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FULL PAPER
Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on sooty mould names based
on species mixtures: Hormiscium handelii and Torula lechleriana
Stanley J. Hughes •Keith A. Seifert
Received: 14 March 2011 / Accepted: 8 June 2011 / Published online: 23 July 2011
Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2011
Abstract Sooty moulds often grow in colonies of more
than one species, and taxonomic descriptions thus often
unknowingly combine elements of different fungi. The
species composition of such mixtures can be clarified by
microscopic examination of undisturbed colonies removed
from the substrate using the collodion technique. This
method facilitates analysis of hyphal morphologies and the
associations of different synanamorphs with these hyphae,
i.e., the recognition of character suites that correlate with
sooty mould families. Earlier versions of the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature allowed a name based on
a mixture to be designated a nomen confusum, but since
1978 the Code has required selection of one species or one
morph to serve as the lectotype for the name. Two bino-
mials are revised here, with the component parts of their
holotypes characterized and compared with their proto-
logues. The type specimen of Hormiscium handelii is
dominated by monilioid hyphae of a member of the
Metacapnodiaceae with a hyphomycetous Capnophialo-
phora anamorph; this latter morph is selected as the lec-
totype. No new combination is made because no spores
were observed, so that it is impossible to adequately
characterize the fungal species represented by this morph.
The type of Torula lechleriana comprises three species, but
it is dominated by the characteristic monilioid hyphae of a
member of the Metacapnodiaceae, with Capnobotrys
conidiogenous cells and conidia. The latter anamorphic
fungus is chosen as the lectotype, and a taxonomic
description is provided for the resulting new combination,
Capnobotrys lechleriana.
Keywords Dematiaceous hyphomycetes International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature Lectotypification
Nomen confusum Synanamorphy
Introduction
Many natural colonies of sooty moulds are often mixtures
of species from different families (see Fig. 1d); the same
colonies are sometimes also inhabited by hyperparasites.
Hughes (1972,1976) documented individual sooty mould
colonies with as many as eight different species. The
diagnostic hyphal morphology of the principal sooty mould
families can be used to distinguish some of these compo-
nents. As a further complicating factor, many species have
synanamorphs (two or more hyphomycetous morphs and
sometimes a coelomycetous morph), which may or may not
be associated with a teleomorph. Therefore, accurate
interpretation of sooty mould specimens requires knowl-
edge of the component species and recognition that the
heterogeneity of the colonies might result in the observa-
tion of different suites of species on different slide prepa-
rations. Gatherings considered as one specimen by
collectors (different twigs or leaves from one gathering)
may be colonized by entirely different mixtures of species.
The complications inherent in working on these fungi
are indicated by the few available cultures and the small
number of DNA sequences deposited in GenBank. Only
species of the Capnodiaceae have frequently been cultured,
and as of March 2011, only 53 ribosomal DNA sequences
representing 15 species were available for the
S. J. Hughes K. A. Seifert (&)
Biodiversity Theme (Mycology and Botany),
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
e-mail: keith.seifert@agr.gc.ca
S. J. Hughes
e-mail: sjhughes@sympatico.ca
123
Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24
DOI 10.1007/s10267-011-0133-4
Capnodiaceae and Euantennariaceae (an increase from 35
sequences of 8 species in September 2009), with 3
sequences for one strain of Tripospermum (Triposporiop-
sidaceae) and none for the Metacapnodiaceae.
Recognition of the frequency of species mixtures and an
understanding of patterns of synanamorphy are critical for
accurate interpretation of type specimens. Previous ver-
sions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
allowed the rejection of names based on species mixtures
under the general category of nomen confusum. However,
starting with the 1978 Code (Leningrad Code), this concept
was abandoned, and the present version (Vienna Code;
McNeill et al. 2006) recommends that one portion of the
holotype be selected as lectotype to fix usage of a name.
The specific articles of the Code governing this process are
reviewed below.
This article is the first of a planned series that will revise
sooty mould names based on species mixtures. As possible,
each component of the type specimens will be illustrated
and interpreted in the context of the published protologues
and sometimes unpublished illustrations that accompany
the types. Each binomial will then be considered, and one of
the component species will be selected as lectotype, where
possible in a manner that preserves the nomenclatural sta-
bility of known species. The two binomials considered were
treated briefly in the overview of sooty moulds by Hughes
(1976), but are now presented in detail here, with our
complete observations, discussion, and conclusions.
Hyphal morphologies and synanamorphs of some sooty
mould families
A summary of hyphal morphologies and synanamorphic
patterns for the three families of primary concern in this
article is presented here as Table 1. Examination of sooty
mould colonies requires determining whether a mixture of
different hyphal types is present, linking spore types to
perithecia, pycnidia, or hyphomycetous conidiophores, or
inferring the most probable connections based on prior
knowledge.
Euantennariaceae
The hyphae of species of the Euantennariaceae are brown,
with smooth to coarsely roughened walls, are uniformly
cylindrical, with cells longer than wide, and have slightly
Fig. 1 Hyphal morphology of three families of sooty moulds and a
typical mixture of hyphae from a leaf. aMoniliform hyphae of a
member of the Metacapnodiaceae (Metacapnodium moniliforme
DAOM 93416d). bBrick-like hyphae of a member of the Euanten-
nariaceae (Antennaria scoriadea DAOM 105819). cCylindrical
hyphae of a member of the Triposporiopsidaceae (Tripospermum sp.
DAOM 149581).dA mixture of hyphal types from a collodion
preparation of a sooty mould colony, with conspicuous hyphae of
members of the Metacapnodiaceae and Euantennariaceae, and two
hyphal types of uncertain affinity (arrows)(Metacapnodium monili-
forme DAOM 93416d). Bar 10 lm
18 Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24
123
constricted septa, giving the appearance of a row of bricks
(Hughes 1974; Fig. 1b). Most species in this family combine
two synanamorphs. Hormisciomyces Bat. & Nascim. ana-
morphs have terminal whorls of globose phialides yielding
sparse, minute ameroconidia. Phragmoconidial syna-
namorphs also occur. Most are classified in Antennatula Fr.,
the species of which usually lack discrete conidiophores,
with the exception of the fasciculate conidiophores of Eu-
antennaria mucronata (Mont.) S. Hughes. The phragmo-
conidial species of Capnokyma S. Hughes differ by having
seta-like conidiophores. Species of the holomorphic genus
Trichopeltheca Bat., C.A.A. Costa & Cif. produce a char-
acteristic, spreading, one-cell-thick thallus, composed of a
two-dimensional layer of brick-like cells similar to the
constituent cells of the hyphae of other genera in the family;
hyphae not part of this thallus are subhyaline or pale brown.
Metacapnodiaceae
The distinctive hyphae of species of the Metacapnodiaceae
are broad, with dark brown walls, and composed of more or
less globose cells with strong constrictions at the septa,
giving the appearance of a monilioid chain; the terminal
cells are usually conspicuously tapered toward the apex
(Fig. 1a). In some species, the hyphae disarticulate
schizolytically into cells that can serve as propagules. As
noted by Hughes (1970), the anamorph name Hyphosoma
Syd. may be an appropriate genus for such propagules. All
species in this family have a Capnophialophora S. Hughes
anamorph, characterized by plump, ampuliform phialides
on the tapered parts of erect monilioid conidiophores,
producing small ameroconidia. Several other syna-
namorphs occur, with solitary, dry phragmoconidia (Cap-
nosporium S. Hughes), solitary, dry stauroconidia
(Hormiokrypsis Bat. & Nascim.), or slimy heads of
phragmoconidia (Capnocybe S. Hughes).
Triposporiopsidaceae
The hyphae of species of the Triposporiopsidaceae are
medium brown and composed of long cells without obvi-
ous constrictions (Fig. 1c). Species in this family have two
characteristic synanamorphs. A Tripospermum Speg. syn-
anamorph, with its conspicuous, pale to dark stauroconidia,
is often the first clue that a member of this family is
present. Once these are observed, the unnamed phialoph-
ora- or acremonium-like anamorph can generally be found;
it is composed of scattered, relatively long and subhyaline
to pale brown phialides producing ameroconidia. The
anamorph genus Heptaster Cif., Bat. & Nascim., consid-
ered a synonym of Tripospermum by Hughes (1976),
probably represents species with stauroconidia with six
rather than four arms.
Table 1 Hyphal morphology and hyphomycetous anamorph patterns characterizing three of the sooty mould families that frequently occur in mixed colonies
Family Hyphal characters Hyphomycetous anamorphs
Pigmentation Component
cells
Width Other features Conidiophores Phialides producing
microconidia
Macroconidia
Blastic Tretic Blastic
1-septate 3–7 septate 3–5 septate Stauro Stauro
Euantennariaceae Brown or
dark
brown
Cylindrical,
brick-like,
slightly
constricted
Narrow One-cell-thick thallus
a
Erect, seta-
like or
minimal
Globose usually in
whorls,
Hormisciomyces
-?Capnokyma
Antennatula
---
Metacapnodiaceae Dark brown Monilioid,
very
constricted
Up to
45 lm
Tapered hyphal ends,
schizolytic
fragmentation into
viable propagules,
Hyphosoma
Erect or
minimal
Ampuliform in
irregular groups,
Capnophialophora
?,
Capnobotrys
?,Capnocybe ?,
Capnosporium
?,
Hormiokrypsis
-
Triposporopsidaceae Medium
brown
Cylindrical,
slightly
constricted
Narrow -Minimal Narrow, solitary --- - ?,
Tripospermum
a
Present only in some species of the family
Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24 19
123
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
and species mixtures
The complications caused by pleomorphy and mixed
colonies of sooty moulds challenge the tenets of the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill
et al. 2006). The present Code emphasizes the importance
of explicit and appropriate typification for genera and
species. Previous versions allowed names to be informally
rejected if they were based on a mixture of species, but
the designation of such nomina confusa is no longer
permitted.
Article 9.9 indicates that ‘‘…when the material desig-
nated as type is found to belong to more than one taxon, a
lectotype …may be designated,’’ representing a single
element or morph present on the type and mentioned in the
protologue. Article 9.12, which states ‘‘…the name must
remain attached to that part which corresponds most nearly
with the original description or diagnosis,’’ is more prob-
lematic. For many species of sooty moulds, the original
diagnosis, illustrations, or material accompanying the her-
barium specimens clearly depict elements of more than one
species that the original authors considered to belong to
one fungus. Any of these elements, including illustrations
that were never published but accompany the specimens,
could be selected as lectotype according Article 9.12. Some
interpretation of which morphological elements were con-
sidered of primary importance by the original authors can
be inferred from the genus in which the species were
placed. For example, a species described in Torula Pers. or
Hormiscium Kunze presumably would have a monilioid
element that the author considered diagnostic at the generic
level.
Further guidance is offered in Recommendation 9A.5,
which notes that ‘‘…the lectotype should be so selected as
to preserve current usage.’’ In particular, if another author
has already segregated one or more elements as other
taxa, one of the remaining elements should be designated
as the lectotype provided that this element is not in
conflict with the original description or diagnosis.
Avoiding the replacement of well-understood species
names by lectotypification should thus be a guiding
principle.
Some sooty mould anamorphs, in particular those
producing microconidia, lack diagnostic characters and
are rather similar among all members of a family.
Selection of morphs as lectotypes that cannot conclu-
sively be identified to species may sometimes be indi-
cated by Article 9.12; this will result in a precise generic
assignment but imprecise species identity. Subsequent
designation of epitypes (Art. 9.7) to the holotypes, lec-
totypes, or neotypes can also be used to further stabilize
usage.
Materials and methods
Microscopy was performed using an Olympus BX 50 light
microscope, and micrographs were obtained with an Evo-
lution MP Media Cybernetics Camera tethered to Image-
Pro Plus v6 (Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Specimens were analyzed using slides prepared with col-
lodion, a solvent-based solution of nitrocellulose (Callan
and Carris 2003). Permanent slides of colonies were pre-
pared with glycerin jelly (Hughes 1987), after warming the
slide with a small drop of lactic acid to eliminate air
bubbles.
The scanning electron micrograph was prepared by G.P.
White from an unfixed, gold-coated, air-dried herbarium
specimen using an AMRay 1000A scanning electron
microscope.
Taxonomic part
1. Hormiscium handelii Buba
´k, in Handel-Mazzetti, Ann.
K. K. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, 23:106, table 5, fig. 4, 1909
Figs. 2,3,4
:Antennularia handelii (Buba
´k) Maire, combination
not traced, presumably a nomen nudum listed by
MycoBank
Hormiscium handelii was illustrated and described by
Buba
´k(1909) based on a specimen from bark of Pinus
pithyusa collected at Prinkipo near Constantinople (now
Istanbul), Turkey. The original illustration (Buba
´k’s fig. 4)
is reproduced here as Fig. 2. Isotypes were issued as
Kryptogamae exsiccatae 2127 edit. Mus. Hist. Vindobon.
We examined the Herb. G copy (slides preserved as
DAOM 152137).
Buba
´k’s description of the ‘‘conidia globosis, utrinque
parum applanatis, magnitudine varia, usque 40 lmin
Fig. 2 Hormiscium handelii. Original illustration by Buba
´k(1909)
(i.e., his fig. 4 with the original lettering, but with the number 4 before
each letter removed to simplify our discussion)
20 Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24
123
diam., tunica crass. obscure castaneo-brunnea, reticulata-
verrucosa’’ must refer to the predominant, conspicuous,
tapering hyphae of a member of the Metacapnodiaceae on
the specimen (Fig. 2d; see blue d on Fig. 3a), as previously
noted by Hughes (1976). At the proximal ends of these
hyphae are barrel-shaped cells that are moniliform, broader
than long, and up to 43 lm wide. Older hyphae have
fragmented schizolytically into single cells that are flat-
tened at each end (‘‘utrinque parum applanatis’’), or into
groups of cells, similar to those found in species such as
Ophiocapnocoma batistae S. Hughes (Hughes 1967;
Metacapnodiaceae).
We observed phialides on the isotype (Figs. 3,4), but
these were not illustrated by Buba
´k. They are produced
singly or in pairs, terminally or laterally on cells at or
toward the ends of narrowed metacapnodiaceous hyphae
(Figs. 3,4). We found no conidia, nor were any described
or illustrated by Buba
´k, but the shape of the phialides is
typical of Capnophialophora, a hyphomycetous anamorph
produced by most members of the Metacapnodiaceae.
Also present on the isotype are pale brown to subhya-
line, more or less cylindrical hyphae, with cells 3.5–5 lm
wide and 7–14 lm long. These hyphae are, at least in part,
the ‘‘sterile Fa
¨den, olivbraun, verzweigt 5–7 lbreit ein-
zelne Zellen ellipsoidisch, la
¨nglich oder zylindrisch’’
mentioned in the original diagnosis (Buba
´k1909). These
hyphae are probably one of the three additional hyphal
types illustrated in the protologue (our Fig. 2a–c), which
could be members of families other than the Metacapn-
odiaceae. Hyphal type a (Fig. 2a; see blue a on Fig. 3a)
could represent a species of the Antennulariaceae, but we
did not observe the hyphomycetous Capnodendron S.
Hughes or the coelomycetous Antennariella Bat. & Cif.
synanamorphs that characterize this family. Hyphal type b
(Fig. 2b; see blue b on Fig. 3a) could represent a member
of the Triposporopsidaceae, but we did not find pigmented,
subulate phialides or stauroconidia typical of that family.
We did not find cells resembling hyphal type c (see
Fig. 2c) on our preparations from the isotype.
The dominant elements of this specimen are the hyphae
and attached phialides of the metacapnodiaceous fungus;
we here designate that portion of the specimen represented
by these elements as the lectotype. Hormiscium, typified by
Fig. 3 Hormiscium handelii
(isotype, G). aThree hyphal
types from the specimen, with
blue letters corresponding to
tentative hyphal types indicated
with the same letters in Fig. 2.
b–dAmpuliform phialides of
Capnophialophora on monilioid
metacapnodiaceous
conidiophores: the pair of
photographs in the upper right
includes the terminal phialide in
two planes of focus.
Photographs are composite
digital images; colors and
backgrounds have been digitally
adjusted slightly for uniformity.
Bar 10 lm
Fig. 4 Hormiscium handelii (isotype, G). Scanning electron micros-
copy (SEM) showing ampulliform phialides of Capnophialophora
and rough-walled, monilioid hyphae. Bar 10 lm
Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24 21
123
Hormiscum expansum Kunze, is considered a taxonomic
synonym of Torula (Hughes 1958). The fact that Buba
´k
(1909) described his species in Hormiscium is consistent
with our lectotypification, because the hyphae of the
Metacapnodiaceae are reminiscent of the monilioid
conidial chains that define the classical concept of Torula.
Unfortunately, because there are no spores, the fungus
represented by this name cannot be sufficiently character-
ized and therefore we do not propose a new combination in
Capnophialophora. If a similar fungus can be recollected
in a sporulating state in a nearby locale and on the same
host, it may be appropriate to epitypify and rename the
species at that time.
Additional records
We examined a second collection of H. handelii identified
by Keisler, from trunks of Rhododendron decorum from
Yunnan, China (No. 2936 in Krypt. exsicc. edit. Mus. Hist.
Vindobon). The predominant but scanty sooty mould is
metacapnodiaceous. Capnophialophora phialides occur,
but no phialoconidia or any other of the possible syna-
namorphs were seen. The other hyphae present are cylin-
drical, scarcely constricted at the septa, with the cells
14–18 lm long and 9–11 lm wide. These hyphae belong
to a species of the Euantennariaceae, but neither of the two
commonly encountered synanamorphs of that family was
found, i.e., Hormisciomyces phialides or Antennatula
macroconidia. Collection 2936 has hyphal cells up to
35 lm wide, similar to those of the isotype of H. handelii,
but further collections on these different hosts from such
distant localities would be necessary to confirm their pos-
sible conspecificity.
2. Torula lechleriana Sacc., Michelia 1:131, 1878 [as
Torula (Antennaria)lechleriana; non Torula lechleriana
Thu
¨m. 1879] Figs. 5,6,7
:Hormiscium lechlerianum (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung.
4:265, 1886
We examined the holotype of this species, collected on
living leaves of Myrica lechleriana (now Amomyrtus luma)
in Valdivı
¨a, Chile, by Lechler, in October 1851 (PAD). The
Fig. 5 Torula lechleriana. Original illustration by Saccardo (1881)in
Fungi italica (his fig. 947)
Fig. 6 Capnocybe lechleriana
(holotype of Torula lechleriana,
PAD). a1-septate conidia and
conidiogenous cells of
Capnobotrys on
metacapnodiaceous hyphae. The
figure is a composite digital
images of many photographs;
colors and backgrounds have
been digitally adjusted slightly
for uniformity. bHigher
magnification of a cluster of
conidiogenous cells, in two
planes of focus. aBars 10 lm
22 Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24
123
specimen is labeled Torula lechleriana in Saccardo’s
handwriting and bears illustrations essentially identical to
those published as fig. 947 in Fungi italici (Saccardo
1881); the latter is reproduced here as Fig. 5. For sim-
plicity, we will refer to Saccardo’s published illustration in
the following discussion, although it is not part of the
protologue, instead of the illustration accompanying the
specimen, which is part of the protologue.
In several preparations from the holotype, we found one
Tripospermum species and a species of Capnobotrys S.
Hughes emerging from hyphae typical of the Metacapn-
odiaceae, as previously noted by Hughes (1976). A third
fungus, mentioned by Saccardo (1878) in the paragraph
following his formal diagnosis, was also found in some
preparations (see following).
Saccardo (1878) described the first element as ‘‘caes-
pitulis …denique secedentibus …conidiis …in catenulas,
rotundato-cuboideis utrinque planis, 15–20 [lm] diam.
nitide fuligineis.’’ This element refers to the moniliform
hyphae that dominate the left of Saccardo’s fig. 947, and
the metacapnodiaceous hyphae in our preparations. The
Capnobotrys anamorph attached to these moniliform
hyphae is described in detail at the end of this paper.
The ‘‘hyphis filiformibus repentibus remote septatis, circ.
8[lm] cr. tortuosis, ramulosis…’’ refer to the repent, cylin-
drical, tortuous, sparingly branched, brown to dark brown,
thick-walled, (6–)7–9(–10) lm-wide hyphae, which are
septate at 15- to 25-lm intervals. These hyphae arise from
germinated arms of a concolorous, typical Tripospermum
conidium. A few such conidia have two pairs of divergent
arms, with the basal cell of one pair bearing a stalk cell. The
arms are up to 90 lm long, dark brown, up to 8-septate, up to
14 lm wide at the base, and taper to about 5 lm wide at their
apex. We did not find phialides or ameroconidia of the syn-
anamorph that often occurs with species of Tripospermum
(Hughes 1951). The few stauroconidia found in the holotype
of Torula lechleriana are reminiscent of Tripospermum
gardneri (Berk.) Speg., but this identification is tentative.
Saccardo apparently did not see these stauroconidia and only
illustrated the cylindrical hyphae of the fungus.
The third but unrelated hyphal element in Saccardo’s
(1881) illustration was described below the protologue as
‘‘In caespitulorum basi adest mucilago quaedam, in qua
natant catenulae ramosae e conidiis globosis, 1-nucleatis,
6–8 [lm] diam., subhyalinis, per sterigmata cylindracea
brevia connexis conflatae. An alga?’’ The illustration and
description evidently refer to lobed colonies or conidia of a
species of Seuratia Pat. (cf. Arnaud 1910; Meeker 1975a,b;
Gillis and Glawe 2008), which are frequently found in
preparations from sooty mould specimens. We found a few
clusters of ellipsoidal brown cells, about 8–9 96.5–8 lm,
that probably represent conidia or hyphal fragments of
Seuratia. However, Saccardo’s query, ‘‘An alga?’’ indi-
cates that he did not consider these to be part of his fungus,
although he did illustrate them.
Because no teleomorphic structures have been described
or observed, the name Torula lechleriana can only be
applied to an anamorph. The conidia of the Tripospermum
anamorph were not included in the protologue, and are thus
unsuitable as lectotype. Similarly, Saccardo did not con-
sider the Seuratia conidia to be part of the described
organism. Therefore, we lectotypify the name here with the
Capnobotrys anamorph arising from the metacapnodia-
ceous hyphae and propose the following new combination.
Capnobotrys lechleriana (Sacc.) S. Hughes & Seifert,
comb. nov. Fig. 6
MycoBank no: MB 561016
:Torula lechleriana Sacc., Michelia 1: 131, 1878
(basionym).
Hyphae typical of the Metacapnodiaceae, medium to
dark brown, smooth-walled, mostly 9–17 lm wide, with
walls about 0.5–1 lm thick. Conidiophores terminal or
lateral on the monilioid hyphae, thick-walled, constituting
1–8 stalk cells, up to 66 lm tall, up to 10–15 lmwideat
the base; terminal 1–2 cells 4.5–7 95–6.5 lm, surrounded
Fig. 7 Tripospermum conidia (holotype of Torula lechleriana,
PAD). aSingle conidium. bGerminating stauroconidium, with
arrows indicating germ hyphae. Bar 10 lm
Mycoscience (2012) 53:17–24 23
123
by clusters of conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
globose to ellipsoidal, 3.5–8 93.5–7.5 lm, unilateral on
one side of conidiophore, or forming a cluster up to about
14 lm wide around the terminal cells of the conidiophore;
walls about 0.5 lm thick. Conidia at first ellipsoidal,
becoming allantoid in side view, somewhat cornute at one
or both ends, brown, 1-septate, 9–17 (11.8 ±0.33, n=25,
average ±SE) 97–10.5 (8.0 ±0.21) lm. Mature conidia
have an asymmetrically placed hilum near the base, with a
thinner wall; the apical cell also has an area of wall thin-
ning, sometimes with a minute pore, usually on the same
side as the hilum; one conidium germinating through this
area was observed. In general, the cell wall opposite the
hilum appear thicker.
Capnobotrys lechleriana is generally similar to the
Capnobotrys anamorph of Metacapnodium moniliforme
(L.R. Fraser) S. Hughes, but we did not see other Cap-
nosporium and Capnophialophora synanamorphs on the
type. The conidia of Capnobotrys leichleriana are of a
similar overall morphology, with similar dimensions when
young, but smaller than the enlarged, mature conidia of M.
moniliforme, which can be as long as 25 lm (Hughes
1980). We compared the type of C. lechleriana with
specimens of M. moniliforme on Myrceugenia fernandezi-
ana from Chile reported by Hughes (1980) and confirmed
the presence of the synanamorphs on these specimens. On
the basis of the apparent absence of Capnosporium and
Capnophialophora synanamorphs, and the smaller mature
conidia, we suggest that C. lechleriana is distinct from the
Capnobotrys anamorph of M. moniliforme. Careful study
of better specimens on Amomyrtus luma from Chile may be
necessary to confirm this, along with molecular studies if
possible. Judicious epitypification of C. lechleriana would
then be appropriate.
Additional records
Ho
¨hnel (1909) noted that a collection of Limacinula sam-
oe
¨nsis Ho
¨hn. from Java had the ‘‘Antennaria Form welche
wahrscheinlich identisch ist mit Torula lechleriana Sacc…
ohne Zweifel als Conidienpilz zu Limacinula geho
¨rt.’’ The
illustration (his taf. 1) undoubtedly represents hyphae of
the Metacapnodiaceae, but there is no reason to believe
they are the same as Saccardo’s species. The figure also
included pycnidia on narrow cylindrical hyphae, typical of
Antennariella, and a third illustration of a typical Tripo-
spermum conidium ‘‘auf dem Subiculum.’’
Ho
¨hnel (1909) later noted that Seuratia species were
often seen in sooty mould colonies, noting that they were
illustrated in Saccardo’s treatment of T. lechleriana.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the curators of DAOM, G,
and PAD for the loan of specimens in their keeping. Drs. Scott
Redhead and Toni Atkinson kindly provided presubmission reviews.
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