European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences www.ejbps.com 431 ACHLYA: FIRST REPORT FROM WATER BODIES OF PACHMARHI DISTRICT HOSHANGABAD (M.P.) INDIA

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Sheikh et al. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
AQUATIC FUNGI: FIRST REPORT FROM LOTIC WATER BODIES OF PACHMARHI
DISTRICT HOSHANGABAD M.P. INDIA.
Sheikh Sayir1*, Ajaz Ahmad1, Ranjana Singh2* and Suman Trivedi2
1*,1Research Scholars, Govt. M.V.M. Bhopal.
2*Asstt. Professor Govt. M.V.M. Bhopal.
2Professor and Head Govt. M.L.B girls P.G. (auto) college, Bhopal.
Article Received on 17/05/2017 Article Revised on 07/06/2017 Article Accepted on 28/06/2017
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to the variety
of life forms and habitats found in a defined area. The
existence of biological diversity on this planet is due to
the evolution and co-evolution of different types of life
form, habitats and culture or it may be the result of
evolutionary plasticity of living forms present on this
planet. Every organism resent on earth plays its
significant role, harms and benefits each other in some
way or the other, in order to study its significance it must
be explored. In over-all reviews of biodiversity and
global genetic resources, micro-organisms in general and
fungi in particular did not receive attention they deserve
on account of their abundance and extend to which they
can be exploited commercially (Cronke et al., 1988;
Wolf, 1987) . Fungi is the most important group of
organisms without these the earth would be heaps of
garbage as these organisms plays important role in
decomposition of dead organic matter. Fungi are also
source of important antibiotics that can save the lives of
human. For example, Penicillin it is difficult to
comprehend that how many lives have been saved by this
particular antibiotic during the World War II.
The tremendous discrepancy between the numbers of
known verses estimated species appears to relate to the
fact that there has been woefully inadequate sampling of
fungi in many parts of the world, most notably tropical
and subtropical regions. This is the need of an hour to
explore the unexplored populations of world’s fungi.
One third of the fungal diversity exists in India. Out of
1.5 million fungi, only 50% are characterized until now.
These fungi need to be characterized because of their
high medicinal value and beneficial for human beings; its
importance is increasing day by day. They also exhibit
great degree of biodiversity with respect to aquatic
environment. But the assessment of aquatic fungal
biodiversity is still not complete.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection: Water samples along with decaying leaves,
roots, twigs from different lotic water bodies of
Pachmarhi was collected. Foam, scum samples were also
collected with the help of plastic cup or spoon, spores
being lighter get trapped in foam and scum samples.
Temperature and pH were recorded and dissolved
oxygen was fixed on the spot.
Isolation: Isolation of fungi was done through various
techniques, Viz., baiting technique, aerated water
technique. In this method water samples were placed in
pre-sterilized petriplates and baits were added to provide
nourishment for the growth of fungal forms. In each
petridish pinch of antibiotic was added to prevent
bacterial contamination. After couple of days of
incubation, baits infected with fungi are observed under
the compound microscope.
Identification: The camera lucida drawings along with
measurement were made from freshly isolated fungal
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Research Article
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European Journal of Biomedical
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ISSN 2349-8870
Volume: 4
Issue: 7
XX-XX
Year: 2017
ABSTRACT
Taxonomy of aquatic fungi is the most ignored field or very little work in that particular field has been done
especially in India. Pachmarhi is the biosphere reserve and hill station of Madhya Pradesh and is totally virgin
with respect to taxonomy of aquatic fungi. To explore the aquatic fungi from lotic water bodies of Pachmarhi
efforts was made by authors and during the study period aquatic fungi belong to different groups and orders has
been isolated. A total of 10 species has been isolated and identified belong to order Moniliales and Blastocladiales
during the study period of Aug 2014 to July 2015. Physico-chemical factors have also been studied in order to see
the effect of these physico-chemical factors on the occurrence and activity of these fungi.
KEY WORDS: New reports, Aquatic fungi, Pachmarhi, Lotic water, Physico-chemical factors.
*Corresponding Author: Sheikh Sayir
Research Scholars, Govt. M.V.M. Bhopal.
Mail Id: sheikhsayir@gmail.com

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Sheikh et al. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
forms and prepared slides. Identification of aquatic fungi
was done with the help of manuals, monographs and
published work of some eminent scientists like Ingold
(1942, 1975a). Ellis (1971, 1976), Webster and Descals
(1981), Barnett and Hunter (1972), Coker and Mathews
(1937), Sparrow (1942, 1960), Johnson (1956), Khulbe
(2001), Karling (1977.)
Preservation: Preservation of fungal forms was done
with F.A.A. 1:1:1 Ratio.
OBSERVATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 118 isolations were made which belong to 6
genera and 10 species. Of these, 6 species belong to
Deuteromycotina order Moniliales and 4 species belong
to Mastigomycotina order Blastocladiales.
Occurrence and distribution of aquatic fungi during 2014 – 2015 in Denwa River (Table 1)
Species Name
2014-2015
Frequency
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Ja
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Deuteromycotina
Moniliales
Flagellospora curvula
+
0.08%
F. Penicilloides
+
+
+
+
0.33%
Meria sp.
+
+
0.16%
Monodictys flauctuata
+
+
0.16%
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
+
+
+
0.25%
Trichocladium canadense
+
+
+
0.25%
Mastigomycotina
Blastocladiales
Allomyces arbuscula
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.58%
A. javanicus
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.50%
TOTAL
2
4
2
4
1
5
4
1
1
2
1
1
Total 28
Total of 28 isolations has been from Denwa River during
the study period of Aug 2014 to Jul 2015. In this site
maximum number of fungi 5, were recorded in winter,
while as minimum number 1 was recorded in summer
(Table 1). The most dominant species in Denwa River
was Allomyces arbuscula having frequency of 0.58%.
Allomyces javanicus was having the frequency of 0.50%.
Flagellspora penicilloides was having the frequency of
0.33%. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichocladium
canadense were having the frequency of 0.25%. (Table
1).
Occurrence and distribution of aquatic fungi during 2014 – 2015 in Panar Pani. (Table 2)
Species Name
2014-2015
Frequency
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Ja
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Deuteromycotina
Moniliales
Flagellospora curvula
+
+
+
0.25%
F. Penicilloides
+
+
0.16%
Meria sp.
+
+
+
0.25%
Monodictys flauctuata
+
+
+
+
0.33%
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
+
+
+
+
0.33%
Trichocladium canadense
+
+
+
0.25%
Mastigomycotina
Blastocladiales
Allomyces anomalus
+
+
+
+
+
0.41%
A. arbuscula
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.50%
A. moniliformis
+
+
+
+
+
0.41%
TOTAL
3
5
3
2
4
5
3
1
2
3
1
3
Total 35
Total 35 isolations have been isolated from Panar pani
during the study period of Aug 2014 to Jul 2015. In this
site maximum number of fungi 5 was recorded in the
winter and monsoon while as minimum fungi 1 recorded
in summer (Table 2). The most dominant species in
Panar pani was Allomyces arbuscula having the
frequency of 0.50%, Allomyces anomalus, Allomyces
moniformis were having the frequency of 0.41%.

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Monodictys flacuctuata, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were having the frequency of 0.33%. (Table 2).
Occurrence and distribution of aquatic fungi during 2014 – 2015 in B-Fall. (Table 3)
Species Name
2014-2015
Frequency
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Ja
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Deuteromycotina
Moniliales
F. Penicilloides
+
+
+
+
0.33%
Meria sp.
+
+
+
0.25%
Trichocladium canadense
+
+
+
0.25%
Mastigomycotina
Blastocladiales
Allomyces anomalus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.58%
A. arbuscula
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.58%
A. javanicus
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.50%
A. moniliformis
+
+
+
0.25%
TOTAL
4
3
1
3
3
4
5
2
1
2
2
3
Total 33
Total 33 isolations have been isolated from B- Fall
during the study period of Aug 2014 to Jul 2015. In this
site maximum number of fungi 5 was recorded in the
winter, while as minimum fungi 1 recorded in summer
(Table 3). The most dominant species in B-Fall was
Allomyces anomalus, Allomyces arbuscula having the
frequency of 0.58%, Allomyces javanicus, was having
the frequency of 0.50%. Flagellospora penicilloides was
having the frequency of 0.33% (Table 3).
Occurrence and distribution of aquatic fungi during 2014 – 2015 in Bade Mahadev. (Table 4)
Species Name
2014-2015
Frequency
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Ja
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Deuteromycotina
Moniliales
Monodictys fluctuata
+
+
+
0.25%
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
+
+
+
0.25%
Trichocladium canadense
+
+
+
+
0.33%
Mastigomycotina
Blastocladiales
Allomyces anomalus
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.50%
A. arbuscula
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.50%
TOTAL
-
3
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
-
3
2
Total 22
Total 22 isolations have been isolated from B- Fall
during the study period of Aug 2014 to Jul 2015. In this
site maximum number of fungi 3 was recorded in the
winter and monsoon, while as minimum fungi 1 and
even zero was recorded in summer (Table 4). The most
dominant species in B-Fall was Allomyces anomalus,
Allomyces arbuscula having the frequency of 0.50%,
Trichocladium canadense was having the frequency of
0.33%. Monidictys flauctuata, Scopulariopsis was
having the frequency of 0.25% (Table 4).
Physico-chemical characteristics of water
Temperature and pH of all sampling stations of Pachmarhi (Table -5)
Site Name
Denwa River
Panar Pani
Bee Fall
Bade Mahadev
Months
Seasons
2014-
2015
Temp.
2014-
2015
pH
2014-
2015
Temp.
2014-
2015
pH
2014-
2015
Temp.
2014-
2015
pH
2014-
2015
Temp.
2014-
2015
pH
August
Monsoon
24
7.1
23
7.0
23
6.9
21
6.2
September
Monsoon
25
7.4
26
6.9
25
7.1
25
6.4
October
Monsoon
26
6.9
26
6.8
26
6.9
25
6.5
November
Winter
23.5
7.5
22
6.8
23
6.5
22
7.1

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December
Winter
22
7.4
21
7.1
20
6.8
20
7.2
January
Winter
18
7.3
18
7.2
18
7.1
16
7.1
February
Winter
19
7.4
19
7.2
18
7.1
17
7.5
March
Summer
26
7.6
25
7.5
25
7.6
23
7.4
April
Summer
28
7.8
27.5
7.6
27
7.2
26
7.3
May
Summer
29
8.0
28
7.9
28
7.8
27
7.5
June
Summer
31.5
8.2
30
8.0
29
7.9
29
7.6
July
Monsoon
31
6.7
30
6.7
29
6.9
28
6.6
Temp= Temperature pH= Hydrogen ion concentration
Seasonal variation in Calcium and Magnesium hardness of sampling stations of Pachmarhi (Table -6)
Site Name
Seasons
Denwa River
Panar Pani
Bee Fall
Bade Mahadev
2014-
2015
Ca++
2014-
2015
Mg++
2014-
2015
Ca++
2014-
2015
Mg++
2014-
2015
Ca++
2014-
2015
Mg++
2014-
2015
Ca++
2014-
2015
Mg++
Monsoon
25.2
32
35.7
38
31.5
36
37.8
40
Winter
48.3
56
46.2
56
48.3
52
44.1
56
Summer
44.1
54
48.3
58
42.0
46
48.3
54
Ca++ = Calcium hardness Mg++ = Magnesium hardness
Seasonal variation in Dissolve oxygen and BOD of sampling stations of Pachmarhi. (Table -7)
Site Name
Seasons
Denwa River
Panar Pani
Bee Fall
Bade Mahadev
2014-
2015
DO
2014-
2015
BOD
2014-
2015
DO
2014-
2015
BOD
2014-
2015
DO
2014-
2015
BOD
2014-
2015
DO
2014-
2015
BOD
Monsoon
10
16
11.2
24
12
18
8.4
12
Winter
12
24
13.2
26
18
30
12
10
Summer
8
20
7.2
14
10
12
7.6
14
DO= Dissolved oxygen BOD= Biological oxygen demand
Seasonal variation in Carbonate alkalinity and Bicarbonate alkalinity of sampling stations of Pachmarhi. (Table
8)
Site Name
Seasons
Denwa River
Panar Pani
Bee Fall
Bade Mahadev
2014-
2015
C
2014-
2015
B
2014-
2015
C
2014-
2015
B
2014-
2015
C
2014-
2015
B
2014-
2015
C
2014-
2015
B
Monsoon
18.0
148
16.0
130
12.0
110
10.0
108
Winter
24.0
240
24.0
200
22.0
190
24.0
186
Summer
26.0
212
26.0
198
24.0
168
28.0
142
C= Carbonate alkalinity B= Bicarbonate alkalinity
Figure 1

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Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

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Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

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Figure 8
Figure 9
DISCUSSION
Temperature the most significant and essential factor that
directly affects the growth, distribution and development
of fungal community in nature (Mishra, 1982;
Suberkropp, 1984; Iqbal and Webster. 1973a) totally
agrees with the present investigation. Fungal diversity
shows inverse relation with temperature. During winters
fungal diversity was found to be high as compared to
monsoon and summer. Table 5 and Figure 1 and 9.
In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric
scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous
solution. The pH value ranges from 6.2 to 8.2 in the
alkaline range. pH shows variations during different
seasons thus with other factors it can affect the fungal
diversity. Table 5 Figure 2 and 9.
Calcium and Magnesium hardness was found to be high
during winters corresponding to the number of fungal
species. In monsoon the calcium and Magnesium was
found to be lower than summer but fungal diversity was
found to be high as compared to summer. Dayal and
Tandon (1962) and Mishra (1982) did not find any
significant correlation between total hardness and fungal
diversity agrees with the present investigation. Table 6
and Figure 3,4 and 9.
Dissolve oxygen is found one of the significant
parameter as it regulates the metabolic process of the
aquatic organisms. Their diversity may be determined
with the dynamic and distribution of oxygen. Dissolved
oxygen and fungal diversity was found to be high during
winters as compared to the monsoon and summer. Thus
from the table 7 and figure 5 and 9 it can be concluded
that oxygen plays direct in growth and activity of fungal
diversity thus is a significant factor. BOD content was
found to high during winters corresponding to the
number of fungal species. During monsoon it shows
moderate value and fungal diversity was found to be
moderate and in summer both BOD and fungal diversity
was found to be low. The survey of available literature
reveals that there has been no work on the diversity of
fungi in relation to BOD. Table 7 and Figure 6 and 9.

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Table 8 and Figure 7 and 9 show that in the present
course of study during monsoon, carbonate alkalinity
was present in very low quantity. It gradually increases
in winter and maximum recorded in summer. In summer
fungal diversity was found to be low while in winter its
values are moderate but the fungal diversity was found to
be high. Bicarbonates show maximum value than
carbonates. Bicarbonates were high during the winter
when fungal diversity was found to be high. In summer
bicarbonates shows moderate values but the fungal
diversity was found to be low. At all sampling sites
alkalinity was comparatively higher in winter than other
seasons due to presence of carbonates and bicarbonates,
when maximum fungal occurrence was recorded. Table 8
and Figure 8 and 9.
Taxonomic Description
Flagellospora curvula Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.
25: 339-417, 1942. (Fig 1)
Hyphae smooth, thin- walled, hyaline, septate, 1µm to
2µm, conidiophores mononematous, branched, straight
or flexuous 10µm to 28 µm and 1µm to 3 µm.
conidiophores cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, sigmoid
slongate, aspetate, thin walled , 16 µm to 30 µm long
1µm to 3 µm wide.
Fladellospora penicilloides Ingold Trans. Br. Mycol.
Soc. 28: 35- 43, 1944. (Fig 2)
Mycelium branched septate. Conidiophores hyaline,
septate, branched at the apex penicilately, up to 200 µm
long and 8 µm wide; phialides apical, 4 – 8, 12 – 16 µm
long and 3 – 4 µm wide; conidia hyaline 28 – 54 µm
long and 2 – 3 µm wide, tapering at both ends,
unicellular or often uniseptate, curved or slightly
sigmoid, produced in basipetal succession.
Meria sp. Vuill. (Fig 3)
Mycelium hyaline, branched, conidiophores simple,
elongate, septate; conidia, hyaline, 1-celled, produced
singly or in clusters on lateral or apical sterigmata;
attacking and destroying nematodes.
Monodictys flactuata (Tandon & Bilgrami) M.B.Ellis,
1971, Mycol. Pap. 124: 5. (Fig 4)
Colonies effuse, velvety, pale to dark mouse grey.
Conidia very variable in size and shape, many celled,
often constricted at the septa, at first smooth, later
verruculose, mid dark golden brown, up to 40 µm in
diameter.
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (Sacc.) Bainier, 1907, Bull.
Trimmest. Soc. Mycol. Fr., 23: 98-100. (Fig 5).
Colonies at first whitish, later buff to nut brown with a
narrow white margin. Annelides sometimes arising
singly from hyphae but more frequently in groups of 2 –
3 or arranged penicillately in more complex
conidiophores conidiophores, 10 – 25µm long, colourless
or very pale. Conidia brown in mass, spherical or
obovoid, truncate at the base, smooth when young,
coarsely verrucose when mature, 5–8 × 5–7 µm.
Trichocladium canadense Hughes, 1959, Can. J. Bot.,
37: 85 –859. (Fig 6)
Colonies effuse, black. Conidiophores 3–5 µm thick.
Conidia acropleurogenous, predominantly 1- celled,
occasionally 2- septate, clavate or ellipsoidal, truncate at
the base, mid to dark brown, smooth, 15–30 µm long, 8–
12 µm in the broadest part.
Allomyces anomalus Emerson. (Fig 7)
Thallus large in size, principal hyphae stout, slender,
hyaline, sympodially branched, pseudo-septate, 25-50µm
wide, tips blunt, zoosporangia oval, hyaline 50-75 × 25-
37.5 µm, zoospores escaping through an apical pore,
encysted zoospores 12.5µm in diameter, resting
zoospores abundant, ovoid, 25-50 × 12.5-37.5µm, Sex
organs absent.
Allomyces arbuscula Butler. (Fig 8)
Hyphae stout, dichotomously branched, pseudoseptate,
12.5-50µm in diameter at base, tips blunt, hyaline,
zoosporangia oval, hyaline, 25-50 × 56.25-62.5µm,
encysted zoospores 6.25-12.5µm in diameter; resting
sporangia abundant, oval 46.87-56.25µm long, 31.25-
46.87µm in diameter, producing zoospores after a period
of rest, sex organs abundantly in pairs, female
gametangia terminal, spherical, hyaline, 40.62-50µm in
diameter, male gametangia hyphogynous, orange
coloured, barrel shaped 34.37-40.62µm in diameter.
Allomyces javanicus Kniep. (Fig 9)
Thallus sympodially or dichotomously branched; basal
cell variable in size, zoosporangia ovoid, apical or
catenulate, 50-78.12 × 25-50µm with one to many
papillae, zoosphores ovoid, 12.5µm in diameter, resting
sporangia spherical, ovoid, 31.25-56.25 × 25-50µm,
gametangia terminal in pairs, simple to catenulate, male
gametangia terminal, 25-34.37 × 18.75-25µm, female
gametangia ovoid 53.12-56.25 × 28.12-37.5µm.
Allomyces moniliformis Coker and Braxton. (Fig 10)
Thallus branched, zoosporangia cylindrical, 78.12-125 ×
9.37-12.5µm, primary sprorangia calvate, 62.5-93.75 ×
15.62-25µm with an apical papilla, resting spores ovoid,
37.5-62.5 × 25-46.87µm, exospores thick walled, orange
brown and pitted.

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Diagrams
Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3
Fig 4 Fig 5
Fig 6 Fig 7

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Fig 8 Fig 9
Fig 10
CONCLUSION
Very little work is being done on Taxonomy of aquatic
fungi particularly in India therefore the authors tried to
explore some aquatic fungi from the Pachmarhi
Biosphere Reserve Madhya Pradesh first time and
reported total 10 species of fungi belonging to the
Moniliales, Blastocladiales. From this study we are
concluding that there are large numbers of fungi which
are yet to be explored from many places particularly in
India.
As the Fungal diversity is fundamental to the success of
biotechnology and is critical if the commercial potential
of fungi is to be fully realized. So it is very important to
study the taxonomy of this kingdom.
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