum & Sukma, 2020). Then after
the education is carried out, it will be followed by a disaster simulation which is practiced
directly by all participants. The use of this method has the same goal as the previous two
methods to increase knowledge and preparedness in dealing with earthquake disasters. Three
articles were found that used this method in their research, and all of these articles stated that
after education was carried out, which was then followed by a simulation or roleplay, there was
an increase in the final evaluation value, indicating that this method was effective in increasing
knowledge and earthquake disaster preparedness.
The review results show that in addition to the intervention in the form of disaster
education provided, the experience of experiencing a disaster for students can improve
cognition and response to disaster preparedness (Sakurai et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2020).
Disaster-related experiences for students elicit cognitive and emotional responses (Yeon,

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Chung, & Im, 2020). Yeon (2020) further identified that students with active emotional
reactions like shock, fear, and displeasure tend to have more compelling educational
experiences. At the same time, the perceived intensity of the cognitive response in this study
did not significantly affect the effectiveness of education.Yeon emphasizes that students'
emotional responses are more important than their cognitive responses in delivering disaster
education programs. Immediate disaster education for children and adolescents needs to be
given if emotional reactions such as shock, sadness, and fear of future disasters are experienced
by them.
Conclusion
A disaster is an event that can cause death, damage to infrastructure, and loss of
property. Preparedness in dealing with disasters is one of the efforts to reduce losses due to
disasters. The method of disaster preparedness education that is widely used particularly in
Indonesia is simulation; education with other methods such as lectures, playing, singing, and a
combination of both. Furthermore, disaster education must be carried out as soon as possible,
especially for students who experience disasters with emotional reactions, because the results
can be more effective. Through these methods, there is an increase in the disaster preparedness
score. From the results of the literature study that has been carried out, all three can significantly
increase preparedness in dealing with earthquake disasters.
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