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STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENS
Abstract
The Indian folk medicine practice is based on the use of plant extracts. Many phytochemicals like alkaloids,flavonoids,steroids, phenolics, terpenoids and saponins are isolated from the roots of medicinal plants like Ruellia tuberosa L. and Alangium salvifolium (L.F.) Wang. The plant and plant products are known for their therapeutic uses from thousands of years. In folk medicine it has been used as diuretic, Antipyretic, antidiabetic and analgesic agent. The plants are being used as medicinal plants as it is effective against many infectious diseases. The Ruellia tuberosa L. of family Acanthaceae and Alangium salvifolium (L.F.) of family Alangiaceae were studied for its antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria . During the present study Aqueous and Methanolic extract of roots of Ruellia tuberosa L. and root extract of Alangium salvifolium (L.F.) are used. Root extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial study was carried out by disc diffusion method against the pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus auerus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. To evaluate the antibacterial activity methanol and aqueous extracts were used. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in methanol extract as compared to aqueous extract for each bacterium was as Methanolic extract of roots of medicinal plants showed the zone of inhibition against the studied bacteria were S.typhi (12 mm), K. pneumoniae (15 mm), Proteus vulgaris (22 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus(14 mm), and Escherichia coli.(12 mm).The present study demonstrates that the selected medicinal plants have antibacterial potential.
... The multidrug resistance by pathogens to commercial antibiotics and their side effects has lead to the pursuit of natural drugs present in plants to cure and prevent diseases of microbial origins. Infection with various microorganisms is one of the leading causes for a number of diseases [3]. Infectious diseases are usually characterized by clear symptoms, so it is likely that traditional healers have been able to recognize such diseases and have developed effective therapies. ...
In clinical utilization of anti-infective agents, resistance development by bacteria is increasingly compromising treatment outcome and novel antibacterial compounds are desirable. This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial properties and phytochemical constituents of Gmelina arborea fruits sap against some clinically important pathogens. The ripe, mature green and immature fruits sap of G. arborea were each investigated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentariae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and relevant typed cultures of Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 69559, Salmonella typhi ATCC 13311, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619. The ripe fruits sap inhibited all the test bacteria species but most inhibited S. aureus and S. aureus ATCC 25923 with zone of 28 mm and least inhibited S. dysenteriae with a zone of 22 mm. Also the mature green fruits sap inhibited all test bacteria species with highest zone of 26 mm each on P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and E. coli ATCC 32218 and least inhibition of 15 mm on P. aeruginosa. The immature green fruits sap could not inhibit P. aeruginosa but created highest inhibition of 25 mm on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and least inhibited Shigella dysentariae with a zone of 15 mm. The antimicrobial activity of standard antibiotic Ampicillin was studied in comparison with the fruits' saps inhibition. The MIC of ripe fruits sap ranged from 12.5-50 mg/ml and MBC from 25-150 mg/ml. The mature fruits sap MIC ranged from 25-50 mg/ml and MBC from 50-150 mg/ml while from the immature fruits sap MIC was from the ranged of 50-200 and MBC from 150-250 mg/ml. Valuable phytochemical constituents known for bacteria inhibition were identified from the fruits sap. Steroids, glycosides and saponin were present in all fruits sap.
... Multidrug resistance towards antibiotics and their related effects has an added effect to pursue the use of natural drugs [3]. Infection with various microorganisms is one of the leading causes for a number of diseases [4]. Infectious diseases are usually characterized by clear symptoms, so it is likely that traditional healers have been able to recognize such diseases and have developed effective therapies. ...
Objective: In current era, herbal products are measured to be the symbols of safety in comparison to the synthetic products that are regarded to be hazardous to human life and environment. Although herbs had been priced for their therapeutic importance, their phytochemical and pharmacological activities are conducted on different parts. With this, an attempt has been made to investigate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Terminalia bellerica fruits. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion method against the bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhi) and fungal (Aspergillus niger, Mucor species, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus species and Aspergillus flavus) isolates using aqueous, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Terminalia bellerica fruits. Phytochemical and FT-IR analysis was carried. Results: It was observed that aqueous extract exhibited significant activity against the tested bacterial and fungal isolates, compared with chloroform and petroleum ether extract respectively. Phytochemical analysis of Terminalia bellerica extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites like phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. The FT-IR analysis has revealed the presence of phenols, alcohol, amines and carboxylic acid as functional groups in Terminalia bellerica. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that Terminalia bellerica reveal antimicrobial activity against various human pathogenic bacteria.
Medicinal plants possess an important advantage in the treatment of many diseases all over the world, especially in the developing countries. Simply because the toxicity associated with synthetic drugs has forced the scientific communities as well as the drug companies to seek other alternatives, such as the use of medicinal plants. Calotropis procera and Tribulus terrestris are examples of medicinal plants that possess different biological activities. Additionally, these two species are wide spread in the UAE harsh desert environment. Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor activities exhibited by these two plants have been reported in many scientific investigations. Here, we attempt to review the current body of scientific knowledge associated with of the ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Calotropis procera and Tribulus terrestris.
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