Mobility Design Guide: Making Future Mobility Tangible and Experienceable

Full text

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
58
Mobility Design
Guide
Making Future Mobility
Tangible and
Experienceable
Andrea Krajewski,
Sabine Reitmaier,
Kai Vöckler,
and Peter Eckart
MOBILITY DESIGN
Andrea Krajewski
et al.

MOBILITY DESIGN GUIDE
59
In view of global climate change and a simulta-
neous and constant increase in the volume of traf-
fic worldwide, the strengthening and development
of environmentally friendly mobility is understood
more and more as a key challenge, not only in
terms of transportation planning and infrastruc-
ture, but also in relation to society (UBA 2019). To
cope with this complex task that demands innova-
tion, it seems sensible to think, plan, and imple-
ment mobility within a transdisciplinary context
that is both science- and practice-oriented and
where design facilitates access to a complex mo-
bility system. This requires a shift in perspective
toward a systemic approach, where the innovation
process is viewed from within the overall system
of environmentally friendly mobility, rather than
being focused on individual products and solutions
(Rammler 2018: 47). This transformation involves,
at the same time, changes in the disciplinary ori-
entation and expertise of those involved in plan-
ning and implementation. Today, they must also
consider the effects of digitalization in terms of the
common good and climate protection, but without
designing digitally oriented, enhanced mobility
systems on a purely technological basis.
As a new discipline operating within this con-
text, mobility design combines strategic foresight,
planning, design, and technological expertise,
while opening approaches to complex mobility
systems. To convey the relevant content, the
»Mobility Design Guide« was produced as a digi-
tally supported, interactive guide based on user-
centered design methods. It is intended for
decision-makers and planners as well as architects
and designers in the mobility sector. It presents
them with content related to strategy and design
to help them develop new, sustainable mobility
systems. This essay introduces the Mobility Design
Guide and how it was elaborated.
Mobility design is cross-disciplinary and com-
bines systemic planning, design, and technologi-
cal expertise, as well as social science knowledge.
The actors involved in mobility design come from
disciplines such as architecture and design, urban
and transit planning, social science mobility re-
search, and information technology. Thus, the
Mobility Design Guide needs to provide relevant,
accessible interdisciplinary communication tai-
lored to the requirements of the respective target
groups.
The Mobility Design Guide is intended to high-
light the need for long-term, strategically oriented
transdisciplinary planning of current and future
mobility projects. Since more complex mobility
issues have generally been framed within a purely
functional, infrastructural planning context,
the guide emphasizes the central role of design
(understood as design and architecture and their
different disciplinary forms) for the development
and advancement of mobility systems. The goal
is to use mobility design as a means of achieving
widespread acceptance of sustainable, socially
responsible mobility. Design per se mediates be-
tween systems and people, and renders visions in
concrete, experienceable form while facilitating
equal access to products. The possibilities for
influencing the mobility experience range from
process and spatial design to general and person-
alized information products with their full range
of design dimensions (light, color, material, signs).
Explaining this cross-disciplinary approach to
mobility systems is a key objective of the Mobility
Design Guide.
The focus of this essay will be on describing
how this guide was developed, conceived, and
designed. In this way, the scope of possibilities for
design to mediate among diverse bodies of knowl-
edge within a transdisciplinary research context
should become clear.01
Initial Point of DepartureInitial Point of Departure
The shift toward a systemic approach in the plan-
ning and implementation of climate-friendly and
networked intermodal mobility (Rammler 2018:
47) was the primary point of departure for the
concept development. Here, the focus is on the
immaterial mobility experience for users, which
can only be grasped by taking a holistic view of
an intermodal system with its different modes of
transport, forms of mobility, and spaces (including
their digital extension). Therefore, the concept of
the Mobility Design Guide has been consistently
developed from the perspective of the users. It
seems necessary and advisable to convey this

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
60
Andrea Krajewski
et al.
perspective to sensitize the target group of deci-
sion-makers, planners, and designers to the spe-
cial requirements of designing a mobility system
that can be utilized in an intermodal fashion. A
particular challenge in conveying the perspective
of transport users is that not only do they have
functional, purpose-driven needs, but they also
must be addressed on an emotional, subjective
level. To this end, it is necessary to identify, under-
stand, and address the values and attitudes under-
lying mobility behavior (Hofmann 2019; Haustein
in this volume), and from this to determine the
influencing factors relevant for design (see Vöckler
and Eckart in this volume). Accordingly, this is
communicated in, as well as through, the design of
the Mobility Design Guide itself.
The objectives of future mobility design can be
summarized as follows:
Mobility design is oriented not toward the in-
dividual mode of transport, but instead toward
the mobility needs of users … The transferral of
personal feelings of freedom, status, value, and
security currently associated with an object (the
automobile) onto movement (mobility) means
that this new form of individual locomotion
must offer an experience that is persuasive,
sustainable, and perceived positive ... The task
of mobility design is precisely to make this
possible: to pave the way for an ecologically
sustainable and socially equitable mobility by
giving shape to a climate-friendly, networked,
intermodal mobility. (Vöckler and Eckart 2022:
16–17).
In the context of the Mobility Design Guide, a
mobility system is understood as the systemic
interaction of human and nonhuman participants
in transportation—as a form of mobility that arises
from the interaction of people, technical systems,
things, and information, which is to be designed
within an existing or even desired transportation
infrastructure.
Requirements for a Mobility Design GuideRequirements for a Mobility Design Guide
A central question for the future use of the Mobil-
ity Design Guide was at which point during ex-
isting planning and implementation processes
could the expertise and knowledge of mobility
design have an impact. A widely used planning
and implementation process, which is also em-
ployed in public administration, is defined in the
Federal Chamber of German Architects Fee Scale
for Services by Architects and Engineers (HOAI).02
This was used as a basis for structuring possible
applications of the Mobility Design Guide in »User
Research.« Qualitative, semi-structured inter-
views were conducted with participants from all
service phases (1–9) of the HOAI.03 Interviewees
came from the fields of architecture, consulting,
design, public transportation services, politics,
and urban and transportation planning. These
interviews demonstrated the significance of the
Pre-0 Phase, which is not provided for in the HOAI,
as well as Phase 0; thus, additional interviews were
conducted with those involved in these phases. In
total, twenty people were interviewed.
It became clear that the participants in the
Pre-0 Phase, as well as Phase 0 (during which
01 The Mobility Design Guide (https://
mobilitydesignguide.org) was developed
within the interdisciplinary research
network »Infrastructure—Design—Society«
(2018–2021), funded by the Hessian
»Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung wissen-
schaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz«, with
the participation of researchers from the
fields of design, urban design, traffic
planning, information and communication
technology, and social science mobility
research. Project management and creative
direction was undertaken by Andrea
Krajewski (Professor for Interactive Media
Systems, Darmstadt University of Applied
Sciences) in collaboration with Sabine
Reitmaier (user research, conception,
interaction design), Anna-Lena Möckl
(conception, content design), Julian
Schwarze (conception), Beatrice Bianchini
(icons), and Ken Rodenwald (animations).
The project was realized together with
Maximilian Brandl, Philipp Kaltofen, and
Jan Meininghaus.

MOBILITY DESIGN GUIDE
61
planning specifications are determined and inspi-
ration is sought), represent important audiences
for strategically communicating a future-oriented
mobility design. Interviewees from the disci-
plines of design and architecture, who usually
work on design planning in Phase 3, explained
how Phase 0 is often decisive for the project. After
a project has been put out to tender, usually the
basic concept or idea cannot really be changed.
By including design considerations in Phase 0,
the phase when strategic principles are defined
and substantive objectives are set, the design
requirements are more effectively incorporated
in the tenders. Interestingly, interviewees from
politics, administration, and business, who have
a decisive influence on the Pre-0 Phase as well
as Phase 0 itself, expressed the need to be able to
learn about inspiring precedent projects as well as
forward-looking designs and concepts. This was
included as a requirement. Furthermore, it could
be deduced from the survey that, in addition to
the phases mentioned above, Phases 0 to 2 are
also crucial for information regarding mobility
design (↳Fig. 1).
The respondents were almost exclusively in
favor of a digital, interactive application of the Mo-
bility Design Guide so that they could use it at their
own desktop screens. They stated that it would be
desirable to be able to incorporate content from
the guide into lectures and presentations or to be
able to save a personal selection of the material.
This application should always be kept up to date
and ideally be maintained by several editors who
would ensure its reliability and scientific quality (a
collaboration among several universities was men-
tioned as an example). These requirements were
addressed in design and elaboration. Following the
principles of user-centered design, the findings
from the user survey were evaluated and gradually
incorporated into the design of the application
through workshop-based development. Researchers
from different disciplines (design, architecture,
social science, and mobility research) participated
in the associated workshops. A »value proposition«
for the planned application was formulated as a
guiding principle for the development process and
acted as what is called a »constant companion.«
02 The service phases specified by the German
Fee Scales for Architects and Engineers
(HOAI): 1: Basic determination with ex-
amination of the budget by the client;
2: Pre-planning with cost estimation; 3:
Draft planning; 4: Approval planning; 5:
Implementation planning; 6: Preparation of
tender; 7: Participation in the award; 8:
Site supervision—construction supervision,
and documentation; 9: Property management.
03 The user research was conducted by Sabine
Reitmaier and Andrea Krajewski. All inter-
views were transcribed, graphically inter-
preted, and analyzed.
Fig. 1 Interviewee requirements for
the Mobility Design Guide follow-
ing a generic planning process. The
procedure illustrated here consid-
ers planning processes that do not
involve a call for tenders, and in-
cludes services described in Phase
0 in the interviews. (Source: Andrea
Krajewski and Sabine Reitmaier)

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
62
Value Proposition
The Mobility Design Guide is a digital hand-
book for mobility design. Politicians, urban
and transportation planners, as well as ar-
chitects and designers, are provided with
inspiration, models, and research principles
to support the planning and realization of
future-oriented, socially conscious, sustain-
able mobility concepts. In contrast to classic
reference works, the guide offers arguments
for and examples of achieving a transformation
in transportation by promoting a new mindset
among transportation stakeholders through mo-
bility design.
The guide provides a demonstration and explo-
ration of a user-oriented method for mobility
design. Points of departure are the desirable
mobility focal points as well as the concrete
target formulations and project leverage mea-
sures based on these goals. User-centered per-
spectives are then adopted within a system-
oriented approach. This allows for sustain-
able mobility to be established as a natural
transportation option through the design of
easy access to intermodal mobility systems and
positive user experiences, which results in
the affirmation of user identity.
Structure and Composition of the Mobility Structure and Composition of the Mobility
Design GuideDesign Guide
In interviews with those involved in planning
and implementation processes, one idea that
often emerged was that the complex topic of new
mobility could be approached via an interactive
guide from different viewing altitudes as well as
by navigating along different access routes: from
the big picture to the details, from the abstract
to the concrete. This requirement was included
as a central objective in the guide’s mediation
strategy and was set up as a basic structure for
the information architecture. In order to provide
orientation along access routes and viewing alti-
tudes, the Mobility Design Guide was based on an
interactive three-dimensional map of a generic
city and its surrounding area that changes with
the content. The representation of the content of
this three-dimensional map should be seen as an
abstracted representation of the users’ living space
(urban or rural), which serves to position content
and orientation within the guide. In this way, the
Mobility Design Guide enables users to move from
a highly abstract visual level (future visions and
their mobility-related configurations) to a con-
crete, design-oriented level of action (design proj-
ects with specific goals). Starting with a view of an
entire system, the map view zooms in following
the user’s gaze as they explore content down to a
scenographic, detailed project level. In this way,
the Mobility Design Guide deals the need to be able
to see, plan, and, in a sense, design a project as a
whole picture
(↳Fig. 2-4).
The knowledge base is made up of a range of
design-based and scientific projects. These are
intended to be accessible to specific target groups
to suit their various requirements but are inter-
connected in a context-sensitive manner. The
design projects are always linked to a focal point
of the future vision. Following strict user guide-
lines, these projects convey the methods that can
be used to design for a mobility objective that is
consistently user oriented. They also illustrate the
impact of the design features (space, light, color,
materials, information systems, typography, ac-
tivity structuring). By means of interlinking, the
design projects are placed in a reciprocal context.
In this way, interrelationships among intermodal
mobility become visible. The design projects are
also linked to the relevant scientific projects.
Furthermore, the scientific projects are centrally
grouped according to research focus and can be
searched by keywords. Thus, the Mobility Design
Guide meets the requirements identified during
research: inspiration and strategic openness, com-
munication of methodological expertise, and de-
tailed fundamentals
(↳Fig. 5).
The Mobility Design Guide has been imple-
mented in an initial functional, user-oriented
basic version. It does not yet contain the complete
range of functions (such as personalized use).
However, it allows the target groups to get closer to
the viewpoints, range of possibilities, and visions
for mobility design; it also allows them to become
intuitively acquainted with the structure of the
guide through a process of discovery.
The Mobility Design Guide is also to be under-
stood as a design product itself. The objective of
the concept—as with mobility design itself—is
to achieve user-oriented, easy access and to

MOBILITY DESIGN GUIDE
63
Fig. 2 Moving across the levels
at different »altitudes« (Source:
Andrea Krajewski and Sabine
Reitmaier)
Fig. 3 Map showing zones of differ-
ent mobility functions (Source:
Andrea Krajewski and Sabine
Reitmaier)
Fig. 4 Configuration of the »altitudes«
(Source: Andrea Krajewski and Sabine
Reitmaier)

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
64
encourage emotional engagement and personal
identification through design. For this purpose,
design tools such as storytelling, user guidance,
hierarchization of content, color palette, pictograms,
fonts, and a layout that adapts to different screen
sizes were applied. These are to be understood as a
kind of grammar that enables consistent, easy-to-
learn access for a broad group of users at different
points of interaction with the guide (↳Fig. 6).
04
The Mobility Design Guide’s Future ImageThe Mobility Design Guide’s Future Image
One of the most significant findings from the
interviews of those involved in the planning and
implementation of mobility projects was that the
knowledge of the Mobility Design Guide should be
strategically anchored and capable of being de-
ployed in the future. This highest »altitude« in the
systemic view is referred to in the Mobility Design
Guide as the »future image.« This is intended to
capture and depict mobility modes that are prefer-
able and desirable, but not to make predictions
about how events will unfold. Future images in the
Mobility Design Guide illustrate ways in which de-
cision-makers in transportation policy, managing
directors of transportation companies, urban and
transportation planners, and project managers in-
volved in implementation can approach the com-
plex topic of future, networked, environmentally
friendly mobility from the standpoint of mobility
design and research.
The methodological approach used for developing
the future structure of the Mobility Design Guide is
called »backcasting« (Robinson 1982; Miola 2008:
14). Backcasting is understood as a normative,
design-oriented method that formulates desirable
future developments in a standardized manner,
thus creating spaces in which measures and objec-
tives can be determined as to how this desirable
future can be achieved. In the design field, this
is used among other methods, for example, in
»transition design« (Candy 2019: 18). In terms of
methodology, this was transferred to the planning,
design, and implementation of projects in the
mobility sector. Accordingly, the Mobility Design
Guide shows thematically grouped perspectives
for development that can be used to discuss key
tasks. In addition, possible areas in which a sys-
temically oriented, user-centered mobility design
can be applied are clarified. Structured in this way,
the content is intended to inspire people to work
together with other stakeholders to conceive of
networked and environmentally friendly mobility
as a coherent whole, as a system, and to use the ap-
plication structure thus developed to draw up new
guiding principles for planning and design.
The Mobility Design Guide’s vision of the future
is based on central theses that were developed in a
»ten-year horizon« workshop and then condensed
into four key future mobility topics during sub-
sequent workshops.05 These describe the social,
Fig. 5 The design project as a
demonstration of user-oriented,
systemic integration in a mobility
network (Source: Andrea Krajewski
and Sabine Reitmaier)

MOBILITY DESIGN GUIDE
65
economic, technological, and ecological dimen-
sions of a more desirable, user-oriented vision of
future mobility. The textual interpretation of their
focal points is as follows:
– Future mobility is smart enough.
– Future mobility is needs-based.
– Future mobility is accessible to all.
– Future mobility is designed for the long term
(↳Fig. 7).
The guide uses design projects as examples to
show how ideas about future images can be ex-
plored through a step-by-step design process.
However, these design projects do not only provide
visual material and inspiration; they also provide
a methodical framework for developing system-
ically conceived mobility solutions based on the
key aspects of mobility (vision), the definition of
project objectives (mission), and the associated
actions (levers), which answer the needs of trans-
portation users on rational, socioemotional, and
symbolic-emotional levels. These design projects
are linked to the findings of the research projects
carried out as part of the »Infrastructure–Design–
Society« research network—also documented in
the Mobility Design Guide. The contents of the
guide include concepts and design projects from
the fields of design and architecture, scientific
investigations of transportation planning and
social science mobility research, and communica-
tion technology experiments, which also include
research conducted on an interdisciplinary basis.
In addition, there are existing precedents realized
by external practitioners.
In this way, it was possible to meet the essential
requirements for a Mobility Design Guide as they
emerged from the interviews with potential future
users:
– A consistent narrative and strict user guidance
facilitate access to the complex topic of future
mobility design.
– Different entry points are provided for various
target groups and interests.
– Strategic and design approaches are methodi-
cally combined in one process.
04 The »Inter« font family has a high
x-height to improve legibility of upper-
case and lowercase letters. Also included
in the package are open font features such
as contextual alternates, tabular numer-
als, etc. As an open-source product, this
font is under constant development.
05 The workshops were held as part of the
design subproject within the research net-
work »Infrastructure—Design—Society« (see
note 1). Andrea Krajewski, Sabine Reit-
maier, Anna-Lena Möckl, Julian Schwarze,
Janina Albrecht, Peter Eckart, and Kai
Vöckler participated.
Fig. 6 Design details: »Inter« Font,
Color Palette, Icon Set (Source:
Andrea Krajewski and Sabine Reit-
maier)

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
66
– Low-threshold access and the networking of
disciplinary perspectives enable interdisci-
plinary exchange.
– Furthermore, an expandable structure is
flexible enough in itself to accommodate addi-
tional and new insights from mobility design.
– Last but not least, a strategically forward-
looking guide anticipates future developments
and thus also supports decision-making pro-
cesses
(↳Fig. 8)
.
Outlook and Further DevelopmentOutlook and Further Development
The Mobility Design Guide was implemented as a
basic version for teaching mobility design. It in-
troduces the methodological approach of desired
mobility visions and human-centered design of
mobility systems based on scientific research. A
subsequent, future version of the Mobility Design
Guide could build on this by incorporating more
detailed methodological principles of mobility
design and additional illustrative design projects.
Furthermore, usage options could be expanded
according to the requirements of the target group.
In this context, it was suggested that the contents
of the guide could be exported and made acces-
sible to regular users in their profiles. In this way,
they could collect content and, for example, use
it as a discussion aid in meetings. It would also be
conceivable to use the guide as the basis for strate-
gic cooperation among stakeholders in a mobility
project, where guiding principles and design and
scientific projects could be brought together in
a joint process adapted to the respective urban
region.
The Mobility Design Guide could also serve as
a strategic platform for further interdisciplinary
research and development in the field of mobility
design. One research topic that has developed over
the course of the project is an updating of the con-
cept of mobility with regard to the increasing use
of digital technologies in all areas of life, as well as
their influence on user expectations and mental
models. For all those involved in mobility design,
this means turning to the planning, design, and
organization of multioptional action scenarios in a
technologically supported, complex overall system
(see Krajewski and Reitmaier in this volume).
Finally, the Mobility Design Guide can be ex-
panded into a digital, interactive real laboratory
for the participatory development and design of
visions of the future. In virtual workshops and
digital discovery courses, desirable future scenar-
ios can be created that could be experienced and
evaluated with the help of designed digital arti-
facts. The objective of such experiences is, on the
one hand, the development of alternative mental
models among transportation stakeholders, po-
litical decision-makers, and urban and transpor-
tation planners.06 This will help to facilitate the
introduction of innovative sustainable mobility
Fig. 7 Vision of the future with
focal points (Source: Andrea
Krajewski and Sabine Reitmaier)

MOBILITY DESIGN GUIDE
67
concepts, since existing models will then no longer
act as a kind of brake.07 On the other hand, the
future images thus developed can be investigated
by means of common user-experience research
practices with potential users. The Mobility Design
Guide here serves as an interactive platform and a
location for knowledge transfer between mobility
design and research on mobility and the future.
06 The term mental model refers to conceptual
ideas based on experience that are used
to deal with an artifact or system and the
resulting consequences and meanings (Dutke
1994; Krippendorff 2013). Addressing spe-
cific mental models in a targeted manner
is particularly important in the design of
innovative systems.
07 Of interest in this context is the re-
search of Corina Angheliou, who specifi-
cally examines how methods of futurology
and design can contribute to sustainable,
innovative transformations (Angheliou et
al. 2020).
Fig. 8 Diagram of the development
of the future vision in the Mobility
Design Guide inspired by Stuart Candy
and Terry Irwin (Candy 2019: 19)
(Source: Andrea Krajewski and Sabine
Reitmaier).

ANDREA KRAJEWSKI ET AL.
68
LiteratureLiterature
Angheliou, Corina; Chaudhuri, Goldie; and
Sheldrick, Leila: »Future Tense: Alterna-
tive Futures as a Design Method for Sus-
tainability Transitions.« In: The Design
Journal, 20, 2017, pp. 3213–3225. DOI:
10.1080/14606925.2017.1352827.
Candy, Stuart: »Backcasting.« In: Hanington,
Bruce and Martin, Bella: Universal Methods of
Design, pp. 18–19. Beverly, MA, 2019.
Dutke, Stephan: Mentale Modelle—Konstrukte des
Wissens und Verstehens: Kognitionspsycholo-
gische Grundlagen für die Software-Ergonomie.
Göttingen 1994.
Haustein, Sonja: »Behaviour Change through
Changes in the Sociocultural and Physical En-
vironment: A Psychological Perspective.« In:
Vöckler, Kai; Eckart, Peter; Knöll, Martin; and
Lanzendorf, Martin (eds.): Mobility Design:
Shaping Future Mobility, vol. 2, Research, Berlin
2023 (Offenbach Publication Series on Mobility
Design 2), pp. 72–80.
HHH GbR: HOAI—Honorarordnung der
Architekten und Ingenieure: Übersicht der
Leistungsphasen (2021). https://www.hoai.de/
hoai/leistungsphasen/.
Hofmann, Dominic: »Förderung einer umwelt-
freundlichen Verkehrsmittelwahl durch die
Emotionalisierung angebotsseitiger Infrastruk-
tur: Eine verkehrswissenschaftliche Analyse
unter Berücksichtigung von designorientier-
ten und psychologischen Einflussfaktoren,«
dissertation, Technische Universität Darm-
stadt. Darmstadt 2019. URN: urn:nbn:de:tu-
da-tuprints-83537.
Irwin, Terry: »The Emerging Transition Design
Approach.« In: Storni, Cristiano; Leahy, Keelion;
McMahon, Muitreann; Lloyd, Peter; and Bo-
hemia, Erik (eds.): Design as a Catalyst for
Change—Proceedings of DRS International Con-
ference, vol. 1, 2018, pp. 968–989. DOI: 10.21606/
drs.2018.210.
Krajewski, Andrea and Reitmaier, Sabine: »Per-
spectives on the Design of Expanded Mobility.«
In: Vöckler, Kai; Eckart, Peter; Knöll, Martin;
and Lanzendorf, Martin (eds.): Mobility Design:
Shaping Future Mobility, vol. 2, Research, Berlin
2023 (Offenbach Publication Series on Mobility
Design 2), pp. 244–252.
Krippendorff, Klaus: Die semantische Wende: eine
neue Grundlage für Design. Basel 2013.
Miola, Apollonia: Backcasting: Approach for Sus-
tainable Mobility. European Commission, Joint
Research Centre, Institute for Environment
and Sustainability, Office for Official Publica-
tions of the European Communities, 2008. DOI:
10.2788/77831.
Rammler, Stephan: »Verkehr und Gesellschaft—
Verkehrspolitik als Mobilitätsdesign.« In:
Schwedes, Oliver (ed.): Verkehrspolitik. Eine
interdisziplinäre Einführung, pp. 27–49. Wies-
baden 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-658-21601-6.
Robinson, John B.: »Energy Backcasting: A Pro-
posed Method of Policy Analysis.« In: Energy
Policy 10, 4, December 1982, pp. 337–344. DOI:
10.1016/0301-4215(82)90048-9.
Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Die Stadt für Morgen:
Die Vision. 15 Dec. 2019.
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/
verkehr-laerm/nachhaltige-mobilitaet/die-
stadt-fuer-morgen-die-vision#kompakt.
Vöckler, Kai and Eckart, Peter: »Mobility Design:
Shaping Future Mobility.« In: Eckart, Peter; and
Vöckler, Kai (eds.), Mobility Design: Shaping
Future Mobility, vol. 1, Practice, Berlin 2022 (Of-
fenbach Publication Series on Mobility Design
1), pp. 6–19.
Vöckler, Kai and Eckart, Peter: »The Offenbach
Model. Human-Centered Mobility Design.« In:
Vöckler, Kai; Eckart, Peter; Knöll, Martin; and
Lanzendorf, Martin (eds.): Mobility Design:
Shaping Future Mobility, vol. 2, Research, Berlin
2023 (Offenbach Publication Series on Mobility
Design 2), pp. 32–48.