Review on important diseases of Dogs: At glance

Abstract

Dogs are one of the most accepted pet animals in every household. Increasing urbanization and modernization of human life has created a space where people are living in nuclear family or alone. This has created peoples' perception and acceptance of having pet for companionship. Human-dog interaction and close livelihood confinement emerge as crucial threat of outbreaks of zoonotic disease even a dog's diseases. To prevent and control diseases of dogs, it requires proper knowledge of vaccination, education of pet health management and pets' diseases. Therefore, the current review is on describing dog diseases like which provides concise information regarding the causative agents and other relevant details.

Full text

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International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry 2023; 8(2): 01-07
ISSN: 2456-2912
VET 2023; 8(2): 01-07
© 2023 VET
www.veterinarypaper.com
Received: 03-01-2023
Accepted: 04-02-2023
Krunal Solanki
Research Scientist, Veterinary
Pathologist, Ribosome Research
Centre Pvt Ltd., Kim, Gujarat,
India
Abhi Desai
Veterinary Officer, GVK EMRI,
Gujarat, India
Milind Dalvi
Junior Domain Expert,
Veterinary Pathologist,
Airamatrix Pvt. Ltd., Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Harsh Jani
Veterinary Pathologist, Centre
Point Pet Hospital Pvt Ltd.,
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Corresponding Author:
Krunal Solanki
Research Scientist, Veterinary
Pathologist, Ribosome Research
Centre Pvt Ltd., Kim, Gujarat,
India
Review on important diseases of Dogs: At glance
Krunal Solanki, Abhi Desai, Milind Dalvi and Harsh Jani
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/veterinary.2023.v8.i2a.480
Abstract
Dogs are one of the most accepted pet animals in every household. Increasing urbanization and
modernization of human life has created a space where people are living in nuclear family or alone. This
has created peoples’ perception and acceptance of having pet for companionship. Human- dog interaction
and close livelihood confinement emerge as crucial threat of outbreaks of zoonotic disease even a dog’s
diseases. To prevent and control diseases of dogs, it requires proper knowledge of vaccination, education
of pet health management and pets’ diseases. Therefore, the current review is on describing dog diseases
like, Rabies, Canine Parvoviral gastroenteritis, Canine Distemper, Canine Coronaviral infection, Canine
Rotavirus infection, Canine Herpesvirus infection, Canine Leptospirosis, Canine Brucellosis,
Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT), Kennel cough, Pyoderma at glance which provides concise
information regarding the causative agents and other relevant details.
Keywords: Canine, dog, diseases, rabies, leptospirosis, kennel cough
Introduction
Humans are emotionally attached to many different pet animals, but the dog has taken a
special place among them all. The dog was maybe the first animal to be tamed, and since that
time, it has remained a loyal human companion. Although the relationship between humans
and dogs has been shown to be good for their physical and mental health, there is a lack of
knowledge among owners about the various diseases that can infect dogs. Dogs and humans
share a close household environment, making them potential susceptible for various diseases.
The virus can spread to people through their nails, feces, urine, saliva, and other bodily fluids.
It is crucial that dog owners learn about canine disease and zoonoses, their potential
transmission routes, and preventative measures. Many bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic
illnesses as well as parasite infestations frequently spread from sick pets to humans. Some of
these illnesses are specific to the species or to closely related species, while others may be
zoonotic diseases that should be taken seriously but are frequently overlooked. So, the focus of
this analysis is on the canine illnesses that are significant in India. The four main categories of
dogs in India are pet dogs, family dogs, stray/community dogs, and feral dogs. The number of
stray and community dogs in India far outnumbers all other canine breeds. In India, between
60% and 80% of dogs are either community or wild types, while only 40% to 20% are owned
as pets (Chaudhuri, 2005) [5]. Both domesticated and stray dogs can harbor a variety of
zoonotic diseases, which puts the residents of proximity to sick dogs at serious risk for illness.
In India, wolves, foxes, and other wild dogs are also a potential source of zoonotic infections,
and community dogs likely act as a conduit for the spread of these pathogens from wildlife to
people (Sharma et al., 2015) [47]. Through direct contact with diseased dogs or through their
contaminated secretions and excretions, several zoonotic diseases can be spread to people.
Important dog diseases like, Rabies, Canine Parvoviral gastroenteritis, Canine Distemper,
Canine Coronaviral infection, Canine Rotavirus infection, Canine Herpesvirus infection,
Canine Leptospirosis, Canine Brucellosis, Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT), Kennel
cough, Pyoderma are presented in India. However, pet-dog get vaccination shot every year
(Desai et al., 2021) [10] otherwise it could have the worst situation in India for the pet owner.
Even though many of these diseases that are under vaccine coverage, every year millions of
dogs get infected by those diseases.

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Because there is very little information available among pet
parents in India about the prevalence and epidemiology of
canine diseases. Some significant canine diseases that are
common in India are covered in this article.
Rabies
Rabies is one of the most lethal viral infections that can affect
mammals, including humans and dogs and wild canines and
felines (Desai et al., 2018b) [9]. Rabies is a deadly infection
caused by the rabies virus. The rabies virus is found
worldwide, including in North America, Central America,
South America, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and some parts
of Europe. Yet, there are numerous rabies-free regions in the
world. The infection is transferred via a bite from an infected
animal to another animal. Transmission by alternate ways is
uncommon. In Europe, foxes are the primary reservoir,
whereas in North America, skunks, foxes, raccoons, coyotes,
and bats are significant reservoirs. Throughout Asia, Africa,
and Latin America, stray dogs are the primary reservoir, not
animals. Human infections and mortality are more prevalent
in these regions. After the bite, the rabies virus penetrates the
peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord),
reproduces, and travels to the salivary glands of the infected
animal. Here, the virus is transmitted through saliva. Rabies
virus cannot survive outside of a mammal's body for long.
The rabies virus can potentially be stored in mammals,
especially carnivores and bats, from which it might infect
humans and other animals. Either by coming into direct touch
with the saliva or by being bitten by a rabid dog, a person can
get rabies. It is the only human communicable disease that is
still largely 100% lethal despite being easily avoidable. The
majority of human rabies cases in India are linked to dog
attacks. Throughout much of the country, dogs are the main
source of rabies. The World Health Organization estimates
that dogs are responsible for up to 99% of all human rabies
transmissions. 92% of all animal bites in India are caused by
dogs, 60% of which are stray dogs and 40% are domestic
dogs (Sudarshan, 2003). 36% of rabies deaths worldwide and
56% of rabies deaths in Asia occur each year in India.
According to reports, India has the greatest global prevalence
of endemic canine rabies, accounting for 20,800 rabies deaths
annually (Gupta, 2017) [16]. The incubation period for the
rabies virus typically lasts between two and three months;
however, depending on the location of the bite and the
quantity of virus administered, it could take anywhere from
one week to a year for clinical symptoms to manifest in
human patients. Depending on the path the virus takes to enter
the brain, rabies often presents in one of two ways. Anxiety,
hypersensitivity, hydrophobia, and aerophobia are typical
symptoms of "furious rabies," which typically results in death
within two to three days. The less severe form of rabies,
known as "paralytic/dumb rabies," results in death because of
muscular paralysis. As it is deadliest disease of household pet,
it must require ‘One health’ approach to prevent the disease
(Desai et al., 2018a) [8] Worldwide occurrences of rabies
deaths can be avoided through public awareness campaigns
(Desai et al., 2018b) [9], dog vaccinations, and the proper pre-
and post-bite care procedures advised by the WHO. Quick
wound cleaning with soap and running water can significantly
lower the viral load and limit the risk of rabies infection in the
future. A global "United Against Rabies" collaboration has
been established by the World Health Organization (WHO),
the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) to
provide a common strategy to achieve "zero human dog-
mediated rabies deaths by 2030 (WHO, 2022) [57].
Canine Parvoviral gastroenteritis: Canine parvovirus
enteritis (PVE), which is caused by three varieties of canine
parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2; family Parvoviridae, Genus
Parvovirus), is the major cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide in dogs (Desai et al., 2020a; Desai et al., 2020b) [8,
9]. In the mid-to-late 1970s, CPV-2 arose as a cause of acute
canine enteritis, presumably from another carnivore
parvovirus (cats or other hosts), spreading swiftly and causing
global outbreaks. In the early to mid-1980s, CPV-2 developed
into two variations (CPV-2a and CPV-2b), while in 2000, a
third form (CPV-2c) was recorded in Italy and has
subsequently been discovered on every continent outside
Australia. These three variations are believed to have
comparable pathogenicity, resulting in same clinical illness.
Significantly, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c strains have a
greater host range than the original CPV-2 strain and may
induce feline panleukopenia in cats if they arise naturally.
Despite the fact that severe clinical disease mainly affects
puppies younger than six months of age, adults with weak
immunity may also be afflicted (Desai et al., 2020a) [8]. Breed
susceptibility and seasonal occurrence of the disease are
subject to substantial regional variation. CPV-2 is widespread
and can remain in the environment for more than a year,
allowing vulnerable dogs to be exposed to infected
excrement, vomitus, or fomites (Desai et al., 2020b) [9]. The
incubation time following natural or experimental exposure
ranges from 4 to 14 days, and viral shedding begins a few
days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, reducing
gradually 3–4 weeks after exposure.
Canine Distemper
Canine Distemper virus (CDV) is a deadly virus that infects
dogs, foxes, wolves, lions, and tigers (Desai et al., 2021) [10].
CDV is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus,
subfamily Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, and
order Mononegavirales. It is a 150-300 nm single-stranded,
nonsegmented, enclosed, negative-sense RNA virus (Desai et
al., 2021) [10]. Six structural proteins: haemagglutinin (H),
large protein (L), phosphoprotein (P), nucleocapsid protein
(N), fusionprotein (F), and matrix protein (M) as well as one
non-structural protein (C) produced via an alternate open
reading frame in the P gene make up the CDV genome (Joshi
et al., 2022a) [22]. CDV is a virus with multiorgan tropism that
causes numerous organ damage and systemic illness. The
virus replicates primarily in the lymphatic system of the
respiratory tract and then spreads to other organs, including as
the eye, brain, lymphoid organs, urine bladder, respiratory
system, and gastro intestinal tract (GIT) (Desai et al., 2021)
[10]. Although though it has a greater affinity for the
respiratory, central neurological, and digestive systems, it
causes substantial harm and clinical manifestations (Joshi et
al., 2022b) [23]. It is a highly immunosuppressive virus that
enhances the host's susceptibility to secondary infections, the
leading cause of death (Joshi et al., 2022a; Joshi et al., 2022b)
[22, 23]. CDV is most lethal in young puppies, causing rapid
death a few days after infection.
Canine Coronaviral infection
CCoV, or canine coronavirus illness, is a highly contagious
intestinal sickness that primarily affects puppies (Desai et al.,
2020a) [8]. Dogs infected with the canine coronavirus may
have significant stomach discomfort for a few days. The virus

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belongs to the family Coronaviridae. When viewed from
above using an electron microscope, the virus has a ring of
projections that resemble a coronet or a miniature crown
composed of ornaments attached to a metal ring. There are
numerous coronavirus kinds, each of which affects distinct
animal species, including humans. Coronavirus transmission
is caused by overcrowding and poor sanitation. One to four
days pass between consumption and clinical manifestations.
In most canines, the length of illness ranges from two to ten
days. Secondary infections caused by bacteria, parasites, and
other viruses can cause disease and recovery to be prolonged.
Dogs may be disease carriers for up to six months (180 days)
following infection. The majority of canine coronavirus
infections are subclinical and manifest little clinical
symptoms. On sometimes, an infection may result in more
severe symptoms, especially in pups. The most common
symptom of canine coronavirus is sudden-onset diarrhea,
which may be followed by lethargy and a decreased appetite.
The stool is loose, has a foul odor, and is orange in color.
There may be blood or mucous present. If a puppy has a
combined infection, such as coronavirus and parvovirus, the
severity of the sickness will increase.
Canine Rotavirus infection
Group A rotaviruses are human and animal gastrointestinal
pathogens (Tumlam et al., 2019; Makwana et al., 2020a;
Makwana et al., 2020b) [53, 27, 28]. Nonetheless, interspecies
transmission or reassortment between animal and human
viruses is possible (Kapikian et al., 2001) [24]. Sequence
analysis of the genes encoding the two outer capsid proteins
VP7 and VP4, the inner capsid protein VP6, and the
nonstructural protein NSP4 is beneficial for gathering
epidemiological data and tracing the origin of uncommon
rotavirus strains (Makwana et al., 2020a; Makwana et al.,
2020b) [27, 28]. In human and animal group A rotaviruses, 15
VP7 genotypes (G types 1–15), 27 VP4 genotypes (P types
[1]–[27]), 4 VP6 subgroup specificities (SGs I, II, I+II, and
nonI/nonII), and 5 NSP4 genotypes (A–E) have been
identified to far (Khamrin et al., 2007) [25]. A variety of strains
with animal-like VP7 and VP4 genes have been sporadically
found in humans, calves and dogs and have acquired
epidemiologic significance in certain geographical regions
(Iturriza-Gomara et al., 2004; Tumlam et al., 2019) [53, 21].
Dogs are considered vectors of viral, bacterial, or parasitic
zoonoses for people of all ages, however the possibility of
enteric virus transmission is largely disregarded. Early in the
research of rotavirus epidemiology, however, symptomatic
and asymptomatic infections by canine/feline-like rotavirus
strains (HCR3A, HCR3B, Ro1845), classified as G3P5A [3],
long e-type, and SGI, were detected in young infants (Santos
et al., 1998) [41]. Due to overlook and ignorance due to
dominance of parvoviral enteritis, the cases of rotaviral
infection may be ignored and remain untreated.
Canine Herpesvirus infection
Canine herpesvirus (CHV) (also known as canine herpesvirus
1, canid herpesvirus 1, neonatal herpes, genital herpes, ocular
herpes, and CHV-1) infections and related diseases have been
recognized since the early 1960s (Hashimoto et al., 1982), but
there has been a resurgence of interest in the various clinical
manifestations of the virus, making this review very timely
(Ronsse et al., 2005) [38]. There are numerous CHV-associated
infection types. In other instances, these infections were
directly associated with clinical symptoms, such as acute
neonatal viremia resulting in puppy mortality; systemic
viremia in naive pregnant females resulting in fetal death,
abortion, and mummification; and ocular-respiratory disease
in dogs of varying ages (Anvik, 1991) [1]. The ability to
identify the virus in its subclinical condition has altered over
the past decade, allowing for a much clearer grasp of the
significance of two subpopulations of dogs in the animal
populations with which we work: carrier-shedder adult dogs
and CHV– latently infected dogs. The improved sensitivity of
antibody-based serology assays like direct fluorescent
antibody test (Patel et al., 2018) [34], ELISA based detection
kits and nucleic acid– based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
assays (Vala et al., 2020) [55] has increased our clinical
investigation of bovine, equine, canine herpesvirus and other
canine pathogenic pathogens (Ronsse et al., 2002) [39]. In
addition to identifying CHV adult carriers in the general
community, this new momentum has enabled veterinarians to
screen canines undergoing invasive procedures.
Canine Leptospirosis
A spirochete found in the urine of infected animals causes the
growing zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis. Due to the
unsanitary environment, endemic instances of leptospirosis
may peak to epidemic proportions after natural catastrophes,
posing a serious public health risk (Park Kasturba, 2017) [33].
Rodents serve as the principal reservoir host for pathogenic
Leptospira species strains, which are mostly implicated in
disease (Desai et al., 2020c) [11]. Yet, as secondary hosts, dogs
can also spread illness. A man can become infected by
touching his injured skin against water or soil or by
consuming food or drink that has been tainted with infected
urine (Desai et al., 2020c) [11]. For months to years, a carrier
dog may release organisms into the environment. Due to non-
specific clinical signs that resemble influenza-like sickness in
humans, the disease is still largely overlooked. The lack of
investigation into an infection is further exacerbated by the
rarity of laboratory test availability and the unreliable nature
of fast diagnostic assays. According to estimations from the
Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, leptospirosis has an
annual incidence in the WHO's south-east Asia region of 0.1–
1 per 100,000 in temperate regions and 10–100 per 100,000 in
the humid tropics. In high-exposure risk groups and during
disease outbreaks, an incidence can increase to more than 100
per 100 000 (Hartskeerl, 2005). Dogs can contract the disease
directly by coming into touch with contaminated urine or
indirectly by consuming contaminated water or swimming in
contaminated bodies of water. The infection can manifest in
dogs as weakness and depression, colic, liver damage, or even
death. Dogs with the infection develop into the carrier stage
and continue to excrete spirochetes in their urine. It is very
difficult to treat the cases where there is more chances of
treatment evasion which might lead for antimicrobial
resistance (Bhinsara et al., 2018). Antimicrobial resistance
and antimicrobial residue are the major concern (Patel et al.,
2019; Patel et al., 2020) [35, 36] not in domesticated animals
(Tumlam et al., 2022) [54] but also in pets. The close
interaction of pets and humans might provide medium of
transferring resistant bacteria vice versa. Using protective
equipment and avoiding swimming in contaminated water
bodies can reduce occupational danger to people. Pet animal
vaccinations and the testing of a rodent control culling
program can both help to reduce the animal population as
vaccine is the prime measure for preventing disease
occurrence (Makwana et al., 2018) [26].

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Canine Brucellosis
The term "brucellosis" refers to a disease caused by infection
with Brucella spp. in people and animals. Although there are
significantly more genetic differences between strains of
Escherichia coli or serotypes of Salmonella enterica than
between Brucella species (Tsolis, 2002) [52], Brucella spp. are
often host-restricted, which has been the standard method for
designating the species. B. melitensis, B. suis, B. abortus, B.
canis, B. ovis, and B. neotomae, for example, have small
ruminants, pigs, cattle, dogs, sheep, and rodents as their
favorite hosts, respectively (Xavier et al., 2009) [58].
Movement of animals from one region to another and
confining them as organized farms are the most critical
activity where occurrence and spreading of disease is highest
(Sakhare et al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2019) [40, 46]. Even it
causes interspecies spread of bacterial and viral Pathogens. In
recent years, the genus has expanded significantly with the
recognition of new species, including B. ceti (Ewalt et al.,
1994, Foster et al., 2007) [14, 15], B. pinnipedialis (Foster et al.,
2007) [15], B. microti (Scholz et al., 2008) [43], B. inopinata
(Scholz et al., 2010) [44], B. papionis (Whatmore et al., 2014)
[56], and B. vulpis (Scholz et al., 2016) [45], which have as their
preferred hosts cetaceans (e.g., whales and dolphins), seals,
common vole (Microtus arvalis), undetermined host.
Brucellosis is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases in
the world (Corbel, 2006; Pappas, 2010) [6, 32], and the vast
majority of Brucella species are capable of infecting people,
although their zoonotic potential is very variable. B.
melitensis is the most virulent species of Brucella for humans,
with just 1–10 CFU (colony forming units) required for
infection, whereas B. suis and B. abortus possess intermediate
zoonotic potential. B. canis has the lowest zoonotic potential
among the traditional Brucella spp., and human infections
with B. ovis have never been observed (Young, 1983; Xavier
et al., 2010) [59, 60]. The pathobiology of brucellosis in
livestock animals has been widely researched (Carvalho et al.,
2010; Poester et al., 2013), primarily because of its zoonotic
and public health implications (Young, 1983) [60] and because
of the extremely considerable economic losses to the animal
sector (Santos et al., 2013) [42]. In contrast, the majority of
research on canine brucellosis relies on seroepidemiologic
surveys (Holst et al., 2012) [20]. Furthermore, canine
infections with B. canis are prevalent, which, considering the
limits for correct identification in dogs and human patients
(Mol et al., 2020) [29], makes human brucellosis associated
with B. canis a zoonotic disease that is notably neglected.
Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT)
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), also known as
canine condyloma, granuloma venereum, infectious sarcoma,
or venereal lymphosarcoma, is among the most prevalent
neoplasms afflicting dogs (Dagli, 2019) [7]. TVT is currently
categorized as a round cell neoplasm, along with mast cell
tumors, basal cell carcinomas, histiocytomas, and lymphomas.
However other tumors cases have also been reported like
perianal gland adenoma (Chaudhari et al., 2017) [4]. TVT is
naturally contagious and sexually transmissible among dogs,
particularly stray dogs and dogs of reproductive age (Tinucci-
Costa & Castro, 2009) [51], and experimental transplantation
has also been proved to be a possibility (Silveira et al., 2009)
[48]. Although sexual actions are the most common method of
TVT transmission, other methods exist, such as the habit of
licking and sniffing other canines (Oliveira, 2019) [31], which
can result in tumor cell implantation in the nasal and oral
canals. Moreover, direct contact between locations with skin
lesions might result in eye and skin lesions. Metastases occur
in the skin, inguinal lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, spleen,
intestine, heart, brain, and lungs, among other organs
(Tinucci-Costa & Castro, 2009) [51]. However, they are
uncommon and less common than extracutaneous metastases,
which affect approximately 1% of dogs (Tinucci-Costa &
Castro, 2009) [51]. The clinical signs reported in dogs with
TVT and those with genital lesions include the presence of a
single or multiple, usually friable mass on the foreskin or
vulva, serosanguineous secretion, odor intensity, deformity,
ulceration, and areas with or without necrosis (Oliveira, 2019)
[31]. When tumors and/or their metastases originate in
extragenital locations, different clinical symptoms may be
present, depending on the location of the affected organ
(Oliveira, 2019) [31]. These symptoms may appear as
respiratory diseases, such as dyspnea, abdominal pain, and
dysphagia (Tinucci-Costa & Castro, 2009) [51]. Depending on
the anatomical location of the tumors, it may be more
challenging to diagnose TVT in extragenital areas (Oliveira,
2019) [31]. In all instances, however, a precise diagnosis of
primary or metastatic TVT can only be made through
cytological or histological analysis (Tinucci-Costa & Castro,
2009) [51].
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (Kennel
cough)
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC),
sometimes referred to as "kennel cough," is a highly
contagious respiratory ailment affecting dogs. All ages and
breeds are vulnerable. As the name "kennel cough" suggests,
dogs exposed to environments where several canines are
routinely gathered or housed, such as kennels, shelters, and
daycare facilities, are at increased risk.
Several types of bacteria and viruses can cause CIRDC, and
dogs can be infected by two or more of these pathogens
simultaneously. Bordetella bronchiseptica as well as canine
parainfluenza virus and canine adenovirus type 2 are among
the most common organisms involved. The typical symptom
of CIRDC is a sudden onset of a hacking, honking cough.
This cough has also been referred to as gagging or retching,
and it may be accompanied by foam that resembles vomit.
Coughing is typically exacerbated by physical exertion or
exercise, which can irritate the airways.
Nevertheless, not every dog with CIRDC will cough. Also
prevalent are sneezing and a runny nose or eyes. In the
majority of CIRDC instances, the disease is mild and dogs
recover completely within 7 to 10 days. However, depending
on the infecting organism(s) and the dog's ability to fight
them, some dogs may develop more severe symptoms, such
as lethargy, decreased appetite, fever, productive cough, and
rapid or labored breathing, which may indicate that bacteria
have infected the lungs (bacterial pneumonia) and require
immediate veterinary care. Dogs infected with canine
distemper virus may also exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms
(such as vomiting or diarrhea), hardened footpads, and, as the
disease develops, neurologic symptoms (e.g., head tilt or
circling behavior). These dogs, as well as pups and older dogs
with other health issues, are at a greater risk of contracting a
severe illness or perhaps dying.
Canine skin infection/Pyoderma
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a gram-positive bacteria
with coagulase activity that typically resides in the anterior
portion of the nasal cavity of a variety of species, including
dogs, pigeons, and horses. This pathogen could also be

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isolated from the gingiva of healthy dogs, according to some
evidence (Hoekstra and Paulton, 2002) [19]. Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius is not a common zoonotic pathogen in
humans; nonetheless, multiple investigations have established
that this bacterium is a potential pathogen linked with dog bite
wounds and that cellulitis can develop in humans infected
with this bacterium (Tanner et al., 2000) [50]. This
microorganism must be distinguished from staphylococcus
aureus. Treatment with penicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate
is beneficial for this infection but increasing drug resistance
might fail to treat with common antimicrobials. Methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pseudintermedius (MRSA/P)
is a leading cause of deadly infections. According to multiple
studies, this bacteria have been isolated from a variety of
animals, including pigs, horses, cattle, cats, and dogs.
Conventional drugs against staphylococci are not more
effective in treating infections caused by MRSA. Hence,
newer medications, such as vancomycin, linezolid, and
daptomycin, are frequently used to treat MRSA infections
(Morgan, 2008).
Conclusion
The advantages of a man-dog relationship are well known
around the world. Dogs and humans are becoming more and
more closely entwined. They are no longer relegated to the
outside of the house but are now an important part of families
who live inside with men. There is no doubt that these
connections are good for people's social, emotional, and
overall wellbeing. Although there are benefits to this link
between people and animals, we also need to be aware of
illnesses might spread between these two populations. Dog
diseases like, Rabies, Canine Parvoviral gastroenteritis,
Canine Distemper, Canine Coronaviral infection, Canine
Rotavirus infection, Canine Herpesvirus infection, Canine
Leptospirosis, Canine Brucellosis, Transmissible venereal
tumors (TVT), Kennel cough, Pyoderma should need to be
known by every pet owner and their family members. The
first line of defense against any disease is prevention.
Frequent immunization, deworming, the use of the proper
chemical disinfectants, as well as personal and environmental
hygiene, can guard against the spread of many infections
between dogs and their owners. To stop the spread of these
diseases, early diagnosis and owner education are crucial.
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