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Community Needs Assessment and Challenges
by John Paul D. Reloj
Abstract
The Community Needs Assessment is relevant for many applications for funding
and is almost always helpful for as advocacy for a community’s cause. The study
primarily aims to collect the data as basis for a community outreach program.
The respondents were 51 households in the Sitio. The respondents were selected
using convenient-sampling method. The researcher employed survey
questionnaire and found that respondents needed the following: street lights,
access to health care, network signal, and electricity. However, using descriptive
technique and thematic analysis, the researcher found that the respondents
needed streetlights to feel safer, their Sitio is distant to formal health facilities,
globe network connections is unstable and they cannot afford electricity
connections; in addition, rice farming is their main source of income, and the
respondents lack of participations in trainings and seminars, water sources also
are not clean as described by the respondents, retail stores are distant and there is
a transportation scarcity. The findings imply that the Sitio's health, employment,
and security needs should be an integral part of their community building and
projects.
Key Words: Community Needs Assessment , Health, Employment, Security
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Introduction
“We are not put on this earth for ourselves, but are placed here for each other.
If you are there always for others, then in time of need, someone will be there for
you” (Jeff Warner). Understanding this idealism would inspire many organizations
and private individuals to create programs that could reach different communities
through an outreach program. In the Philippines, there are hundreds of organizations
helping communities especially those who are more vulnerable to disasters and
pandemic. The LOVE Plus Charity Foundation held a community outreach program
by means of food delivery for front liners on different checkpoints (Salvador, 2020);
the Army initiated community outreach program to students, teachers and parents
and senior citizens by giving them school supplies, hygiene kit and appliances and
school supplies (26IB, Philippine Army, 2019); A fraternity in the University of the
Philippines LOS Banos held a community outreach program by donating face
shields, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) suits and food, cash donations to front
liners and stranded individuals (ABS-CBN News, 2020); and the Junior Chamber
International (JCI) had initiated another community outreach program by donating
agricultural provisions to Indigenous People (IPs) in Pangasinan town (Sarmiento,
2020) There are still several institutions and organizations who have wonderful
extension services for communities who need most of the help. Thus, It is important
to figure out what the communities need and what their problems are. This way, they
will get more sympathy because their needs will be understood better in the context
of qualitative data; hence, this community needs assessment and challenges.
A community needs assessment identifies the strengths and resources available
in the community to meet the needs of children, youth, and families. More so, a
community needs assessment gives community leaders an overview of the local
policies, systems, and strategies for changing the environment that are already in
place. It also helps to find places where things could be better. With this
information, communities can make plans to improve their health by coming up with
ways to make changes that are good and last. How the needs assessment is set up
and done will depend on what the goals are. Needs assessments can be used to
record what is going on with a group or with a specific population. A needs
assessment is often done for a certain group, organization, or business to help the
group do its mission better or be more productive (Chavan, 2022).
This survey is conducted to document the needs of the community as is
required in many applications for funding and as is almost always helpful in
advocation or lobbying for a person’s cause; and of course to make sure that any
actions that will eventually take or join are in line with needs that are actually
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expressed by the community. Also, it delved onto the challenges of the respondents
in relation to their current needs.
The Sitio under the study is a 45-minute travel from the Poblacion. In this
study, the researcher assessed the needs of the community in the Sitio which served
as basis for community outreach program. Specifically, it answered the following
questions: (1) What are the profile of the respondents in terms of age and source of
income? (2) What are the services needed by the respondents? (2) and what
challenges do respondents have in relation to needed services?
Methodology of the Research
The mixed-method evaluation is used in this study; this includes the use of
quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and data analysis. A
structured questionnaire was distributed to fifty-one (51) households through the use
of a Convenient Sampling method. The questionnaire covered two parts: the profile
of the respondents and the services needed. The questionnaire is adapted from
Uploads Community Needs-List and Guy Stanley’ Community Needs Assessment
Survey Guide. Focus Group Discussions was also conducted to verify the data. The
FGD was done to 4 Bgy Officials and 6 selected residents in the area. Both
qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were utilized. The qualitative
data was described and analyzed through content analysis. The quantitative data was
analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, frequency, percentage.
Results
Table 1.1 Distribution of the Respondents according to their Age
Frequency
Percent
Valid below 20
5
9.8
21 to 25
7
13.7
26 to 30
3
5.9
31 to 35
6
11.8
36 to 40
7
13.7
41 to 45
6
11.8
46 and above
17
33.3
Total
51
100.0
The Table 1.1 shows the age of the respondents. To interpret, 9.8 percent are
respondents below 20 years old; 13.7 percent are respondents aged 21 to 25; 5.9
4
percent are respondents aged 26 to 30; 11.8 percent of the respondents belong to the
group with age of 31 to 35; 13.7 percent are respondents aged 36 to 40; 11.8 percent
are respondents aged 41 to 45; and the majority of the age of the respondents or 33.3
percent belongs to 46 and above. The current findings imply that most of the
respondents are adult. They were found in their houses taking care of their children,
while some doing house chores.
Table 1.2 Distribution of the Respondents to their Source of Income
Frequency
Percent
Valid Farmer
25
49.0
Others
17
33.3
Construction Worker
3
5.9
Businessman
3
5.9
Fisherman
1
2.0
Total
49
96.1
Missing System
2
3.9
Total
51
100.0
The Table 1.2 data shows the Source of Income of the community in the Sitio.
Approximately half the number of the respondents or 49 percent are engaged in
Farming as their source of income; and 33.3 percent have other sources of income;
5.9 percent are construction workers; 5.9 percent are Businessmen and 2 percent are
Fishermen.
The data imply that the community mostly relies on their Farms as their source
of income; and others have other sources such as being vendors, Care Takers and
Tricycle Drivers. Also, it's interesting to note that the one fisherman who answered
the survey usually catches fish in the Barbacan River or suba (riverbank).
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Table 2. Distribution of the Respondents to the services needed (n=51 households)
N
Min
Max
M
Streetlights
51
2.00
5.00
4.7255
Access to healthcare
49
4.00
5.00
4.7143
Network Signal
51
3.00
5.00
4.7059
Electricity
51
2.00
5.00
4.7059
Charging Station
51
3.00
5.00
4.5294
Job Availability
48
2.00
5.00
4.4583
Senior Care
49
1.00
5.00
4.4490
Availability of commercial goods and services
47
2.00
5.00
4.4468
Internet Connectivity
51
1.00
5.00
4.3529
Seminar Training on Agricultural Works and Services
49
1.00
5.00
4.3265
Affordable housing
44
2.00
5.00
4.2727
Substance abuse services
44
2.00
5.00
4.1818
Availability of public transportation
47
2.00
5.00
4.0426
Recreational Opportunities
43
2.00
5.00
4.0000
Mental health Services
45
1.00
5.00
3.8444
Others: Solar, Fair Distribution of help from the
government, Work, Drug Store, Water Faucets (For
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drinking)
Legend: Absolutely Needed - 4.6 - 5.0, Needed - 3.6 - 4.5, Undecided - 2.6 - 3.5, Not
yet Needed- 1.6 - 2.5, Absolutely Not Yet Needed - 1.0 - 1.5
The Table 2.1 shows the services needed by the community in Sitio for an extension
service or Community outreach program. The respondents rated as ‘Absolutely
Needed’ the following services: Street Lights (M=4.7255) as rated as the highest
needs of the respondents, following the Access to Health Care (M=4.7143), Network
Signal (M=4.7059) and Electricity (M=4.7059); while they rated as ‘Needed’ the
following: Charging Station (M= 4.5294), Job Availability (M=4.4483), Senior Care
(M=4.4490), Availability of Commercial Goods/ services (M= 4.4468), Internet
Connectivity (M=4.3529), Seminar-Training on Agricultural Works and Services
(M=4.3265), Affordable Housing (M=4.2727), Substance Abuse Services
(M=4.1818), Availability of Public Transportation (M=4.0426), Recreational
Opportunities (M=4.0000) and least of the services they need is the Mental Health
Services (M=3.8444). The data imply that the community absolutely needs services
in the form of lighting and electricity, health care and network signal. Further, the
other needs of the respondents are specified as Solar, Fair Distribution of help from
the government, Work, Drug Store, Water Faucets (For drinking)
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Challenges in relation to needed services
Taking into account what services the respondents needed, the researcher delved
deep into their concerns and found other problems and factors. Thus, the challenges
in relation to needed services:
Cannot afford electricity connections
Most of the people nowadays are dependent on devices or equipment that
require electricity. Talking about comfort and practical living, people resort to
technology. However, this is not the case in the community under the study. The
researcher found out that the community struggles in electricity, as participant 3
said, “Wala po kaming kuryente, kalimitan nakikicharge lang kami sa kapitbahay
pag gabi; minsan naman pupunta kami sa kabilang sitio (3 Kilometers distant) na
may kuryente, para makicharge” [We don't have electricity, usually we just charge
from the neighbor at night; sometimes we walk 3 kilometers to the other sitio that
has electricity, to charge]. Many of the students have to go to stores and pay Php
10.00 to charge their phones for 60-70% for their online classes. When they were
asked about “What they have done” participant 6 said, “Nag-apply narin po kami sa
PALECO (Palawan Electric Cooperative), kaya lang nagr’require at least sampung
application” [We have applied to PALECO, however they are requiring us at least
10 household applications]; and “konti palang po ang nakakapagapply saamin wala
po kasing pera sa pagprocess ng papel” [Only few applied since most of us do not
have yet enough money to process the application] participant 1 added. Another
participant (2) shared his experience in PALECO application, “Saakin sir, sa bahay
ko halos inabot din kasi ako ng 22,000 sa pagapply ko, base sa mga resibo na
mayroon ako. Gastos yun sa lahat, sa wire, poste, application, lupa.” [In my case,
my expenses in my application (to PALECO) cost me 22,000 based on my receipts.
I spent for everything, such as wire, post, the process for application and land.] The
financial problems, therefore, of the people in the community hinder them to have
electricity. If there is a way, they could have applied for electricity in their
PALECO. Unfortunately, their income is enough for their day-to-day living.
However, the researcher added some questions related to their coping or night
activities, the following are activities are mentioned: most of the participants shared
that they are bonding as a family such as listening to Radio together, and sharing
some stories about their families and local news; others are watching television with
their neighbors; while their children are playing with their friends, or going to the
area with network signal, and others doing homework. The data imply that majority
of the participants have activities at night even without electricity.
Rice Farming as main source of income
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Several families have no permanent job to earn enough to buy things beyond
their basic needs; thus employment opportunities and other sources of income are
needed to provide the basic needs of their children. For now, rice farming is their
only source of income of many families in the community. The farm field is vast
enough to give temporary job for the neighbors. Most of them are hired to help in
the whole day of harvest, and they are being paid with rice filled in a can of cooking
oil/ lard. However, the harvest is not frequent; but every 3 months. Nevertheless, in
planting rice, the neighbors are paid Php 350.00 for 8 hours of planting. Further,
most of the farm fields are not owned by the farmers; but some individuals who gets
a 50% share from the harvest; unless the owner spent for fertilizers or equipment
which will still be deducted from the share of the farmers. When asked if they know
other jobs, participant 10 said “Ang mga tao dito saamin, magbukid lang naman
talaga kaya namin” [We can only do farming]. However, others said that
“Pagbasakan lang kami nakakapagararo o kumikita, minsan wala na nga eh.” [We
can only able to plow or earn money during the harvest season, sometimes nothing.]
Nevertheless, others may have other sources of income other than farming, such as
retail store, vegetables and fish vendors and tricycle drivers.
Lack of participations in trainings and seminars
When asked about trainings and seminars participated the participant 4 said,
“Sa cooperative namin at sa DAR (Department of Agriculture) minsan may mga
patraining sila sa Casuy processing” [In our cooperative and the DAR also provides
training such as Casuy processing], however, another participant (1) said, “Noon
marami nag papatraining dito saamin, pero ngayon dahil konti nalang
nagpaparticipate, kaya madalang nalang” [Back then, many organizations were
training here with us, but now because few people participate, so, it’s not so
frequent]. Others claimed also that there were trainings related to farming such as
applying fertilizers properly, etc., however, currently most of the trainings are done
in barangay hall. So, they usually go there for trainings and seminars.
The data imply that trainings are provided to the community by the local
government, and by the initiatives of other non-government agencies.
Globe Network Connections is unstable
People in the Sitio struggle in network connections in their area. During the
period of study, the community has only Globe as the sole network connection
provider. People said, “Ang hina ng signal saamin, yung Globe, pawala-wala”
[Globe network is evidently weak in our sitio] (Participant 8) which was affirmed by
participant 1, “Nahihirapan yung anak namin sa online class niya, kailangan niya
pa pumunta doon sa malayo para lang magpasignal.” [Our son is struggling in his
online class, he even has to go there far away just to have a network signal]. The
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struggles in network connections even affected their work and business transactions,
and when there are health emergencies, “Minsan may tatawag saakin para mag-
order, hindi daw nila ako matawagan.” [Sometimes someone tried to call me for
order, but they say they can't call me.] said participant 7, and participant 8 said,
“kapag may emergency kami, nahihirapan kami tumawag ng tutulong, lalo na kapag
sobrang hina ng Globe” [when we have an emergency, we find it difficult to call for
help, especially when the Globe connection is so weak].
The data imply that Globe network connection is unstable in the area which
affects their work, business transactions, studies and access to health.
Distance to health facilities
Everyone should have access to adequate health care, because they may need
hospitalization, emergency care, maternity and newborn care, prescription drugs,
preventive care, or services for children. But in the Sitio, there is neither a hospital
nor a drug store nearby. They only have retail stores where medicines are sold.
When a family member got sick especially children and elderly, people had to travel
6 km to the nearest health center. So, because of the cost and distance, people in that
Sitio couldn't just go to the Health Center in their Barangay. A story was shared by
participant 3, “Yung tatay ko noong parang nahighblood siya, grabe yung taranta
namin maghanap ng sasakyan. Minotor nalang namin siya papuntang health
center…” [My father, when he seemed to have high blood pressure, we were in such
a panic to find a vehicle. We used instead the available motorcycle to bring him to
health center.] People may have access to health care, but it is difficult for them
because the center is so far away. If there is an emergency, no one can get there right
away, especially since their sitio doesn't have a good network connection and there
are only a few tricycles in the area.
Water sources are not clean
Some people in the community were used to drink water from the well,
participant 5 said, “kumukuha lang kami ng tubig sa balon, lahat na yun,
panghugas, pangluto, at pang inom, ayos man.” [We just take water from the well,
that's all, for washing, cooking, and drinking, it's fine.]; others preferred to get their
water from faucets available in the vicinity, “May poso doon na tatlong piraso
panginom, kaya lang minsan amoy kalawang.” [There are three (3) faucets available
for drinking, though sometimes it smells like rust.], others, who can afford to buy
clean water and have vehicles to get to poblacion, buy water at the refilling stations.
But not everyone can afford that, so they'd rather go get the free water that's
available in their area.
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Retail stores are distant
Small stores are available but distant from neighborhood. These small stores can
be found in some corners in the community whenever they need to buy basic needs
such as shampoo, soap, condiments, preserved food, and the mostly consumed food –
dried fish. However, the distance of the store to their houses is another concern. Some
stores do not usually sell products that can easily be rotten, such as vegetables. There
are instead some individuals from Bgy Tiondonan who sell fresh vegetables carried by
their top down or tricycle.
Streetlights are wanted to feel safer
It will not be easy to get to Sitio at night because there is no electricity or streetlights
in the area. Street lights, according to the respondents, are also important for the safety
of their children at night, and people coming home late from work can get into
accidents on roads with blind curves at night. Participant 3 said “Sa mga pauwi po,
nakakatakot magbiyahe sa gabi…hindi mo kasi makita kasalubong mo dahil sa madilim
at maraming likong daan” [For those going home late at night, it is very dangerous to
travel at night especially in blind curved streets]. While participant 5 said “Saamin
naman sir, marami naglalakad pag-gabi, lalo na yung mga nakikinood sa kapitbahay.
Malalayo din po kasi yung mga bahay-bahay saamin.” [Sir, many people walk at night,
especially those who watch television at the neighbors. The houses are far away from
us.] Moreover, when asked if there were cases of crimes happened nearby, participant 9
said “Wala parin naman kami nabalitan na narape, pinatay, wala po; pero yung mga
nagmamaoy mayroon, paminsan-minsan.” [We still haven't heard of anyone being
raped, killed, nothing; but those who caused violence when drunk, from time to time].
And some do not even recall recent motor or vehicular accidents in the area due to
absence of streetlights.
The data imply that the streetlights are needed, not necessarily as a result of some
crimes or violence and accidents, but for convenience and to make the residents living
in the area feel safer.
Transportation Scarcity
There is a concrete road to the Sitio. The infrastructure project Phase 3 is a 2-
lane concrete road through the Sitio connecting other barangays which is utilized for
the delivery of services and transportation. The concrete road is connected from the
National Highway to the Sitio. Transportation is available via Bus and a Jeepney that
passed by their sitio. Commuters pay 25 pesos to bus and 30 pesos to Jeepney, as
fair from the Sitio to Poblacion and vice versa.
As observed, there is not much wide road other than this. Other sitios are connected by
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pathways that are accessible only via motorcycles and the like. The modes of
transportation are bus and Jeepney that travel during the specified time and without
much capacity for three (3) barangays not including the Sitio. So, people who were not
able to ride the bus and jeep have to walk approximately 20 minutes from their home to
national highway if they want to go to Poblacion, or the City for personal transactions
and/or common goods and services.
Discussions
Community leaders can review local policies, projects, and environments via
a community needs assessment. It helps identify areas for improvement. With this
information, communities can plan healthy changes that last. Goals determine needs
assessment setup and execution (Chavan, 2022). In the study, the research employed a
survey and found that respondents needed the following: electricity, street lights,
access to health care and network signal. However, using descriptive technique and
thematic analysis, the researcher found that the respondents cannot afford electricity
connections; needed streetlights to feel safer, their Sitio is distant to formal health
facilities and globe network connections is unstable; in addition, rice farming is their
main source of income, and the respondents lack of participations in trainings and
seminars, water sources also are not clean as described by the respondents. Other
studies support the findings of the data.
Taniguchi (201) said that there is a big difference between urban and rural
areas in how easy it is to get electricity and how much it costs. Most people today
use electronic devices. Technology makes things easier and more comfortable. But
not in the study community. They would rather spend their money on their family's
day-to-day needs than on electricity. Philippine Statistics Authority (2018) says that
the country's access rate to electricity is... is still very low in rural areas.... The
country's electricity rate is so high that low-income people in rural areas almost can't
afford it. Most of the electricity in rural areas that aren't on the grid comes from
diesel, which is very expensive because it has to be imported. The cost of electricity
in rural areas is even more expensive than in cities.
More so, because they don't have permanent jobs, many families need other
sources of income to pay for their kids' basic needs. Rice farming is their only
source of income right now. So, it is very important for families to have improved
their farming skills and knowledge, and also gain other skills. Others said there were
trainings in farming, like how to use fertilizer, but that most of them took place at
the barangay hall. They go there to take part in seminars and trainings. The data
show that the community is trained by local government and non-government
organizations. Oduro-Ofori’s, et al. (2014) study, "Effects of Education on the
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Agricultural Productivity of Farmers in the Offinso Municipality," found that
education is important for improving agricultural productivity because formal
education opens the farmer's mind to knowledge, non-formal education gives the
farmer hands-on training and better ways to farm, and informal education keeps the
farmer up to date with new innovations and ideas towards personal and communal
progress.
However, progress is doubtful without electricity. Sitio's lack of electricity
and streetlights makes nighttime travel difficult. Respondents stated that street lights
are essential for the safety of their children at night and for late-night drivers on
blind corners. however, individuals cannot recall previous motor or automobile
incidents due to the absence of streetlights. The results indicate that lighting are
necessary not because of crime, violence, or accidents, but because they are
convenient and make residents feel safer. A comprehensive analysis of evidence
uncovered a correlation between lighting and lower crime rates, and it is true that
brighter lighting makes individuals feel safer when traveling at night. This can lead
to a significant increase in the amount of minutes spent walking every week.
Additionally, it can minimize the number of people who do not leave their houses at
night, reduce social isolation, improve physical and mental health, and boost
community pride. Street lighting can enhance the quality of life in an area by
making residents feel safer (Uttley et al (2018). But the study found that safety is
still uncertain if people don't have clean water to drink.
Some community members used the well and faucets to drink water. Others
who can afford clean water and drive to poblacion to buy water at refilling stations.
But not everyone can afford that, therefore they prefer their area free water. The tap
water that the government put in villages was not enough to meet everyone's
drinking water needs. Because of technical problems, the systems kept breaking
down, which made the water quality worse. The quality went down even more
because people didn't use the system to its full potential (Anthonj, et al., 2018). Even
though the government gave the villagers water from the tap, a lot of them used
water from other sources whose quality they didn't know. When we looked at what
led to this situation, most of the answers to the questionnaire were: doubts about the
quality of tap water; using other sources out of habit because they were used to it
when there wasn't enough water; and the availability of cheaper or free water
sources (Omarova, et al., 2019). Drinking unclean, though free water can also cause
several diseases; hence, easy access to healthcare is wanted. Because they may need
hospitalization, emergency treatment, pregnancy and infant care, prescription drugs,
preventive care, or child services, everyone should have adequate health care. The
Sitio lacks healthcare facilities and pharmacies. Only retail stores that sell medicines
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are available. Due of the center's distance, people can't easily receive health care.
Healthcare in the Philippines suffers from a shortage of medical facilities and human
medical resources, especially doctors. This makes the system run slower and less
efficiently (Borgenproject, March 22, 2021). In addition, the unstable network
connections in the area make it harder for them to get health care when they need it
most.
Residents of Sitio have trouble getting online. During the study, there was
only one network provider, and that was Globe. Work, business, and health
emergencies were all affected by network problems. Globe's bad network
connection makes it hard for them to work, do business, study, and access health
services. A new report from Michigan State University's Quello Center says that
slow Internet connections or limited access from homes in rural areas can cause
students to fall behind in school. "Student outcomes aren't as good as they could be,
and it turns out that both access to the Internet and social issues are to blame,"
Hampton (2020) said. These results suggest that the Sitio's community development
and initiatives should prioritize the group's health, employment, and safety concerns.
Conclusions
The study concludes that the community needs assessment highlighted the
Sitio's present needs and challenges. Nonetheless, the local and national government
should prioritize the Sitio's health, employment, and security needs.
Recommendations
The researcher offers the following recommendations based on the conclusions of the
study:
1. The local government unit may consider the Sitio for their household
lighting project;
2. Consistent livelihood programs and projects should be considered giving to
the Sitio, while monitoring their participations and willingness;
3. Local government may consider sending tanod during daytime for the
security of the students in the area with internet connections;
4. Health center should be brought closer in the Sitio; and
5. Clean and drinkable water can be donated to the Sitio.
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