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Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates /
Abstract
7th Ed Bibliogr. s. 680-681
... As we worked with the contributions of our colleagues to establish these core concepts and competencies, we were struck by how the human element of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy was mentioned by only a few respondents. This was not surprising; the introductory chapters of many Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy textbooks give a fairly brief overview of the history of the field (e.g., Kent and Carr 2001 ;Kardong 2018 ). Textbooks also provide a list of references at the end of the chapter but often do not talk about the scientists within the chapter ( Kent and Carr 2001 ;Liem et al. 2001 ). ...
... This was not surprising; the introductory chapters of many Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy textbooks give a fairly brief overview of the history of the field (e.g., Kent and Carr 2001 ;Kardong 2018 ). Textbooks also provide a list of references at the end of the chapter but often do not talk about the scientists within the chapter ( Kent and Carr 2001 ;Liem et al. 2001 ). ...
... However, we know that there were absolutely contributions from other regions of the world. Egyptians as early as 4000 BCE engaged in anatomical study and documentation as they practiced surgery and mummification; any mentions of their contributions tend to be brief if present at all (e.g., Kent and Carr 2001 ). Notable examples include the Ebers Papyrus (1550 BCE), which details the human cardiovascular system, and the Kahun Papyrus (1850 BCE), which correctly links the placenta to fetal nourishment ( Tubbs et al. 2019 ). ...
Core concepts offer coherence to the discourse of a scientific discipline and facilitate teaching by identifying large unifying themes that can be tailored to the level of the class and expertise of the instructor. This approach to teaching has been shown to encourage deeper learning that can be integrated across subdisciplines of Biology and has been adopted by several other Biology subdisciplines. However, Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, although one of the oldest biological areas of study, has not had its core concepts identified. Here, we present five core concepts and seven competencies (skills) for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy that came out of an iterative process of engagement with the broader community of vertebrate morphologists over a three-year period. The core concepts are: A) Evolution, B) Structure and Function, C) Morphological Development, D) Integration and E) Human anatomy is the result of vertebrate evolution. The core competencies students should gain from the study of comparative vertebrate anatomy are: F) Tree thinking, G) Observation, H) Dissection of specimens, I) Depiction of anatomy, J) Appreciation of the importance of natural history collections, K) Science communication and L) Data integration. We offer a succinct description of each core concept and competency, example learning outcomes that could be used to assess teaching effectiveness and examples of relevant resources for both instructors and students. Additionally, we pose a grand challenge to the community, arguing that the field of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy needs to acknowledge racism, androcentrism, homophobia, genocide, slavery, and other influences in its history and address their lingering effects in order to move forward as a thriving discipline that is inclusive of all students and scientists and continues to generate unbiased knowledge for the betterment of humanity. Despite the rigorous process used to compile these core concepts and competencies, we anticipate that they will serve as a framework for an ongoing conversation that ensures Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy remains a relevant field in discovery, innovation, and training of future generations of scientists.
... 3-24 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of the rectum in common wood pigeon showed the spherical secretor granules and the goblet cells. vertebrates, that begins with the entry of food via the beak or bill and ends with the exiting of refuse at vent (Kent & Carr, 2001 ;Kardong, 2006:Gali & Dauod, 2014 inter alia). ...
... Ileum in common wood pigeon was clearly long and narrow while in the barn owl, ileum was shorter and narrower. The differences in the length of small intestine of the two species of birds under investigation came due to the fact that herbivorous animals has longer intestine than that of carnivorous (Kardong, 2006 ;Kent & Carr, 2001 ;Gali & Dauod, 2014). The lumen of the small intestine in the common wood pigeon was wider than that of the barn owl due to the indigested matter of the food that is caused the longer feature too (Farner and King, 1972). ...
... The present study found that the crop had the same previous aspects in the cervical oesophagus for probably the same causes, but the notable result in the crop of common wood pigeon was the mucosa was appeared significantly thickest layer among the mucosa of the other parts of the oesophagus, perhaps, due to the functional needs, the epithelial lining cells of mucosa suffered from continuous proliferation for the stratified squamous epithelium consequated by desquamation (breakdown) of this layer responding to the prolactin hormone in order to mix the produced slouphy fluid with the food to facilitate the digestion of young ( Ghali and Dauod, 2014;Kent and Carr, 2001). ...
... The avian olfactory organs are differ in different species of birds according to the differences of their position at the beak, feeding and behavior [4]. Generally the olfactory organs are located at the base of the beak or in some species of birds at the anterior end of beak [5], they are opened to outside via the external nares which leads to the nasal cavity, while they are opened in the mouth or oral cavity via the internal nares [1,2,5]. The ability of olfaction in birds is differ according to the structure of olfactory organs and the environment in which birds live [4,7]. ...
... The avian olfactory organs are differ in different species of birds according to the differences of their position at the beak, feeding and behavior [4]. Generally the olfactory organs are located at the base of the beak or in some species of birds at the anterior end of beak [5], they are opened to outside via the external nares which leads to the nasal cavity, while they are opened in the mouth or oral cavity via the internal nares [1,2,5]. The ability of olfaction in birds is differ according to the structure of olfactory organs and the environment in which birds live [4,7]. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the morphological description and histological structure of olfactory organ in rock dove ( Columba livia). Results of the present study revealed that the nasal cavity of the species under investigation is anteriorly located, starting with a pair of external nares which located at the dorsal side of the base of upper beak. The external nares lead to two short nasal cavities. Each nasal cavity consist of three conchae or turbinates represented by anterior or vestibular concha, middle or respiratory concha and posterior or olfactory concha. The nasal cavity ended by a pair of internal nares which opened at mouth cavity. Results related with the histological structure of olfactory organ revealed that the vestibular concha lined by stratified squamous epithelium, the respiratory concha lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and olfactory concha lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The last concha showed three types of differentiated cell represented by basal cells, supporting cells, and receptor cells.
... The snake Eryx gaculusgaculus has a few nephrons because of many reptiles live in dry environments and among the many adaptations to such environments is their ability to convert waste nitrogen compounds into uric acid and it is insoluble and so can excreted using a small amount of water [27] while the kidney of human and other mammals consist of two million nephrons [1]. ...
... Same results reported by Yari and Gharzi [16] on lizard Acanthodactylus boskianus. The proximal tubules reabsorbed more than the other renal tubules at 60% of most filtered substances [1]. The proximal tubules in the avian absorb about 70% of the filtered volume of water, which depends on active reabsorption [30]. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the histological structure of the kidney in snake Eryx gaculus gaculus. In present study, the snakes were collected from the city of Baghdad and transferred to the laboratory where their kidneys were dissected out. The samples were then processed to be prepared for histological examination microscopial observations showed that there is no border between the cortex and medulla regions of kidney. The kidney consists of nephrons which are composed of glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule; the other segments are proximal tubule, distal tubule and connecting tubule. The epithelial tissue lining of these segments simple cuboidal tissue.
... El esqueleto comprende ligamentos, tendones, bursa y el tejido conectivo mineralizado (hueso, dentina, el cartílago y el esmalte), los cuales tienen un origen del mesénquima (Ver Figura 1) (Kent, 1987). Mediante el proceso de condrificación, reabsorción y remodelamiento el cartílago se trasforma en hueso, lo que lo constituye en un componente importante en estudios de sistemática y desarrollo en anfibios (McDiarmid y Altig, 1999). ...
... Figura 1. Productos diferenciados del mesénquima y etapas en la osteogénesisFuente: Modificado y traducido deKent (1987) ...
The larval development of the skeleton of Colombian species of frogs of the most diversified families were examined and described: Rhinella marina (Bufonidae), Dendropsophus labialis, D. minutus, Boana xerophylla, Scinax ruber and Trachycephalus typhonius (Hylidae) and Engystomops pustulosus, Leptodactylus insularum and L.
colombiensis (Leptodactylidae). These were obtained from biological collections. Differential enzymatic clearing and staining were performed to describe and compare the skeletal structures of craneal and poscraneal regions of the skeleton. Ossification sequences were obtained for analysis of variation of elements and ranks, ossification indexes, and phenotypic divergence. From these sequences and those taken from the literature the heterochronic changes and timing were identified using Parsimov algorithm. It was found that there are differences in the timing of appearance of the first ossified elements among these species, such as the transverse processes of the vertebrae. When considering only the cranium the first ossified elements were the exoccipital, paraesphenoid and frontoparietal, which are common in species of the Hylidae in early stages of development; in Leptodactylidae, was in later stages. The ranks and the number of elements presented ossification variability in all species, being the number smaller in leptodactilids, with respect to the hylids. Taking into account the whole skeleton, it was detected the relevance of the postcraneal elements. In using Parsimov, heterochronic changes in different amphibian groups were identified from the ontogeny of the skeleton, and pedomorphic processes were found in Colombian anurans. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/50715
... The splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) is the portion of cartilage and endochondral bone [1]. The facial skeleton is sometimes called the membranous viscerocranium, which comprises the mandible and dermatocranial elements that are not part of the braincase. ...
... Although falls from low heights are frequent but less injuries sustained due to their small body and low speed of the fall. These low-impact forces can usually be absorbed by their well-padded skin, elastic skeleton and cartilaginous growth centres [1,3] . ...
Purpose: Is to determinate the incidence of paediatric head trauma age 0-17 years in our region in central Europe and the number of radiographic images done for paediatric patients to make a data base for further researches, to be effective in investigating, controlling, and preventing head trauma in our population and to study the real need of radiographic images:
Methods: This is a retrospective study from the records of children with head trauma seen at the trauma clinics during the year 2018
Results: There were 3261 attendees recorded in paediatric age groups 0-17 years in 2018. 1168 paediatric patients presented with trauma to the head. 831 (36%) with simple injuries of the head, 295 (23.3%) with wounds in head area, 17 (1.5%) children had fractures, 23 (2%) had concussion and 2 (0.2%) patients had intracranial haematoma. 1097 (93.9%) children with head trauma were imaged by X ray (1032 patients) and CT scan (65 patients) in accordance with local guidelines for head trauma management. The percentage of patients in need of radiation is only 3.42%.
Conclusion: Most head trauma in children was minor and not associated with brain injury. The radiation is over used in diagnosis of paediatric head trauma
... Nevertheless, the right artery was shorter than the left artery because the left kidney was away from the median plane than the right kidney (Fig. 2). Same this anatomical result was assured by Kent (1987) each kidney is supplied usually by a single artery, arising from the abdominal aorta. The right renal vein is also shorter than the left renal artery and directly enters the inferior vena cava. ...
In the current study, 30 adult male rabbits were used, rabbit was divided into two groups 10 in each group: group(A) was unilateral nephrectomy, while group (B) was partial nephrectomy; also, 10 rabbits were a control group (C). After 15 days 5 rabbit from groups (A, B and C) was killed and the anatomical, histological changes and biochemical analysis was conducted. After 30 days remain rabbits in all groups were killed and same parameters were studied. Results showed anatomical and histological changes in both group A and B compared to control group (C) post operation. Kidneys (partially removed) were revealed different in shape, position and blood supply post operation in both groups(A) and (B) after healing and recovery, also hypertrophy of kidney was determined, but the filtrations and excretion of left kidney in a group (B) were still activated. Histopathological changes of the kidney were identified in group (A) and Group B. Both groups showed that many changes in cortex and medullary region of kidney such as fibrous thickening area in capsular of kidney, dilation of cortical renal tubules and vacuolation of glomerular tuft and thick the walls of interstitial blood vessels. In addition, enlargement dilation of collecting renal tubules and released eosinophilic hyaline cast in the lumen. These changes of tissue were observed in all subgroups of two groups (A) and (B). However, group (B), clearly was displayed calcifications in sections of the left kidney. The biochemical analysis of the serum uric acid for all subgroups of both groups (A) and (B) showed that level of serum uric acid significantly increased at (P<0.05) compare with zero time and control. In same way, the level of the serum creatinine for group (A) and group (B) after 15 and 30 days were significant increase at (P<0.05) in comparison with zero time or control.
... The muscle is arranged in an internal circular and an external longitudinal layer. According to Kent and Miller (1997), the circular layer, through contractions and relaxations of its fibers, constricts and dilates the intestine, while the longitudinal layer promotes the shortening of the intestine when contracting. Therefore, the coordinated action of these two muscle layers is responsible for intestinal movements of peristalsis and segmentation. ...
O estudo histológico e morfométrico do intestino delgado de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris foi desenvolvido neste trabalho, enfatizando particularidades do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Foram coletados fragmentos das porções cranial, medial e caudal de cada segmento intestinal, submetidos ao processamento histológico de rotina e corados pelas técnicas de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Alcian Blue-Ácido Periódico de Schiff. O intestino delgado da capivara é semelhante ao da maioria dos mamíferos em relação à sua estrutura histológica, sendo constituído pelas camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa. Não houve diferença significativa na espessura dessas camadas entre os segmentos intestinais. Pregas espessas e ramificadas foram encontradas ao longo do intestino delgado, sendo mais desenvolvidas no duodeno. Observaram-se vilosidades digitiformes e com outras formas, além de vilosidades ramificadas, e uma espessa borda em escova. Glândulas de Brünner foram observadas na porção cranial do duodeno, distribuídas na camada submucosa e na área basal da camada mucosa, além de numerosas células caliciformes ao longo do intestino delgado, ambas apresentando glicoconjugados ácidos e neutros. Várias células de defesa foram encontradas no tecido conjuntivo das camadas mucosa e submucosa, principalmente linfócitos difusos ou constituindo nódulos linfóides que se associam para formar as placas de Peyer na porção caudal do íleo. Células de Paneth e células enteroendócrinas também foram detectadas no epitélio intestinal. Palavras-chave: Roedores. Morfologia. Histometria. Trato Digestivo. Abstract The histological and morphometric study of the small intestine of adult capybaras Hydrochoerushydrochaeriswas developed in this work, emphasizing particularities of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Fragments of the cranial, medial, and caudal portions of each intestinal segment were collected, submitted to the routine histological processing, and stained by the techniques of Hematoxylin-Eosin, Alcian Blue, and Periodic Acid Schiff. The small intestine of the capybara, regarding its histological structure, is similar to most mammals, composedofthe mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers. There was no significant difference in the thickness of those layers among the intestinal segments. Thick and ramified folds were found along the small intestine, being more developed in the duodenum. Finger-shaped villus and with other forms, besides ramified villus, and a thick brush border were observed. Brünner's glands were seen in the cranial portion of the duodenum, distributed in the submucosal and the basal area of the mucosal layer, as well as numerous goblet cells along the small intestine, both presenting acid, and neutral glycoconjugates. Several defense cells were found in the connective tissue of the mucosal and submucosal layers, mainly lymphocytes, diffuse or forming lymphoid nodules, which aggregate to form Payer´s patches in the caudal portion of the ileum. Paneth´s cells and enteroendocrine cells were also detected in the intestinal epithelium. Keywords: Digestive Tract. Histometry. Morphology. Rodents.
... Usually close to the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity [2].Because, the ovary extends into the peritoneum cavity; ovulated eggs briefly reside within the peritoneal cavity before the capture by the oviducts [3]. A large bursa ovarica surrounded the ovary completely [4]. ...
... 6. Irregularities in cycle length or cycle contiguity is greater in mice than rats i.e., 4 days followed by 5 days instead of 4 days and vice versa [23,24] although irregular cycles are predominant with aged animals (6 months and above). 5. Gently transfer the fluid comprising the cells on a clean, pre-labelled glass slide bearing the appropriate animal's identity. ...
In most research involving female reproductive function, female animals particularly mice and rats are usually employed. This may perhaps be due to their well-defined reproductive cycle (estrous cycle) as well as the ability to breed and handle them easily. The short and precise length of estrus cycle usually 4–5 days make mice models the choicest mammal when it comes to human related research. Also, they possess very short reproductive age typically 7–8 months reaching sexual maturity at weeks 4–7 following their birth. Although many similarities exist between this model and humans, however, there also exist obvious distinctions between the human female reproductive system and that of mice. Humans have average length of their reproductive or menstrual cycle of about 28–29 days with their reproductive ages between 10–40 years. These relevant differences between mice and human reproductive system constitute the limitations to the use of this models. Therefore, the scope of this chapter will be to explore the basic knowledge of laboratory mice by examining their reproductive system anatomy and physiology, the fertilization process, estrous cycle and genetic make-up. We hope that this will provide many insights to the use of animal models in female reproductive research.
... The uterus consists of two separated uterine horns, enabling the rat to have multiple offspring. The vagina of the rat opens directly to the exterior (Kent and Carr, 2001 (Lohmiller and Swing, 2006). Proestrus 12 Male acceptance at end of phase Nucleated epithelial cells Estrus 12 Lordosis; male acceptance 75% nucleated cells; 25% cornified cells Metestrus 21 No male acceptance Many leukocytes with nucleated and cornified cells Diestrus 57 No male acceptance Leukocytes ...
The laboratory rat is widely used in research studies as a model of mammalian health and disease. This review provides the basic facts about female rat reproduction and highlights the reproductive characteristics which make the rat a preferred animal model for research on reproduction. Rats have short estrous cycle, lasting four to five days. The estrous cycle consists of four stages known as proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus. Phases of the estrous cycle can be detected by observing behavioral changes or examining vaginal cytology. Detection of sperm in vaginal smear is an excellent predictor of pregnancy in rats. Implantation is initiated on day 5 and completed by day 7 of pregnancy. Gestation takes 21 to 23 days from copulation to parturition. Short estrous cycle and gestation period make the rat an ideal animal model for research on reproduction.
... Although vertebral column consists of numerous individual bones they do function in more or less as one element. [26][27][28][29] Hence, the bone density pattern in whole column could showcase differences between species that are related to mechanical workings of the spine: posture, locomotion, etc. ...
Unlabelled:
Case study on the bone density pattern of subaxial vertebral column in African apes.
Introduction:
African apes have been noted to experience fewer back ailments than humans and to have higher vertebral bone density. Yet, research on the subject is quite limited and has usually included only one or few vertebrae. However, to understand vertebral column as whole and how posture and locomotion might have affected it, we need to know how bone density varies between adjacent vertebrae.
Materials and methods:
Bone density in the vertebral body was measured for all subaxial vertebrae of five specimens including two Pan troglodytes (1 male and 1 female) and three Gorilla gorilla (2 males and 1 female) using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT).
Results:
The results tentatively indicated differences between species, especially in the trabecular density of the cervical segment and support the need for further studies on this subject.
... The floor of the tongue of A. gigas ( Figure 1C), as described in other individuals of the Teleostei class (Kent, 1954;Nagar and Khan, 1958;Khanna, 1962;Hassan, 2013;Rosa et al., 2020), is thin and fixed in the oral cavity, being incapable of wide movements, which allows us to infer that it does not help in swallowing food. ...
The study of the functional anatomy of the digestive system of fish, in particular the oropharyngeal cavity, is of great importance because it allows inferences about the feeding habit, mechanisms of capture, selection and processing of food carried out by different species. Thus, the aimed was to describe the anatomical adaptations of the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822) oropharyngeal cavity using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The oropharyngeal cavity of six specimens of pirarucu was collected in juvenile phase, from Aquaculture Research Center at the Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), created for commercial purposes. The anatomical pieces were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for SEM analysis. Anatomically, the pirarucu oropharyngeal cavity is composed of five pairs of branchial arches, apical portion of the tongue, floor of the tongue, lower pharyngeal area, and upper pharyngeal plate. In SEM, we observed that the mucosa of the apex of the tongue and the upper pharyngeal roof, have a smooth texture and are covered by squamous cells with numerous small openings scattered over the surface. The portions of the floor of the tongue and the lower pharyngeal area, on the other hand, have adaptations in the form of a projectile and numerous sensory papillae, giving a rough texture to the region. Thus, the oropharyngeal cavity of pirarucu is adapted for the capture, apprehension and swallowing of its prey, with signs of carnivory.
... A tarsal element, which rests upon the tibiale and often provides partial support for the first metatarsal, is generally called the first centrale [28,34,37,41,42]. The same element is also called the cartilago prehallucis [14,25,29], the tarsale prehallucis [27], the naviculare [9], or the mediale [2,40]. ...
Variation in the pes was examined radiographically in 858 feet of three species of the genus Hynobius. The fifth toe of H. lichenatus was sometimes missing or barely expressed, caused by the absence of the fifth tarsale or by the fusion of the fourth and fifth tarsalia. Although the phalangeal formula was stable in H. hidamontanus (22320) and H. nigrescens (22332), it was highly variable in H. lichenatus (22332 and 31 other types were observed). In H. hidamontanus and some populations of H. lichenatus, there were unusual lots of feet with unossified first centrale and tibiale. Moreover, the unossification of the fifth tarsale, not influencing the occurrence of the fifth toe, was found in one population which corresponded to the southern limit of distribution of H. lichenatus. A postminimus (= extra ankle bone), occurring in some primitive tetrapods, appeared sporadically on the postaxial side in the tarsus of H. lichenatus and H. nigrescens, but not of H. hidamontanus. The complete absence of both the fifth toe and the postminimus, and the presence of only two centralia, due to the fusion of the second and third centralia, suggest that H. hidamontanus is one of the most derived groups among the Hynobius species.
... The tongue of mongoose, which isthe subject of this study, appears to be prolonged ( Fig. 1) and is positioned at the lower jaw to settle at the bottom of the oral cavity, which is associated with it by a membrane fold called lingual frenulum, which is a long and wide membrane ( Fig. 2) and this result is a confirmed fact of what most of the previous references to the tongue of mammals (Kent and Carr, 2001;Kardong, 2002;Ghali and Dauod, 2014). Long and wide lingual frenulum helps to make the movement of the tongue freer because the nature of its food, which needs a tongue that is highly efficient in cutting and chewing prey. ...
The aim of the current study is to identify the morphological description of the tongue in mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and its relation to the feeding pattern. For this purpose the (5) samples of tongues were dissected from the head of mongoosecaught from different areas of Al-Najaf province, cleaned in normal saline and examined under the dissecting microscope. The results showed the absence of the middle groove in the lingual apex area. As well as the absence of lingual prominence in the body area. The dorsal surface is characterized by the presence of four types from lingual papillae (filiform, cylindrical, fungiform, circumvallate), while the ventral surface is free of lingual papillae. The filiform papillae spread throughout the dorsal surface of the tongue and scattered among them fungiform papillae, as well as the presence of cylindrical papillae only at the cranial part of the lingual body. Three circumvallate papillae are observed on the lingual root, while foliate papillae are absent. The margin of lingual apex is being round and thin. The cranial part of lingual body is characterized by appears simple circular depression called the lingual fossa, which cylindrical papillae are located in it, whereas the ventral surface of the tongue is distinguished by the presence of a rod-like structure called the lyssa. These results are related to function composition and feeding pattern of this animal.
... Comparison of the primate with an adult human brain specimen, without intraventricular radiopaque contrast material, demonstrates the aqueduct (Aq), the relatively smaller tectum (T), and the marked expansion of the occipital lobe and pole (OP) in the human. The distance between 2 black lines on the rulers in the specimen photographs is 1 mm small and the auditory center is not large enough to form a bulge on the surface of the mesencephalon [13]. ...
Purpose
An extensive literature has postulated multiple etiologies for aqueductal stenosis. No publications were found, discussing that evolutionary modifications might explain aqueductal anomalies. This study’s objectives were to review the evolutionary modifications of vertebrates’ tectum structures that might explain human aqueduct anomalies. Undertaking vertebrate comparative study is currently not feasible in view of limitations in obtaining vertebrate material. Thus, vertebrate material collected, injected, dissected, and radiographed in the early 1970s was analyzed, focusing on the aqueduct and components of the midbrain tectum.
Methods
Photographs of brain dissections and radiographs of the cerebral ventricles and arteries of adult shark, frog, iguana, rabbit, cat, dog, and primate specimens, containing a barium-gelatin radiopaque compound, were analyzed focusing on the aqueduct, the optic ventricles, the quadrigeminal plate, and collicular ventricles. The anatomic information provided by the dissections and radiographs is not reproducible by any other radiopaque contrast currently available.
Results
Dissected and radiographed cerebral ventricular and arterial systems of the vertebrates demonstrated midbrain tectum changes, including relative size modifications of the mammalian components of the tectum, simultaneously with the enlargement of the occipital lobe. There is a transformation of pre-mammalian optic ventricles to what appear to be collicular ventricles in mammals, as the aqueduct and collicular ventricle form a continuous cavity.
Conclusions
The mammalian tectum undergoes an evolutionary cephalization process consisting of relative size changes of the midbrain tectum structures. This is associated with enlargement of the occipital lobe, as part of overall neocortical expansion. Potentially, aqueductal anomalies could be explained by evolutionary modifications.
... On the other hand, Jollie (1968) reported that in lampreys the nervus abducens passes out the cranium together with the trochlear and trigeminal nerves through a large opening in the lateral side of the skull. However, Kent (1978) stated that lampreys seem to lack an abducens nerve or may be represented by small bundle emerging from the hind brain on the anterior surface of the trigeminal nerve. ...
The aim of this study is to analyze the ocular muscle nerves and the ciliary ganglion of the anguillid fish Anguilla anguilla. The ocular muscle nerves comprise the nervi oculomotorius, trochlearis and abducens. The oculomotor nerve leaves the cranial cavity together with the nervus abducens through a common foramen. It innervates four eye muscles rectus superior, rectus inferior, rectus medialis and the obliquus inferior muscles. It carries pure somatic motor fibers and visceromotor (parasympathetic) ones. There is no ciliary ganglion but, there is one ciliary nerve arising from the nervus oculomotorius. The trochlear nerve has its own foramen and carries pure somatic motor fibers to the superior obliquemuscle. The abducens nerve has a single root. It leaves the cranial cavity through a common foramen together with the nervus oculomotorius. It carries pure somatic motor fibers to the rectus lateralis muscle.
... The self-report data from the 180°video VR HMD and the 3D video computer display groups equally indicated (i.e., average Likert scale ratings of 9.35 and 8.88, respectively) that the participants felt that the VR experience addressed their animal welfare concerns, as they saw the value that this pedagogical tool offered by reducing the need to use more animals to demonstrate the same kinds of research techniques in the neurosciences by displaying them as simulated VR experiences. Moreover, the alternative learning textbooks regarding such surgeries (Cooley and Venderwolf, 1978;Lawrence, 1997;Perrett, 1997;Martin, 1998;Ward, 2015) and brain atlases (Lim et al., 1960;Snider and Niemer, 1961;Gergen and MacLean, 1962;DeLucchi et al., 1965;Karten and Hodos, 1967;Montemurro and Dukelow, 1972;Slotnick and Leonard, 1975;Paxinos, 1985aPaxinos, , 1985bZilles, 1985;Bradley and Bydder, 1989;DeArmond et al., 1989;Paxinos and Watson, 2005;Ramachandra, 2011) as well as neuroanatomy (Kent, 1965;Angevine and Cotman, 1981;Foster, 1988;Gilman and Winans-Newman, 1991;O' Rahilly and Müller, 1994;Martin, 1996;Bayer and Altman, 2002;Gould and Brueckner, 2008;Haines, 2008;Woolsey et al., 2008;Jacobson et al., 2018) often fail to offer a very clear understanding of the photographs and precisely how they align with the surgical and stereotaxic procedures and furthermore, how they relate to neuroanatomical connections, thereby adding to the academic achievement gap. ...
Introduction: Students interested in neuroscience surgical applications learn about stereotaxic surgery mostly through textbooks that introduce the concepts but lack sufficient details to provide students with applied learning skills related to biomedical research. The present study employed a novel pedagogical approach which used an immersive virtual reality (VR) alternative to teach students stereotaxic surgery procedures through the point of view (POV) of the neuroscientist conducting the research procedures.
Methods: The study compared the 180° video virtual reality head-mounted display (180° video VR HMD) and the 3D video computer display groups to address the learning gaps created by textbooks that insufficiently teach stereotaxic surgery, by bringing students into the Revinax ® Virtual Training Solutions educational instruction platform/technology. Following the VR experience, students were surveyed to determine their ratings of the learning content and comprehension of the material and how it compared to a traditional lecture, an online/hybrid lecture, and YouTube/other video content, as well as whether they would have interest in such a pedagogical tool.
Results: The 180° video VR HMD and the 3D video computer display groups helped students attend to and learn the material equally, it improved their self-study, and they would recommend that their college/university invest in this type of pedagogy. Students reported that both interventions increased their rate of learning, their retention of the material, and its translatability. Students equally preferred both interventions over traditional lectures, online/hybrid courses, textbooks, and YouTube/other video content to learn stereotaxic surgery.
Conclusion: Students preferred to learn in and achieve greater learning outcomes from both the 180° video VR HMD and the 3D video computer display over other pedagogical instructional formats and thought that it would be a more humane alternative to show how to conduct the stereotaxic surgical procedure without having to unnecessarily use/practice and/or demonstrate on an animal. Thus, this pedagogical approach facilitated their learning in a manner that was consistent with the 3-Rs in animal research and ethics. The 180° video VR HMD and the 3D video computer display can be a low-cost and effective pedagogical option for distance/remote learning content for students as we get through the COVID-19 pandemic or for future alternative online/hybrid classroom instruction to develop skills/reskill/upskill in relation to neuroscience techniques.
... Histological character of male O. cuniculus are not much different from other mammals. Generally, the kidneys have osmoregulator function by regulate the blood compotition in optimum amount (Kent, 1987;Mescher, 2013). Kidneys of O. cuniculus mainly consist of two parts in sagittal region i.e. cortex and medulla. ...
Common rabbit or European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is one of the mammals that belongs to the order Lagomorph. The study of uropoetic organs in adult male common rabbit included the anatomical and histological description at the light microscope level by using Hematoxyline and Eosine stain methods. The aims of this study was to determine the anatomical and histological featu res of male Oryctolagus cuniculus. Uropoetic organs of adult male common rabbit consists of four organs that is kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The result showed that Oryctolagus cuniculus have a bean-shaped kidney. The length of the right kidney is 3,4 cm and the width is 1,9 cm while the length of the left kidney is 3,2 cm and the width is 1,8 cm. The histological study showed that common rabbit kidne y consists of glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and collecting ducts.
... Procelous types can be found in some fish, amphibians and reptiles. The procelous shape has a characteristic that is the concave on anterior surface while the posterior surface is convex (Romer., 1962;Messer, 1956;Kent & Carr, 2001) (figure 2). The surface of the condyle is very smooth because the surface is covered by white cartilage (figures 2 and 3). ...
Asiatic water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) is a type of reptile that can be found in several countries on the Asian continent. In Indonesia this species can be found in the Sunda plain (Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara) and Maluku (the Sula and Obi islands). Asiatic water monitor lizard is long tailed reptile. The functions of tail as a movement aid, to maintain balance, a place to store energy, sexual appearance, and reproduction. The caudalis vertebrae in asiatic water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) has a structure consisting of centrum, processus, cotyle, condilus, and constriction area. To observe the caudal vertebrae in monitor lizards the experiment was done by cleaning all the sticky tissue, then observed using a stereo microscope with a magnification of 0.8X. The result showed that blood vessels and nerve tissue were protected by sturdy bones.
... Unlike other animals with restricted dietary needs, the avian alimentary tract has undergone structural modification to accommodate a wide variety of food types (Klasing, 1999) as well as requirements necessary for flight (Denbow, 2015). As in all vertebrates, the avian alimentary tract is a double-ended tube beginning with the beak and terminating with the anus (Kent & Miller, 1997). This canal shows great physiologic and structural diversity depending on the food habits of the species (Kadhim et al., 2011b). ...
The avian alimentary tract has evolved into different histologic structures to accommodate the physical and chemical features of several food types and flight requirements. We compared the esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus (GGD) and kestrels, Falco tinnunculus (FT) using immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy with various stains and lectins [ Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA 120 )], and α -smooth muscle actin ( α -SMA). The esophagus of GGD demonstrated thickened epithelium, muscularis mucosae, and inner circular longitudinal tunica muscularis layers; moderate outer longitudinal tunica muscularis layers; and a true crop. In contrast, the esophagus of FT showed a thin epithelium, no muscularis mucosae, moderate inner longitudinal and thick outer circular tunica muscularis layers, and no true crop. In the proventriculus, the nature of the secretion in GGD was neutral, but that of FT was acidic and neutral. In the gizzard, the muscle coat of GGD by α -SMA had no muscularis mucosae, unlike FT, which had muscularis mucosae. In summary, there are many histologic differences between GGD and FT to meet their different physiologic needs, such as feeding.
... Ear has three part of the external ear receives the audio waves, and the midle ear, through which these waves travel from the air to the bone and through the bone to the inner ear and the inner ear in which these vibrations are converted into special nerve impulses that pass through the acoustic nerve to the central nervous system and contains vestibular organ which keeps the balance (Kent and Carr, 2001). ...
The study concerned the embryonic development of inner ear of Quail Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). The study is done in the period between (20 February and 20 October) in Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad. Ten adult quail Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). The first sign of the formation of sensory part of the ear is evident in the embryo of the quail bird at 38 hours incubation. At this stage apairs of thickening on the sides of hind brain is known as the otic placodes of the proximal epidermis in the head region, these two placodes fall below the general level of the apparent ectoderm by invagination process at (40) hours incubation to be walls of pair spaces known as auditory pits where the walls are in the first composition is continuos with surface ectoderm and open wide open, after that the presure is sparated from the surface ectoderm. The ectoderm then clears the surface to become auditory vesicles located between ectoderm and hind brain (Myeloncephalon) where the hearing pressure deepens and grows with in the mesothelium, where the ectoderm separates when the fetus reaches (48) hours incibation, and becomes close to the lateral wall of the hind brain (Myeloncephalon).
... Phylogenetically, the tongue appeared later. In fishes, the hyoid bones are in the inner margin of the mouth bones [6]. Fishes are able to eat and breathe with the composite of visceral skeleton. ...
... Each sarcomere consists of two species of longitudinally oriented pertinacious myofilaments, myosin and actin, not visible by light microscopy. The cross striation of the muscle fiber are the result of the perfect alignment of the sarcomeres with the muscle fiber (George et al., 1997). ...
Botox is an attenuated toxin made from a toxin which produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum used as a drug for cervical dystonia , Overactive bladder, Strabismus - misaligned eyes, cerebral palsy and non-surgical cosmetic operation
The present study concluded that Botox injection induced nerve injuries due to the action of toxin by block the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. These injuries were extend to all facial muscles and salivary glands in rabbits and hind limb in rats.
... Barboz andJorde, 2002 andSzcepanczyk, 2007). The glandular stomach of both kingfisher and Upupa epops showing a significant differences in length and width, the difference between stomach of under investigation birds are probably due to the feeding habits or perhaps the amount of food engulfed by birds under investigation (King and Mclelland 1984.;Kent andcar 2001, andKardong 1998). The relative size of these organs was variable according to the food habits and this may be the reasons of the differences between the two stomachs, so, in the birds that eat hard food items as in kingfisher proventriculus (bird species under investigation) was wide due to the high number of glands component. ...
The present work aims to investigate the morphometrical, histological, and histochemical, aspects of the esophagus and stomach in two different Egyptian birds having different food habits. The animals under investigation are Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), and Hoopoe (Upupa epops). These birds were caught from Abou-Rawash Constituency and Nile Delta in Egypt. The birds were dissected; after which the esophagus and stomach were fixed and stained for the comparative histological study. From the current results, it was revealed that, there are some morphometric differences between kingfisher and hoopoe in both esophagus and stomach. The esophagus wall in Kingfisher composed of only three layers or tunics: mucosa, muscularis and adventitia arranged from the inside to outside, referring to the absence of tunica submucosa;whereas, the esophagus of the Hoopoe consists of four distinct functional layers; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and the outermost serosa. Stomach in the two studied birds is divided into two parts, glandular or true stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach or gizzard (ventriculus). The glandular stomach showed moderate differences in length and width between kingfisher and hoopoe.The mucosa of proventriculus in the kingfisher consists of number of large compound folds which appear as finger-shaped structures with gastric pits; mucous cells are most conspicuously distinguished by their "empty" appearance. While, the mucosa of proventriculus in the hoopoe have both parietal cells and chief cells which occur in the middle portion of gastric glands. The gizzard wall has a thick keratinized layer called koilin, the secretion of the gizzard glands forms the koilin in hoopoe but in kingfisher the gizzard wall is small and very thin keratinoid lining.
Coronary blood vessels are in charge of sustaining cardiac homeostasis. It is thus logical that coronary congenital anomalies (CCA) directly or indirectly associate with multiple cardiac conditions, including sudden death. The coronary vascular system is a sophisticated, highly patterned anatomical entity, and therefore a wide range of congenital malformations of the coronary vasculature have been described. Despite the clinical interest of CCA, very few attempts have been made to relate specific embryonic developmental mechanisms to the congenital anomalies of these blood vessels. This is so because developmental data on the morphogenesis of the coronary vascular system derive from complex studies carried out in animals (mostly transgenic mice), and are not often accessible to the clinician, who, in turn, possesses essential information on the significance of CCA. During the last decade, advances in our understanding of normal embryonic development of coronary blood vessels have provided insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying coronary arteries anomalies. These findings are the base for our attempt to offer plausible embryological explanations to a variety of CCA as based on the analysis of multiple animal models for the study of cardiac embryogenesis, and present them in an organized manner, offering to the reader developmental mechanistic explanations for the pathogenesis of these anomalies.
The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is renowned for its remarkable adaptations, yet much of its complex biology remains unknown. In this pioneering study, we utilized a combination of gross anatomy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy, and immunofluorescence techniques to examine the tongue’s omnivorous adaptation in this species. This research bridges a critical knowledge gap, enhancing our understanding of this intriguing reptile. Gross examination revealed a unique arrowhead-shaped tongue with a median lingual fissure and puzzle-piece-shaped tongue papillae. SEM unveiled rectangular filiform, conical, and fungiform papillae, with taste pores predominantly on the dorsal surface and mucous cells on the lateral surface of the papillae. Histologically, the tongue’s apex featured short rectangular filiform and fungiform papillae, while the body exhibited varying filiform shapes and multiple taste buds on fungiform papillae. The tongue’s root contained lymphatic tissue with numerous lymphocytes surrounding the central crypt, alongside lingual skeletal musculature, blood and lymph vessels, and Raffin corpuscles in the submucosa. The lingual striated muscle bundles had different orientations, and the lingual hyaline cartilage displayed a bluish coloration of the ground substance, along with a characteristic isogenous group of chondrocytes. Our research represents the first comprehensive application of immunofluorescence techniques to investigate the cellular intricacies of the red-eared slider’s tongue by employing seven distinct antibodies, revealing a wide array of compelling and significant findings. Vimentin revealed the presence of taste bud cells, while synaptophysin provided insights into taste bud and nerve bundle characteristics. CD34 and PDGFRα illuminated lingual stromal cells, and SOX9 and PDGFRα shed light on chondrocytes within the tongue’s cartilage. CD20 mapped B-cell lymphocyte distribution in the lingual tonsil, while alpha smooth actin (α-SMA) exposed the intricate myofibroblast and smooth muscle network surrounding the lingual blood vessels and salivary glands. In conclusion, our comprehensive study advances our knowledge of the red-eared slider’s tongue anatomy and physiology, addressing a significant research gap. These findings not only contribute to the field of turtle biology but also deepen our appreciation for the species’ remarkable adaptations in their specific ecological niches.
Collaboration between biology and robotics has been an important trend since before the establishment of modern soft robotics. The chapter began with a discussion of the possibilities of using robots for biological experiments, rather than solely one-way use of biological expertise by robot researchers. We then provide an overview of the musculoskeletal system as the body structure of an organism that combines hardness and softness.
Background: Review of the Iraqi literatures reviled that there are several works have been done on the gastrointestinal tract of Iraqi birds, but we didn’t find research work include details information related with the gastrointestinal tract of common wood pigeon from Iraqi environment Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the anatomy and histology of intestine in wood pigeon (Columba palumbus). Materials and methods: Animals were collected from Al-Najaf desert, methods of Humason and Bancroft and Stevens were employed for the histological study. Results: Anatomical results reviled that the intestine of common wood pigeon divided into several parts represented by duodenum, ileum, and rectum. Histologically the wall of all parts of intestine in common wood pigeon as in all other birds possessed four layers (mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa). The structural differences of duodenum were in the villi which were represented by long extensions from the epithelium of the mucosa. Results showed that the ileum in common wood pigeon showed that villi of ileum were shorter than those of duodenum, and appeared as a leaf-like shape. Large intestine in wood pigeon represented by rectum which exhibit different features in the mucosa, as the villi of rectum are flat and wide (leaf-like shape),and the lumen of rectum was wider than that of small intestine. Conclusion: the present study reviled some differences in the mucosa of rectum as the villi appeared flat leaf-like shape and the lumen was wider than that of small intestine. The mucosal epithelium represented by simple columnar epithelium, with numerous goblet cells scattered in the epithelium
The availability and cost of fishmeal constitute a bottleneck in Atlantic salmon production expansion. Fishmeal is produced from wild fish species and constitutes the major feed ingredient in carnivorous species such as the Atlantic salmon. These natural stocks are at risk of depletion and it is therefore of major importance to find alternative protein sources that meet the nutritional requirements of the Atlantic salmon, without compromising the animals’ health. Terrestrial animal by-products have been used in aquaculture feed, but their use is limited by the lack of several essential amino acids and consumer acceptance. In the case of plant ingredients, it is necessary to take into account both their concentration and the extraction methodologies, since, if not dosed correctly, they can cause macro- and microscopic alterations of the structure of the gastrointestinal tract and can also negatively modulate the microbiota composition. These alterations may compromise the digestive functions, growth of the animal, and, ultimately, its well-being. An updated revision of alternative protein sources is provided, with the respective impact on the intestine health in terms of both morphology and microbiota composition. Such information may constitute the premise for the choice and development of Atlantic salmon feeds that guarantee fish health and growth performance without having a significant impact on the surrounding environment, both in terms of depletion of the fish’s natural stocks and in terms of pressure on the terrestrial agriculture. The sustainability of aquaculture should be a priority when choosing next-generation ingredients.
Potensi ikan di perairan pesisir Pulau Ternate sangat besar, baik potensi sumberdaya dalam proses pemanfaatan maupun potensi untuk pemgembangan sumberdaya alam. Dengan adanya upaya untuk menjaga kelestarian ikan agar tidak punah, sehingga dilakukan penelitian tentang identifikasi ikan sebagai langkah awal dalam upaya menjaga kelestarian ikan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan studi pustaka. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan setiap hari selama 3 minggu padabulan November 2017 dengan lokasi pengambilan sampel di wilayah perairan pesisir Kota Ternate Selatan. Identifikasi dan pengukuran sampel ikan di Laboraturium Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Universitas Muhammdiyah Maluku Utara dan home base. Metode analisa data yangdigunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologi yangtelah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 14 jenis ikan Teleostei yang meliputi Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, selarodies leptolepis, Decaptures, Caranx sp, Caesio cuning, s. Canaliculatus, Lethrinus lentjan, Mugil cephalus, Mugil cephalus, Plectropomus macullatus, Upeneus mullocensin, Lutjanus campechanus, Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, Scarus sp. dengan daerah sebaran nelayan Kota Ternate meliputi daerah perairan yang berada di bagian Selatan Kota Ternate dan sudah sangat dekat dengan Pulau Maitara.
In the last decade, studies integrating palaeontology, embryology and experimental developmental biology have markedly altered our homological understanding of the mammalian skull. Indeed, new evidence suggests that we should revisit and restructure the conventional anatomical terminology applied to the components of the mammalian skull. Notably, these are classical problems that have remained unresolved since the ninteenth century. In this review, I offer perspectives on the overlooked problems associated with the homology, development, and conservatism of the mammalian skull, aiming to encourage future studies in these areas. I emphasise that ossification patterns, bone fusion, cranial sutures and taxon-specific neomorphic bones in the skull are virtually unexplored, and further studies would improve our homological understanding of the mammalian skull. Lastly, I highlight that overlooked bones may exist in the skull that are not yet known to science and suggest that further search is needed.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The mammalian skull: development, structure and function’.
Among bats, rhinolophoids and yangochiropterans, but not pteropodids, exhibit laryngeal echolocation. Although Rousettus has been regarded as the only pteropodid capable of echolocation using tongue clicks, recent evidence suggests that other species of pteropodids are also capable of echolocation using wing clicks. Studies on laryngeal echolocators suggest that delicate ear movements are essential for the echolocation behavior of bats and that the cervicoauricularis muscles play a critical role in such ear movements. In this study, we observed the gross anatomy of cervicoauricularis muscles in three species of pteropodids (Cynopterus sphinx, Eonycteris spelaea, and Rousettusleschenaultii) to examine whether ear muscle anatomy varies among pteropodids with different echolocation types and between pteropodids and laryngeal echolocating bats. We found that M. cervicoauricularis profundus originates from the nuchal crest in tongue-click echolocators (R.leschenaultii) and from the midline in wing-click echolocators (C. sphinx and E. spelaea). In general, tongue-click echolocation using high click rates is considered to be more sophisticated in terms of sonar performance than wing-click echolocation. M. cervicoauricularis profundus originating from the nuchal crest (CPNC) is not common in non-bat laurasiatherian mammals, but can be found in laryngeal echolocating bats. As it pulls the ear pinna caudally in the horizontal plane and increases the access to sound, CPNC found in R.leschenaultii and laryngeal echolocating bats may be a key characteristic of the sophisticated active echolocation behavior of bats.
In this study, we investigated the aortic arch (AA) branching pattern in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). We performed arterial silicone casting of the AA of 18 Eurasian otters (8 males and 10 females). We analyzed the AA branching pattern at three levels: the AA, brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), and subclavian artery (SB), using different classification methods at each level. We introduced new criteria for classifying the SB branching pattern applicable for Eurasian otter and other carnivores based on the sequence of the four main branches: vertebral artery (VT), internal thoracic artery (IT), costocervical artery (CCT), and superficial cervical artery (SC). In all Eurasian otters, two major branches emerged directly from the AA, i.e., the BCT and left SB. The BCT branched off the left common carotid artery and terminated in the right common carotid artery and right SB in 17 of 18 Eurasian otters; the BCT formed a bicarotid artery in the remaining case. The SBs showed various branching patterns, with the main branching pattern involving branching to the VT and IT at the same position, followed by the CCT and SC. The SB branching pattern in the Eurasian otter differed from that in dogs in that the two first branching arteries were VT and IT, rather than VT and CCT. Here, we present the anatomical characteristics of the AA branching patterns in the Eurasian otter and new analysis methods applicable for comparative studies of other carnivores.
The medial brachial cutaneous nerve (MBC) originates from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the skin sensory in the medial posterior surface of the upper arm. Considering previous reports of the primate brachial plexus, the MBC appeared to be the sole branch in the brachial plexus that only some primates possess. However, the detailed descriptions and records regarding the morphology of the MBC and related nerves, their origins and distributions (dermatomes) in particular, were frequently lacked in the previous reports, and it remains unclear why the difference in the MBC appearance exists among primates. In this study, the brachial plexus and its branches were first re-evaluated and certainly identified in several primates, humans, chimpanzee, macaque monkey, lutung, tamarin, squirrel monkey, and spider monkey. The MBC was identified in humans, chimpanzee, spider monkey, and squirrel monkey. In the other species, the intercostobrachial nerve (ICB) originating from some of 1st to 3rd intercostal nerves developed and distributed instead of the MBC. According to the kinesiological and behavioral studies, the former species possessing MBC show high shoulder joint mobility associated with their locomotive patterns. We speculate that the MBC corresponds to transformed ICB; specifically, where it originates presumably transfers from the 1st and/or 2nd intercostal nerves to the brachial plexus, which allows it to reach the upper arm by coursing the shortest distance even if the forelimb is raised high. Therefore, MBC may embody phylogenetic morphogenesis of the nerve associated with the locomotive evolution and adaptation in primate forelimb.
The origin and early diversification of jawed vertebrates involved major changes to skeletal and soft anatomy. Skeletal transformations can be examined directly by studying fossil stem gnathostomes; however, preservation of soft anatomy is rare. We describe the only known example of a three-dimensionally mineralized heart, thick-walled stomach, and bilobed liver from arthrodire placoderms, stem gnathostomes from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation in Western Australia. The application of synchrotron and neutron microtomography to this material shows evidence of a flat S-shaped heart, which is well separated from the liver and other abdominal organs, and the absence of lungs. Arthrodires thus show the earliest phylogenetic evidence for repositioning of the gnathostome heart associated with the evolution of the complex neck region in jawed vertebrates.
In millipedes, gonopods are male copulatory genitalia derived from walking legs that metamorphose during postembryonic development. The morphology of gonopods is critical for genus and species diagnosis in most taxa. However, the form and function of gonopods vary drastically at the family and ordinal level, making intricate morphological comparison practically impossible. Internal morphology could provide the basis for homologizing morphological elements present in the walking legs and gonopods. Therefore, we used x-ray computed tomography to produce 3D segmentations of Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) millipedes incorporating two types of morphological elements: skeletal elements and muscles. In addition to imaging the trunk and appendages of an adult male, we imaged the developing gonopod across a series of juvenile male stadia in order to trace the identities of morphological elements. Skeletal elements were homologized, but muscle homologies were limited by the dissimilarity of muscle attachment sites between the walking leg and gonopod. Furthermore, images of juvenile males showed that appendage musculature is totally obliterated once gonopod development begins in the fourth stadium. Due to these limitations, we believe it may be more tractable to homologize gonopod musculature of various millipede taxa to each other than to that of the walking legs. Because distinct genetic developmental networks responsible for walking leg and gonopod patterning have been evolving separately since the common ancestor of gonopod-bearing millipedes (a case of paramorphy), skeletomusculature among gonopods of unrelated millipede taxa is expected to be more similar than that of the gonopod and walking leg within a given millipede lineage.
Morphological description and Histological Structure of the Pancrase in Cyrtopodion scaberum Gecko Heyden
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α) presents in multiple isoforms generated using alternative promoter (P1 and P2) and splicing. Neither conservation of tissue distribution of HNF4α isoforms, nor presence of alternative promoter usage is known. In this study, to detect the expression of HNF4α in some species of animals, we have applied monoclonal antibodies against P1 (K9218) and P2 (H6939) promoter-driven and P1/P2 promoter-driven H1415 HNF4α for immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Antibody K9218 was observed in the hepatocytes, proximal tubules of the kidney, and epithelial cells in the mucosa of the small intestine and colon of rats, chicken, and tortoise, whereas antibody H6939 signal were detected in the stomach, pancreas, bile duct, and pancreatic duct of human and rats. The signal for antibody K9218 was recognized in tissues of a wide range of mammals, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish as well. Antibody H1415 displayed a positive reaction in hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells in chicken and tortoise, whereas the bile duct, mucosal epithelial cells in the stomach, or pancreas in these animals were negative. Western blotting showed the binding of the antibody with HNF4α protein from each animal. The sequence of human HNF4α was 100% identical to murine and rat HNF4α, 88.9% to chicken, 77.8% to Xenopus HNF4α, and 81.5% to medaka. However, the specific part of human and invertebrate Drosophila HNF4 shares only 14.8% sequence identity. This antibody is useful for detecting HNF4α isoforms in a wide range of vertebrates, and suggests many insights into animal evolution.
The indigenous geese have symmetrical pair of ultimobranchial gland, pink in color, lenticular or globular in shape. These glands are located in thoracic inlet, posterior to the parathyroid gland, dorsal to the bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk. In young birds the left gland usually adheres to the caudal pole of parathyroid gland and usually cranio lateral to the origin of common carotid artery, while the right gland is also related to common carotid artery, but it’s separated from caudal pole of parathyroid gland. The gland is supplied by collateral branch from common carotid artery and innervated by branch from the thoracic vegal trunk and directed from the recurrent nerve. The gland is not surrounded by capsule but it’s covered by mass of adipose tissue. The parenchyma of gland consists of epithelial component supported by loose connective tissue which mostly composed of network of collagen fibers interrupted by few elastic fibers. The epithelial component of the gland consists of calcitonin producing cell or C-cell, vesicles and accessory parathyroid nodules. The C-cells are arranged in strands or cords. The connective tissue stroma of gland contains various number of follicles or vesicular structures, which are variable in shape, size, structure and secretory activity. In adult birds, the large vesicles were transformed to cystic structure, which occupied the large part of gland.
This work was considered with the objectives of to describe the anatomohistology
of the stomach of Lithobates catesbeianus and to stand out functional
aspects of the stomach of Lithobates catesbeianus. 20 (twenty) exemplary of
frog had been used bull, Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802 (Amphibia,
Anurous, Ranidae), with average alive weight of 85,0 ± 2,03 g. The units had
been lodged in plastic boxes with 46 cm of length, 30 cm of width and 9 cm of
depth, with 200 ml of water; the water was changed two times to the day.
These units had been submitted the 48 hours of empty, for the cleanness of
the digestive pipe and the contraction of its wall. The stomach of Lithobates
catesbeianus is divided in regions of the body and piloric, made use in an only
chamber. The stomach of the Lithobates catesbeianus is related with storage of
the food, with the mixture of this food with the gastric juice, its digestion and
the transference of the alimentary cake for the thin intestine.
Keywords: anatomy, histology, nutrition
Fermentative herbivorous animals have peculiar conformations of the digestive system. It is known that B. variegatus obtained the capacity for evolutionary adaptation, due to their ecology and eating habits. However, despite the literature on feeding management for this species, there is a lack of published information regarding its gastric morphology, and such information would support a better understanding on the diet and digestion of these individuals. We found seven gastric compartments, which histologically revealed three distinct patterns: an aglandular keratinized fraction (mechanical stomach) and two glandular fractions, one a mucus secretor and the other one composed of acid secreting cells (chemical stomach). With these evidences we understand that these individuals have gastric resemblance to ruminants, with some inherent peculiarities of this species, including the transit of the bolus.
Abstract:
The comparative anatomical study results show that the kidney of hborderhog is a small rigid structure looks like a bean and it is surrounded by a thin transparent capsule of connective tissue, it has a brown color to ruby red, it located in the front half of the body cavity beneath the diaphragm and beside the vertebral column, the left kidney takes a caudal site with respect to the right kidney, it has been noticed there is an extrusive significant correlation between the kidney weight and the body weight which equals to (0.95), and between the kidney length and the body weight which equals to (0.96) at level (P<0.05). The macroscopic examination showed that the kidney of the quail bird is a large brittle longitudinal structure, takes a symmetrically position On either side of the vertebral column within the low bone is called the renal hole in the fused sacral region of the body cavity, the kidney is lobed of three cloves, contains cranial lobe which is the biggest lobes, the middle lobe which is a narrow elongated, and the alvela lobe which is smaller than the previous lobes, the kidney is surrounded by a thin capsule of connective tissue , and it has dark red to dark brown color, it has been found an extrusive significant correlation between the kidney weight and the body weight which equals to (0.69), and between the kidney length and the body weight which equals to (0.63) at level (P<0.05).
The results of histological study showed that kidney tissue in both studied animals the Hborderhog and the bird quail, is distinguished into two region the cortex and medulla, in general the cortex tissue occupies a large area from kidney tissue in comparison with the medulla tissue, with a significant difference at level (P<0.05) in the thickness of cortex when the comparison between the two species under study. The results show that the cortex tissue in both species contain glomeruli which are more intensity in the peripheral areas of the tissue with respect to nearby areas of medulla with a tubule urinary clips that include twisted pipes proximal and distal convoluted tubule, as well as the characterization the cortex tissue in the quail bird to many lobules bounded by intermediate lobar veins, as for the medulla area contains parts of the thick and thin segments of Henley's loop as well as parts of the collecting tubules, which form radial structures known as the medulla rays with a note that there is a significant difference in the average thickness of the medulla when the comparison between the two species at a level (P <0.05).
The results of the current study showed that the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in two species under study are lined with epithelial tissue cuboidal simple its cells based on the basilar membrane with the brush border in the proximal tubule and it does not exists in the distal tubule with a note that there is a significant difference at a level (P <0.05) in the outer diameter average of tubules when comparing the two species, Henley's loop characterizes that the thin segment of which is lined with simple squamous epithelial tissue while the thick segment is lined with simple cuboidal epithelial tissue in the Hborderhog, while in the quail bird the thin segment is lined with simple epithelial cuboidal tissue as well as the thick segment is lined with same tissue, the collecting tubules appear as lined with simple cuboidal epithelial tissue, and it is similar to the collector channels in Hborderhog while the collecting tubules are lined with simple epithelial cuboidal tissue, whereas the collector channels are lined with columnar epithelial tissue in quail bird, note with different diameters of thin and thick segments Henley's loop and the outside diameter of thecollecting tubules at level (P <0.05) when comparing the two species under study.
Keywords: Morphological description, Histological structure, Kidney.
Air sacs are considered to be one of the controlling factors of bird behaviour and habits in addition to their roles in ventilation, regulating body temperature, swimming and flight. As a scavenger and an omnivorous flight bird, air sacs of the hooded crow were the focus of this study. Eight healthy, adult hooded crows were used to examine the morphological characteristics of the air sacs, which were examined grossly and with latex and cast preparations. In general, the morphological overview of the hooded crow air sacs is similar to other avian species. We observed nine air sacs; four paired sacs (cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs) and one unpaired sac; the clavicular air sac. The cervical air sac communicated to the lung through the medioventral bronchus and had three diverticula; intermuscular, subscapular and subcutaneous. The clavicular air sac communicated with lung through the medioventral bronchus and had subscapular, axillary, humeral, subpectoral and sternal diverticula. The cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs were communicated with lung through the lateroventral bronchi and the both sacs did not have any diverticula. The abdominal air sacs were posterior to the caudal thoracic air sacs. The left abdominal sac was the largest air sac. The right and left abdominal sacs gave off branches to diverticula that pneumatized synsacrum. The abdominal air sacs gave off femoral diverticula behind the hip joint as well as perirenal diverticula.
The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological, aspects of the stomach in two different Iraqi birds, (common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus (herbivorous) and the barn owl, Tyto alba (carnivorous). Stomach in the two studied birds IS divided into two parts, glandular or true stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach or gizzard (ventriculus). Proventriculus in the common wood pigeon appeared as fusiform shaped tube and separated from the gizzard by isthmus while in the barn owl, it was pearsshaped , wider and shorter than that of the common wood pigeon and not separated from the gizzard by isthmus. In common wood pigeon, gizzard appeared as biconvex lens lining with yellowish green tissue, the koilin , while in the barn owl, gizzard was pear shape and the koilin was very thin. Mucosa of proventriculus in the two studied birds was rich with simple tubuler glands, the superficial gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than of those in common wood pigeon and the sub mucosa was rich with compound branched alveolar glands, the deep gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than those of common wood pigeon. Muscularis externa and serosa in the common wood pigeon were thicker than in the barn owl. Mucosa in the gizzard of the barn owl filled with more gastric pits than the common wood pigeon and the koilin in common wood pigeon was thicker.
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