Earthquake Preparedness Among Nursing Students

Abstract

Background : Nursing science students are prospective nurses who have an important role in disaster management, including disaster mitigation, disaster response, and post-disaster rehabilitation. Objective : This study aimed to investigate the earthquake disaster preparedness in nursing science students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Method : This study was a non-experimental study utilizing the quantitative method and descriptive survey design . The population of this study was active students of Nursing Study Program at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta with a sample of 217 respondents. The sample was obtained using a proportional convenience sampling technique. The data were obtained through an instrument in the form of a valid and reliable earthquake preparedness questionnaire. The obtained data were then analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis. Results : The findings of this study indicated that the level of students' earthquake preparedness was still in the low category. The findings on the parameters supported it. Students' knowledge and attitude towards an earthquake risk were in the high category while the emergency response plan parameter was included in the low category. The disaster warning system parameter was in the good category. At last, the resource mobilization parameter obtained was in a low category. Conclusion : Thus, it was concluded that the level of earthquake preparedness of Nursing Science students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta was in a low category. These findings explained the urge for disaster preparedness for students in the Nursing Science Study Program. Accordingly, routine training in earthquake disaster management is needed to improve students' disaster preparedness.

Full text

VOL. 3 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2019
67
IJNP (Indonesian Journal of Nursing Practices)
Vol 3 No 2 December 2019 : 67-74
Rahayu Rahayu1, Azizah
Khoiriyati1
1Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Corresponding Author: Rahayu Rahayu
Email: rahayu120496@gmail.com
Earthquake Preparedness Among
Nursing Students
Article Info
Online
ISSN
DOI
: http://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/ijnp
: 2548 4249 (Print)
: 2548 592X (Online)
: 10.18196/ijnp.3295
Abstract
Background: Nursing science students are prospective nurses who
have an important role in disaster management, including disaster
mitigation, disaster response, and post-disaster rehabilitation.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the earthquake disaster
preparedness in nursing science students of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Method: This study was a non-experimental study utilizing the
quantitative method and descriptive survey design. The population of
this study was active students of Nursing Study Program at
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta with a sample of 217
respondents. The sample was obtained using a proportional
convenience sampling technique. The data were obtained through an
instrument in the form of a valid and reliable earthquake
preparedness questionnaire. The obtained data were then analyzed
by using descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: The findings of this study indicated that the level of students'
earthquake preparedness was still in the low category. The findings
on the parameters supported it. Students' knowledge and attitude
towards an earthquake risk were in the high category while the
emergency response plan parameter was included in the low
category. The disaster warning system parameter was in the good
category. At last, the resource mobilization parameter obtained was
in a low category.
Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the level of earthquake
preparedness of Nursing Science students of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta was in a low category. These findings
explained the urge for disaster preparedness for students in the
Nursing Science Study Program. Accordingly, routine training in
earthquake disaster management is needed to improve students'
disaster preparedness.
Keywords: earthquake; disaster preparedness; nursing students
INTRODUCTION
Yogyakarta is located in the area where the
Australian plate and Eurasian plate have faults and
basins, which makes it easy to experience plate
shifts that can cause an earthquake (Prasetyo, 2016).
People, especially those in disaster-prone areas like
Yogyakarta, are required to prepare themselves to
face disasters. One of the efforts is by increasing
earthquake preparedness in the community.
Preparedness has four components used as
parameters in evaluating earthquake preparedness.
These components are knowledge and attitude
about earthquake risks, emergency response plans,
disaster warning systems, and resource mobilization
(Rahmawati, 2016).
Preparedness is an obligation for every community,
including the school community. Yogyakarta is
known as the city of education. It is expected to be
able to build awareness of disaster preparedness

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68
starting from elementary school to university level
through the world of education in Yogyakarta.
Especially for nursing science students who are
prospective nurses, they have an important role in
disaster management, including disaster mitigation,
disaster response, and post-disaster rehabilitation.
Therefore, researchers conducted a study to
measure the level of disaster preparedness in
nursing science students to create prospective
nurses who are ready to face disasters. The results
of a preliminary study conducted by researchers to
ten students of the Nursing Study Program at the
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta showed
that seven of them said they did not yet know about
what preparations to take in the incident of an
earthquake. Based on this phenomenon,
researchers were interested in investigating "the
Level of Earthquake Preparedness in Students of
Nursing Study Program at Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.”
METHOD
This study used a quantitative method with a
descriptive survey research design. The study was
conducted at the Nursing Study Program of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta from
February to June 2017. The subjects involved in this
study were active students of Nursing Study
Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta,
2013-2016, with a total of 468 students. Solvin's
formula was used in sampling obtaining a sample of
216 respondents. The sampling technique used was
the proportional convenience sampling technique.
The data were collected by using an earthquake
preparedness questionnaire which had been tested
for its validity with r count of 0.395-0.851 and its
reliability with r of 0.95. The questionnaire was then
distributed to nursing science students. Additionally,
this study had been declared to have passed an
ethical test by the research ethics committee of the
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, with ethical number
195/EP-FKIK-UMY/III/2017. The data were then
analyzed using a descriptive statistical technique to
calculate the preparedness index for each
respondent, the preparedness index for each
parameter, and the overall preparedness index for
each student of Nursing Study Program of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The
earthquake preparedness index was calculated
based on the weighted value of each parameter.
Data processing was done using a matrix of the
number of questions of each earthquake
preparedness parameters for students.
RESULTS
Data on demographic characteristics of
respondents
In the Table 1 serving the data from the class of
2013, the majority of respondents were 35 female
students or 37.5% and 56 students or 100% of the
total respondents had an age range of 21-23 years
old (young adult 43 students or 76.8% of the total
respondents did not join the disaster response
organization and the majority of respondents which
were 46 students or 92.1% of the total respondents
had no experience of volunteering. Meanwhile, the
majority of respondents, 47 students or 83.9% of the
total respondents, had experienced an earthquake.
In Table 1 presents the data from the class of 2014,
most of the students, 33 students or 62.3% of the
total respondents, were female and the majority of
respondents, 50 students or 62.3% of the total
respondents, had an age range of 21-23 years old
(young adults). Data on the activity of participating
in the organization indicated that 35 students or 66%
of the respondents from the class of 2014 did not
join the disaster organization. Additionally, the
majority of respondents, 47 students or 88.7% of
them, had no experience of volunteering even
though 75.5% or 45 students had experienced an
earthquake.
Table 1 showed the data from the class of 2015.
Most of the students, 45 students or 86.5% of the
total respondents, were female, and the majority of
respondents, 36 students or 69.2% of the total
respondents, had an age range of 17-20 years old
(late adolescence). In the data of joining an
organization, it showed that students from the class
of 2015, 36 students or 69.2% of the total
respondents, did not join the organization, and most

VOL. 3 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2019
69
of them, 45 students or 86.5% had no experience of
volunteering. Moreover, most of the respondents,
42 students or 80.8% had experienced an
earthquake.
Table 1 Respondent characteristic data
Demographic Data
2013
2014
2015
2016
f
%
f
%
f
%
f
%
Gender
Male
Female
21
35
37,5
62,5
20
33
37,7
62,3
7
45
13,5
86,5
10
46
17,9
82,1
Total
56
100
53
100
52
100
56
100
Age
Late adolescence (17-20 y.o)
Young adult (21-23 y.o)
-
56
-
100
3
50
5,7
94,3
36
16
69,2
30,8
55
1
98,2
1,8
Total
56
100
53
100
52
100
56
100
Participating in a disaster response
organization
Yes
No
13
43
23,2
76,8
18
35
34,0
66,0
16
36
30,8
69,2
13
43
23,2
76,8
Total
56
100
53
100
52
100
56
100
Having the volunteering experience
Yes
No
10
46
17,9
82,1
6
47
11,3
88,7
7
45
13,5
86,5
7
49
12,5
87,5
Total
56
100
53
100
52
100
56
100
Having an earthquake experience
Yes
No
47
9
83,9
16,1
40
13
75,5
24,5
42
10
80,8
19,2
39
17
69,6
30,4
Total
56
100
53
100
52
100
56
100
(source: primary data 2017)
Preparedness level for students from the class of 2013-2016
The results of data analysis using descriptive statistics indicated that the preparedness level of students from
each class was as follows:
Tabel 2 preparedness level distribution among students
Class of
Indicators
Knowledge of
earthquake
Emergency
response plan
Disaster
warning system
Resource
mobilization
Overall
preparedness
F
%
F
%
f
%
f
%
F
%
2013
High
39
69,6
9
16,1
22
39,3
35
62,5
7
12,5
Fair
13
23,2
9
16,1
22
39,3
16
28,6
25
44,6
Low
4
7,1
38
67,9
12
21,4
5
8,9
24
42,9
Total
56
100
56
100
56
100
56
100
56
100
2014
High
41
77,4
9
17,0
23
43,4
18
34,0
8
15,1
Fair
5
9,4
8
15,1
20
37,7
7
13,2
14
26,4
Low
7
13,2
36
67,9
10
18,9
28
52,8
31
58,5
Total
53
100
53
100
53
100
53
100
53
100
2015
High
25
48,1
8
15,4
14
26,9
8
15,4
5
9,6
Fair
22
42,3
9
17,3
23
44,2
7
13,5
10
19,2
Low
5
9,6
35
67,3
15
28,8
37
71,2
37
71,2
Total
52
100
52
100
52
100
52
100
52
100
2016
High
28
50,0
7
12,5
11
19,6
12
21,4
4
7,1
Fair
19
33,9
10
17,9
28
50,0
7
12,5
5
8,9
Low
9
16,1
39
69,6
17
30,4
37
66,1
47
83,9
Total
56
100
56
100
56
100
56
100
56
100
(Source : primary data (2017)

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Table 1 showed the data from the class of 2016.
Most of the students, 46 students or 17.9% of the
total respondents were female and the majority of
respondents, 55 students or 98.2% of the total
respondents, had an age range of 17-20 years old
(late adolescence). As many as 43 students or 76.8%
of the total respondents did not join the
organization and the majority of respondents,
87.5% of the total respondents, had no experience
of volunteering. Furthermore, the majority of the
respondents, 39 students or 69.4% of them, had
experienced an earthquake.
Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the parameters
of knowledge and attitudes towards earthquake risk
had a high-level of preparedness category. To be
specific, the class of 2014 had the highest level of
preparedness compared to other classes, as many as
41 students or 77.4% of the total respondents.
Emergency response plan parameters had a low-
level preparedness category, especially from the
class of 2016 with 39 students or 69.6% of the total
respondents. The disaster warning system had a
level of preparedness in the good category. The class
of 2016 had the highest category in this parameter
compared to other classes with 28 students or 50%
of the total respondents.
The resource mobilization parameter had a low level
of preparedness. Among the class of 2013-2015, the
class of 2015 and 2016 had the lowest level of
preparedness. There were 37 students or 71.2% of
the total respondents in the class of 2015 and 37
students or 66.1% of the total respondents in the
class of 2016 who obtained a low level of
preparedness.
According to the results of data analysis on each
parameter using preparedness index formula, the
results of earthquake preparedness for nursing
science students at Universitas Muhammadiyah
Yogyakarta can be concluded to be in a low level of
preparedness. The class of 2016 had the lowest
preparedness level among others with 47 students
or 83.9% of the total respondents.
DISCUSSIONS
A. Knowledge and attitude towards disaster risk
The analysis from Table 2 indicates that the
parameters of knowledge and attitude towards
disaster risk were in high category, especially in the
class of 2014 with 41 students or 77.4% of the total
respondents. Most of the students in the class of
2014 were activists of disaster response
organizations. According to a study conducted by
Masyudi & Rizki (2016), disaster organizations have
training programs to deal with disasters. Thus,
individuals who are active in disaster response
organizations have more opportunities to gain
knowledge in dealing with disasters.
Table 1 showed that 75% of the total
respondents in the class of 2014 had experienced an
earthquake disaster. The more often a person is
exposed to disasters, the more knowledge and
attitudes he has towards a disaster. Respondents
who had experienced earthquakes had a high level
of preparedness in knowledge and attitudes
towards disaster risk. Disasters experience or events
that had been experienced by individuals can
stimulate individuals to understand the process of
dealing with disasters. Therefore, it can affect the
process of disaster preparedness, especially on
knowledge and attitude to face disaster risk (Becker
et al., 2017).
B. Emergency response plan
The emergency response plan in this study
included organizing evacuations such as
determining evacuation assembly points and
communication related to disaster management
institutions. Based on Table 2, the results of the
emergency response plan preparedness level for the
nursing science students of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta were in a low category.
The class of 2016 had the lowest level of emergency
preparedness plan among others where 69.6% of

VOL. 3 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2019
71
the total respondents in the class of 2016 had a low
level of preparedness parameter. It indicates that
organizing evacuations such as determining
evacuation and communication assembly points
relating to disaster management institutions had
not been going well at the Nursing Study Program of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
A study by Nakao, Kawasaki & Ohnisiaa (2019)
concluded that the lack of community preparedness
was due to the lack of available evacuation facilities
such as evacuation sites or assembly points and
inadequate collaboration between evacuation
systems. Based on the observations of the
researchers at the Nursing Study Program, lecture
building did not have an assembly point location.
Meanwhile, according to a previous study by Nuraini
(2018), assembly point in public facilities such as
schools are very important. The assembly point is
useful for evacuating students and teachers to a safe
place during an earthquake.
C. Disaster warning system
Disaster warning system parameters in this
study had two indicators, namely knowing the
source of disaster warning information in the
learning environment and knowing both traditional
and modern equipment that can be used for
warning when a disaster occurs. Table 2 showed
that most nursing science students at Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta had a good category of
preparedness in the disaster warning system,
especially in the class of 2015. Among the other
classes, the class of 2015 had the most students or
50% of the total respondents, who had a good
category of preparedness level. It indicates that
students have sufficient understanding of disaster
warning and understand the equipment that can be
used as a warning sign of disaster.
The preparedness level in the disaster warning
system can be influenced by culture or local wisdom
of the surrounding community. The community
around the research site has used clams and rang
the bell/siren as a disaster warning system.
Indonesian have been implementing disaster
warning systems using sirens, slit drums
(kentongan), and other means of delivering
information or warnings when an earthquake
disaster occurs (Hidayat & Andi, 2017). The culture
makes students understand or learn related to the
existing disaster warning system in the environment
around them. Also, a study conducted by
Herminingrum & Esti (2016) concluded that local
wisdom has an important role in mitigation,
especially for the disaster warning system.
Local wisdom can be applied as an effective
instrument in disaster risk reduction in a community
(Zulfadrim et al., 2018). Therefore, through the
culture that exists in Indonesian society, students
can understand the existing disaster warning system
in the surrounding environment. Additionally, they
also get to know the equipment that can be used as
a disaster warning system.
D. Resource mobilization
The parameter of resource mobilization
capability used in this study was measured using
indicators of participation in disaster-related
training, seminars, or meetings. Table 2 presented
the finding of resource mobilization preparedness
level for students of nursing science students at
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The
findings showed that the students were in a low
category, especially in the class of 2016 and class of
2015. They had the lowest level of preparedness
among others. It indicates the low participation of
students in conducting disaster management
training. This finding is in line with a study by
Wulansari, Darumurti, & Eldo (2017) which stated
that people with low interest in participating in
disaster management training have low disaster
management skills causing low human resources in
the community. Disaster management training for
communities is one of the significant ways to
improve resilience and the quality of community
human resources in dealing with a disaster (Carone,
2019)

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E. Students’ preparedness level in facing an
earthquake
Table 2 presented the analysis on the
measurement of nursing science students’ level of
earthquake disaster preparedness through four
parameters, namely knowledge and attitude,
emergency response plans, disaster warning
system, and the ability to mobilize resources and the
results of the preparedness level to face disasters.
Nursing science students of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta were categorized in the
low level, especially those in the class of 2016, which
had the lowest level of preparedness among others.
In this study, students’ preparedness level was
seen from a number factors such as training and
simulation of disaster management for students to
take part in, experiences of students volunteering in
disasters, policies related to disaster to disaster
preparedness programs, and infrastructure facilities
that support the creation of a disaster preparedness
community.
The first factor was the training and simulation
of disaster management participated by students.
The resource mobilization parameter achieved a low
category. It indicates that students were less active
in participating in the training and simulation of
disaster management.
Training and simulation are very important.
Even though students have a high level of
knowledge and attitude towards disaster risk, they
do not affect students' preparedness. This finding is
in line with the research results of Adenekan,
Balogun, & Inem (2016) stating that even though
knowledge and attitude towards disaster risk are
included in the high category, they will not be
influential in increasing the disaster preparedness if
they are not followed by adequate training or
disaster simulation. Furthermore, previous studies
by Watkins et al. (2019) and Tan et al. (2017) explain
that training and simulations carried out routinely
can improve one's skills as well as confidence in
dealing with disasters. Training can be optimal if it is
followed by a simulation to test the community's
readiness in dealing with disasters.
Previous studies by Xia et al. (2016) and
Kaufman et al. (2017) explain that simulations can
increase student preparedness because simulations
can improve teamwork, problem-solving, and
increase confidence in playing an active role in
dealing with disasters. Additionally, simulations can
also improve skills in carrying out the Incident
Command System (ICS) on disasters. Thus,
individuals will get a better understanding of how to
coordinate in a disaster and be ready to face a
disaster.
The second factor was the students' experience
in disasters volunteering. It can be seen through the
characteristics of respondent data in table 1. Most
of the students, 49 students or 87.5% of the total
respondents in the class of 2016, did not have the
experience of volunteering in a disaster. Whereas,
being a volunteer in a disaster can increase
preparedness for students since volunteers are the
first person to rescue a disaster victim. A study by
Pedersen et al. (2016) explained that individuals
who have experience becoming volunteers (Rescue
Team) tend to have a good level of preparedness
and have a good coping mechanism in dealing with
post-disaster trauma. Hence, lack of experience in
volunteering in a disaster can cause a low level of
preparedness for students in facing an earthquake.
Students’ low preparedness level is the absence
of policies or Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
in dealing with disasters. The absence of policies and
SOP can make students do not understand the
procedures in dealing with disasters leading to a low
level of students’ preparedness.
Besides, in his study, Taufik (2016) also
explained that school policy has an important role in
a school located in a disaster-prone area. Through
the implementation of school policy, it can instill

VOL. 3 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2019
73
resilience or preparedness of students, teachers,
and other stakeholders in dealing with disasters.
The last factor was the available disaster
management facilities and infrastructure. Based on
the observation, it was found that there was no
evacuation route plan, evacuation assembly point,
and disaster warning signs when a disaster occurs.
Meanwhile, the facilities and infrastructure for
disaster management in a community is a
supporting factor for the creation of a community
prepared for disaster.
The importance of facilities and infrastructures
in a community is also explained in Takahashi's
research (2016), which stated that complete school
facilities and infrastructures could support the
creation of a disaster preparedness community. In
addition to being access to education, schools also
function as social security for the community. It
means that the school has a function as a shelter or
evacuation place for people affected by the disaster.
Thus, the availability of emergency management
facilities and infrastructure is essential in a school.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Most respondents have a high level of category
preparedness for the parameters of knowledge
and attitudes towards disaster risk.
2. Most respondents have a low level of
preparedness category for emergency response
plan parameters.
3. Most respondents have medium category
preparedness for disaster warning system
parameters.
4. Most respondents have a low level of
preparedness category for resource
mobilization parameters.
5. Most respondents have a low level of category
preparedness in dealing with earthquake
disasters.
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