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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 2375~2383
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2375-2383 2375
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation low-
voltage system using electrical transient analyzer program
Mohammed Kareem Mohammed1, Mohammed Qasim Taha2, Firas Fadhil Salih1, Falah Noori Saeed3
1Renewable Energy Research Center, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
2Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences - Heet, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
3Electrical Engineering Technical Collage, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 18, 2022
Revised Sep 12, 2022
Accepted Dec 2, 2022
In this paper, a simulation and analysis of 132 kV Substation in feeds
western Iraq have been presented including a short circuit (S.C) analysis.
This work helps to properly control and coordinate the protection equipment
used in this grid interconnection spot. This work includes power flow
analysis carried out using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP)
simulator. Also, the most common types of faults are investigated for the
substation buses using International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards to discover the
behavioral characteristics under different scenarios for the substation
transformers connection to assess the range of S.C current this substitution
can ride through. Finally, the results of ANSI and IEC are theoretically
investigated for validity to ensure reliability and quality assurance in the
case study substation.
Keywords:
Load flow analysis
Load modeling
Power transformers
Short circuit analysis
Substations faults
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Qasim Taha
Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences – Heet, University of Anbar
Ramadi, Iraq
Email: as.mohammed_taha@uoanbar.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
The main load flow studies focus on how to find the voltages and their angles at the connected buses
which operate in a steady state. It is important since the bus magnitudes and voltages are needed to be
specified limits [1]. The bus voltages and angles can be computed by observing and analyzing the load flow.
Therefore, the reactive and real powers that flow through the power line are computed. Also, The losses can
be assessed depending on comparing the power flow in sending and receiving terminals of the system
[2]–[5]. The fault in the power network is a problematic failure that causes abnormal conditions leading to
technical failure in the operating equipment. Generally, two failure types occur, the first is the insulation
failure resulting in a line-to-line or line-to-neutral short circuit, which occurs due to degradation and
overstressing on the insulator for a long time or immediately by surge overvoltage. The second failure
leading to stopping the current flow is called open circuit fault. A short circuit fault leads to many problems
such as thermal stress, electromagnetic interference, and lack of stability [6].
Short circuits can be a line to earth (L-E), a line-to-line (L-L), two-line to earth, and three lines to
earth. The three-line fault is symmetrically affecting three phases of the system. Therefore, it is a balanced
fault unlike other faults [7]. Short circuit analysis has been implemented to guarantee public safety and
determine the ratings for the protection equipment and retain the stability in the power system. The maximum
short circuit current (S.C) determines the minimum device ratings, whereas, a minimum short circuit current
is required in relay coordination to avoid nuisance trips occurring and load deviations [8]. S.C analysis is
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used in overcurrent relays coordination of the radial system which is investigated using electrical transient
analyzer program (ETAP) simulation and manual calculation. In [9] the results are compared using
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
techniques. In [10], the IEEE 14-bus system is analyzed for short circuit current maximum and minimum
currents. ETAP software calculates the max and min short circuit current currents for line-ground and three-
phase faults on IEEE 14-bus system different buses [11].
In this paper, the short circuit characteristic of 132/33/11 kV substation in Ramadi city has been
simulated and analyzed for various fault conditions at different fault locations using IEC and ANSI standards
in ETAP. Detailed descriptions of S.C currents calculations are presented in this paper [12], [13].
2. SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS BY IEC STANDARDS
In IEC S.C calculation method, at the fault point voltage sources are replaced with an equivalent
value. The voltage factor c adjusts this value for maximum and minimum current calculation. Any connected
machines are represented by their internal impedance. While the transformer tap is at an operating nominal
position [14], [15]. The connected impedances can be assumed at a balanced three phases hence applying
symmetrical components for unbalanced fault calculations (line-to-ground (L-G) and line-to-ground
(L-L-G)). Also, other components of transmission lines such as zero sequence capacitances, and parallel
admittances are necessary to be under consideration in the calculations of unbalanced fault. Therefore, based
on IEC 60909-0, the static load capacitances and branches are considered. Also, the analysis considers the
fault point distance to the synchronous generator. Far-from generator fault (FF) calculations assume the S.C
steady-state value is equal to initial symmetrical S.C yet the DC component fates to zero while near-
generator fault calculations show a decaying in both DC and AC components [16]–[18].
In this paper, IEC 60,909 is being employed to study the short circuit performance of 132/33/11 kV
substations. Initial symmetrical S.C (
) is modeled and calculated by using nominal voltage Vn, voltage
factor (C), and equivalent impedance at Zk the fault location. Also, peak current (Ip) is tested by using
and
a function of the system
value at fault location k [19]–[22].
(1)
(2)
IEC Standard provides three methods to find the k factor For FF fault, the symmetrical breaking S.C. current
(Ib) is equal to
.
(3)
Regarding near to generator (N) fault, Ib is found by combining the contributions from connected machines.
Thus, Ib for different machines can be calculated using the (4) and (5) formulas:
(4)
(5)
where µ and q are factors for AC decay. The Steady-state S.C. Ik for each synchronous generator can be
found using (6) and (7) formulas:
(6)
(7)
where is the function of excitation voltage for each generator, it is the ratio between its (
) and rated
current, and is the rated current for the generator [23].
2.1. Module analysis using ETAP
electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) is an S.C analysis tool to explain IEC and ANSI S.C
currents. It provides an editing study case to change the calculation options and criteria and build various
scenarios for faulted un-faulted busses [24]. Thun, S.C runs after to customize fault currents. The targeted
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation … (Mohammed Kareem Mohammed)
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substation circuit components are represented in ETAP as follows: power grid is connected to bus 1 is swing
(slack) with ratings of 132 kV. Cables in ETAP have a graphical representation in the edit mode [25]. All
busses and lines impedances are presented per unit (PU) then they can be reverted to their Ohms actual
values to be set in the ETAP Impedance tab to be taken as a typical value for the system buses [26]. There are
7 buses in the substation classified into three voltage levels. The first bus is 132 kV, buses 2, 3, and 4 are
33 kV, and 5, 6, and 7 are 11 kV. As mentioned above this software can trigger S.C mode to create a bus
fault [27]. Additionally, two types of transformers can be simulated in the edit mode in ETAP which are three
winding and two winding transformers. The tested 132 kV substation contains three winding transformers
and three two winding auxiliary transformers. Also, there are lumped load actual values so inserted directly
to ETAP [28].
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to data provided by the Ministry of Electricity, Anbar Power Network. In Table 1, the
transformers' data and performance are given. The power grid and load data are simulated in a single-line
diagram. System base values used in the calculations are 50 MVA and 50 Hz [29], [30]. While Table 2
illustrates all load feeders’ ratings connected to the substation. The PU values are converted to the actual
value to be set in related ETAP elements in the single-line diagram [31].
Table 1. Transformer’s data and ratings
Transformer
Voltage (kV)
Impedance (Z)
Connection
Capacity (MVA)
1, 2, and 3
132/33/11
HV-MV
12.47%
Star-star-delta
63/50/25
HV-LV
19.32%
MV-LV
9.45%
4, 5 and 6
11/0.38
4%
Star-delta
0.25
Table 2. Load data of the main loaded feeders
Bus
Feeder number
MVA
A
2
1, 2, and 3
14.289
250
3
4
14.289
250
5
17.147
300
4
6
22.863
400
7
20.005
350
5
8
3.811
200
9
4.763
250
11
5.716
300
6
12, 13, and 14
4.763
250
7
18, 22, and 23
4.763
250
8
Station feeder
0.0724
110
This paper describes the actual values of all the data in the entire diagram shown in Figure 1, which
connects the 23 feeders power grid, 3 capacitor banks, 7 buses, 3 auxiliary transformers, and 3 main
transformers. The results investigate the effect of various transformer connections on different substation
faults [32]. Four different connections cases for the transformers are tested as follows: Case 1: all
transformers are in service, Case 2: T1 (Transformer 1) is out of service, Case 3: T2 (Transformer 2) is out of
service, and Case 4: T3 (Transformer 2) is out of service. Figure 2 illustrates the procedure of analysis for
this study. Every case contains two scenarios selected to investigate the effect of different connections to the
transformer on the substation S.C level as shown in Table 3.
3.1. Substation load flow studies
The tested substation load flow analysis is carried out using ETAP program which applies different
numerical methods [33]. After performing load flow analysis, it indicates that transformers for all scenarios
are overloaded, so they must be reduced load as shown in Table 4. It is obvious the highest load in S1.
Hence, analysis of load flow and S.C will be done as in Table 4.
Some 11 and 33 kV buses are operated at critical ratings of optimal power flow. Therefore, it is
important to increase the capacitor bank capacity. Therefore, the total losses in parallel operations of the
transformer are reduced [34]. In this work, Scenario 1 (S1) shows the maximum total losses due to handling
the highest load among other scenarios, as shown in Table 5.
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Figure 1. Single line substation diagram in ETAP
Figure 2. Flow chart for calculating load flow and S.C
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Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation … (Mohammed Kareem Mohammed)
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Table 3. Different scenarios for main transformers
Scenario
Condition
1st Scenario (S1)
Three transformers connected in parallel
2nd Scenario (S2)
Three transformers connected in individual
3rd Scenario (S3)
T2&T3 connected in parallel
4th Scenario (S4)
T2&T3 connected in individual
5th Scenario (S5)
T1&T3 connected in parallel
6th Scenario (S6)
T1&T3 connected in individual
7th Scenario (S7)
T1&T2 connected in parallel
8th Scenario (S8)
T1&T2 connected in individual
Table 4. Reduction of loads after performing load flow
Scenario
Condition
Out-of-service feeder
1st Scenario (S1)
Three transformers connected in parallel
11, 17, 23
2nd Scenario (S2)
Three transformers connected in individual
11, 17, 22, 23
3rd Scenario (S3)
T2&T3 connected in parallel
3, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23
4th Scenario (S4)
T2&T3 connected in individual
3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23
5th Scenario (S5)
T1&T3 connected in parallel
Same S3
6th Scenario (S6)
T1&T3 connected in individual
Same S4 (loads T2 feed from T1)
7th Scenario (S7)
T1&T2 connected in parallel
Same S3
8th Scenario (S8)
T1&T2 connected in individual
3, 5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23
Table 5. Total losses for all cases
Scenario
Total losses
Mw
Mvar
Scenario 1 (S1)
5.483
20.357
Scenario 2 (S2)
5.154
19.148
Scenario 3 (S3)
3.629
14.825
Scenario 4 (S4)
3.078
11.958
Scenario 5 (S5)
3.626
14.822
Scenario 6 (S6)
3.076
11.955
Scenario 7 (S7)
3.623
14.819
Scenario 8 (S8)
3.333
13.796
3.2. Ramadi 132 kV substation S.C analysis
In this paper, the analysis is according to IEC and ANSI models. In the targeted substation, all
transformers are operating individually. In this work, transformers are connected in parallel as shown in
Table 6 to investigate the influence of this connection on S.C analysis and evaluation. There are four types of
faults are used in this study: 3-ph fault; Line -Ground (L-G); L-L-G; and L-L; at operating buses [35].
3.3. Simulated results for ANSI calculations
At faulted buses, the calculation of S.C used 1.5-4 cycles to perform 3-ph, L-L-G, L-L, and L-G
faults according to ANSI to determine the S.C currents RMS value. The results of the actual operation are
depicted in Table 6. Parallel transformer scenarios demonstrate the highest S.C increase, while the individual
connections scenario showed a shallow S.C current increase. Thus, buses 2 and 3 have more S.C percentage
increase than bus 1. The decrease in operating voltage causes increasing in S.C readings. Consequently, the
first scenario has S.C currents increase.
In Table 6 all fault types are examined, the highest S.C occurred at buses 1, 4 and 6. There is no
pattern for the assigned faults since each bus shows a different response. All scenarios’ results are compared
with the second scenario to evaluate the buses' S.C response for all proposed transformers. All faults
proposed on buses (1, 2, and 3) are examined as presented in Figures 3(a) to 3(c).
3.4. Results for IEC calculations
The IEC standard results are different from than ANSI standard regarding the different scenarios.
The initial symmetrical currents (
), breaking current (Ib), steady-state S.C (Ik), and peak S.C (Ip) are
analyzed. As we noted in (1) to (7) formulas, the model is set to test maximum S.C. The modeling S.C to
evaluate the performance of the system with different short circuit transformer connections. The minimum
S.C.C is tested to be used for protective equipment. The L-G, L-L, L-L-G, and 3-ph (per IEC 60909
Standard) faults are modeled [36]. All fault types are tested on the buses (1-3). Figure 4(a) to 4(c) presents
the results of different scenarios; each scenario has parallel transformers connection demonstrated a high S.C
increase. The individual connections showed less increase in S.C currents. Thus, buses 2 and 3 have more
S.C percentage increase than bus 1. The decrease in operating voltage causes increasing in S.C readings.
Consequently, the first scenario has S.C currents increase. IEC showed better response than ANSI.
ISSN: 2088-8708
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Table 6. ANSI 2nd scenario results
Bus
Fault types KA
Bus ID
kV
3-Ph
L-G
L-L
L-L-G
Bus 1
132
14.636
10.174
12.920
13.684
Bus 2
33
10.842
12.792
10.037
12.192
Bus 3
33
10.534
12.438
9.695
11.595
Bus 4
33
11.029
12.937
10.229
12.065
Bus 5
11
20.394
0.956
18.613
18.682
Bus 6
11
21.465
0.977
19.795
19.795
Bus 7
11
21.177
0.97
19.455
19.455
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 3. The scenarios on bus 1-3 for ANSI calculations for (a) 1st bus, (b) 2nd bus, and (c) 3rd bus
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4. S.C for all fault types and scenarios (a) 1st bus, (b) 2nd bus, and (c) 3rd bus
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation … (Mohammed Kareem Mohammed)
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4. CONCLUSION
In this work, the single-line diagram of the tested substation is simulated using ETAP. Evaluation
and investigation of power flow and S.C profile are performed. The system connects the 23 feeders power
grid, 3 capacitor banks, 7 buses, 3 auxiliary transformers, and 3 main transformers. The results investigate the
effect of various transformer connections on different substation faults. The analysis concludes the following:
(i) according to the load flow analysis on operating company data, the transformers for all selected scenarios
are overloaded, so a load shedding program must be applied; (ii) uses at 33 and 11 kV operate at the critical
voltage ratings for optimal power flow. Therefore, the capacity of the capacitor bank must be increased;
(iii) no general pattern of the simulated results is noted for fault types; (iv) the transformer connection has
direct effect on the system response, where parallel connection gives max S.C current and could increase the
load capacity; (v) IEC and ANSI demonstrate different results for same scenarios. The IEC technique
findings are greater than ANSI due to the impedance correction and voltage factor which are taken into
account in IEC standard which means that IEC is better and safer than ANSI standard.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohammed Kareem Mohammed received the B.Sc. (2014) in Electrical
Engineering from the College of Engineering at the University of Anbar, Iraq, in 2007 while
his M. Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering was granted by Tikrit University in 2022. received
the B.Sc. (2011) in Electrical Engineering from the College of Engineering at the University
of Anbar, Iraq. His research interests include power systems, renewable energy resources,
electronics, programing, and microwave technology. He can be contacted at email:
mohammed.k.mohammed00008@st.tu.edu.iq.
Mohammed Qasim Taha is full time Assistant Professor at the University of
Anbar, Iraq. Currently, he is a Ph.D. student, he received the M.Sc. degree in Electrical
Engineering from University of New Haven, USA in 2016 and B.S. degree from University of
Anbar, Iraq in 2010. He is highly interested in renewable energy resources, solar tracker
systems, wind turbines, electrical power systems, power distribution systems, and
electromagnetic waves. He has published many papers regarding his research interested fields.
He can be contacted at email: as.mohammed_taha@uoanbar.edu.iq.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Optimization and fault diagnosis of 132 kV substation … (Mohammed Kareem Mohammed)
2383
Firas Fadhil Salih received the B.Sc. (2013) in Electrical Engineering from the
College of Engineering at the University of Anbar, Iraq, and the M.Sc. degree (2021) in
Electrical Engineering at University of Technology, Iraq. He is currently working as a lecturer
and Researcher at the University of Anbar. His research interests reside in the fields of Power
systems. He has published a conference/journal paper mainly concentrated upon the research
area. He can be contacted at email: firas.fadhil@uoanbar.edu.iq.
Falah Noori Saeed currently, he is a Ph.D. student. He received the B.Sc. (2010)
and the M.Sc. degree (2018) in Electrical Engineering from Electrical Engineering Technical
Collage, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq. He is currently working Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific Research. His research interests reside in the fields of Power
systems control. He has published a conference/journal paper mainly concentrated He can be
contacted at email: 203020211@ogr.altinbas.edu.tr.
