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LWATI: A Jour. of Contemp. Res.
ISSN: 1813-222 ©June 2022
RESEARCH
DIGITAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECT IBIBIO SYMBOLS IN
CLIP ART FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS:
A FOCUS ON HUMAN GROUPING
Itoro Domobongse Ekong
Department of Fine and Industrial Arts
Faculty of Environmental Studies
University of Uyo, Uyo
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
+2348028866620; +2347031305053
itorodomobongse@uniuyo.edu.ng; domosehekong@gmail.com
ORCID N0: 0000-0002-6264-5571
Abstract
Ibibio symbols appear not to be assembled in clip art packages.
Therefore, there is obvious lack of Ibibio traditional clip art in computer
applications. Thus, an Ibibio graphics designer does not have a ready-
made repository of the symbols where they can be picked and used with
ease as the need arises. This, therefore, constrains Ibibio designers to
use images that are misfits in most designs that have traditional Ibibio
themes. It is against this backdrop that this study was undertaken. The
aim of the study was to create clip art in Ibibio symbols for computer
applications. The objectives were to select Ibibio symbols in clip art for
boys and girls category; to make digital illustration of select Ibibio
symbols in clip art for culture category; make digital illustration of
select Ibibio symbols in clip art for dance category; and make digital
illustration for play category. The study gathered data from secondary
and primary sources. Sketches, photographs and Adobe Photoshop
Software were adapted complementarily for the illustrations. The study
revealed that it is possible to create digital illustrations using Ibibio
symbols for computer application in clip art. The study recommends
that more digital illustrations of Ibibio and other Nigerian and African
cultural background clip art should be created. Same should be
profusely used by Ibibio designers, and others, in their design content so
as to popularize Ibibio symbols. The study also recommends that Apps
on Ibibio clip arts and emoticons should be created by software
designers.
Keywords: Clip Art, Computer Application, Ibibio, Symbols.
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ISSN: 1813-222 ©June 2022
RESEARCH
Introduction
The practice of cutting images from pre-existing printed works for use in
design gave birth to the term clip art. It involves a variety of files and
formats. It equally involves photographs, illustrations, drawing, scripts
and fonts or characters. Clip art can be summed up as a collection of
different ready-made copyright free images, graphic or objects cut,
compiled and arranged in a categorical format to aid a designer or user
of the relevant environment in a work or works. Jared (2017) defines
clip art as “a wide variety of files, professional photographs, technical
illustrations, simple line drawings, even fonts”. Clip art as a term has
been used all over the world since 1968 (Merriam-Webster, 2018) as an
effective repository of visuals for effective graphics service delivery.
Since it serves this purpose and also ensures relatively fast delivery of
design, designers have exploited it in a variety of ways. Artists and
designers from different parts of the world have launched visuals of their
respective cultural backgrounds on clip art environment. Unfortunately,
among the Ibibio, this is not the case in spite of the prolific nature of clip
art. Visuals of Ibibio culture appear not to be found in clip art
environment. Undoubtedly, there are very many things in Ibibio culture
that can be placed on the clip art environment which can make the
culture compete favourably with others in the African continent and
beyond.
The dearth of Ibibio clip art has resulted in many artists and
designers using alien visuals for designs that should rather use local
contents to communicate. The lack of ready-made visuals on Ibibio in
clip art environment is a source of concern. It has reached a situation
where, for instance, a designer of invitation cards for a Child Dedication
uses an image of an English man‟s baby for the design of a card meant
for an Ibibio, an African child. See figure 1.
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LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research 2022, 19 (2): 85-102
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LWATI: A Jour. of Contemp. Res.
ISSN: 1813-222 ©June 2022
RESEARCH
Figure 1: “Invitation Card”, Image of an English man‟s child on Child
Dedication of and African child
Source: Emmanuel Ndem‟s Collections, (2017).
The same scenario applies to, but not limited to, the use of visuals of
drinking glasses, jars and decanters in place of gourds, calabashes and
pots in designs of cards, programmes and brochures for Ibibio traditional
marriages, coronations and other Ibibio traditional functions. It is
against this backdrop that the writer undertook the creation of some
digital illustrations of Ibibio symbols for clip art environment. Although
there are Animal, Bird, Plant Groupings, this study was delimited to
Human Grouping. Digital illustration was used. Boys and girls, culture,
dance and play categories were illustrated for computer application.
CorelDraw and Photoshop package were used to achieve the desired and
necessary file formats of Scalable Vector Graphics (svg) for storage and
retrieval. In order to set the paper in adequate perspective, the paper is
organized under the following sub-headings: Ibibio People, Computer
Application, Clip Art, Digital Illustrations of some Ibibio Symbols in
Clip Art.
Ibibio People
Geographically, the Ibibio people are located in South South Nigeria
between longitudes 7o25` and 8o25` East of the Greenwich meridian and
between latitudes 4o33` and 5o33` North of the equator. They share a
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RESEARCH
common boundary in the North and North East with the Ekoi in the
West and North West bounded by the Igbo of Abia State. In the East
they are bounded by various ethnic groups of the Cameroons while
Bight of Bonny washes the Southern border (Ukpong, Akpan and
Akang, 2001). Many authors and researchers have given varied
meanings to the word, Ibibio. The name Ibibio means „children or
followers of Ibom‟ (Mbio or Ndito-Ibom). Ibom the father of the Ibibio
founded Ibom village in Arochukwu. Ibibio is a name derived from the
fusion of the Western Ibibio word Ibi and the central Ibibio word mbio,
Ibi-bio, which means people or children or followers of Ibom (Ndito
Ibom, Ikot Ibom or Nung Ibom) (Ukpong, Akpan and Akang, 2001).
Ibom literally means mighty, limitless or supreme.
Udo (1983) asserts that the meaning of Ibibio suggests
something that is short, brief and precise. The source adds that Ibibio
people do things in direct, precise ways; even their language is brief; one
Ibibio word may stand for two, three or more than five different things
depending on the usage or pronunciation. The source gives an example
of Ibibio word, Obong which stands for five different things. The word
obong depending on pronunciation can mean mosquito, shouts, cane,
chief and pimple. The source observes that Ibibio words are short,
precise and are phonetically spelt and pronounced. The Ibibio think of
their name as meaning the people who do things in precise and brief
manner (Udo, 1983).
Computer Application
Computer application is a software programme that runs on ones
computer, such as, web browsers, word processors, games and other
applications in a computer. The earliest form of computing device is
Abacus that was developed more than 5,000 years ago. According to
Umoh and Inyang (2005) computers have now taken virtually every
field of human endeavour. Computer is an electronic device that is
capable of solving problems especially in the area of manipulation of
data. It accepts data, processes the data using mathematical and logical
operations and releases the data when needed. Computers are able to
store huge quantities of data in such a way that they can easily be made
available for further processing. In the olden days, data were stored in
files that could easily fill the storage rooms. If one wanted to use the
data, one needed to look for the correct file in the storage room. Now
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ISSN: 1813-222 ©June 2022
RESEARCH
data is stored in computers and can easily be accessed by typing in the
corresponding instructions.
Computer graphics increases range, versatility and flexibility of
graphic design. Computer application is essential to human
development. There is no area of discipline that computer is not
relevant. The speed and accuracy of data processing and other functions
with the computer are enormous. In all directions, computer as a tool in
contemporary design serves in ceramics, graphics, painting, sculpture,
textiles, multimedia, theatre and architecture. Its software application to
designs remains the most important tool for accomplishing effective
designs and communication. Computer plays a vital role in providing
different softwares that make presentation less tedious and more
effective. The different softwares that are relevant to digital illustration
include, but not limited to, Anima-Pro for animation, Adobe Illustrator
for illustration, CorelDraw for graphic design, PageMaker for
typesetting and layout of books, Publisher for publishing of business
cards, cards, letter-head papers, brochures, fliers and; Photoshop for
editing and modifying pictures. Most of these softwares were used to
enhance the digital illustrations of Ibibio symbols in clip art in this
study.
Clip Art
Clip art is the practice of cutting images from pre-existing printed works
for use in design. It is a ready-made package that contains visual
symbols and images which are designed professionally for ease of
graphic design. It also ensures suitability of images in a given work. It
is a collection, compilation and arrangement of different images,
photographs, illustrations, drawings, and or fonts in a categorical format
to aid a user. Thankgod (2015) sees clip art as not just for graphics
convenience but as bits and documents of history, that has to “contain
cultural values which have an origin and could be commoditized
globally”. According to Deals (2010) in Thankgod (2015) “the term clip
art originated through the practice of cutting images from existing
printed works for use in other printed projects”. Before the advent of
computers for desktop publishing, clip art was used through a process
known as paste-up. In this process, the clip art images were cut out by
hand, and then attached via adhesives to the medium. Since the 1990s,
nearly all publishers have replaced the paste-up process with desktop
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RESEARCH
publishing. Little wonder Adewunmi (2002) states that computer has
brought about development by stimulating every facet of creative design
to explore new vistas. There has been a rapid development and
modification intended to facilitate and ease designers of all sorts. Every
minute something new is added to the available computer graphics tools.
Classification/Keywords of Digital Illustration of Ibibio Symbols
The classification/keywords of digital illustration of Ibibio symbols on
Human grouping – boy/girl, culture, dance and play. These are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
Boy/girl: This is a male/female child. A person between the ages of 0
and 18 years according to the law of Federal Republic of Nigeria is a
child. Longman (2010) sees a boy as “a male child or a young man” and
a girl as “a female child”.
Culture: Generally, culture is seen as a way of life of a people; the food,
attire, house, religion and behavioural pattern of a given people. Culture
is more than just the way of life. It speaks identity just as one‟s name.
When culture is mentioned, most times it refers to the work of arts –
painting, sculpture and music. Linton (1955) as cited in Modo
(1994:33) sees culture “as an organized group of learned responses
characteristic of a particular society”. Tylor (1871) over a century ago
defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society”. Modo (1994:33) avers that:
Culture can be in material or non-material form.
… could be in the form of behaviours, beliefs,
attitudes, value based on cumulative past
experience and ideas. The products of such
behaviour are artifacts, that is, the material
products of learned behaviour, such as pots,
hammer, clothing, hoes, and buildings.
From the above definitions of culture, it can be said that human
beings have the capacity to create and sustain culture no matter how
simple that culture appears to be. Culture has its own characteristics.
One of the characteristics is cultural relativity. Every society tend to see
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ISSN: 1813-222 ©June 2022
RESEARCH
their system of behaviour as good or normal while that of other people is
seen as inferior, timid, barbaric, and unacceptable (Modo, 1994). It is
important that one gains knowledge of other peoples‟ culture.
According to Boas (1965) in Modo (1994) all cultures are good. No
culture is more important than another. All cultures are useful to the
people who practice them for they emanate both solutions to the
people‟s problems and also keys to the people‟s advancement. Modo
(1994) sees cultural relativity as “a society‟s custom, and ideas that
should be understood in the context of its peculiar circumstances”. In
this category, culture and certain cultural activities were reviewed using
Ibibio symbols for the development of clip art.
Dance: Dance is a rhythmic movement of one‟s body. This is usually
accompanied, mostly, with any kind of music. According to Nkanga
(2016) dance helps in physical co-ordination. It improves physical
health and creates aesthetic experience among participants. The source
asserts “It has always created physical sensitivity as it often makes
participants alert and active in creating movement within a specified
space and rhythm to the music”. Dance and musical sessions have
always created excitement and promote co-operation and team spirit
among participants.
Play: Is seen as one being engaged in enjoyable activities. There are
several plays in Ibibio-land such as: ekoong, ekpe, ekpo, utuekpe,
ababat, ekong nke, ekpaekpan, ndut ukpa, mkpiboribo, tinkoriko, mbok,
ekpi’no ebot mmi. This article selected some of the Ibibio plays for
digital illustration.
Digital Illustrations of some Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art
Ibibio symbols which have long been in the history should be re-
invented by artists for digital storage and retrieval. Traditional symbols
of most tribes and cultures of the world are available in clip art
packages. Corporate symbols of most organizations, groups and
professional bodies are also made available in clip art. In spite of the
popularity of clip art, the package is bereft of Ibibio symbols in
computer application. Therefore, this work attempted a digital
illustration of select Ibibio symbols in clip art. This was done under one
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RESEARCH
keyword namely; Human grouping. This was subdivided under boy and
girl, culture, dance and play. Plates 1 – 4 show the illustrations.
KEYWORD: HUMAN
CATEGORY: Boy and girl
Symbolic
Ibibio
name
English
Equivalent
Manifest
Meaning
Nsek eyen
awowan
Baby girl
Meekness,
restfulness,
innocence
Nsek eyen
aworen
Baby boy
Meekness,
restfulness,
innocence
Etok eyen
awowan
Little girl
Innocence,
growth
Etok eyen
aworen
Little boy
Innocence,
growth
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Akpuum
aboikpa
Girl
Growth, puberty,
fertility
Akpuum
akparawa
Boy
Growth, puberty,
fertility
Akparawa
awowan
Lady
Youthfulness,
vigour
Akparawa
aworen
Gentleman
Youthfulness,
vigour
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Plate 1: Some Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art showing Human Grouping of
Boy/Girl Category
Source: Author‟s fieldwork, 2018
KEYWORD: HUMAN
CATEGORY: Culture
Symbolic
Ibibio
name
English
Equivalent
Manifest
Meaning
Abod oko
Potter
Industry,
productivity
Abop ufok
Builder
Industry,
productivity
Adok
nkreng
Basket weaver
Industry,
productivity
Ako iyak
Fisherman
Industry,
productivity
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Ata utop
Hunter
Industry,
productivity
Ato
inwang
Farmer
Industry,
productivity
Ato
inwang
Farmer
Industry,
productivity
Atuak ukot
Palm wine
tapper
Industry,
productivity
Mbopo
Young maiden
Wealth, royalty,
good health
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Obong
Ikpaisong
Chief of any
given
geographical
area
Authority,
royalty,
government
Atuak ukot
Palm wine
tapper
Industry,
productivity
Okpoko
mkpo
Town crier
Communication,
transparency
Abre ibit
Drum beater
Entertainment
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Plate 2: Some Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art showing Human Grouping of
Culture Category
Source: Author‟s fieldwork, 2018
KEYWORD: HUMAN
CATEGORY: Dance
Symbolic
Ibibio
name
English Equivalent
Manifest
Meaning
Ekombi
A kind of traditional
dance
Entertainment
Mbaya
A kind of traditional
dance
Entertainment
Itembe
A kind of traditional
dance
Entertainment
Abang
A kind of traditional
dance
Entertainment
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Uta
Horn blower
Entertainment
Plate 3: Some Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art showing Human Grouping of
Dance Category
Source: Author‟s fieldwork, 2018
KEYWORD: HUMAN
CATEGORY: Play
Symbolic
Ibibio
name
English
Equivalent
Manifest Meaning
Ekong nke
Folk tales
Relaxation
Mbok
Wrestling
Prowess and social
co-existence,
entertainment
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Utue-ekpe
Spider man
It is a play that one
climbs and rides a
bicycle with a web
designed and
modeled after the
cobweb.
It is for
entertainment.
Ekpe
A kind of play
– lion
Entertainment
Ekpo
nyoho
Masquerade
Entertainment
Abiakpo
A kind of play
Entertainment
Plate 4: Some Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art showing Human Grouping of
Play Category
Source: Author‟s fieldwork, 2018
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Manifest Meaning of Select Ibibio Symbols in Clip Art
Communication involves the sharing of information. It is a process
which consists of communicative elements. These elements include
encoder and decoder. For communication to be effective, the right
visuals or tools must be properly placed. Adewunmi (2000) and
Bassey (2004) cited in Bassey (2013) state that the aim of design is to
communicate a message to its audience successfully through the
organization of images and words. This article communicates side by
side, to its audience, reader the manifest meanings of images and
English equivalent as shown in plates 1 – 4.
Conclusion
Clip art is the practice of cutting images from pre-existing printed works
for use in design. It ensures suitability of images in a given work.
Traditional symbols of most tribes and cultures of the world are
available in clip art packages. Corporate symbols of most organizations
groups and professional bodies are also made available in clip art
packages. In spite of the plethora of symbols available in clip art, the
package is still bereft of some symbols. This work corroborates
Thankgod (2015) submission that there is short supply of clip art that
express the many Nigerian cultural design items in global circulation.
Ibibio symbols are among those in short supply. The dearth of Ibibio
symbols, images or visuals in clip art has constrained most Ibibio
designers to use images and symbols which do not fit most designs with
Ibibio themes. It is against this background that this study was set to
select Ibibio symbols in clip for boys and girls category; to make digital
illustration of select Ibibio symbols in clip art for culture category; make
digital illustration of select Ibibio symbols in clip art for dance category;
and make digital illustration for play category.
The study resulted in the provision of classification/keywords of
digital illustration of Ibibio symbols of each image and manifest
meaning for clarification. The outcome was a rendition of Ibibio clip art
with the keyword – Human symbols. The resultant Ibibio clip art is
absolutely editable in CorelDraw and any relevant working
environment.
Symbols are beneficial to human existence. It constitutes the
cultural background of any given society. Symbols convey meaning and
are imbued with ideas. Ibibio symbols are not an exception to these
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facts. This study therefore, recommends that: artists/designers should
incorporate Ibibio symbols in their indigenous designs rather than using
western symbols in traditional themes; more digital illustrations should
be created by using Ibibio symbols for digital storage and retrieval;
Ibibio clip art should be profusely used for designs with indigenous
themes; more interfaces of other keywords and categories should be
created for traditional Ibibio symbols for accessibility; the study also
recommends that Apps on Ibibio clip arts and emoticons should be
created by software designers.
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LWATI: A Jour. of Contemp. Res.
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