Access to this full-text is provided by EDP Sciences.
Content available from E3S Web of Conferences
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Integrated security assessment engineering
construction object
Natalya Bakaeva1,2, Denis Matyushin3, and Irina Chernyaeva3, 1*
1Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 129337 Moscow, Russia
2Research Institute of Building Physics RAACS, 127238 Moscow, Russia
3Orel State University, 302026 Orel, Russia
Abstract. Following the direction from traditional urban development to
urban development, the problem of ensuring the safety of buildings and
structures on the principles of biosphere compatibility has been formulated.
The existing concepts and modern methods of ensuring the safety of
engineering and construction objects of the city’s living environment are
analyzed. It is concluded that it is necessary to apply an integrated approach
to ensuring the safety of buildings and structures, the definition of integrated
security from the point of view of the concept is presented. Criteria have
been developed to ensure the integrated safety of engineering and
construction objects of the city’s life environment from the perspective of
transforming the city into a biosphere-compatible and developing person.
It’s proposed an algorithm of calculation analysis to determine the
parameters of the integrated security of engineering and construction
projects of the city. Numerical studies were carried out to assess the level of
integrated safety of engineering and construction projects using residential
facilities for the city of Kursk as an example.
1 Introduction
A person’s life takes place in his environment, which is potentially dangerous for his life,
therefore, in modern concepts of ensuring safety, the urban environment is a territory of
increased danger. However, human activity is also potentially dangerous for the environment,
in connection with which the concept of absolute safety is rejected in world practice and the
concept of risk is used. Analysis of human activity shows that it is impossible to achieve zero
risk, therefore, the concept of acceptable risk is used as a compromise between the level of
security and the possibilities of achieving it [1]. The safety of the living environment is
associated with the technological safety of engineering and construction projects, which
serve as an important element of the urban economy and the city’s economy [2-4].
Currently, in the world, the concept of sustainable development has been adopted as the
main one, within the framework of which it is planned to make cities and settlements “open,
safe, resilient and sustainable”. The fundamental category that defines the basic principles,
* Correponding author: chunya87@yandex.ru
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
goals, objectives, priorities and strategic directions of the state policy of sustainable
development, including the architecture, urban planning, and construction sciences, human
potential is emerging [5].
However, a retrospective analysis of security concepts showed that, taking into account
the developed programs, no country in the world has made a transition to sustainable
development until the date. Cities as a whole still remain unsustainable in the sense that is
embedded the term of “sustainability” [6,7], and the larger the city, the less effective it is in
organizing interaction with its natural environment.
In recent decades, basic science has been conducting research to develop new concepts
for ensuring the safety of the city’s living environment based on the mechanism of self-
sustaining development of urbanized territories and the principles of symbiotic human
interaction with the environment [8-10]. The symbiosis of the city with the Earth's Biosphere
(hereinafter referred to as the Biosphere) is necessary and possible only with the development
of the person living in it, changing its philosophical and moral-ethical views in favor of
cooperation with the Biosphere. The main problem of modern humanity is not the lack of
housing and food, but the antagonistic contradiction between the revolutionary, degrading
and pathological development of humanity and the evolutionary, progressive and gradual
development of the Biosphere.
Given the interdisciplinary nature of the problem of guaranteeing the security of the city's
living environment, its structure should be discussed in terms of symbiotic systems and the
safety of the living environment should be considered as an eco-socio-technogenic security,
that is, a security integral, which includes social characteristics and indicators of a balanced
interaction of the city with the natural environment.
Every modern city constantly needs support for its development at the expense of external
resources. From the point of view of the principles of biosphere compatibility, a safe city is
an open natural-socio-technical system in which a person is organically included in the
technosphere he creates, which does not replace or displace the Biosphere.
2 Methods
The principles of biosphere compatibility in the formation of safety requirements for the
objects of the city’s living environment are based, first of all, on the observance of a balanced
biotechnosphere in the region and human development. These principles are implemented in
the process of urban development and provide ecological balance and balance of the
biotechnosphere, positive dynamics of human potential, and favorable living conditions for
people to meet their rational needs and limit the negative impact of economic and other
activities on the environment. When comfortable living conditions are provided to city
residents, opportunities for public life, social communication appear and as a result the
security of vital environments and functions is obtained [11, 12].
3 Results and discussions
Using the fundamental principles of biosphere compatibility, the safety criteria for
engineering and construction objects of the city’s life environment were developed in the
works [12–16].
1. The criterion of ecological equilibrium — an indicator of the biosphere compatibility
of a territory
BС
— describes the state of safety of engineering and construction objects in a
dynamically stable state in which the potential of the biosphere Bik is greater than the potential
of the technosphere Тik. It is used as one of the comprehensive criteria for the classification
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
2
of environmental situations in an urbanized area and for determining the environmental
conditions of environmental objects in a city.
2. The criterion for the balance of the biotechnosphere establishes harmonious
proportions between different parts of the Biosphere, including the population, as well as the
list and amount of consumed natural resources per unit time with reference to the city.
3. The criterion for assessing the effectiveness of building technologies involves assessing
the applicability of new biosphere-compatible technologies that use pathologies as a
resource, as well as allowing them to be used in some new quality with minimal consumption
of natural resources. Evaluation of the effectiveness of construction technologies can be
performed on the basis of a generalized indicator of the environmental efficiency of the
building Eb.
4. The criterion for assessing development progress includes socio-economic indicators
and the quality of life of the population, combined by the level of human potential.
5. The criterion for assessing the level of auspiciousness of the urban environment
determines the characteristics of the urban environment: the spatio-temporal accessibility of
the urban population and the provision of vital and socially important objects in the
implementation of the functions of the city.
6. The criterion for assessing the comfort of the urban environment governs social
standards and various socio-demographic characteristics of the living environment.
7. The criterion for assessing the level of eco-socio-technogenic safety - security is
achieved when all the principles of the concept of biosphere compatibility are fully
implemented.
Based on the proposed criteria, based on the principles of biosphere compatibility, this
document builds an algorithm for the analysis of eco-socio-technogenic safety calculation of
the city's engineering facilities, based on the calculation of individual indicators for each of
its three components.
The calculation analysis algorithm for determining the parameters of eco-socio-
technogenic safety of engineering and construction objects of the city’s life environment on
the principles of biosphere compatibility consists of several stages:
1. Definition of parameters on which integrated security depends.
2. Collection and analysis of baseline information on the identified parameters of the three
components of safety: technical, natural, social.
3. Calculation of parameters characterizing the technical component of the integrated
security of the facility.
4. Calculation of parameters characterizing the natural component of the integrated
security of the facility.
5. Calculation of parameters characterizing the social component of the integrated
security of the facility.
6. Definition of a comprehensive indicator of the security of an engineering and
construction object of the city’s life environment and conclusions about the condition of the
object based on the safety rating scale.
We will test the algorithm for calculating the eco-socio-technogenic safety of the
engineering and construction facilities of the city using residential buildings located in
different areas of Kursk as an example: st. Radishchev, 84; st. Friendship, 1; st. L. Tolstoy,
7B and their adjoining territory.
At the first stage, we analyze the sources of danger from the external environment.
According to federal law No. 384 “Technical regulation on the safety of buildings and
structures”, which regulates identification features, we will perform identification of
residential buildings (Тable 1).
Table 1. Identification of the surveyed residential buildings in the city of Kursk.
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
3
№
Identification features
Address of the investigated object
Radishchev, 84
Druzhby, 1
L. Tolstoy,
7B
I1
Function
residential
residential
residential
I2
Belonging to objects whose
functional and technological
features affect their safety
no
no
no
I3
Possibility of dangerous natural
processes, phenomena and
technological impacts in the
territory in which the building is
operated
no
no
no
I4
Belonging to hazardous
production facilities
no
no
no
I5
Fire and explosion hazard
F1.3
F1.3
F1.3
I6
Availability of premises with
permanent residence of people
yes
yes
yes
I7
Level of responsibility (high,
normal, low)
normal
normal
normal
Based on the analysis of the sources of danger, the safety components of engineering and
construction objects are determined, taking into account the weight coefficients determined
on the basis of the expert assessment method:
B1 - mechanical safety (
6.0
)1( k
);
B4 - safety for human health of living conditions and stay in buildings and constructions
(
2.0
)4( k
);
B6 - accessibility of buildings and structures for the disabled and other groups of the
population with limited mobility (
1.0
)6( k
);
B7 - energy efficiency of buildings and structures (
1.0
)7( k
).
In order to obtain reliable information about the technical condition of the buildings in
question in 2016-2018. Surveys were carried out on residential buildings, which included:
1) the implementation of the necessary engineering and measurement work to study the
structures and elements of the building;
2) conducting a survey of the technical condition of building structures and engineering
networks of the building;
3) identification of defects and damages of the examined structures (Fig. 1);
4) an assessment of the degree of influence of the identified defects and damage on the
bearing capacity of building structures;
5) assessment of the technical condition of the surveyed building structures and the
building as a whole.
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
4
Fig. 1. Materials of photofixation of survey objects and their defects.
Based on the defects identified during the inspection, the physical deterioration of the
main building structures was determined and the current technical condition of the building
was revealed (Table 2). So, the technical condition of residential buildings at the address: st.
Radishchev, 84 and st. L. Tolstoy, 7B as a whole at the time of the examination should be
characterized as limited-functional, and the technical condition of the residential building at
the address: st. Druzhby, 1 - as workable. Based on the analysis of the identified defects,
recommendations were made and measures for capital and repair work were developed.
Table 2. The results of the survey of residential buildings in the city of Kursk and assess their
technical condition.
Constructions,
elements,
engineering
systems
Radishchev, 84
Druzhby, 1
L. Tolstoy, 7B
Wear,
%
Technical
condition
Wear,
%
Technical
condition
Wear,
%
Technical
condition
Foundation
45
OR
40
Foundation
45
OR
Walls
20
R
0
Walls
20
R
Overlappings
(coverings)
10
R
10
Overlappings
(coverings)
10
R
Roof
60/65
OR
0
Roof
60/65
OR
Windows / doors
65/45
А
45
Windows / doors
65/45
А
A blind area /
porch / peaks /
basement entrances
70/75/
55/75
А/А/
OR/А
-/75/
-/75
A blind area /
porch / peaks /
basement
entrances
70/75/
55/75
А/А/
OR/А
Heat supply
75
OR
60
Heat supply
75
OR
Cold and hot water
supply. Water
disposal
65
А
-
Cold and hot
water supply.
Water disposal
65
А
Power supply
60
А
60
Power supply
60
А
Total
56
ОR
26
Total
56
ОR
Note: I – good condition; R – working condition; OR – limited-functional state; N - unacceptable condition;
A - emergency condition
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
5
Based on the amount of physical deterioration and the identified technical condition of the
building, we determine the values of the indicator characterizing mechanical safety using the
following scale (Table 3).
Table 3. The scale of the indicator of mechanical safety, depending on the technical condition of the
object.
Physical deterioration of the
building, %
Technical condition
Scale marks
100 - 76
Emergency condition
0.00 – 0.20
75 - 61
Invalid state
0.20 – 0.37
60 - 31
Limited functional state
0.37 – 0.63
30 - 11
Working condition
0.63 – 0.80
10 - 0
Working condition
0.80 – 1.00
The values of the mechanical safety index can be obtained on the basis of the physical
wear of the surveyed building by interpolating the boundary values of physical wear and
scale marks, respectively, for a given technical condition:
1. for the building on the street Radishcheva, 84:
;41.063.037.0
3160
3156
63.0
maxmin
minmax
min
max
scsc
PhdPhd
Phd
scmYY
XX
XX
YS
2. for the building on the street Druzhby, 1:
;67.080.063.0
1130
1126
80.0
m
S
3. for the building on the street L. Tolstoy, 7B:
.43.063.037.0
3160
3153
63.0
m
S
According to the concept of biosphere compatibility, the basis for assessing the state of
the natural component according to the criterion of ecological equilibrium is the principle of
comparing external environmental impacts and internal processes of the urban ecosystem
functioning, as a result of which ecological situations in an urbanized territory can be ranked
according to their degree of favorableness [12, 13].
For the objects under consideration - residential buildings - due to the lack of large
production facilities that have a significant anthropogenic impact on the local area,
automobile transport is considered the main source of pollution.
The biosphere compatibility index of the territory includes two components: ηP -
characterizing the ingredient pollution of the urbanized area from motor vehicles and ηN -
characterizing the acoustic pollution of the urban environment from motor vehicles. The
calculation of this indicator is performed according to the technique developed by the authors
of the study [17]. Previously, this indicator was used to assess the state of production zones
[12], transport infrastructure of the city [18, 19] and urban transport construction objects [13].
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
6
The obtained value of the indicator serves as a criterion for the ecological balance of the
components of the urban environment - natural and technogenic, using the proposed state
assessment scale (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Scale of assessments of environmental situations based on the indicator of biosphere
compatibility of the territory.
At the next stage of the algorithm for calculating the eco-socio-technological safety of
engineering and construction projects, an assessment of the effectiveness of construction
technologies can be performed. This assessment is based on the definition of a generalized
indicator of the building's environmental safety Eb:
,1
61
1 nnnnnb EFPCBОE
(1)
where О1 is an indicator of waste-free construction technologies;
Вn is the indicator of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere;
Сn is the indicator of wastewater discharges into water basins;
Рn is the indicator of soil pollution;
Fn is the indicator of land resources removed from the natural resources of the settlement
(for example, land occupied by landfills);
En is an indicator of the energy intensity of construction products.
Due to the fact that the buildings under study were built in 1960-61, no biosphere-
compatible technologies were used in the process of construction and operation, respectively,
each component of this indicator, like the generalized indicator of the environmental safety
of the building Eb, tends to 0. Therefore, in further calculations, this indicator is not taken
into account.
The rating scale for assessing the favorable environment of life is developed in the work
[20]. Define the level of favorable environment formed by the residential quarter for a
residential building on the street. Radishcheva, 84:
60.0
10
08.0505.0315.051.0305.0312.0508.0515.0712.0101.010
N
K
Кii
f
where λi is the weight coefficient;
Ki is the value of the considered indicator according to the results of expert evaluation;
N is the total number of indicators considered.
Similarly, we find the coefficient of favorable environment for two other residential
buildings.
An analysis of the local territories for residential buildings in the city of Kursk allows us
to conclude that in general, they do not differ in the variety of landscaping and facades have
a rather meager set of sites and small architectural forms, and they need reconstruction.
Based on the studies of the auspiciousness factors, the final value of the sponsorship
indicator for residential premises and adjoining spaces can be determined:
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
7
For the object at 84 Radishcheva Street:
;57.0
2
54.060.0
2
fysf
as
КК
S
For the object at Druzhby street, 1:
;53.0
2
53.052.0
as
S
For an object at street by L. Tolstoy, 7B:
.56.0
2
52.060.0
as
S
The final step in the calculation of eco-socio-technological safety is the calculation of a
comprehensive safety indicator of engineering and construction objects using the Harrington
desirability function [21], which has the form.
.
3asem SSSS
(2)
The calculation results are shown in table 4.
Table 4. Indicators of integrated (eco-socio-technogenic) security of residential buildings in the city
of Kursk.
Address of
the object
Mechanical
safety
indicator
Sm
Environmental
safety
indicator Se
The
favorable
indicator
of
residential
premises
and
adjoining
spaces Sas
Comprehensive
facility safety
indicator S
The final
state of the
integrated
safety
Radishcheva
, 84
0.41
0.42
0.57
0.46
balanced
Druzhby, 1
0.67
0.77
0.53
0.65
comfortable
L. Tolstoy,
7B
0.43
0.71
0.56
0.56
balanced
Using the value of the integrated safety indicator, obtained on the basis of this function,
it is possible to categorize the state of engineering and construction projects and city systems
as stable, balanced, comfortable and safe. For such a detailed assessment, a sufficient number
of assessment indicators obtained as a result of the survey, the processing of relevant
statistical data are necessary. For this purpose, the rating scale developed in [13] can be used
(Fig. 3), which categorizes various states in accordance with the principles of biosphere
compatibility.
Fig. 3. The state of the integrated safety of engineering and construction projects.
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
8
4 Conclusions
After analyzing the results of the integrated security assessment of the investigated residential
buildings in Kursk, it can be concluded that these objects do not fully meet the required
conditions and criteria for integrated security, assessed on the basis of the principles of
biosphere compatibility. Due to the fact that these objects were built in 1960-1961, their
further operation is possible only after a set of measures has been taken to restore the proper
technical condition and reconstruction of the adjacent territory. The values of mechanical
safety index Sm of these objects are quite low and take values from 0.41 to 0.63.
The level of favorable living environment for residential buildings and the adjacent
courtyard area is also not high enough (Se = 0.53 ÷ 0.57) due to the fact that the objects
studied do not differ in the variety of facades and layouts of apartments, they have a rather
low provision with objects urban infrastructure. However, in the adjacent territories there is
a potential for improving the favorable state of the living environment through the
implementation of a range of improvement measures, the formation of an effective and
convenient functional-spatial structure and subject equipment of the territories.
Higher values for the indicator characterizing the natural component of integrated safety
(Se = 0.42 ÷ 0.77). They correspond to a balanced and comfortable state of the urban
environment. These values are achieved due to the presence of a greened area near the
investigated object, as well as the remoteness of objects from large objects of transport
construction and production facilities.
In general, the state of the integrated security of the investigated objects can be defined
as balanced and comfortable.
Thus, the calculation showed that to ensure a comprehensive safety of engineering and
construction objects of the city’s vital activity environment, a new ideology is needed that
would determine the possibility of urban life-building arrangements, ensuring balanced
environmental relations with the natural environment and human development under these
conditions. An appropriate set of urban planning measures should be provided for at all stages
of the life cycle of engineering and construction projects.
References
1. V. Travush, S. Emelyanov, V. Kolchunov, J Industrial and civil construction 7 (2015)
2. G. Maloyan, Fundamentals of urban planning: a textbook (Publishing house Of the
Association of construction universities, Moscow, 2004)
3. Yu. Sdobnov, Construction and business 4 (2007)
4. S. Kondratev, Security system 3(69) (2006)
5. L. Ovcharova, M. Nagernyak Priorities of human capital development in Russia
(Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 2019)
6. S. Bobylev, Goals of sustainable development of the UN and Russia, in Proceedings of
the IV International scientific and practical conference "Sustainable development:
society and economy", Saint Petersburg (2017)
7. M. Shubenkov, Urban planning 4 (32) (2014)
8. V. Ilyichev, Biosphere compatibility: Technology innovation. Cities that develop man
(LIBROKOM, Moscow, 2011)
9. V. Ilichev, Biosphere compatibility: people, region, technologies 1(1) (2013)
10. V. Ilyichev, Strategic priorities 1 (1) (2014)
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
9
11. V. Ilyichev, A. Karimov, V. Kolchunov, V. Aleksashina, N. Bakaeva, S. Kobeleva,
Housing Construction 1 (2012)
12. V. Ilyichev, V. Kolchunov, A. Bersenev, A. Pozdnyakov, Architecture and
construction 1 (2009)
13. N. Bakaeva, D. Matyushin, Proceedings of southwestern University 3 (60) (2015)
14. N. Bakaeva, O. Pilipenko, A. Natarova, Biosphere compatibility: people, region,
technologies 4 (2017)
15. N. Bakaeva, I. Chernyaeva, L. Chaikovsky, Proceedings of southwestern University 4
(73) (2017)
16. V. Ilyichev, S. Emelyanov, V. Kolchunov, E. Skobeleva, Biosphere compatibility:
people, region, technologies 1 (1) (2013)
17. N. Bakaeva, D. Matyushin, Proceedings of southwestern University 2(15) (2015)
18. N. Bakaeva, I. Shishkina, Academia 3 (2011)
19. N. Bakaeva, I. Chernyaeva, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 262,
012192 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/262/1/012192
20. N. Bakaeva, O. Bunina, A. Natarova, A. Igin, Biosphere compatibility: people, region,
technologies 1(17) (2017)
21. Yu. P. Аdler, E.V. Маrkova, Yu.V. Granovskiy, Planning of experiment when
searching optimal conditions (Nauka, Moscow, 1976)
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 02043 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102043
AFE-2022
10
