A New Model Inspired by the Pompeii Worm to Reverse Overheating in Nanosatellites

Abstract

Nanosatellites are exposed to extreme temperatures on the spacecraft surface, which can reach up to ±100 °C. In this paper, we suggest a novel solution to this challenge by the use of biomimicry. The imitation of the behavior of living creatures in nature is an attempt to understand and synthesize a natural object or phenomenon in an abstract or concrete form. This inspiration from living things in nature can come through the materials, processes, or designs we see around us, and there is no engineering effort involved. In nature, the best example of temperature reversal is the Pompeii worm. The Pompeii worm realizes the conversion of the excess heat it is exposed to into cooling inside a multilayered tube. In this work, inspired by the strategy of the Pompeii worm in reversing overheating, we present a new model for the overheating problem in nanosatellites.

Full text

Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 1
PERSPECTIVE
A New Model Inspired by the Pompeii Worm to
Reverse Overheating in Nanosatellites
Ayşe Meriç Yazıcı* and Erik Persson
Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
*Address correspondence to: ayse.meric@bmsis.org
“Those who are inspired by a model other than Nature, a mistress above all masters, are labouring in vain.”
attributed to Leonardo DaVinci
Nanosatellites are exposed to extreme temperatures on the spacecraft surface, which can reach up to
±100 °C. In this paper, we suggest a novel solution to this challenge by the use of biomimicry. The imitation
of the behavior of living creatures in nature is an attempt to understand and synthesize a natural object
or phenomenon in an abstract or concrete form. This inspiration from living things in nature can come
through the materials, processes, or designs we see around us, and there is no engineering effort involved.
In nature, the best example of temperature reversal is the Pompeii worm. The Pompeii worm realizes
the conversion of the excess heat it is exposed to into cooling inside a multilayered tube. In this work,
inspired by the strategy of the Pompeii worm in reversing overheating, we present a new model for the
overheating problem in nanosatellites.
Introduction
Small satellites, also called micro-, nano-, and even picosatel-
lites, have become increasingly popular. Since small satellites
have a small surface area, cooling is a problem. In this article,
we propose a solution based on the biological strategy inspired
by the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana).
Biological strategies have always been used as inspiration
for innovation [1]. e term biomimicry has been dened and
described in dierent ways by dierent authors. Hayes et al. [2]
describe it as a eld that “looks to biology and ecology to iden-
tify natural models that can inspire design and engineering
solutions” [2]. ElDin et al. [3] describe it as a “science that seeks
sustainable solutions by emulating nature’s time-tested 3.8 bil-
lion years of patterns and strategies” [4]. Lurie-Luke [4] calls it
a “eld that seeks to interpolate natural biological mechanisms
and structures into a wide range of applications” [4].
Nature has an enormous pool of inventions that have passed
rigorous tests of practicality and durability in changing
environmental conditions. To make the best use of nature's
capabilities, it is critical to bridge the elds of biology and engi-
neering and to see the collaboration of experts from both elds.
is bridging endeavor can help transform nature's capabili-
ties into engineering capabilities, tools, and technologies [5].
Drawing inspiration from biological strategies is understanding
the basic principles of a biological process or adaptation and
then adapting these concepts for bio-inspired product applica-
tions or to solve specic technical challenges [4].
Biological strategies have already turned out to be useful in
the aerospace industry [4,6,7]. Ayre [6] points out areas iden-
tied by ESA to be particularly apt for using biomimetics.
Protecting satellites from heat does not seem to fall into any of
these categories but the author does point out that there are
many other possible areas where biomimetics could play a part.
Many living systems function best within specic temper-
ature ranges. Temperatures higher or lower than that range can
negatively impact a living system’s physiological or chemical
processes, and damage its exterior or interior. Living systems
must manage high or low temperatures using minimal energy,
which oen requires controlling responses along incremental
temperature changes. To do so, living systems use a variety of
strategies, such as avoiding high or low temperatures, removing
excess heat, and keeping heat inside. e Pompeii worm is a
great biological model for translating its long-term adaptation
to high temperatures into cooling.
A Brief Look at the Structure of Nanosatellites
During 1957 and 1958, when the space age began, 3 small sat-
ellites, Sputnik-1, Explorer-1, and Vanguard-1, were launched
into low Earth orbit [8]. Sputnik-1, the rst satellite sent into
space, weighed just 83 kg. Explorer-1 was 14 kg. e obvious
reason for the small size of the satellites in this time was the
low capacities of the launch systems [9]. Since then, the launch
capacities have increased dramatically and satellites have increa sed
in size and mass.
Today, however, progress in hardware technology has made
it possible to cram more instruments into a smaller volume,
which has made it possible to again decrease satellite size and
thus the price of launching them into space.
Compared to conventional large satellites, micro/nanosat-
ellites have a shorter development cycle, lower cost, and more
exible system implementations [10]. e massive deployment
of microsatellites is recognized and explained by the reasonable
cost, short detailing time, and possibility to include complex
devices such as multifunctional equipment and optical systems
as payloads. Small satellites are classied into the following
conditional groups (Fig. 1): nano- and picosatellites (<10 kg),
Citation: YazıcıAM, PerssonE. A
New Model Inspired by the Pompeii
Worm to Reverse Overheating in
Nanosatellites. Space Sci. Technol.
2023;3:Article 0017. https://doi.
org/10.34133/space.0017
Submitted 23 November 2022
Accepted 9 February 2023
Published 15 March 2023
Copyright © 2023 Aye Meriç Yazıcı and
Erik Persson Exclusive licensee Beijing
Institute of Technology Press. No claim
to original U.S. Government Works.
Distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).
Downloaded from https://spj.science.org on March 16, 2023

Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 2
microsatellites (10 to 100 kg), minisatellites (100 to 500 kg),
and interplanetary small missions (>500 kg). e limited mass
and power in microsatellite designs, the specic constraints
induced by the payload, and the specic volume for the clean-
ing systems produce a set of requirements for each satellite
system as well as the thermal control system. Investigation of
the thermal tools used in practice in microsatellite designs, real
thermal schemes, and components can be useful to better
address this issue [11].
In recent years, there has been an increasing growth in the
small satellite sector, especially nanosatellites (1 to 10 kg). e
widespread use of nanosatellites with their low cost has encour-
aged commercialization [12]. e increase in the number of
nanosatellites in the last 20 years is generally divided into 3
phases. A relatively slow growth can be observed from 1999 to
2013. From 2013 to 2016, there is a noticeable increase as pro-
jects started in 2008 to 2010, including the rst demonstrations
of the constellations, begin to be launched. Since 2017, the
growth has accelerated even more. As of 2022 1 August, 2,068
nanosatellites had been launched [13].
e structural subsystems of nanosatellites hold the other
subsystem components of the vehicle together and protect them
against harmful eects from the external environment. For this
reason, the most important step in the design process of nano-
satellites is material selection. e materials used in nanosat-
ellites should be selected according to their material properties,
taking into account their usage areas. With the use of the right
material, both resistance to structural loads and protection
against radiation, high temperature dierence and vacuum
conditions in the space environment can be provided.
Various materials such as aluminum, titanium, graphite
composite, and composite sandwich panels are used in the
manufacture of nanosatellites. ese materials dier in cost,
manufacturing process, mass, strength, durability, and labor
required [14]. e materials used in the manufacture of nano-
satellites must provide protection against radiation and extreme
temperatures, in short, against the dangers that may come from
the outer space environment. is study focuses on the extreme
temperature hazard faced by nanosatellites in the outer space
environment.
Overheating in Nanosatellites
Nanosatellites are a growing space industry segment and the
thermal cycle is an essential part of every nanosatellite. One
of the challenges for space applications is the low-temperature
operation. In orbit, the spacecra surface experiences extreme
temperature uctuations, which can reach up to ±100 °C [15].
Providing thermal control of satellites plays an important
role in determining the performance and functionality of
the satellite in orbit [16]. e main purpose of the thermal
design of a nanosatellite is to keep all the elements of the
satellite within the specified temperature ranges (Table).
Satellites are exposed to heat from both the Sun and Earth.
ere must be heat dissipation between parts of each element
on the satellite [17].
Miniaturized satellites are densely packed within the smaller
satellite volume due to high-power components and payloads,
resulting in thermal problems as the available radiative surface
area is reduced. For high-power, scientic, and cryogenic small
satellite missions, solving thermal challenges is imperative.
Earth exploration missions using small satellites are now con-
ducted using nano/microsatellites and are expected to grow
exponentially. Earth observation refers to the use of remote
sensing technologies to monitor land, sea, and atmosphere.
Most Earth observations are made in the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared detectors designed to oper-
ate at wavelengths in the 0.76 to 103 μm range require cooling
to perform better. e dark current is important reduced when
operating at low temperatures and therefore most infrared
detectors need to be cooled to lower temperatures for certain
applications. The low temperature requirement becomes
extremely important for detectors operating in the cryogenic
temperature regime [18].
Fig.1.Evolution of satellite mass and emergence of new sweet spots. Picture courtesy of Denis, G.; Pasco, X.; Pisot, N.; Texler, D.; and Toulsa, S. Source: [55].
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Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 3
Biology and Physiology of the Pompeii Worm
(A. pompejana) as a Biological Model
A. pompejana, commonly known as the Pompeii worm [19], is
an annelid worm (Fig. 2) that lives exclusively at deep-sea
hydrothermal vents (sometimes referred to as “chimneys”) in
the Pacic Ocean.
ese chimneys are geological formations where the waters
coming from the depths of Earth's crust and heated to temper-
atures high above the boiling point at the depth in question
(109° C) by the eect of magma mix with the ocean waters.
Pompeii worms have been seen to live in the ocean at a depth
of about 2,600 m [20,21]. ey face extreme environmental
conditions, including high temperature and pressure, as well
as high levels of sulfur and heavy metals.
A. pompejana is a small annelid about 10 cm long and less
than 1 cm in diameter [22]. To cope with high temperatures,
Pompeii worms have evolved adaptations that include a stable
glycoprotein matrix and a protective tube/cocoon made of posi-
tively and negatively twisted polymer layers containing elemen-
tal sulfur, a number of heat shock proteins, and stress oxidative
enzymes. ese worms remain stable and active at temperatures
above 50 °C [23] and the tubes insulate the worms from high
temperatures [24,25].
The Pompeii Worm Strategies for Adaptation to
Extreme Temperatures Under the Sea
Adaptations of organisms to extreme temperatures and condi-
tions such as extreme cold can be very diverse. Biologically, it
is easier for organisms to adapt to chemical extremes than
physical extremes such as temperature and high pressure [26].
Temperature is one of the most important environmental
factors governing the distribution of a species [22]. Adaptation
to cold is usually associated with reduced heat tolerance [27].
Some highly specialized prokaryotes can grow at temperatures
above 113 °C, but eukaryotes appear less versatile and do not
normally occur above 55 °C. Many worms living in deep-sea
hydrothermal vents seem to live at temperatures of about 80 °C
[22]. Active deep-sea hydrothermal vents typically contain
high-temperature ow areas (above 300 °C) that are essentially
abiotic. Associated with and around these warm regions are
regions of cooler (below 100 °C) diuse ow where mixing with
ambient seawater (2 °C) occurs [28]. e Pompeii worm is
currently considered the most thermotolerant eukaryote on
Earth, despite the largest known thermal [29] and chemical
ranges, whose transcriptome has recently been sequenced [30].
A desert ant tolerates a temperature of 53.6 °C [31]. An average
upper thermal limit for insects was assessed between 44.4°C and
47.4°C [32]. Simple eukaryotes such as fungi or algae grow at
temperatures of about 55 to 60 °C [33]. e Pompeii worm, on the
other hand, can withstand temperatures as high as 105 °C [34–38].
Pompeii worms live in the warm parts of hydrothermal eco-
systems of active vents during the East Pacic Rise from 21°N
to 32°S [22]. In this environment, pressures usually reach 260
bar and temperatures reach 350 °C. In addition, hydrothermal
Table. Operating temperature ranges for satellite elements.
Component Tmin (°C) Tmax (°C)
Main structure −40 +85
Solar cells −100 +100
Electronics −20 +60
Battery −20 +40
Source: [17].
Fig.2.Alvinella pompejana: the animal outside its tube showing the white filamentous epibionts (left) and inhabited tubes covering a smoker wall (right). Pictures courtesy
of Le Bris, N. and Gaill, F. Source: [44].
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Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 4
uids are rich in acidic, anoxic, and metallic suldes [39]. ese
metal sulde precipitates form black smoke and the smoke
creates large vents [28,40]. Pompeii worms oscillate between
nutrient-rich hot water and oxygen-rich cold water. is action
also mixes the cold water into the tube, but more importantly,
a eece-like bacterial layer helps insulate the Pompeii worm
from the extreme heat. Bacteria in the outer tissue of the Pompeii
worm contain sulfur granules [39] and metallothionein-like
proteins. Also, there are high concentrations of zinc, arsenic,
and sulfur in dierent epidermal areas of the worm [41]. e
Pompeii worm can only tolerate temperatures as low as 55 °C
on its own, but bacteria in the hairs covering its body circulates
cold water over the outer body and dissipates heat. e bacteria
not only help regulate the worm's temperature, but also break
down minerals in aeration to aid their hosts [42,43]. Experiments
carried out by Le Bris et al. [44] demonstrated that A. pompejana
inuences mineralization processes at the interface between
the smoker wall and the ambient oceanic water. e study also
indicated that A. pompejana exerts a primary control on its
environment by structuring the therma l and chemical gradients,
creating a mosaic of micro-environments by the constr uction of
protective tubes. e supply of water through the tube prevents
exposure to the extreme temperature spikes and high sulde
concentrations. Circumventing the large erratic changes gen-
erally associated with hydrothermal venting, A. pompejana
tubes create more homogeneous chemical and thermal micro-
niches and likely play a role in microbial diversity.
Protective Tubes as a Strategy against Hot
Ventilation Liquids
e extracellular matrix of Pompeii worms consists of 2 dier-
ent tissues. ese 2 dierent tissues are the exoskeleton of the
creature and the tube that allows the worm to settle on the
chimney walls, and the collagen that forms the main molecular
component of the tissues covering the body of the worm [45].
Collagen is one of the best-known extracellular proteins in the
animal kingdom and is a relevant marker of thermal adaptation.
Its stability is critical to animal survival in controlling defor-
mation of the body wall by hydrostatic pressure [45]. e tem-
perature at which the collagen molecule is denatured is 46 °C
for the cuticular collagen lining the animal epidermis and 45 °C
for the interstitial found in worm tissue. e level of thermal
stability of the Pompeii worm cuticular interstitial collagen is
importantly higher than that of other ventilated annelids [46].
e most remarkable adaptation of the Pompeii worm rel-
ative to other alvinellid species is in this tube [45]. Tubes insu-
late worms from high temperatures [24,25]. Pompeii worms
have developed adaptations to cope with high temperatures,
including a glycoprotein matrix and a series of heat shock pro-
teins in tubes made of positively and negatively twisted polymer
layers containing elemental sulfur, and stress oxidative enzymes
that remain stable and active at temperatures above 50 °C [23].
e material that makes up the tubes of Pompeii worms is
an anterior-ventral granular shield [47]. Most of the material
that makes up this shield is homogeneous granules secreted by
deep mother cells. Although the organic material of the tube
is granules, the other 7% consists of hexose sugar, which is an
oligosaccharide material. e tube consists of a concentrically
multilayered brous structure in which overlapping layers of
parallel brils change direction from one leaf to the next. e
number and thickness of the layers are xed. Layers dier
between dierent parts of the tube [45].
e inner surface of the tubes is covered with lamentous
bacteria trapped under successive layers of material. Each layer
of the tube consists of sublayers, and each layer is separated by
trapped bacteria. A new bril distribution appears within the
layers of secreted granules, reminiscent of the arrangement of
polymeric units in a cholesteric liquid crystal [48]. With this
secretion, called mucus secretion, bacteria can provide the con-
straint that determines the initial structure and is then replaced
by the brous structure itself, as revealed, or by additional
pulses of mucus production and bacterial growth. is type of
biopolymeric organization is thought to provide a certain ther-
mal resistance to the worm [45].
Minerals cover 29% of the tubes [20] and show certain pat-
terns of association with tubes. Zinc-iron sulde nanocrystals
grouped into submicrometer-sized clusters consist of layers of
proteinaceous tubes. ese minerals show a special zinc-iron
signature and have a conserved dimension, unlike mineral
deposits found outside the pipes. is acts as an eective barrier
to the tube's external environment [49]. e dense lamentous
bacterial coating on the inside of the tube is not uniform.
Bacteria may be absent in some areas, resulting from the dif-
ference in secretory activity of the worm's epidermis [45].
Tubes of Pompeii worms do not contain chitin. e material
of the tube has signicant chemical stability. Alvinella tubes
react little to these or to disulde bond-breaking agents, although
a cycle of concentrated hydrochloric acid and potassium hydro-
xide treatments causes delamination, swelling, and some dis-
solution. ermal stability is also excellent, with little swelling
or shrinkage in the 0 to 100 °C temperature range [20].
Figure 3 is a colony diagram of Pompeii worms. In the upper
seawater layer, temperature and pH vary with local uid out-
ows. Within the thickness of the colony, the tubes are surrounde d
by a matrix of mineral and organic sediments. Undiluted acidic
hydrothermal uids circulate in this matrix. e inside of the
tubes is mainly seawater, heated by thermal conduction, and
enters the tubes through their openings [44].
Design Inspired by the Pompeii Worm for
Reversing Overheating in Nanosatellites
Satellites traveling at various altitudes around Earth move in
and out of Earth's shadow in the orbits they follow and are
Fig.3.Diagram of the Pompeii worms’ colony. Courtesy of Le Bris, N. and
Gai ll, F. Source: [44].
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Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 5
therefore exposed to extremely large temperature dierences.
Cyclically repeated temperature changes can cause damage to
satellite structural subsystems. erefore, there are dierent
designs for reducing the thermal cycle of nanosatellites. Li et al.
[50] mention the inclusion of a heat source mounted directly
on the deck. e threshold can be extended to 100 W/m
2
, which
can be calculated by rule number analysis. Bulut et al. [51] state
that the entire surface of nanosatellites should be covered with
solar cells. Tuttle et al. [52] suggest a simple thermal belt con-
taining a thermal switch that can be retroactively attached to a
nanosatellite and that can provide a signicant temperature
drop. According to Rossi [53], optical coatings are a simple
passive solution that does not add large masses to the satellite
design and should be the rst choice for thermal control. A
secondary option is multilayer insulation with no electrical
requirements. In addition to these solutions, active thermal
management solutions can be considered. Heaters are a simple
active solution that may be required within the subsystems of
nanosatellites and can be easily integrated when a passive solu-
tion cannot be found.
In contrast to the above examples, we were inspired by the
Pompeii worm as a biological model for handling the problem
of overheating in nanosatellites. e Pompeii worm is extremely
successful in reversing overheating. Figure 4 is a schematic of
the thermal protection cone of the Pompeii worm.
Pompeii worms form U-shaped multilayered proteinaceous
tubes on the surface of zinc sulde diusers and in a few cases
in the walls of black drinkers [35]. e front ends of the tubes are
radially oriented, giving the smoker walls a feathery appearance.
e diameter of the tube increases forward to a maximum of
2 cm. e outer surface of the anterior end is usually scaly, and
the tube opening is either cylindrical or funnel-shaped, sometimes
with a transverse septum separating the 2 associated tubes [54].
Figure 5 is a technical drawing of our nanosatellite model.
Figure 5 shows the body of the nanosatellite, which consists of
the top cover, side covers, and bottom covers. In the center of
the top cover in Fig. 5, there is a mouth section where the
protective equipment will be placed. ere are also material-
saving cavities to reduce cost.
On the side covers in Fig. 5, there is a channel stabilizer to
x all covers to each other, electronic card slots, and screw holes
to x electronic cards. ere are also ventilation holes on the
side covers to provide air circulation. e at plate in Fig. 5 is
the bottom cover.
Figure 6 is our model inspired by the warming reversal strat-
egy of the Pompeii worm in Fig. 4.
e superiority and dierence of our nanosatellite model
compared to existing techniques and designs are the multilayer
internal equipment protective funnel to be placed inside the
nanosatellite. In Fig. 6, the multilayer internal equipment pro-
tective funnel does not fully penetrate into the nanosatellite.
e top cover of the nanosatellite has a funnel exit hole that
leaves the end of the funnel outside. is protective equipment
is positioned so that the bottom part protrudes into the inner
surface of the lower lid and the top part protrudes into the open-
ing in the center of the upper lid. In this way, it protects the
electronic equipment inside the body from cold and hot ambient
conditions and ensures thermal heat balance between the layers.
e main purpose of the multilayer internal equipment protec-
tive funnel is to prevent external heat from passing into the
layers and to ensure that the equipment of the nanosatellite is
not damaged. e multilayer internal equipment protective
funnel can maintain the thermal balance at a constant level. e
protective equipment is designed in the form of a funnel,
inspired by the Pompeii worm, narrowing toward the top cover.
However, alternatively, it can also be produced in cylinder form.
Conclusion
e problem of thermal heat in the outer space environment
has always been among the most important problems of nano-
satellites. e Pompeii worm represents an excellent biological
model due to its long-term adaptation to high temperatures,
its eciency, and its sustainability. e Pompeii worm has
developed structural adaptations to survive in harsh environ-
ments. e tubes in which the Pompeii worm lives act as insu-
lators, isolating it from heat and cold. e layering of the tubes
is the most important factor in reversing temperature. Inspired
Fig.4.Schematic of Pompeii worm thermal protection cone. Image courtesy of Zbinden, M.; Martinez, I.; Guyot, F.; Cambom-Bonavita, M.A.; and Gaill, F. Source: [49].
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Yazıcı and Persson 2023 | https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0017 6
by the Pompeii worm, this new nanosatellite model, which we
have developed, diers from other satellites in terms of design
and technical aspects, namely, the multilayered internal equip-
ment protective funnel placed inside the nanosatellite. is
multilayered funnel provides thermal stability to prevent dam-
age to the internal equipment. e new nanosatellite model can
be a new alternative for the rapidly growing space industry.
Acknowledgments
Author contributions: A.M.Y. contributed the main idea. Both
authors contributed to the conceptualization, draing, revising,
and writing stages. Competing interests: e authors declare
that they have no competing interests.
Data Availability
No data has been shared in this review article paper.
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