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DISSERTATION REPORT
ON
HYDROPOWER GENERATION THROUGH
RAINWATER & GREY WATER
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY
Mustafeez Ahmed
M. ARCH. (1stSEMESTER)
GUIDED BY
Ar. Mushahid Anwar
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND EKISTICS
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
DELHI 110025
2021-2022
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND EKISTICS
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
DELHI 110025
2021-2022
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mustafeez Ahmed has worked on the Dissertation entitled
“HYDROPOWER GENERATION THROUGH RAINWATER & GREY WATER”
under my guidance and supervision in M.Arch. (Building Services) 1st Semester.
Ar. Mushahid Anwar
Prof. Hina Zia Prof. S. M. Akhtar
(HOD) (DEAN)
External Examiner-1 ExternalExaminer-2
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
DECLARATION
I Mustafeez Ahmed hereby declare that the dissertation topic “HYDROPOWER
GENERATION THROUGH RAINWATER & GREY WATER” submitted in the
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of architecture
is my original research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is
given due citations and references.
Mustafeez Ahmed
Date: ………………………
Roll. No: 21MBV014
M.Arch. I Semester (Building Services)
2021-2022
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah with because of HIM this paper was effectively finished. Million on
account of my instructors Ar. Mushahid Anwar for giving such splendid thoughts
and a new view alongside the consummation of this paper. I would also like to thank
Ar. Salman Amin and Ar. Roomi Jilani for their help and suggestions regarding the
topic.
Exceptional because of my adored parent who have consistently upheld anything
I do, no one but Allah can pay your deeds that cherished and rise me from the kid
until who I am currently. Unique appreciation to my kin who are consistently there
for myself as well as my companions who have consistently upheld me.
This report would not have been imaginable without the fundamental and
charitable help of every one of you. Your ability to persuade me contributed
massively to my report.
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
Mustafeez Ahmed
M.Arch.(Building Services)
I Semester
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. 8
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 9
1.1 ABSTRACT: - ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2 AIM: - ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 OBJECTIVE: - ........................................................................................................ 10
1.4 RATIONALE: - ........................................................................................................ 10
1.5 LITRATURE REVIEW: - .......................................................................................... 10
1.6 CURRENT SCOPE: -.............................................................................................. 10
1.7 METHODOLOGY: - ................................................................................................ 11
1.8 FUTURE SCOPE: - ................................................................................................ 11
1.9 LIMITATIONS: ........................................................................................................ 11
2 WHAT IS HYDRO-POWER? ......................................................................................... 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION: - ................................................................................................. 11
2.2 CONCEPT OF HYDROPOWER GENERATION: - .................................................. 12
2.3 TYPES OF HYDROPOWER ................................................................................... 12
2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER ................................................................. 14
2.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ................................................................................. 15
2.6 COMPONENTS OF PICO HYDRO SYSTEM .......................................................... 16
2.7 TYPES OF TURBINES ........................................................................................... 17
2.8 NEED OF PICO HYDRO SYSTEM ......................................................................... 21
2.9 FEASIBILITY STUDY ............................................................................................. 22
2.10 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF PICO HYDRO TURBINE: .......................... 22
3 RELATED CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................... 23
3.1 CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (CBIT),
HYDERABAD: -.................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 THE SOUTH INDIAN UNIVERSITY, MANGALAGANGOTHRI CAMPUS,
MANGALURU CITY TOWARDS SOUTHEAST (12.9141◦N, 74.8560◦E). ........................... 27
3.3 GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM OVERHEAD WATER
TANKS OF MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS .......................................................................... 32
3.4 INFERANCES FROM CASE STUDIES .................................................................. 35
4 LITRATURE STUDY & OPERATIONAL WORK ........................................................... 36
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4.1 RELATED STANDARDS & GUIDELINES ............................................................... 36
4.2 RAIN FALL DETAILS OF THE LOCATION ............................................................. 38
4.3 ASSUMED AREA OF CATCHMENT OF RAINWATER & COLLECTION OF
GREY WATER ................................................................................................................... 39
4.4 CALCULATION OF WATER CACHMENT .............................................................. 39
4.5 CALCULATION OF STORAGE TANK CAPACITY .................................................. 40
4.6 TURBINE SELECTION ........................................................................................... 40
5 CALCULATION OF POWER GENERATION ................................................................ 43
6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 43
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 44
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Rain Water Collection in Multi-Storied Building. (Source: IJARCET) ........... 12
Figure 2. Basic Components of Pico Hydro Power System. (Source: Pico Power:
A Boon for Rural Electrification by Rajat Kapoor) ....................................................... 16
Figure 3. Pelton Wheel (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) ..................................... 18
Figure 4. Crossflow Turbine (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) .............................. 19
Figure 5. Propeller Turbine (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) ............................... 19
Figure 6. Archimedes Screw (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) ............................. 20
Figure 7. Overshot Water Wheel (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) ...................... 20
Figure 8. Backshot Water Wheel (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018) ...................... 21
Figure 9. Building Blocks (Source: Pramana Research Centre) ................................. 24
Figure 10. South Indian University campus map with zones (Source: Google
earth). (Source: www.sciencedirect.com) ................................................................... 27
Figure 11. Yearly total rainfall recorded for the year 2000–2014. (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 12. Monthly average rainfall data for the year 2000–2014. (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 13. Rooftop area for respective building units in SIU campus. (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 14. Rooftop area percentage of selected building units in SIU campus.
(Source: www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................... 30
Figure 15. Micro Hydro Turbine System (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3) .......... 32
Figure 16. Micro Hydro Turbine System Arrangement (Source: IJSART - Volume
4 Issue 3) .................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 17. PROTO TYPE MODEL (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3) .................. 34
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Classification of Hydropower Plant. (Source: Pico Power: A Boon for Rural
Electrification by Rajat Kapoor) ................................................................................... 15
Table 2. The feasibility study for a pico-hydro power (Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273445610) ............................................... 22
Table 3. Total monthly rainfall over three years (Source: Pramana Research
Centre) ........................................................................................................................ 24
Table 4. Rainfall data during monsoon – monthly rain fall in mm (Source: Pramana
Research Centre)........................................................................................................ 25
Table 5. Total annual rainfall for the period 2010, 2012, and 2014 (Source:
Pramana Research Centre) ........................................................................................ 25
Table 6. Maximum and minimum rainfall in a day for the period 2010, 2012 and
2014 (Source: Pramana Research Centre) ................................................................. 25
Table 7.Meteorological and topographical data of the study area. (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................................. 27
Table 8. Runoff coefficient values for various roof types. (Source: Water
harvesting. A manual for design & construction of water harvesting schemes for
plant production (1991)) .............................................................................................. 28
Table 9. Rooftop rainwater harvesting potential for selected building units. (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com) ............................................................................................. 31
Table 10. Generated energy from prototype model. (Source: IJSART - Volume 4
Issue 3) ....................................................................................................................... 35
Table 11. Water Availability for a Given Roof Top Area and Rainfall (For Flat Roofs)
(Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3) ......................................................................... 36
Table 12. Water Availability for a Given Roof Top Area and Rainfall (for Sloping
Roofs) (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3) ............................................................. 36
Table 13. Precipitation Table (Source: https://en.climate-data.org) ............................ 39
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABSTRACT: -
The worldwide energy utilization was 575 quads in 2015 and is relied upon to
increment by 28% continuously 2040 ("International Energy Outlook", 2017).
Environmentally friendly power is turning into the quickest developing energy type
as nations change from fossil fuels to different sustainable sources. The
advantages of acquiring energy from sources like the sun, wind, and water are
trifold. Environmentally friendly power is assisting tackle environment with
changing, energy security, and energy access.
Worldwide progress to sustainable power not exclusively would battle
environmental change yet, in addition, can possibly close the hole between those
with and without power. There is an association between admittance to power and
the capacity for financial and human advancement to happen, named energy
destitution (González-Eguino, 2015). In this day and age, over 1.4 billion
individuals face energy destitution. The test of energy neediness is moved in
country regions, where 85% of the populace needs power access (Stram, 2016).
Country sustainable zap programs are a chance to assist with combatting energy
neediness.
India being a non-industrial nation is continually looking for an elective wellspring
of energy for producing power. One of Green Energy's innovations is the Hydro
Power innovation, which can be designated to arrive at the power interest for use
of regular inexhaustible wellsprings of energy like water, daylight, air, and so forth,
and supportable water the board through water gathering framework and dim
water waste framework. In hydropower innovation, water is the sustainable source,
which is utilized for the age of force for the financial wellspring of force age.
hydropower age is an optimal answer for producing power that can end up being
a gift of current innovation for settling the energy needs for individuals, who need
power, is one of the primary drivers. It is an eco-accommodating clean power age
strategy.
1.2 AIM: -
The study is aimed to understand how to utilize the rainwater and greywater to
produce Hydropower (known as Hydroelectric Power).
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
1.3 OBJECTIVE: -
1.3.1 The purpose of this project is to provide electricity that was sufficient for
powering lights and charging cell phones in rainy locations with limited electricity
access.
1.3.2 To define and understand the various parameters and strategies associated
with hydroelectric power.
1.3.3 To study about various possible way to produce hydroelectric power. E.g.,
Rainwater and Grey water.
1.4 RATIONALE: -
1.4.1 Regularly little networks are without power even in nations with broad lattice
jolt. Notwithstanding the appeal for jolt, network association of little networks stays
ugly to utilities because of generally low power utilization.
1.4.2 Only small water flows are required for pico-hydro so we can easily utilise
Rainwater Flow to Generate Some Electricity.
1.5 LITRATURE REVIEW: -
1.5.1 Water Tank Electricity Generator
(Y. Sukhi1; S. Abishek2; R. Ajaykumar3; R. Bharath4; M.M. Chandrasekar Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, R.M.K. Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, Thiruvallur
District, Tamil Nadu, India.)
1.5.2 Analysis on Rainwater Harvesting and its Utilization for Pico Hydro Power
Generation (International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &
Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014)
1.5.3 Modelling and Simulation of Pico-Hydro Power Plant. (Department of Control
Engineering, Computers, Electrical and Power Engineering University of Petrosani)
1.5.4 Development of very small household Pico-hydro power generation unit.
(Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Dr.
Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri)
1.6 CURRENT SCOPE: -
1.6.1 This Study is based on High Rainfall Areas.
1.6.2 This study will focus on Energy Generation.
1.6.3 The research would focus on utilisation of rain water and grey water.
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1.7 METHODOLOGY: -
1.7.1 By understanding the Basics and Concepts involved in Hydro-Power
Generation System.
1.7.2 Data collection from secondary sources like net, books, codes, research
papers etc.
1.7.3 Observations from case studies.
1.7.4 Taking out inference on the basis of whole study.
1.8 FUTURE SCOPE: -
1.8.1 Expected future scope of this study is to provide electric power with rain
water and Grey water to make building energy efficient.
1.9 LIMITATIONS:
• Study will be restricted to only Pico-Hydro Power.
• Study is Depends on Research and Parameters and related Case studies.
• As this is just an idea so no proper case study is found so values are from
theories and research papers and related case studies.
2 WHAT IS HYDRO-POWER?
2.1 INTRODUCTION: -
hydroelectric power, likewise called hydropower, is power created from generators
driven by turbines that convert the expected energy of falling or quick streaming
water into mechanical energy. In the mid 21st century, hydroelectric power was
the most broadly used type of sustainable power; in 2019 it represented in excess
of 18% of the world's complete power age limit.
The significant wellspring of power in India is Hydro-Electric Power. Hydro
Technologies are related with zero air outflows with power creation are viewed as
„Green Energy‟ among sun based, wind, geothermal and flowing energy, Hydro
Power contributes 83% of the environmentally friendly power source. Backing of
every country for the utilization of RES for power in light of the Kyoto Protocol and
Bali Climate Change Conference ought to be supported. Little hydropower
frameworks (SHPS) generally speaking are appropriate for a gathering of clients
or individual clients free of the power supply matrix. On a business scale, SHPS is
grouped by power and size of cascade serving a little local area for the utilization
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of hydropower. Pico hydro powers (PHP) because of their current circumstance
benevolence have turned into a subject of developing interest. PHP can be
intended to restrict the interruption with the progression of streams or channels as
it is an eco-accommodating sustainable power asset.
2.2 CONCEPT OF HYDROPOWER GENERATION: -
Water gathering can be characterized as the "assortment of spill overs for its
useful use". Flood or Runoff might be gathered from rooftops and ground surfaces.
Water gathering methods that reap the overflow from rooftops or ground surfaces
fall under the term: Rainwater Harvesting. The idea of RWH in a planned local area
giving remote power liberated from issues connected with removed trees and
unstuck wires during hurricanes is both simple, ancient and frameworks can shift
from little and essential to huge and complex. For the time period seasons or non-
stormy days, vacuumed siphoned from aggregated water in tanks on ground level
can create power in any event, during high pinnacle requests, however during
hurricanes, power will be topographically delivered from raindrops and gravity for
an energy premise given by Mother Nature, each blustery day ceaselessly. Water
reaping (RWH) principally comprises of the assortment, stockpiling, and sequential
utilization of caught water as an advantageous premise of water. Both consumable
and non-consumable applications are reasonable. Frameworks that give water to
homegrown, business, farming, domesticated animals, groundwater re-energize,
flood control, process water, and as a crisis supply for firefighting and institutional
and modern designs are a portion of its models.
2.3 TYPES OF HYDROPOWER
By and large, hydropower frameworks changed the energy in water over to deliver
mechanical work. Such frameworks played out an assortment of modern
Figure 1. Rain Water Collection in Multi-Storied Building. (Source: IJARCET)
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exercises, like processing grains. Present-day hydropower frameworks convert put
away energy in water into power, rather than mechanical work. The power yield
for hydropower establishments goes from a couple of kilowatts to gigawatts. At
1,064 gigawatts of introduced limit, hydropower is the main wellspring of
sustainable power and records for 71% of all inexhaustible power (World Energy
Council, 2016). Generally, 16.4% of the world's complete power is created from
hydropower frameworks (World Energy Council, 2016). There are four principle
sorts of hydropower: stockpiling hydropower, siphoned capacity hydropower,
seaward hydropower, and run-of-stream hydropower (World Energy Council,
2016).
2.3.1 Storage Hydropower
Capacity hydropower frameworks profit by the possible energy of water contained
by a dam structure. To deliver power, water is set free from the dam and moves
through a turbine. The turning turbine enacts a generator to deliver power.
Capacity hydropower gives baseload, a ceaseless inventory of power, and
pinnacle load, the capacity to be switched off and restarted in view of interest
(World Energy Council, 2016).
2.3.2 Pumped-Storage Hydropower
Siphoned capacity hydropower is like stockpiling hydropower, then again, actually
these frameworks cycle the water among upper and lower repositories to give top
burden supply. Whenever power is required, water from an upper repository is
delivered and turns a turbine. The possible energy of the raised water produces
power. At the point when power request is low, siphons utilize additional energy in
the framework to drive the water back to the top repository to plan for the following
cycle (World Energy Council, 2016).
2.3.3 Offshore Hydropower
Seaward hydropower frameworks use waves and flowing flows in the sea to deliver
power. Among the various sorts of hydropower, seaward is the most un-laid out
yet developing. This classification incorporates innovation like submerged turbines
(flowing), floats (wave), and swaying water sections (wave) (Tester, Drake,
Driscoll, Golay and Peters, 2016, p. 700).
2.3.4 Run-of-River Hydropower
Run-of-stream hydropower produces power as the streaming water, normally from
a waterway or channel, turns a turbine. The motor energy of the streaming water
is utilized to create power, not at all like away hydropower frameworks where the
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potential energy is the driving variable (World Energy Council, 2016). Run-of-
waterway frameworks produce a constant stock of power. Nonetheless, there are
other a lot more modest types of run-of-waterway hydropower, for example, Ultra
Low Head Hydroelectric innovation for heads under 3m and streams more
noteworthy than 0.5 meters each second with no head that is presently being
investigated (Zhou and Deng, 2017). This shows that in spite of the fact that
hydropower innovation has been around for a significant stretch of time, previously
unheard-of advancements are as yet being investigated.
2.3.5 Pico-hydropower
Pico-hydro is a term to portray hydropower frameworks that yield under 5 kilowatts
(Williamson et al, 2014). A few turbines have effectively been planned and tried for
pico-hydro applications. Pico-hydro is of expanded interest for off-matrix
applications in low-pay regions. Pico-hydro frameworks are commonly minimal
expense on the grounds that huge development isn't required to carry out the
frameworks (Williamson et al., 2014). These frameworks likewise have negligible
ecological effects since they are overseen by the shopper and are not disrupting
creature territories or producing toxins (Williamson et al., 2014). In Nepal, 300 pico-
hydro frameworks are delivering power and 900 extra are utilized for mechanical
power (Cobb and Sharp, 2013). A few disadvantages to pico-hydro incorporate the
requirement for explicit site conditions, for example, weighty precipitation or a
close by water source.
A few investigations have shown both Pelton haggles turbines are used in pico-
hydro frameworks. These two turbines are really great for this application since
they have high efficiencies in a wide scope of conditions. Turgo turbines
specifically have been displayed to perform better compared to Pelton wheels in
higher stream rates and lower heads (Cobb and Sharp, 2013). In testing, Turgo
turbines had the option to perform at more than 80% proficiency, which is "very
great" for pico-hydro (Cobb and Sharp, 2013). The various points and striking
marks of the water are factors that can impact the proficiency of the turbine.
2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER
Moreover, hydropower is a demonstrated innovation; individuals have been
acquiring energy from falling water for millennia. Hydropower is as yet being
utilized on various scales for some reasons, from little grain-crushing offices to
colossal hydroelectric dams that give power to whole urban communities. Most
hydropower accessible all over the planet can be classified as huge hydro. The
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hydropower plant can be characterized by the size of electrical power it produces
as displayed in Table.
POWER
CLASS
> 10 MV
LARGE
< 10 MV
SMALL
< 1 MV
MINI
< 100 KV
MICRO
< 5KV
PICO
Table 1. Classification of Hydropower Plant. (Source: Pico Power: A Boon for Rural Electrification by Rajat
Kapoor)
Pico-hydro is a term used to depict the littlest frameworks, covering hydroelectric
power age under 5kW. Contingent upon its size, a pico-hydro power framework
might give a little, far off local area with satisfactory power to drive lights, radios,
and TVs, among different apparatuses.
2.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Hydro Power is driven by separating the possible energy from water over tallness
distinction. The energy in the water is changed over to mechanical energy and can
be utilized straightforwardly or can be changed over to electrical through a
generator. The term head, H, is the proportion of strain in the water. It alludes to
genuine stature distinction the water voyages. Power, P, is the energy changed
over time or the pace of work being finished. The Power, P, which can be
separated from a water stream; is
P = nQHpg
Where; ‘n’ is the efficiency of the system, ‘Q’ is the total volumetric flow, ‘H’ is the
head, ‘p’ is the water density, and ‘g’ is the gravitational constant (9.81m/s2).
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2.6 COMPONENTS OF PICO HYDRO SYSTEM
2.6.1 Dam: The dam is the main part of the hydroelectric power plant. The dam
is based on a huge stream that has a bountiful amount of water over time. It ought
to be worked where the stature of the stream is adequate to get the most extreme
conceivable possible energy from water.
2.6.2 Water Reservoir: The water supply is the spot behind the dam where water
is put away. The water in the supply is found higher than the remainder of the dam
structure. The stature of water in the supply concludes how much potential energy
the water has. The higher the tallness of water, the more its expected energy. The
elevated place of water in the supply likewise empowers it to move downwards
easily.
2.6.3 Intake or Control Gates: These are the entrances based inside the dam.
The water from the stockpile is conveyed and controlled through these entrances.
These are called delta doorways since water enters the power age unit through
these entryways. Right when the control doorways are opened the water streams
as a result of gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water
traveling through the doorways has potential as well as engine energy.
2.6.4 Penstock: The penstock is the long line or the shaft that conveys the water
moving from the supply towards the power age unit, contained the turbines and
generator. The water in the penstock has active energy because of its movement
and expected energy because of its tallness. The aggregate sum of force produced
in the hydroelectric power plant relies upon the stature of the water repository and
how much water coursing through the penstock. How much water moving through
the penstock is constrained by the control entryways.
Figure 2. Basic Components of Pico Hydro Power System. (Source: Pico Power: A Boon for
Rural Electrification by Rajat Kapoor)
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2.6.5 Water Turbines: Water moving from the penstock is permitted to enter the
power age unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. At the point when
water falls on the sharp edges of the turbine the dynamic and expected energy of
water are changed over into the rotational movement of the edges of the turbine.
The turning edges make the shaft of the turbine additionally pivot. The turbine shaft
is encased inside the generator. In most hydroelectric power plants, there is more
than one power age unit. There is an enormous distinction in stature between the
degree of turbine and level of water in the repository. This distinction in tallness,
otherwise called the head of water, concludes the aggregate sum of force that can
be produced in the hydroelectric power plant. There are different kinds of water
turbines, for example, Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton wheels, and so forth
the sort of turbine utilized in the hydroelectric power plant relies upon the stature
of the repository, amount of water, and the absolute power age limit.
2.6.6 Generators: It is in the generator where the power is created. The shaft of
the water turbine pivots in the generator, which produces exchanging momentum
in the curls of the generator. It is the turn of the shaft inside the generator that
delivers an attractive field which is changed over into power by electromagnetic
field enlistment. Consequently, the pivot of the shaft of the turbine is urgent for the
creation of power and this is accomplished by the active and possible energy of
water. Hence, in hydroelectricity power plants expected energy of water is
changed over into power.
2.6.7 Electronic Controller: An electronic regulator is associated with the
generator. This matches the electrical power that is delivered to the electrical
burdens that are associated and prevents the voltage from changing as gadgets
are turned here and there.
2.6.8 Mechanical load: Mechanical burden: A mechanical burden is a machine
associated with the turbine shaft utilizing a pulley framework so the power can be
drawn straightforwardly from the turbine. The pivoting power of the turbine sprinter
can be utilized to turn hardware, for example, grain plants or woodwork apparatus.
2.6.9 Distribution System: Distribution System: It interfaces the electrical
stockpile from the generator to the houses or schools. This is the broadest piece
of the framework.
2.7 TYPES OF TURBINES
In hydropower frameworks, two fundamental sorts of turbines exist response and
motivation. Motivation turbines utilize the speed of the water to pivot the shaft and
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
are regularly appropriate for high heads and low stream applications ("Comparison
among Impulse and Reaction Turbine," 2016). Drive turbines that are normally
considered for little hydropower frameworks are the Pelton wheel, Turgo, and
Crossflow turbines. Response turbines create power from the joined strain and
moving water. They are ordinarily lowered so that water streams over the cutting
edges, rather than striking them. This kind of turbine is normally reasonable for low
head and high stream applications. A significant distinction between the two sorts
of turbines is that response turbines should be encased in a watertight packaging,
while drive turbines don't ("Comparison among Impulse and Reaction Turbine,"
2016). The kinds of response turbines that are ordinarily utilized for little
hydropower frameworks are propellers, like Kaplan turbines, and Archimedes
screws. Likewise, we are thinking about water wheels as an option in contrast to a
customary turbine. Water wheels separate from turbines since they create energy
from the heaviness of the water rather than from the water's speed or drive
("Waterwheel Design and the Different Types of Waterwheels," 2013). The sort of
water wheels that are the most material is the Overshot and the Backshot water
wheels, on the grounds that the wellspring of water comes from a higher place,
rather than underneath.
2.7.1 IMPULSE TURBINES
• Pelton wheel- Pelton wheels comprise various can moulded cutting edges,
known as drive edges, and regularly have jets coordinated extraneously to
the turbine, Figure 3. Every individual cutting edge has two "cans" that are
associated in the centre. This kind of turbine is generally relevant with high
heads (more
noteworthy than 25
meters) and low
streams (0.01-0.5 cubic
meters each second)
however has been
changed for application
in miniature hydro
frameworks (Okot,
2013).
• Turgo turbine- The Turgo turbine is an adjustment of the Pelton wheel,
with the exception of it, utilizes just 50% of the sharp edge, or only one
"container." Similar to the Pelton, the planes are pointed digressively to the
Figure 3. Pelton Wheel (Source Jahobr Water Wheel,
2018)
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
turbine. This turbine capacities in comparative heads and streams to the
Pelton wheel, however, can have more proficient activities in lower head
ranges (Okot, 2013).
• Crossflow- The Crossflow turbine is planned with unrelated rectangular-
moulded sharp edges that permit the water to move through the turbine two
times, coursing through within the sprinter, Figure 4. This turbine is material
in low to medium heads
(2-40 meters) and low to
medium streams (0.1-5
cubic meters each
second) (Okot, 2013).
The Crossflow turbine
keeps up with proficiency
under changing burden
and stream.
2.7.2 REACTION TURBINES
• Propeller- The propeller turbine ordinarily has three to six sharp edges that
water comes into contact with all the while, Figure 5. In this kind of turbine,
the tension should be steady
to keep the sprinter in
balance. The commonplace
head for this framework is
low to medium (1.5 - 20
meters) and capacities in
medium to high streams (3-
30 cubic meters each
second) (Okot, 2013).
• Kaplan- This turbine is a variety of propellers, with flexible cutting edges
and guide vanes. It can accomplish high proficiency under differing input
conditions (Okot, 2013).
Figure 4. Crossflow Turbine (Source Jahobr Water Wheel,
2018)
Figure 5. Propeller Turbine (Source Jahobr
Water Wheel, 2018)
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• Archimedes Screw- This turbine is the most appropriate for the low head
(2-10 meters) and higher stream locales. It is the nearest corresponding to
response turbines however isn't really viewed as a "turbine" (Okot, 2013).
This design is commonly used to raise water from a lower height to a higher
rise however can be turned backward to produce power, Figure 6.
2.7.3 WATERWHEELS
• Overshot Water Wheel - The Overshot water wheel is pivoted by water
entering at the highest point of the haggle up the containers framed by
neighbouring distracting cutting edges, Figure 7. The heaviness of the water
turns the wheel to
produce power. This kind
of water wheel is
regularly relevant for a
low head (1-5 meters)
and medium stream (0.3-
1.5 cubic meters each
second). The proficiency
of this turbine is ordinarily
in the 80-90% territory
(Quadrantal and Revelli,
2015).
Figure 6. Archimedes Screw (Source Jahobr Water Wheel,
2018)
Figure 7. Overshot Water Wheel (Source
Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)
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• Backshot Water Wheel- The Backshot water wheel is like the Overshot,
then again, actually the edges are the other way, Figure 8. The
effectiveness of this turbine is regularly in the 80-90% territory (Quadrantal
and Revelli, 2015).
2.8 NEED OF PICO HYDRO SYSTEM
Often little networks are without power even in nations with broad lattice jolt. Not
with standing the appeal for a jolt, framework association of little networks stays
ugly to utilities because of somewhat low power utilization.
• Only a few water streams are expected for pico-hydro.
• Pico hydro hardware is little and conservative. The part parts can be
effectively moved into remote and blocked-off regions.
• The number of houses associated with each plan is little, regularly under
100 families. In this way, it is more straightforward to raise the expected
capital and to oversee support and income assortment.
• Carefully planned pico-hydro plans have a lower cost for every kilowatt than
sun-based or wind power. Diesel generator frameworks, albeit at first less
expensive, have a greater expense for every kilowatt over their lifetime in
light of related fuel costs.
• The plan standards and manufacture can be handily scholarly. This keeps
some gear costs in extent with neighbourhood compensation.
Figure 8. Backshot Water Wheel (Source Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)
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• It is more straightforward to layout and keeps up with arrangements in
regards to proprietorship, instalments, activities and support, and water
freedoms, as the units supply power for a few families.
2.9 FEASIBILITY STUDY
2.10 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF PICO HYDRO TURBINE:
a shaft having edges on its boundary. The centre is coupled to the primary shaft
which turns the armature loop of the generator.
Table 2. The feasibility study for a pico-hydro power (Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273445610)
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2.10.1 Casing: The packaging houses the spout and rotor get-together. It directs
the water to the power source. It likewise gives the supporting design to the bearing
and to couple the generator.
2.10.2 Generator: The 12V 600 rpm DC generator is combined with the
fundamental shaft of the rotor. Here the mechanical energy of the rotor is changed
over into electrical energy. An outside energy stockpiling unit (battery) can be
utilized to store the energy delivered.
2.10.3 Bearing: Bearing will be added to hold the turbine and the supporting the
primary shaft. In this way, the plan of the turbine will actually want to openly pivot.
2.10.4 Components:
• Nozzle: Here the active head increments with a decline in cross-segment.
• Rotor: This is a motivation sort of pressure-driven turbine. The turning part
has sharp edges on the circuit of the centre point. The energy from the water
is extricated by the unique activity of the rotor, bringing about an adjustment
of force and tension of liquid which brings about the revolution of the edges.
The centre is an empty roundabout.
2.10.5 WORKING
Water in the upward tank has an adequate number of heads (energy) to extricate
electric energy on a limited scope. Henceforth a Pico turbine can be introduced in
a pipeline where water streams from the upward tank to taps at home when the
water moves through the line it courses through the spout and hits the rotor this
makes the rotor and screw pivot and thus, the DC generator which creates power
and can be put away in batteries' gets expected power yield more number of
turbines can be introduced and associated with the battery.
3 RELATED CASE STUDIES
3.1 CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (CBIT),
HYDERABAD: -
• The areal degree of the review region is 50 Acres (202,343 m2).
• Normal yearly precipitation in the review region is around 770 MM
• Complete existing developed region inside the grounds is 13,092 m2
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• Housetop of a structure is utilized as a wellspring of water assortment.
Month to month precipitation information has been gathered for a very long time 2010,
2012, and 2014, organized as follows:
Table 1. Total monthly rainfall over three years Rain falls in mm
S. No
Month
2010
2012
2014
1
January
18
0
0
2
February
0
0
0
3
March
0
0
0
4
April
0
0
5
5
May
34
12
0
Table 3. Total monthly rainfall over three years (Source: Pramana Research Centre)
The above table shows the month-to-month normal precipitation for a very long
time. It is seen that there was additional precipitation from June to October i.e.,
during the storm season. Accordingly, it has been viewed as that the normal
precipitation in the storm time frame was taken for configuration purposes.
6
June
185
38
179
7
July
261
157
294
8
August
243
119
122
9
September
171
69
76
10
October
70
75
64
11
November
53
10
36
12
December
0
0
0
Total annual Rainfall
1035
480
776
Figure 9. Building Blocks (Source: Pramana Research Centre)
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S. No
Month
2010
2012
2014
1
June
185
38
179
2
July
261
157
294
3
August
243
119
122
4
September
171
69
76
5
October
70
75
64
Table 4. Rainfall data during monsoon – monthly rain fall in mm (Source: Pramana Research Centre)
S. No
Year
Annual Rainfall in mm
1
2010
1035
2
2012
480
3
2014
776
Table 5. Total annual rainfall for the period 2010, 2012, and 2014 (Source: Pramana Research Centre)
Average annual Rain fall = 764 mm
Table 6. Maximum and minimum rainfall in a day for the period 2010, 2012 and 2014 (Source: Pramana
Research Centre)
*Data source: HMWS & SB, Bojagutta, Hyderabad
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The normal precipitation of 21.67 mm in a day was taken from the most recent
accessible information for the year 2014. In view of this normal precipitation each
day, the amount of water is determined. RWH structures are intended for the
registered water amount.
• ESTIMATION OF WATER TANK FOR BLOCK AN AND B
The all-out region of the grounds is 50 sections of land (202,343 square meters).
The all out existing developed region in the grounds is 13,092 m2 i.e., around 11%
of the absolute ground’s region. The grounds is underlain by rock kind of soil.
Intermittent cracks happen down to the profundity of 100 m subterranean level.
Configuration subtleties of RWH structure (Block no. A, B):
Yearly precipitation (year 2014) = 0.776 m
Normal of "greatest precipitation in a day" (according to the year 2014
precipitation) = 0.02167 m (approximated to 0.02 M)
A Rainfall of 0.02167 m each day is guaranteed for quite a long time in a year.
Most extreme precipitation in a day is considered for the plan of the collecting
structure.
Test Design:
RWH1 for An and B blocks:
Rooftop Area of An and B blocks =702.23m2
Volume of downpour water accessible on rooftop top of An and B block = 0.02 m
x702.23 m2 x 0.90 = 12.64 cum
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3.2 THE SOUTH INDIAN UNIVERSITY, MANGALAGANGOTHRI
CAMPUS, MANGALURU CITY TOWARDS SOUTHEAST
(12.9141◦N, 74.8560◦E).
The grounds are spread across 353 sections of land found sitting above Netravathi
River towards its west and western ghat ranges on the east. Since the year it
turned into a free college.
The meteorological information of the review region is introduced in the
accompanying table 7. Typically, around here, the stormy season start in May
month and finish up during September and October month. The region gets mean
yearly precipitation of around 3800 mm (information acquired from Meteorological
Department, Mangaluru).
Parameter
Average value
Remarks
Average rainfall
3800 mm
May to October period
Humidity
75.3%
62% in January 89% in July
Temperature
27◦C - 34◦C
Tropical climate
Wind
-
Moderate to gusty during day
Gentle during night time
Topography
-
Highly undulating terrain
Geology
-
Hard laterite on Hilly terrain
Earthquake zone
-
Seismic zone III
Table 7.Meteorological and topographical data of the study area. (Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
Figure 10. South Indian University campus map with zones (Source: Google earth). (Source:
www.sciencedirect.com)
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3.2.1 COLLECTION CALCULATION
In view of neighbourhood precipitation, the housetop RWH potential could be
determined utilizing the condition given underneath.
Q = CIA
here, 'Q' addresses absolute release from the rooftop (m3s), 'C' shows the
coefficient of spill over, the power of precipitation (mm) is indicated by 'I', and 'A'
addresses the complete housetop catchment region.
By and large, the worth of overflow coefficient is chosen in light of roofing material
properties like impenetrability and penetration limit that is utilized to gather and
deplete off the stormwater to the capacity unit.
Table 8 presents the overflow coefficient values for four normal roofing materials
utilized for development. For the current review, the structure housetops were
covered by electrified iron sheets and substantial rooftops. These different
assortments, occasional cleaning of a housetop, and natural circumstances might
affect the roof water quality
Sl. No.
Type of roof
Runoff coefficient
1.
Galvanized iron sheet
0.90
2.
Asbestos sheet
0.80
3.
Tiled roof
0.75
4.
Concrete roof
0.70
Table 8. Runoff coefficient values for various roof types. (Source: Water harvesting. A manual for design &
construction of water harvesting schemes for plant production (1991))
3.2.2 RAINFALL STATISTICS
The precipitation information was gathered from Meteorological Department,
Mangaluru for quite a long-time range (Jan 2000 to Dec 2014) have been
considered for the RWH study. Figure 11 addresses 15 years of downpour insights
with a normal precipitation of 3800 mm in the review region. The information
demonstrates less recorded precipitation occasions during 2000-2005 wherein it
expanded by 4000 mm during the year 2006-2013. Through the factual
investigation, it very well may be presumed that the assessed mean worth
(3779.26 mm) was a lot higher when contrasted and Karnataka state yearly mean
information (1248 mm). While the difference of 111777.97 and standard deviation
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of 334.33 additionally recommended significant changes in yearly precipitation
occasions.
Further, the month-to-month normal precipitation information is not entirely set in
stone to comprehend the month-to-month capability of RTRWH. It plainly shows
that June and July month recorded (around1000 mm) the most noteworthy
precipitation occasions when contrasted and the other months. Consistently the
stormy season started from April month and by and large won till December.
Generally, during the stormy season (June-December) there won't be any lack of
water assets.
the mean worth of 414.4 mm was major in light of 90 days during the pinnacle
stormy season. While the examination additionally gave the standard deviation
worth of 405.73 and change esteem as 164642.50 proposing a steady variety of
Figure 11. Yearly total rainfall recorded for the year 2000–2014. (Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
Figure 12. Monthly average rainfall data for the year 2000–2014. (Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
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month-to-month precipitation occasions Fig. 12 presents the month-to-month
normal precipitation outline for the time of 15 years.
3.2.3 Effective rooftop area
Following a primer field overview, 19 structure units with successful rooftop cover
were picked for the RWH study. The roof region of every foundation is displayed
in Fig. 14. Further, the level of each building rooftop region embraced for the RWH
study is assessed and plotted in Fig. 13. The bigger rooftop region is covered by
three young men's lodging blocks (9.6%) and the consolidated rooftop area of
individual staff quarters (11.1%). Followed by science square and focal library with
8.5% each and afterward bio-science and assembly hall working by 6.6% and
6.3% individually.
Figure 14. Rooftop area percentage of selected building units in SIU campus.
(Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
Figure 13. Rooftop area for respective building units in SIU campus.
(Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
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3.2.4 Rainwater harvesting potential
As talked about in the procedure area, the water gathering potential from chose
building units are assessed and introduced in Table 9.
Sl No.
Types of Area
Area (Sq. metres)
1.
Near Science Block
1537.80
2.
Library Front
1133.12
3.
Double Road
2913.73
4.
Around SBI ATM
849.83
5.
Beside Main Bus Stop
4330.13
6.
Inside Science Block
1294.99
7.
ADM Front
1456.86
Total
13516.5
Table 9. Rooftop rainwater harvesting potential for selected building units. (Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
3.2.5 Calculation of Rain Water Catchment
• Near Science Block: -
As we discuss above (3.2.1) the rainwater catchment is Q = CIA
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 1537.80
= 52,59,276 Litres / yr.
• Library Front: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 1133.12
= 38,75,270.4 Litres / yr.
• Double Road: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 2913.73
= 99,64,956.6 Litres / yr.
• Around SBI ATM: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 849.83
= 29,06,418.6 Litres / yr.
• Beside Main Bus Stop: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 4330.13
= 1,48,09,044.6 Litres / yr.
• Inside Science Block: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 1294.99
= 44,28,865.8 Litres / yr.
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• ADM Front: -
Q = 0.90 X 3800 X 1456.86
= 49,82,461.2 Litres / yr.
3.3 GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM OVERHEAD
WATER TANKS OF MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS
3.3.1 METHODOLOGY
Upward tanks on structures stores water for regular use. Energy can be extricated
from streaming water when it is provided to lofts. A miniature hydro turbine might
be fitted in a water pipeline to change over the likely energy of water into electrical
energy. Paper depicts the techno-monetary plausibility of the idea. The review is
done on 5 celebrated structures.
3.3.2 CONCEPT OF PROTO TYPE MODEL
The capacity of water in the upward tank on a multi-story building is utilized for
homegrown purposes. This water has potential energy as a result of the head
made it very well may be changed over into mechanical energy with the assistance
of a turbine. By utilizing speed or water power a turbine can be turned and electrical
energy is produced. In this undertaking, we will produce DC power by utilizing a
DC generator. This strategy for the age of electrical energy has become
exceptionally famous on the grounds that it has low creation and support costs.
3.3.3 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF WATER
Mass that has been raised over the Earth's surface has potential energy
comparative with a similar mass on the Earth's surface. Running water over a
turbine, some piece of this potential energy can be changed over into motor
energy. This dynamic energy is then changed over into electrical energy. How
Figure 15. Micro Hydro Turbine System (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3)
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much electrical energy can be created is equivalent to the likely energy to putting
away water. This gravitational potential energy is equivalent to the result of mass,
tallness, and gravitational consistency (9.81 m/s2).
3.3.4 ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION BY PROTOTYPE MODEL
The recovery of electrical energy can be gotten by changing over the motor energy
of water put away at a high level. A similar standard is laid out in a little model
containing every one of the peculiarities of the miniature hydro age plant. The
model has a capacity of 60 litres limit. This capacity tank is kept on the stand at
tallness of 120cm=1.20m. The stature of the power source stream pipe from the
stand is 80cm=0.80m. In this way, the all-out head up to the ground level is 1.6m.
Assuming the turbine is situated in the way of the stream, electrical energy can be
created when the water streams descend.
Figure 16. Micro Hydro Turbine System Arrangement (Source:
IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3)
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3.3.5 CALCULATING THE GENERATED ENERGY FROM PROTO TYPE
MODEL
• 1. Diameter of pipe use for discharge of water = 25.4mm.
• 2. Head available for ground floor turbine = 0.79m.
• 3. Time required to reach the water flow to turbine = 0.26 seconds.
Therefore,
Power Generated = QgH watt
Where,
Q = water discharge rate in cubic metre / sec.
g = 9.81m/s2
H = Net head in meter (m)
Figure 17. PROTO TYPE MODEL (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3)
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Then,
Q = (52.4 x 10-3 )3 /0.26
Q = 6.302 x 10-5 m3 / sec.
Therefore,
Power Generated = QgH
= 6.302 x 10-5 x 9.81 x 0.79
= 4.883 x 10-4 watt
Similarly,
As Calculations are followed by:
3.4 INFERANCES FROM CASE STUDIES
3.4.1 Formula for water catchment from rooftop = Annual Rainfall in mm x Area
in m² x Runoff Factor = Collected Rainwater in litres.
3.4.2 Power Generation = QgH watt
Where,
Q = water discharge rate in cubic metre / sec.
g = 9.81m/s2
H = Net head in meter (m)
Table 10. Generated energy from prototype model. (Source: IJSART - Volume 4 Issue 3)
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4 LITRATURE STUDY & OPERATIONAL WORK
4.1 RELATED STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
4.1.1 ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING – GUIDELINES (IS 15797: 2008)
• The complete volume of water accessible from any roof surface is a result
of all-out precipitation and the surface area of assortment. An overflow
coefficient is normally applied to represent an invasion, dissipation, and
different misfortunes and it fluctuates from 0.8 to 0.95.
• To assess the normal yearly/rainstorm overflow from roof region in any
area. the normal yearly! rainstorm precipitation information for the area
should be utilized and utilizing Tables I and 2, the water accessibility for the
level and slanting rooftops can be worked out.
Table 11. Water Availability for a Given Roof Top Area and Rainfall (For Flat Roofs) (Source: IJSART -
Volume 4 Issue 3)
Table 12. Water Availability for a Given Roof Top Area and Rainfall (for Sloping Roofs) (Source: IJSART -
Volume 4 Issue 3)
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• For housetop water reaping, the assortment region is limited by the size of
the top of the residential unit. Now and again different surfaces like patios,
galleries, and different projections are utilized to enhance the housetop
assortment region.
• The size of the catchment region and tank should be to the point of providing
adequate water for the clients during the dry time frame. Accepting a full
tank toward the start of the dry season (and knowing the normal length of
the dry season and the normal water use), the volume of the tank can be
determined by the accompanying equation:
V = t x n x q
where
V = volume of tank, in litres;
T = length of the dry season (days);
n = number of people using the tank; and
q = consumption in litres per capita per day.
General Design Features
a) The substances that go into the creation of the rooftop ought to be non-
poisonous and synthetically latent.
b) Roof surfaces ought to be smooth, hard, and thick since they are simpler to
clean and are less inclined to be harmed and discharge materials/filaments
into the water.
c) Roof painting isn't prudent since most paints contain poisonous substances
and may strip off.
d) No overhanging trees should be left close to the rooftop.
e) Nesting of birds on the rooftop ought to be forestalled.
f) All drain finishes ought to be fitted with a wire network screen to keep out
leaves, and so forth
g) Appropriate game plans for disposing of the primary progression of
precipitation ought to be made.
h) A sterile douse away channel ought to be worked at water outlets and a
screened flood line ought to be given.
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i) The capacity tank ought to have a tight-fitting rooftop that avoids light, a
sewer vent cover, and a flushing pipe at the foundation of the tank (for
standing tanks).
j) There should be a dependable clean extraction gadget, for example, a
gravity taps or a hand siphon to stay away from tainting of the water in the
tank.
k) There should be no chance of sullied wastewater streaming into the tank
(particularly for tanks introduced at ground level).
l) Water from different sources, except if it is a dependable source, ought not
to be exhausted into the tank through pipe associations or the sewer vent
cover.
Following is a schedule of upkeep and the board prerequisites that can give a
premise to observing and checking:
a) During the stormy season, the entire framework (rooftop catchment, drains,
pipes, screens, first flush, and flood) ought to be checked when each
downpour and ideally cleaned after each dry period surpassing a month.
b) At the finish of the dry season and not long before the main shower of
downpour is expected, the capacity tank ought to be scoured and flushed
of all residue and flotsam and jetsam (the tank ought to be topped off
subsequently with a couple of centimetres of clean water to forestall
breaking). Guarantee opportune assistance (before the primary downpours
are expected) of all tank apparatuses. counting substitution of every well-
used screen and overhauling of the power source tap or hand siphon.
4.2 RAIN FALL DETAILS OF THE LOCATION
4.2.1 CHERRAPUNJI: -
• Cherrapunji procures on balance 11777 mm (463.7 in) of precipitation each
year, or 981.4 mm (38.6 in) each month.
• The driest weather conditions are in January when a normal of 11 mm (0.4
in) of (precipitation) happens.
• The wettest weather conditions are in July when a normal of 3272 mm
(128.8 in) of (precipitation) happens.
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4.2.2 PRECIPITATION TABLE: -
4.3 ASSUMED AREA OF CATCHMENT OF RAINWATER &
COLLECTION OF GREY WATER
We assumed the area of rainwater catchment as per the small family with 5 family
members and the area of the house is 100 sqyd in chherrapunji. Same assumption
consideration for the calculation of the Grey water.
• Assumed catchment area of Rainwater = 100 sqyd = 900 sqft = 83.61sqm
• Family members of the family = 5 Members
4.4 CALCULATION OF WATER CACHMENT
To ascertain the water sum which can be reaped, the mean yearly precipitation
figure is usually utilized. Mean yearly is the factual normal determined based on
estimated precipitation over numerous years. It must be perceived that there is no
assurance that the determined sum will be accomplished, yet there is a 95%
probability that this sum can be anticipated. This close to sureness reduces the
likelihood in the event that the precipitation design in a given region contrasts
significantly. This is very normal in nations with dry spell periods. It can happen
that the mean yearly can't be anticipated. It can surely happen the alternate way
round that impressively more downpour falls than the mean yearly.
For calculation we take the following formula:
• mean Annual Rainfall in mm x Area in m² x Runoff Factor =
Collected Rainwater in litres. (Runoff Factor = 0.90)
• 11777 x 83.61 x 0.90 = 8,86,207.473 litres / year
For calculation of Grey Water:
As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, 135 liters per capita per day
(lpcd) has been suggested as the benchmark for urban water supply. For rural
areas, the minimum service delivery of 55 lpcd has been fixed under Jal Jeevan
Table 13. Precipitation Table (Source: https://en.climate-data.org)
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Mission, which may be enhanced to a higher level by states. We consider only
Grey Water so, 135 – 15(Black Water) = 120 litres
• 120 x 5 (persons) = 600 litres / day
• 600 x 365 = 2,19,000 litres / year
Total Collection of Water = Rain water + Grey Water
= 8,86,207.473 + 2,19,000 = 11,05,207.473 say 11,05,208 litres / year
4.5 CALCULATION OF STORAGE TANK CAPACITY
For the calculation of storage tank capacity following conditions have to
considered.
• Design is basis on monthly Highest rain fall which is June (2294mm) &
July(3272mm). + per day Grey water collection.
Average rainfall in June & July = 2294 + 3272 = 5566mm
So, per day rainfall estimation = 5566/60 = 92.7mm say 93mm
Per day water catchment = 93 x 83.61 x 0.90 = 6998 litres say 7000 litres
Total water collection per day = Rain water + Grey Water
= 7000 + 600
= 7600
Capacity Of Tank with Margin = 8000 litres
Volume of Tank = 1/1000 x 8000 m3 = 8m3
Assumed Tank Size = 1m x 1m x 8m = 8m3
4.6 TURBINE SELECTION
• The explanations for the choice of the Pelton wheel turbine are followings.
• The Pelton turbine is the most effective of hydro turbines.
• It works with an exceptional level proficiency bend
• Each can part the water stream down the middle, in this manner adjusting
the side-load powers or push on the haggle the course.
• It works on the high head and low release.
• It has an unrelated stream which implies that it can have either hub stream
or spiral stream.
• Pelton wheel turbine is extremely simple to gather.
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• There is no cavitation in light of the fact that the water stream strikes just a
particular piece of the sprinter.
• It has fewer parts when contrasted with Francis' turbine which has both fixed
vanes and directed vanes.
• The overall capability of the Pelton turbine is high.
• Pelton wheel turbines, both the main regulation and the second law of
movement are applied.
• The primary benefits are that in this turbine, the entire course of water flies
striking and leaving for the sprinter happens at barometrical tension.
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Pelton wheel is the preferred turbine for hydropower when the available water
source has a relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates.
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5 CALCULATION OF POWER GENERATION
5.1.1 ASSUMPTION MADE
• Head height of Tank is 3M.
• Height of Tank is 8m
• Assume the size of the Tank for calculation of total water potential.
o Total water = 11,05,208 litres
o Tank Volume = 1/1000 x 1105208 = 1105.2 m3
• Efficiency of Turbine is 85%.
5.1.2 Estimated Power Generation
P = ρvgh watt
Where,
P = Potential Energy
ρ = 1 x 103 kgm-3
v = Volume
g = 9.81 ms-2
H = Net head in meter (m) = 3+8/2 = 7m
Then,
P = 1000 x 1105.2 x 9.81 x 7
= 7,58,94,084 J
Electrical Energy = 85 / 100 x P
= 75894084 x 0.85 = 6,45,09,971.4 watt or 64,509.97 kw
6 CONCLUSION
As per the current conditions in India, there are small communities and villages
which are running without electricity due to high consumption of Electricity in Cities
and less Generation of Electricity so with the help of this study I calculate the
generation approx. 64509kw Electricity Through Rainwater and Grey Water to
provide them Electricity which is independent of the Grid and same time
Economical.
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Hydropower Generation Through Rainwater & Grey Water
7 Bibliography
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