BANGLADESHI AND INDIAN YOUTH ATHLETES DIFFER IN STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

Abstract

The purpose of the research was to investigate the health-related physical fitness of youth athletes from Bangladesh and India. The forty athletes from each country, Bangladesh (n=40) and India (n=40) were chosen using a simple random sampling method. The researchers selected Bangladeshi athletes from the Jashore district in Bangladesh and Indian athletes from the Murshidabad and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, India. Those who competed in at least one district-level competition were included in the study. For the study, the researchers chose male athletes between the ages of 17 and 21 years. The study included lower body explosive strength in the standing broad jump test, upper body muscular strength in the pull-up test and cardio-respiratory endurance in the cooper test as variables. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test), with the significance level set at 0.05. An independent sample t-test shows that Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes standing broad jump t(78) = 2.10, sig. = 0.039; pull-ups t(78) = 1.68, sig. = 0.099; cooper test t(78) = 2.34, sig. = 0.022 respectively. The findings revealed a substantial difference in leg explosive strength and cardio-respiratory endurance, but no substantial difference in upper body muscular strength between Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes.

Full text

Original Article
ISSN (Online): 2350-0530
ISSN (Print): 2394-3629
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
December 2022 10(12), 29–37
How to cite this article (APA): Reza, M. N., Rahman, M. H., and Andrabi, S. M. H. (2022). Bangladeshi and Indian Youth Athletes
Differ in Strength and Endurance. International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 10(12), 29–37. doi:
10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i12.2022.4937
29
BANGLADESHI AND INDIAN YOUTH ATHLETES DIFFER IN STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE
Md. Nasim Reza 1, Md. Hamidur Rahman 2,3 , Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi 3
1 Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408,
Bangladesh
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-
7408, Bangladesh
3 Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the research was to investigate the health-related physical fitness of
youth athletes from Bangladesh and India. The forty athletes from each country,
Bangladesh (n=40) and India (n=40) were chosen using a simple random sampling
method. The researchers selected Bangladeshi athletes from the Jashore district in
Bangladesh and Indian athletes from the Murshidabad and Birbhum districts of West
Bengal, India. Those who competed in at least one district-level competition were
included in the study. For the study, the researchers chose male athletes between the
ages of 17 and 21 years. The study included lower body explosive strength in the standing
broad jump test, upper body muscular strength in the pull-up test and cardio-respiratory
endurance in the cooper test as variables. The data was analysed using descriptive and
inferential statistics (independent t-test), with the significance level set at 0.05. An
independent sample t-test shows that Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes standing
broad jump t(78) = 2.10, sig. = 0.039; pull-ups t(78) = 1.68, sig. = 0.099; cooper test t(78)
= 2.34, sig. = 0.022 respectively. The findings revealed a substantial difference in leg
explosive strength and cardio-respiratory endurance, but no substantial difference in
upper body muscular strength between Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes.
Received 06 November 2022
Accepted 08 December 2022
Published 31 December 2022
Corresponding Author
Md. Nasim Reza,
drmdnasimreza@gmail.com
DOI10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i12.
2022.4937
Funding:
This research received no
specific grant from any funding agency in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s).
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
With the license CC-BY, authors retain
the copyright, allowing anyone to
download, reuse, re-print, modify,
distribute, and/or copy their
contribution. The work must be
properly attributed to its author.
Keywords: Cardio-Respiratory Endurance, Cooper Test, Pull-Ups, Standing Broad
Jump, Strength
1. INTRODUCTION
Physical conditioning is characterized as the capacity to complete everyday
tasks efficient and effective manner without becoming exhausted, as well as having
enough energy to participate in any recreational activity Penney and Clarke (2005).
In sports, agility, power, explosiveness, stamina, and range of motion are all
important motor skills. Players' fitness level and technical skills are highly valued in

Bangladeshi and Indian Youth Athletes Differ in Strength and Endurance
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
30
sports training schedules Kansal (1996). Overall, fitness and training are
emphasised because they are key elements of success Hamilton (1993). Physical
fitness is one of the aspects that contribute to top-level sports performance since it
allows athletes to move around the field in varied ways Islam (2018). According to
Haskell et al. (2007) and Glassman (2002), health-based fitness is defined as
cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscle strength, muscle softness,
and body composition, which encompasses physiologic and psychological functions.
Physical fitness is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality, making it a valuable
indicator for public health surveillance Cuenca-Garcia et al. (2022). Researcher
Keating (2003), discovered the efficacy of a health and fitness test system for teens
in the USA, found that the fitness norms are determined by a battery of tests. The
test has been shown to improve health-related lifestyle quality. The amount of
oxygen that can be transported by the body to the working muscles, as well as the
efficiency with which those muscles use that oxygen, determines an individual's
level of physical fitness Choudhuri et al. (2002).
Multiple components of health-related physical fitness have been recognized as
key indicators of current and future health among youths, CRE (cardio-respiratory
endurance), muscle strength (muscle strength, local muscle endurance, and force),
and bodily proportion are all important factors to consider Hurtig-Wennlöf et al.
(2007), Ortega et al. (2008), Smith et al. (2014). Physical fitness tests can be used to
assess health-related indicators at the teenage level, and some of them can also be
utilized in other settings like sports Marques et al. (2021). Also, physical fitness is a
key component of sports performance and is required in every sport. One of the
most important aspects of general physical fitness is cardiovascular endurance
Kerketta and Singh (2015). Most games rely on cardiovascular fitness to succeed. A
player's cardiovascular fitness must be elite if he wants to play with good mental
and physical abilities Kaur and Singh (2019). To determine aerobic capacity, the
maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is commonly used, depending on the
circumstances, this could be determined directly (lab tests) or indirectly (field tests)
Oluwadare and Olufemi (2018). For athletes to perform at their best in
competitions, they must have a high level of cardiovascular endurance. Regular
physical activity and a high level of cardiovascular endurance have been linked to
better memory and executive control performance, so intervention training in
general improved cognitive function Helgerud et al. (2001). Increased maximum
oxygen consumption (VO2max), exercise capacity, and weight and fat loss were just
a few of the advantages of cardiovascular endurance training Vrachimis et al.
(2016).
Games and sports are challenging in general because they require a lot of
muscles and joints to stretch to perform large-dynamic activities or stay away from
sports injuries Rochcongar (2004). Athletes can use an optimum range of motion to
avoid injuries and increase performance in a variety of sports Rahman and Islam
(2020). To succeed in a team sport, athletes must have the perfect combination of
technical, tactical, physical (such as somatotype), and mental ability Bangsbo and
Michalsik (2002). Soccer players must have a high level of cardiovascular endurance
to produce repeated sprint ability and strength to meet the physical fitness criteria
Kartal (2016), Islam et al. (2019). In all racquet sports, having a high level of aerobic
fitness is a prerequisite for competing at the elite level Girard and Millet (2008),
Lees (2003). Badminton requires short and long-term endurance as well as force,
quickness, mobility, power, and rapidity, which are all fundamental skills Lees
(2003), Lieshout and Lombard (2003). A great level of physical fitness is required of
Kabaddi players. Kabaddi is a sport that requires athletes to have all physical fitness
components and a variety of other unspecified traits Pal (2019). Runners should

Md. Nasim Reza, Md. Hamidur Rahman, Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
31
focus on rapid strength, maximal stamina, speed, and agility throughout their
fundamental exercises in their particular events Bong-Ju and Byoung-Goo (2017).
In most sports, cardiovascular endurance and coordination of the shoulders
and legs are crucial to success. According to prior study, volleyball, football, and
wrestling all require muscular fitness, which includes strength, muscular
endurance, and power Corbin and Le Masurier (2014). Arm strength and leg power
are fitness metrics that measure a person's ability to overcome maximum resistance
with their shoulders and legs. Lower leg power is crucial in a range of sports and
athletic activities Singh (2018), Andrabi et al. (2019). Running is a great way to
strengthen your heart and circulatory system. It's a high-intensity aerobic exercise
that burns both fatty acids and carbs for energy Cantwell (1985). A variety of
elements influence physical fitness, including one's health, physical structure,
nutrition, rest and sleep, altitude, habit, physical surroundings of living, and
temperature. Though Bangladesh and India are nearby independent countries, their
geographical environments, economic conditions, religions, and eating habits are
vastly different Reza (2018). Therefore, the researchers want to evaluate the lower
and upper body strength and endurance between Bangladeshi and Indian youth
athletes. The findings reflect the current state of fitness among athletes from both
countries.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. SELECTION OF SAMPLES
A total of N=80 male athletes were selected for the study, among them n=40
from Jashore district in Bangladesh and n=40 from Birbhum and Murshidabad
districts in West Bengal, India. Athletes from a variety of sporting disciplines
compete in athletics, basketball, handball, football, badminton, and kabaddi. At least
one district-level competition was attended by all of the athletes. Table 1
Table 1
Table 1 Anthropometric Variables of the Participants (Mean ± SD)
Anthropometric Variables Bangladeshi Youth Players Indian Youth Players
Age (yrs.) 18.88 ± 1.30 17.96± 1.5
Body Weight (kg) 62.03 ± 2.89 56.3± 5.69
Stature/Height (m) 1.69 ± 0.94 1.66± 0.06
BMI= Weight (kg)/Height2(m) 21.28 ± 1.78 20.33 ± 1.97
The standing broad jump (SBJ) is a field-based test that can be used to assess
explosive strength in the lower limbs as well as physical fitness Thomas et al. (2020).
In several youth fitness batteries, a variety of measures of upper arm and shoulder
strength have been used. The pull-up test is perhaps the most used way to evaluate
upper-body muscular strength. The Cooper test is a simple and effective sports field
test for determining cardio-respiratory endurance in athletes. Table 2

Bangladeshi and Indian Youth Athletes Differ in Strength and Endurance
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
32
Table 2
Table 2 Variable and Criterion Measures
Variables Test Items Unit of Measure
Lower body explosive strength Standing broad jump Meter (m)
Upper body muscular strength Pull-up Number (n)
Cardio-respiratory endurance Cooper test Meter (m)
3. TEST PROTOCOL
3.1. STANDING BROAD JUMP
The standing broad jump test was conducted on a sand jumping pit. The
athletes stood with their feet parallel and in a standing position. After being directed
by the tester, the athletes had to jump forward, as far as they could in a horizontal
manner. The athletes could do a self-determined depth counter movement of the
legs and a free-arm amplitude swing because no instructions were given on how to
move their legs or arms. The athletes were required to land with both feet together
and block the jump without moving forward. All of the tests were repeated three
times, with a short reprieve between each attempt. The distance between the
starting line and the heel of the closest landing foot to the starting line was measured
with a tape in meters, and the best score of three tests were kept for final assessment
Thomas et al. (2020).
3.2. PULL-UP
A metal or wooden bar with a diameter of 1½inches is recommended. The
standard must be sufficiently high for the athletes to hang fully extended arms and
legs, feet off the ground. He should grab it with his overhand. The athlete elevates
his body with both hands until his chin can be put over the bar, and then returns to
his own body to complete the hang position. The activity is played as much as
feasible. During the movement, the body must not swing. Knees must not be
elevated, and leg kicking is not authorized. Pull-ups were counted as per the method
explained Hunsicker and Reiff (1976).
3.3. COOPER TEST
A 400-meter track was used for cooper's test. The athletes were paired, and the
selected runners were to run while their partner kept records of their laps. 'Ready
and Go' was used to signify the start of the race. As the runners crossed the finish
line, lap calls were made to the scorer. When 11 minutes have passed, the
investigator announces the remaining time. A whistle was blown at the 12th minute
to signal the end of the run/walk. To the nearest 25 meters, the lap score was
recorded. The goal was to cover as much ground as possible in the allotted twelve
minutes. The process was then repeated with the next group Rengasamy et al.
(2014).
3.4. STATISTICAL PROCEDURES
The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 26 for Windows;
IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). The data was tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk
test. Parametric assessment was utilised because all of the data had a normal
distribution. For each group, the mean, standard deviation, and standard error mean

Md. Nasim Reza, Md. Hamidur Rahman, Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
33
were calculated, which aided in the comparison of physical fitness variables
between athletes from two countries. To determine the level of significance,
independent samples was used, with α value at.05.
4. RESULTS
Table 3
Table 3 Descriptive Statistics on Fitness Components of Youth Athletes from Bangladesh (BD)
and India (IND)
Items Groups N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Standing Broad Jump BD 40 2.4 0.18 0.03
IND 40 2.31 0.17 0.02
Pull-up BD 40 10.38 2.35 0.37
IND 40 11.1 1.43 0.23
Cooper test BD 40 2599.68 276.21 43.67
IND 40 2354.5 602.69 95.29
Table 3 shows that the mean value and standard deviation of standing broad
jump for BD and IND youth athletes were 2.40±0.18and 2.31±1.17, pull-up were
10.38±2.35 and 11.10±1.43, and the cooper test were 2599.68±276.21 and
2354.50±602.69 respectively.
Table 4
Table 4 Fitness Testing on Young Athletes from Bangladesh (BD) and India (IND) aas Carried Out
Using an Independent Sample T-Test (2-Tailed)
Test Groups Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Standing Broad
Jump
BD 0.08 0.04 2.1 78 0.039
IND
Pull-up BD 0.72 0.43 1.68 78 0.099
IND
Cooper test BD 245.17 104.82 2.34 78 0.022
IND
Table 4 an independent sample t-test shows that Bangladeshi and Indian youth
athletes standing broad jump t (78) = 2.10, sig. = 0.039 (2-tailed), p<0.05; pull-ups
t(78) = 1.68, sig. = 0.099 (2-tailed), p<0.05; cooper test t(78) = 2.34, sig. = 0.022 (2-
tailed), p<0.05 respectively. The standing broad jump and cooper test of
Bangladeshi athletes were found to be much superior to those of Indian athletes,
while the pull-up was found to be nearly identical in both populations.
5. DISCUSSIONS
According to the results of this study, there were substantial disparities in leg
power and cardiorespiratory endurance between Indian and Bangladeshi youths.
There was no significant difference in shoulder strength. A similar study was done
by Mondal (2015), the results show that Bangladeshi youths outperform Indian

Bangladeshi and Indian Youth Athletes Differ in Strength and Endurance
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
34
youths in terms of lower-body dynamic strength (standing broad jump) and
cardiorespiratory fitness (cooper reduced test). Chan et al. (2016) compared the
muscle strength and endurance components of Hong Kong and international elite
athletes (Norwegian, French, and Scandinavian), finding that Hong Kong athletes
had less leg muscular strength and endurance than the three countries. Finally, the
researchers recommend that strength and conditioning specialists create
customised training programmes for Hong Kong athletes. On the other hand,
researcher Reza (2018) did not confirm any difference in the fitness components
between adolescent school boys from Bangladesh and India (West Bengal). It is
quite clear that the morphological changes are the underlying causes that are
reflected in the superiority of fitness or component of fitness. In our study the
Bangladeshi athletes had an increased BMI than the Indian counterparts which is
also reflected as superiority of fitness components i.e., leg power and
cardiorespiratory fitness. The increased amount of mass may be attributed to the
different lifestyle, more specifically the eating habits of Bangladeshi athletes when
compared to the Indian athletes.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The study employed field-based fitness test to assess and compare the fitness
components of the Bangladeshi and Indian athletes. The following findings were
evident:
1) Bangladeshi athletes had a significantly better leg power when compared
to Indian athletes.
2) Bangladeshi athletes had a significantly better cardiorespiratory
endurance when compared to Indian athletes.
3) There was no substantial difference in upper body muscular strength
between the athletes of the two countries.
7. LIMITATION
The sample sizes in this study were too limited. A huge sample size might have
yielded more useful results.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
REFERENCES
Andrabi, S. M. H., Deol, N. S., and Singh, L. (2019). Kinematic Patterns of Start In
Track-And-Field Sprints, Review of Research, 8(4), 1-10.
Bangsbo, J., and Michalsik, L. (2002). Assessment and Physiological Capacity of Elite
Soccer Players. In T. Reilly and A. Murphy (Eds.), Science And Football IV.
Routledge, 53-62.
Bhagat, O., and Singh, L. T. (2021). Analysis of Vo2max in Different Team Games.
Vidyabharati International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, (Special
Issue-April), 90-95.

Md. Nasim Reza, Md. Hamidur Rahman, Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
35
Bong-Ju, S., and Byoung-Goo, K. (2017). Differences of Physique and Physical Fitness
Among Male South Korean Elite National Track and Field Athletes.
International Journal of Human Movement And Sports Sciences, 5(2), 17-26.
https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2017.050201.
Cantwell, J. D. (1985). Cardiovascular Aspects of Running. Clinics in Sports Medicine,
4(4), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31182-0.
Chan, H. C., Fong, D. T., Lee, J. W., Yau, Q. K., Yung, P. S., And Chan, K. M. (2016). Power
and Endurance in Hong Kong Professional Football Players. Asia-Pacific
Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation and Technology, 5,
1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmart.2016.05.001.
Choudhuri, D., Choudhuri, S., and Kulkarni, V. A. (2002). Physical Fitness : A
Comparative Study Between Students of Residential (Sanik) and
Nonresidential Schools (Aged 12-14 Years). Indian Journal of Physiology
and Pharmacology, 46(3), 328-332.
Corbin, C. B., and Le Masurier, G. C. (2014). Fitness For Life (6th Ed). Human Kinetics
Publishers.
Cuenca-Garcia, M., Marin-Jimenez, N., Perez-Bey, A., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Camiletti-
Moiron, D., Alvarez-Gallardo, I. C., Ortega, F. B., and Castro-Piñero, J. (2022).
Reliability of Field-Based Fitness Tests in Adults: A Systematic Review.
Sports Publishing Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01635-2
Girard, O., and Millet, G. P. (2008). Neuromuscular Fatigue in Racquet Sports.
Neurologic Clinics, 26(1), 181-94, X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.011.
Glassman, G. (2002). What Is Fitness and Who is Fit ? Cross Fit Journal, 1(3), 1-11.
Hamilton, N. (1993). Changes in Sprint Stride Kinematics With Age in Master's
Athletes. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9(1), 15-26.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.1.15.
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., Macera,
C. A., Heath, G. W., Thompson, P. D., Bauman, A., (2007). American College of
Sports Medicine, and American Heart Association. Physical Activity And
Public Health: Updated Recommendation for Adults from the American
College Of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation,
116(9), 1081-1093.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649.
Helgerud, J., Engen, L. C., Wisloff, U., and Hoff, J. (2001). Aerobic Endurance Training
Improves Soccer Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
33(11), 1925-1931. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-
00019.
Hunsicker, P., and Reiff, G. G. (1976). Youth Fitness Test Manual. Washington, D.C. :
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER
Publications).
Hurtig-Wennlöf, A., Ruiz, J. R., Harro, M., and Sjöström, M. (2007). Cardiorespiratory
Fitness Relates More Strongly Than Physical Activity To Cardiovascular
Disease Risk Factors In Healthy Children and Adolescents: The European
Youth Heart Study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and
Rehabilitation: Official Journal of The European Society of Cardiology,
Working Groups on Epidemiology and Prevention and Cardiac
Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, 14(4), 575-581.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e32808c67e3.
Islam, M. S. (2018). Relationship of Abdominal Muscle Endurance With Selected
Anthropometric Measurements in Soccer Players. International Journal of
Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 3(2), 1088-1090.

Bangladeshi and Indian Youth Athletes Differ in Strength and Endurance
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
36
Islam, M. S., Kundu, B., and Saha, S. (2019). Relationship Between Repeated Sprint
Ability and Accuracy of Soccer Shooting Performance in Young Players.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 5(11), 95-104.
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3381127.
Kansal, D. K. (1996). Test and Measurement in Sports and Physical Education. DVS
Publication.
Kartal, R. (2016). Comparison of Speed, Agility, Anaerobic Strength and
Anthropometric Characteristics in Male Football and Futsal Players. Journal
of Education and Training Studies, 4(7), 47-53.
http://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i7.1435.
Kaur, H., and Singh, N. (2019). A Study of Cardiovascular Endurance Among National
Level Players of Different Games. International Journal of Advances in
Science Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 72-74.
Keating. (2003). Examine the Current Youth Fitness Test Program in the United
State. The Fitness-Gram, President's Challenge, and the YMCA Youth
Programs.
Kerketta, I., and Singh, R. (2015). Comparison of Cardiovascular Endurance Between
Male Soccer and Hockey Players of G.G.V. Bilaspur. International Journal of
Physical Education Sports and Health, 2(2), 326-327.
Lees, A. (2003). Science and the Major Racket Sports : A Review. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 21(9), 707-732. http://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140275.
Lieshout, K. A. V., and Lombard, A. J. J. (2003). Fitness Profile of Elite Junior South
African Badminton Players. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health
Sciences, 9(3), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v9i3.24643.
Marques, A., Henriques-Neto, D., Peralta, M., Martins, J., Gomes, F., Popovic, S.,
Masanovic, B., Demetriou, Y., Schlund, A., and Ihle, A. (2021). Field-Based
Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests in Children and Adolescents: A
Systematic Review. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, 640028.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.640028.
Mondal, S. (2015). Analysis of Physical Fitness Between Bangladesh and Indian
Primary School Going Boys. International Journal of Physical Education
Sports and Health, 2(1), 263-267.
Oluwadare, O. A., and Olufemi, O. O. (2018). Aerobic Fitness Levels Among
Undergraduate Students of A Nigerian University Using Cooper's 12-Minute
Walk Test. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications,
2(4), 6-8.
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., and Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical Fitness in
Childhood and Adolescence : A Powerful Marker of Health. International
Journal Of Obesity, 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774.
Pal, N. (2019). A Comparative Study of Conditioning For Kabaddi Players at Different
Levels. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education,
16(4), 1358-1363.
Penney, D., and Clarke, G. (2005). Inclusion in Sport Education. In D. Penney (Ed.),
Sport Education in Physical Education: Research Based Practice . Routledge,
41-54.
Rahman, M. H., and Islam, M. S. (2020). Stretching and Flexibility: A Range of Motion
for Games and Sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport
Science, 6(8), 22-36.
Rengasamy, S., Raju, S., Lee, W. A., and Roa, R. (2014). A Fitness Intervention
Program Within A Physical Education Class on Cardiovascular Endurance
Among Malaysia Secondary School Students. Malaysian Online Journal of
Educational Sciences, 2(1), 1-8.

Md. Nasim Reza, Md. Hamidur Rahman, Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi
International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH
37
Reza, M. N. (2018). A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Between Adolescent
Boys of Bangladesh and India. International Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy
And Physical Education, 3(2), 87-91.
Rochcongar, P. (2004). Isokinetic Evaluation of Knee Extensors and Flexors in
Sports Medicine: Review of The Literature. Annals of Physical and
Rehabilitation Medicine, 47(6), 274-281.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.05.013.
Singh, A. (2018). Comparisons of Shoulder Girdle Strength, Explosive Leg Power,
and Abdominal Strengthamong Jumpers, Throwers, and Sprinters.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(9), 74-80.
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1326434.
Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Faigenbaum, A. D., and Lubans,
D. R. (2014). The Health Benefits of Muscular Fitness for Children And
Adolescents : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine,
44(9), 1209-1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0196-4.
Thomas, E., Petrigna, L., Tabacchi, G., Teixeira, E., Pajaujiene, S., Sturm, D. J., Sahin, F.
N., Gómez-López, M., Pausic, J., Paoli, A., Alesi, M., And Bianco, A. (2020).
Percentile Values of The Standing Broad Jump in Children and Adolescents
Aged 6-18 Years Old. European Journal of Translational Myology, 30(2),
9050. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2019.9050.
Vrachimis, A., Hadjicharalambous, M., And Tyler, C. (2016). The Effect of Circuit
Training on Resting Heart Rate Variability, Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Factors and Physical Fitness in Healthy Untrained Adults. Health, 08(2),
144-155. http://doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.82017.