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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cassia Auriculata: Targeting antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and evaluation of their possible effects on saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia Nauplii (non-target organism)
Abstract
Due to their huge surface area to volume ratio, metallic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important in numerous spheres of life. Here, initially, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of Cassia auriculata (CA) extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, we evaluated its antimicrobial potential and antioxidant capacity, as well as performed in silico analysis, and investigated the possible non-toxic effect of AgNPs on Artemia nauplii. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were used to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Our data indicate that Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were susceptible to the biosynthesized AgNPs, whose effect was concentration-response. With a ZOI of 10 mm, the AgNPs were most efficient against gram-positive B. cereus bacteria at the highest concentration (75 μg/mL). The biosynthesized AgNPs (at 25 to 125 μg/mL) showed good antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Oleanolic acid from CA exhibited strong binding affinity and high binding energy to E. coli and B. cereus (−9.66 and − 9.74 kcal/mol) on in silico research. According to the comparative non-toxicity analysis, AgNPs, AgNO3, and CA bark extract had the least toxic effects on A. nauplii, with respective mortality rates of 28.14, 32.26, and 38.42 %, respectively. In conclusion, the current work showed that AgNPs produced from CA bark could be a promising material for diverse applications.
... Smaller and more uniformly distributed particles are thought to be the main contributors to these differences. In addition, Cassia seeds produce a high binding energy to bacteria, which helps to inhibit their strong bactericidal effect [32]. The inhibition percentage of AgNPs synthesized with CS extract reached 100%, compared to 53.27% for AgNPs synthesized with GT after 240 min at a concentration of 10 µg mL − 1 . ...
... While research in this field acknowledges the importance of the phytochemical content involved in synthesizing AgNPs, experiments are still being carried out by using a wide range of volume-to-volume ratios of the extract and silver precursor. This makes proper correlation analysis difficult, and additional procedures are needed to determine the quantity of phytochemicals involved and how they affect the resulting particle size [15,16,32]. We propose using the precursor-to-extract ratio (in mole g − 1 ) as an easy and intuitive quantitative parameter. ...
Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known for their antibacterial characteristics. The green synthesis method, in which plant extracts are used for AgNP preparation, has attracted attention recently since it provides an eco-friendly approach. However, there are many operating conditions for this green synthesis method, and a correlation between the antibacterial efficiency and AgNP characteristics is needed to maximize the bactericidal efficacy. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized via green synthesis methods from green tea leaf (GT) and Cassia seed (CS) extracts at 9:1, 1:1, and 1:9 precursor-to-extract v/v ratios. The resulting AgNPs were tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and the antioxidant level. Significant findings: This study revealed a robust quantitative correlation between antibacterial activity and AgNP size, with an R 2 value of 0.92. Green-synthesized AgNPs with an average particle size of 25 nm (GT) and 12 nm (CS) had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg mL − 1 and 5 µg mL − 1 , respectively. The enhanced antibacterial activity of AgCS is attributed to its smaller particle size. Additionally, we propose the use of a silver precursor to extract-dry-weight ratio (in mole g − 1) to represent an operating parameter for the green synthesis method. The resulting AgNP sizes showed a weak negative relationship with this ratio.
... Additionally, previous research has documented the biological effects of C. auriculata, including fever, ulcers, skin problems, and urinary abnormalities [32]. The plant C. auriculata has previously been noted to be an excellent producer of metallic nanoparticles [33,34]. Here, we present a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for biological uses using the cassia plant flower. ...
... Moreover, it's considered that the protein molecule in C. auriculata serves as a stabilizing and capping agent [45]. Likewise, [46] observed a broad resonance spectrum with a significant resonance peak at 451 nm, which it is known to possess flavonoids and phenolic compounds that are accountable for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and reducing power [33]. Plant flower extract contains phenols and other compounds that effectively decrease silver salts and offer exceptional resistance to agglomeration. ...
The present study describes the environmentally friendly biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles derived
from a medicinal plant in India. The main objective of this investigation was to use green chemistry for producing silver
nanoparticles from Cassia auriculata flower extract and their antimicrobial, larvicidal and photocatalytic properties. The
synthesized nanoparticles of silver have been evaluated by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscope (FTIR). The presence of therapeutic functional molecules was shown by FT-IR, whereas the Ag-NPs UV-Vis
spectrum displayed a significant absorption peak at 295 nm. The XRD results demonstrated that NPs are crystalline. The
spherical form of Ag NPs and the presence of silver at 3.5 keV using EDAX are proven by the FESEM data. The size
and shape of the silver nanoparticles, which ranged in size from 10.3 to 83.1 nm, were determined by HR-TEM analysis.
Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of C. auriculata flower produced Ag-NPs (18 nm) for Staphylococcus aureus
and Escherichia coli (11.5 mm) towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was obtained at 100 μg/mL. In
further research, investigations on the larvicidal effects of C. auriculata flowers produced Ag-NPs that were effective
against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles stephensi larvae during their fourth instar. The mortality rate of the larvae was
found following a 24-hour exposure. The efficacy of synthesized Ag-NPs was evaluated concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200,
and 250 mg/L) displayed more effective activity against the 4th instar larvae of An. stephensi (LC50 = 24.14; LC90 = 62.58,
mg/L) and Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 35.53; LC90 = 65.27 mg/L). Histological patterns were changed after treatments with
Ag-NPs at a concentration of 250 mg/L. Based on a pseudo-first order kinetic demonstrate, it was found that 92% of
the (methylene blue) dye degraded in 120 min. The work was remarkable because the silver nanoparticles that were biosynthesized
using C. auriculata flower extract had potential larvicidal, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial properties. The
potential of biosynthesized Ag-NPs for enhanced medicinal and catalytic applications is proven in the present research.
... Additionally, previous research has documented the biological effects of C. auriculata, including fever, ulcers, skin problems, and urinary abnormalities [32]. The plant C. auriculata has previously been noted to be an excellent producer of metallic nanoparticles [33,34]. Here, we present a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for biological uses using the cassia plant flower. ...
... Moreover, it's considered that the protein molecule in C. auriculata serves as a stabilizing and capping agent [45]. Likewise, [46] observed a broad resonance spectrum with a significant resonance peak at 451 nm, which it is known to possess flavonoids and phenolic compounds that are accountable for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and reducing power [33]. Plant flower extract contains phenols and other compounds that effectively decrease silver salts and offer exceptional resistance to agglomeration. ...
The present study describes the environmentally friendly biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from a medicinal plant in India. The main objective of this investigation was to use green chemistry for producing silver nanoparticles from Cassia auriculata flower extract and their antimicrobial, larvicidal and photocatalytic properties. The synthesized nanoparticles of silver have been evaluated by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). The presence of therapeutic functional molecules was shown by FT-IR, whereas the Ag-NPs UV-Vis spectrum displayed a significant absorption peak at 295 nm. The XRD results demonstrated that NPs are crystalline. The spherical form of Ag NPs and the presence of silver at 3.5 keV using EDAX are proven by the FESEM data. The size and shape of the silver nanoparticles, which ranged in size from 10.3 to 83.1 nm, were determined by HR-TEM analysis. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of C. auriculata flower produced Ag-NPs (18 nm) for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (11.5 mm) towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was obtained at 100 µg/mL. In further research, investigations on the larvicidal effects of C. auriculata flowers produced Ag-NPs that were effective against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles stephensi larvae during their fourth instar. The mortality rate of the larvae was found following a 24-hour exposure. The efficacy of synthesized Ag-NPs was evaluated concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L) displayed more effective activity against the 4th instar larvae of An. stephensi (LC50 = 24.14; LC90 = 62.58, mg/L) and Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 35.53; LC90 = 65.27 mg/L). Histological patterns were changed after treatments with Ag-NPs at a concentration of 250 mg/L. Based on a pseudo-first order kinetic demonstrate, it was found that 92% of the (methylene blue) dye degraded in 120 min. The work was remarkable because the silver nanoparticles that were biosynthesized using C. auriculata flower extract had potential larvicidal, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial properties. The potential of biosynthesized Ag-NPs for enhanced medicinal and catalytic applications is proven in the present research.
... According to the findings in Figure 15C, it is possible that several antioxidant substances contribute to the decrease and stability of Ag2ONPs by P. alsinaefolia leaves extract. Our findings agree with previous investigations of biogenic Ag2ONPs utilizing Citrus limon, and Cassia Auriculata [74,75]. ...
... According to the findings in Figure 15C, it is possible that several antioxidant substances contribute to the decrease and stability of Ag 2 ONPs by P. alsinaefolia leaves extract. Our findings agree with previous investigations of biogenic Ag 2 ONPs utilizing Citrus limon, and Cassia Auriculata [74,75]. ...
Green nanotechnology has made the synthesis of nanoparticles a possible approach. Nanotechnology has a significant impact on several scientific domains and has diverse applications in different commercial areas. The current study aimed to develop a novel and green approach for the biosynthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) utilizing Parieteria alsinaefolia leaves extract as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The change in color of the reaction mixture from light brown to reddish black determines the synthesis of Ag2ONPs. Further, different techniques were used to confirm the synthesis of Ag2ONPs, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. The Scherrer equation determined a mean crystallite size of ~22.23 nm for Ag2ONPs. Additionally, different in vitro biological activities have been investigated and determined significant therapeutic potentials. Radical scavenging DPPH assay (79.4%), reducing power assay (62.68 ± 1.77%) and total antioxidant capacity (87.5 ± 4.8%) were evaluated to assess the antioxidative potential of Ag2ONPs. The disc diffusion method was adopted to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Ag2ONPs using different concentrations (125–1000 μg/mL). Moreover, the brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was investigated and the LC50 value was calculated as 2.21 μg/mL. The biocompatibility assay using red blood cells (
... Hence, the researchers started exploring nature-based reducing agents. The plant extracts as reducing agents have been reported by several researchers, such as using extract of Camellia sinensis leaves [16], Vernonia amygdalina leaves [17], Eugenia roxburghii DC leaves [18], Plumeria obtusa leaves [19], Callisia fragrans leaves [20], Olive fruit [21], Equisetum diffusum leaves [22], and Cassia Auriculata bark [23]. ...
... Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly method for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with lower environmental impact, using fewer harmful ingredients and manageable reaction conditions [10][11][12]. Therefore, utilizing biological methods such as plant biomass, microbes, and other similar resources for synthesizing nanoparticles has garnered significant interest among scholars. Plant extracts can prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising precursor for generating metallic nanoparticles since they are readily available, safe to handle, cost-effective, lucrative, readily expandable, and faster than other methods [13,14]. ...
... Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly method for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with lower environmental impact, using fewer harmful ingredients and manageable reaction conditions [10][11][12]. Therefore, utilizing biological methods such as plant biomass, microbes, and other similar resources for synthesizing nanoparticles has garnered significant interest among scholars. Plant extracts can prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising precursor for generating metallic nanoparticles since they are readily available, safe to handle, cost-effective, lucrative, readily expandable, and faster than other methods [13,14]. ...
In this article, Persea americana aqueous peels extract was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in a simple and environmentally friendly manner. The properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AV-AgNPs) were studied via several techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, EDX, and FTIR. The UV-Vis spectra analysis revealed that the highest absorption peak occurred at 428 nm, providing strong evidence for forming AV-AgNPs. The TEM results indicate that the synthesized AV-AgNPs were uniformly dispersed, exhibiting a spherical shape with an average size of 24 nm. EDX imaging also confirmed the presence of AgNPs. FTIR analysis shows P. americana's phenolic compounds and proteins significantly contribute to AV-AgNP synthesis and stabilization. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of AV-AgNPs was assessed against pathogenic bacteria commonly found in humans, exhibiting a moderate zone of inhibition against the selected pathogens. Additionally, AV-AgNPs were used in antioxidant studies with the robust antioxidant properties 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In vitro studies have shown that AV-AgNPs can remarkably inhibit α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, indicating their potential as antidiabetic agents. In silico research, it was revealed that naringenin derived from P. americana exhibited a strong binding to S. typhi and B. cereus (− 8.7 and − 7.5 kcal/mol, respectively). At the same time, quercetin demonstrated a high binding affinity and energy to α-Amylase (− 8.9 kcal/mol). This study presents the first investigation into the biosynthesis of AgNPs utilizing the aqueous peel extract derived from P. americana with multiple uses, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activity.
... One of the rapidly expanding fields in contemporary materials science and technology is nano-biotechnology (36)(37)(38)(39). Nanoparticles demonstrated inhibitory effects against bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, viruses, and larvae (40)(41)(42). ...
This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (VJ@AgNPs) using Valeriana jatamansi root extract and assess their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. Various chemical and physical characterization methods were employed to analyze the synthesized VJ@AgNPs. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of VJ@AgNPs with a peak absorption at 426 nm, while FT-IR results indicated the involvement of phyto-compounds from V. jatamansi in the reduction and stabilization of these nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed well-dispersed spherical nature with an average size of 29.1 ± 2.06 nm, and X-ray diffraction confirmed their crystalline structure. The biosynthesized VJ@AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all tested pathogens, with substantial inhibition zones at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations. Additionally, VJ@AgNPs displayed potent antibiofilm activity and antioxidant capacity in scavenging assays. Furthermore, these VJ@AgNPs showed promise in photocatalytic degradation, effectively removing 95% of RhB dye within 75 minutes under solar light irradiation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggests their potential application in wastewater treatment for organic dye removal. The biocompatible and environmentally friendly nature of VJ@AgNPs underscores their potential as therapeutic agents against bacterial infections and oxidative stress-related diseases.
... There are numerous uses for green nanotechnology in various industries. To cleanse many types of wastewaters, yet, green produced metal or metal oxide nanoparticles have been widely used [92]. Silver nanoparticles were created using P. thonningii leaf extract in a research effort, and they were utilized successfully to remove heavy metals from simulated wastewater [93]. ...
Current research endeavours are progressively focussing towards discovering sustainable methods for synthesising eco-friendly materials. In this environment, nanotechnology has emerged as a key frontier, especially in bioremediation and biotechnology. A few areas of nanotechnology including membrane technology, sophisticated oxidation processes, and biosensors. It is possible to create nanoparticles (NPs) via physical, chemical, or biological pathways in a variety of sizes and forms. These days, the investigation of plants as substitutes for NP synthesis methods has drawn a lot of interest. Toxic water contaminants such as methyl blue have been shown to be removed upto 70% by nanoparticles. In our article, we aimed at focussing the environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness towards the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Furthermore it offers a comprehensive thorough summary of green NP synthesis methods which can be distinguished by their ease of use, financial sustainability, and environmentally favourable utilization of plant extracts. This study highlights how green synthesis methods have the potential to transform manufacturing of NPs while adhering to environmental stewardship principles and resource efficiency.
... Thus, the P. boergesenii was screened for the biosynthesis of CuONPs. One of the most recent biological techniques is the "green synthesis method", which uses biochemicals, i.e., enzymes, vitamins, and polysaccharides in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants [30][31][32][33][34][35], as well as microorganisms [36,37]. The biological approach that makes use of plant extracts is a rapid and efficient strategy for producing different metal nanoparticles without the need for risky, expensive, and harmful components [5,38,39]. ...
The utilization of nanoparticles derived from algae has generated increasing attention owing to their environmentally sustainable characteristics and their capacity to interact harmoniously with biologically active metabolites. The present study utilized P. boergesenii for the purpose of synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), which were subsequently subjected to in vitro assessment against various bacterial pathogens and cancer cells A375. The biosynthesized CuONPs were subjected to various analytical techniques including FTIR, XRD, HRSEM, TEM, and Zeta sizer analyses in order to characterize their stability and assess their size distribution. The utilization of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis has provided confirmation that the algal metabolites serve to stabilize the CuONPs and function as capping agents. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a distinct peak associated with the (103) plane, characterized by its sharpness and high intensity, indicating its crystalline properties. The size of the CuONPs in the tetragonal crystalline structure was measured to be 76 nm, and they exhibited a negative zeta potential. The biological assay demonstrated that the CuONPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity when tested against both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The cytotoxic effects of CuONPs and cisplatin, when tested at a concentration of 100 µg/mL on the A375 malignant melanoma cell line, were approximately 70% and 95%, respectively. The CuONPs that were synthesized demonstrated significant potential in terms of their antibacterial properties and their ability to inhibit the growth of malignant melanoma cells.
... Furthermore, we evaluated the possible ecotoxicity of CMs, using adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system, assuming that such an approach can predict the danger of these materials in non-target aquatic organisms and contribute to the management of risks caused by their production, handling, storage, and disposal. Most of the literature shows that certain types of natureinspired materials have long-term or short-term ecotoxicity (Rana et al., 2020;Kakakhel et al., 2021;Vijayakumar et al., 2023;Tharani et al., 2023;Gauba et al., 2023;Mathivanan et al., 2023;Kamaraj et al., 2023), which reinforces the importance of exploring the conjunction of the larvicidal potential of CMs with their eco-safety for non-target organisms. We start from the hypothesis that using CMs constitutes a promising strategy in controlling C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an "eco-friendly" approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several diseases. ...
The growing use of synthetic chemical compounds/substances in vector control of mosquitoes, associated with their adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms, has demanded the development of eco-friendly alternatives. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal action of different cellulose microcrystalline (CMs) concentrations and investigate their toxicity mechanisms in Culex quinquefasciatus fourth instar larvae as a model species. Probit analysis revealed that the median lethal concentrations (LC50) for 24 h and 36 h exposure were 100 and 58.29 mg/L, respectively. We also showed that such concentrations induced a redox imbalance in the larvae, marked by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as a reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, different alterations in the external morphology of the larvae were associated with the ingestion of CMs. On the other hand, exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to LC5024h and LC5036h for seven days did not induce any behavioral changes or alterations mutagenic, genotoxic, biochemical, or in the production of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10. Thus, taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that the use of CMs can constitute a promising strategy in the control of C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an “eco-friendly” approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several human diseases.
... Furthermore, we evaluated the possible ecotoxicity of CMs, using adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system, assuming that such an approach can predict the danger of these materials in non-target aquatic organisms and contribute to the management of risks caused by their production, handling, storage, and disposal. Most of the literature shows that certain types of natureinspired materials have long-term or short-term ecotoxicity (Rana et al., 2020;Kakakhel et al., 2021;Vijayakumar et al., 2023;Tharani et al., 2023;Gauba et al., 2023;Mathivanan et al., 2023;Kamaraj et al., 2023), which reinforces the importance of exploring the conjunction of the larvicidal potential of CMs with their eco-safety for non-target organisms. We start from the hypothesis that using CMs constitutes a promising strategy in controlling C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an "eco-friendly" approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several diseases. ...
... Antioxidant potential is due to the neutralization and stabilization of the functional groups of the plant extract together with the aggregation of the AgNPs with time 30 . KNCs showed higher antioxidant activity signifying the contribution of bioactive molecules of the plant extract and these findings are in accordance with the results concluded by Khorrami et al. 29 and Kamaraj et al. 76 . High antioxidative activity of the green KNCs entails its functional and practical usage, predominantly in cosmetic, drug and food manufacturing. ...
This study focuses on the efficient and cost-effective synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts, which have versatile and non-toxic applications. The research objectives include synthesizing AgNPs from readily available plant extracts, optimizing their production and multi scale characterization, along with exploring their use for enzyme immobilization and mitigation of poultry feather waste. Among the plant extracts tested, the flower extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HF) showed the most potential for AgNP synthesis. The synthesis of HF-mediated AgNPs was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for efficient and environment friendly production. Additionally, the keratinase enzyme obtained from Bacillus sp. NCIM 5802 was covalently linked to AgNPs, forming a keratinase nanocomplex (KNC) whose biochemical properties were evaluated. The KNC demonstrated optimal activity at pH 10.0 and 60 °C and it displayed remarkable stability in the presence of various inhibitors, metal ions, surfactants, and detergents. Spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV–visible, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were employed to investigate the formation of biogenic HF-AgNPs and KNC, confirming the presence of capping and stabilizing agents. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs and KNC were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. The study highlighted the antimicrobial, dye scavenging, and antioxidant properties of biogenic AgNPs and KNC, demonstrating their potential for various applications. Overall, this research showcases the effectiveness of plant extract-driven green synthesis of AgNPs and the successful development of keratinase-laden nanocomplexes, opening possibilities for their use in immobilizing industrial and commercial enzymes.
... Furthermore, we evaluated the possible ecotoxicity of CMs, using adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system, assuming that such an approach can predict the danger of these materials in non-target aquatic organisms and contribute to the management of risks caused by their production, handling, storage, and disposal. Most of the literature shows that certain types of natureinspired materials have long-term or short-term ecotoxicity (Rana et al., 2020;Kakakhel et al., 2021;Vijayakumar et al., 2023;Tharani et al., 2023;Gauba et al., 2023;Mathivanan et al., 2023;Kamaraj et al., 2023), which reinforces the importance of exploring the conjunction of the larvicidal potential of CMs with their eco-safety for non-target organisms. We start from the hypothesis that using CMs constitutes a promising strategy in controlling C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an "eco-friendly" approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several diseases. ...
... In contrast, few spherical and hexagonal shapes were also evident (Fig. 6). Similarly, Vasantharaj et al. [48] and Kamaraj et al. [49] investigated the HR-TEM study of FeONPs generated using the extract of Ruellia tuberosa and discovered hexagonal and spherical-shaped particles. ...
One promising, environmentally
beneficial, and safer process is the green production of nanoparticles. The synthesis of nanoparticles will be done in the absence of hazardous chemicals by using fungal sources as reducing agents. Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) were created synthesized in the current study using an aqueous extract of Pleurotus citrinopileatus (PC). The PC-FeONPs were further characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, which revealed a visible peak at 254 nm. An X-ray diffractometer was used to determine the crystalline form of the synthesized NPs. The crystallite size of the synthesized NPs was 14.5 nm, and XRD revealed that they were present in their purest crystalline form. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated the existence of Fe metallic ions. SEM–EDX and HR-TEM analysis performed indicated the presence of agglomerated hexagonal and spherical shape. The biosynthesized PC-FeONPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes. PC-FeONPs have shown greater antibacterial efficacy against E. coli (8.1 ± 0.3), B. cereus (7. 2 ± 0.4), and K. pneumoniae (3.1 ± 0.3 mm) growth inhibitions. The PC-FeONPs had considerable in vitro anticancer activity against the human lung cancer cell line A549, and their IC50 value was determined to be 39.12 µg/mL. The findings indicated that the synthesized PC-FeONPs can be used in cancer therapy and also in the treatment of microbial infections.
The escalating global challenge of antimicrobial resistance demands innovative approaches. This review delves into the current status and future prospects of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles derived from natural sources as potent antimicrobial agents. The unique attributes of metallic nanoparticles and the abundance of natural resources have sparked a burgeoning field of research in combating microbial infections. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, encompassing a wide range of studies investigating the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial mechanisms of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Taylor & Francis online and OpenAthen were extensively searched to compile a comprehensive overview of the topic. The synthesis methods, including green and sustainable approaches, were examined, as were the diverse biological sources used in nanoparticle fabrication. The amalgamation of metallic nanoparticles and natural products has yielded promising antimicrobial agents. Their multifaceted mechanisms, including membrane disruption, oxidative stress induction, and enzyme inhibition, render them effective against various pathogens, including drug-resistant strains. Moreover, the potential for targeted drug delivery systems using these nanoparticles has opened new avenues for personalized medicine. Bioengineered metallic nanoparticles derived from natural sources represent a dynamic frontier in the battle against microbial infections. The current status of research underscores their remarkable antimicrobial efficacy and multifaceted mechanisms of action. Future prospects are bright, with opportunities for scalability and cost-effectiveness through sustainable synthesis methods. However, addressing toxicity, regulatory hurdles, and environmental considerations remains crucial. In conclusion, this review highlights the evolving landscape of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles, offering valuable insights into their current status and their potential to revolutionize antimicrobial therapy in the future.
Graphical Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used as antimicrobial and antiviral materials, especially, in advanced healthcare applications. This is due to their advanced physicochemical and biomedical (size and solubility) properties. Silver (Ag) is the first material used for several medical applications in human daily life. Mainly, Ag nanoparticles can generate influential active radicals, that can easily interact with bacterial envelopes and inhibit bacterial growth. In addition, they can be used against many viruses (including COVID-19) and also for the control of the virus spread and viral infections. This chapter addresses the importance of Ag and its derivative materials against several bacteria and viruses. In addition, we highlight, briefly, the reports on the recent articles.
Evaluation of the effects of nanomaterials in various habitats and living groups is increasing with in vitro and in vivo studies. This study aims to describe a biological procedure to synthesize silver nanoparticles using an extract of Marrubium astracanicum and to determine the aquatic environment's oxidative stress on Artemia salina. Silver nanoparticle formation was visually observed with colour change. Its structural properties, such as size, shape, morphology, and stability, were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, TEM, SEM, XRD, and DLS analyses. TEM image showed that the synthesized AgNPs have a size of between 20-50 nm. The effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles at different concentrations (control,0.2, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/mL) and exposure times (24, 48 and 72 hours) on total glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation levels (MDA) were investigated on the Artemia salina organism, which is one of the most common saltwater organisms frequently used in ecotoxicity tests.
Silver nanoparticles bio-synthesized with Cannabis sativa extracts have low energy consumption and raw material usage, high antibacterial effect, easy production conditions, and low toxicity. With these advantages, it can be a natural alternative to drug delivery systems used in cancer treatments. Therefore, the effects of bio-synthesized nanosilver on A549 lung cancer cells were investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were first confirmed in terms of color changes, absorbance in UV–Vis spectrophotometry, morphological appearance in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and EDS. Visible blackish color development was noticed during the 1-h production period, with a rising peak recorded at 420 nm and an average size of 43 nm; highly triangular and quasi-spherical AgNPs were observed in the SEM images. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that phenolic groups from plant extracts formed new chemical bonds with AgNPs. AgNPs were determined to be 280% more effective against E. coli and 85% against S. aureus bacteria, one of the ampicillin antibiotics. In the MTT test, different concentrations of AgNPs capped with Cannabis sativa extracts showed a 100% inhibitory effect at 375 μg mL⁻¹ against the A549 liver cancer cell line after 48 h of exposure. In this study, tests were performed only on A549 lung cancer cells. It revealed that AgNPs synthesized from extracts of Cannabis sativa seeds could be used as a potential candidate to develop nanomedicines for the treatment of lung cancer in the near future. It has been determined that treatment opportunities can be increased with studies on cells of different cancer diseases.
Graphical Abstract
Biosynthesized nanoparticles are becoming more prevalent because of their distinctive biological applications and the availability of naturally occurring bioactive secondary metabolites from plants that facilitate green synthesis. In the current study, silver nitrate solution was reduced in order to create silver nanoparticles using Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) seed extract. The production of bionanoparticles was confirmed by using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The green synthetic AgNPs are spherical in form and range in size from 50 to 90 nm. The antibacterial properties of the produced silver nanoparticles were tested by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and disc diffusion assay. The antibacterial efficacy expressed was maximum against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis with ZOI of 15.33 ± 0.4 and 15.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The MIC values for E. faecalis and E. coli of the biosynthesized AgNPs were observed to be 12.5 μg/ml. To ascertain the mechanism of action of the created biosynthesized nanoparticles, estimates of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. The effect of biosynthesized AgNPs on cell proliferation, ROS induction, and cell cycle arrest was investigated through MTT, DCFDA staining, and flow cytometry assay. The cytotoxic efficiency of synthesized AgNPs against the human colorectal carcinoma (HCT) cell line was evaluated through MTT assays and showed 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values at 62.5 μg/ml. The biosynthesized AgNPs presented high ROS production against MCF-7 cancer cells compared to control cells and revealed growth arrest in the G2/M phase through flow cytometry analysis. Hence, the present study suggested that the biosynthesized AgNPs using T. ammi could be used as a viable source for antibacterial and anticancer medicines with additional in vivo research.
The prime aim of this research is to discover new, eco-friendly approaches to reducing agents for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Hu). The confirmation of Hu-mediated AgNPs has been characterized by UV visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM with EDX, HRTEM, AFM, PSA, Zeta poetical and GCMS analysis. The absorption peak of Hu-AgNPs at 430 nm has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy analysis. The findings of the particle size study show that AgNPs have a size distribution with an average of 20 nm. The Zeta potential of NPs reveals a significant build-up of negative charges on their surface. The additional hydrate layers that occurred at the surface of AgNPs are shown in the HR-TEM morphology images. The antibacterial activity results showed that Hu-AgNPs were highly effective against both bacterial pathogens, with gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (-) pathogens having a moderate inhibition effect on K. pneumoniae (5.3 ± 0.3 mm), E. coli (5.3 ± 0.1), and S. aureus (5.2 ± 0.3 mm). Hu-AgNPs (IC50 of 50.78 μg/mL) were found to have dose-dependent cytotoxic action against human lung cancer cell lines (A549). Inhibited cell viability by up to 64.31% after 24 h of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the hand information on the myco-synthesis of AgNPs from the H. ulmarius mushroom extract and the results suggest that it can an excellent source for developing a multipurpose and eco-friendly nano product in future.
Given their increasing industrial and biomedical applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become widely present in the environment. However, to date, studies on their potential health risks have been far from sufficient, especially those regarding their neurotoxic effects. This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of AgNPs on neural PC-12 cells in the context of mitochondria, which play an important role in AgNP-induced cellular metabolism disturbance and even cell death. Our results show that the endocytosed AgNPs, and not extracellular Ag+, appear to directly determine cell fate. Importantly, endocytosed AgNPs led to mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation without direct interaction. Although mitophagy, a selective autophagy process, was invoked to rescue damaged mitochondria, it failed to function in mitochondrial degradation and recycling. Discovery of the underlying mechanism showed that the endocytosed AgNPs could directly translocate into lysosomes and then cause lysosome perturbation, which is the main factor leading to mitophagy blockade and the subsequent accumulation of defective mitochondria. After lysosomal reacidification via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), AgNP-induced dysfunctional autolysosome formation and disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis were reversed. In summary, this study reveals that lysosome-mitochondrion crosstalk is a main mechanism for AgNP-induced neurotoxic effects, offering an inspiring perspective on the neurotoxic effects of AgNPs.
Abstract: Bionanotechnology is the combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology for the development
of biosynthetic and environmentally friendly nanomaterial synthesis technology. The
presented research work adopted a reliable and environmentally sustainable approach to manufacturing
silver nanoparticles from Brachychiton populneus (BP-AgNPs) leaf extract in aqueous medium.
The Brachychiton populneus-derived silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy,
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy
dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and
cytotoxic activities of AgNPs were brought to light. The synthesis of BP-AgNPs was verified at 453
nm wavelength by UV–Vis spectrum. FTIR analysis revealed that synthesis, stability, and capping
of AgNPs depend on functional groups such as alkane, alkene, nitro, flouro, phenol, alcoholic, and
flavones, present in plant extract. The SEM analysis revealed evenly distributed cubical-shaped
nanoparticles. The average diameter of AgNPs was 12 nm calculated from SEM image through
ImageJ software. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Ag at 3 keV and other trace elements
such as oxygen and chlorine. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited proven antioxidant
(DPPH assay), antidiabetic (alpha amylase assay), anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay),
and cytotoxic (MTT assay) potential against U87 and HEK293 cell lines in comparison to standard
drugs. In these assays, BP-AgNPs exhibited inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner and had
lower IC50 values compared to standards. All these outcomes suggest that silver nanoparticles work
as a beneficial biological agent. The salient features of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles propose
their effective applications in the biomedical domain in the future.
Bionanotechnology is the combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology for the development of biosynthetic and environmentally friendly nanomaterial synthesis technology. The presented research work adopted a reliable and environmentally sustainable approach to manufacturing silver nanoparticles from Brachychiton populneus (BP-AgNPs) leaf extract in aqueous medium. The Brachychiton populneus-derived silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities of AgNPs were brought to light. The synthesis of BP-AgNPs was verified at 453 nm wavelength by UV–Vis spectrum. FTIR analysis revealed that synthesis, stability, and capping of AgNPs depend on functional groups such as alkane, alkene, nitro, flouro, phenol, alcoholic, and flavones, present in plant extract. The SEM analysis revealed evenly distributed cubical-shaped nanoparticles. The average diameter of AgNPs was 12 nm calculated from SEM image through ImageJ software. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Ag at 3 keV and other trace elements such as oxygen and chlorine. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited proven antioxidant (DPPH assay), antidiabetic (alpha amylase assay), anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay), and cytotoxic (MTT assay) potential against U87 and HEK293 cell lines in comparison to standard drugs. In these assays, BP-AgNPs exhibited inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner and had lower IC50 values compared to standards. All these outcomes suggest that silver nanoparticles work as a beneficial biological agent. The salient features of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles propose their effective applications in the biomedical domain in the future.
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary area of research taking advantage of core techniques used in various disciplines like chemistry, engineering, physics and biological sciences, and leading to the development of novel strategies to manipulate minute particles resulting in the production of nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs may be defined as particles with at least one dimension ranging from 1–100 nm. Nanotechnology deals with the synthesis, development and applications of a variety of NPs. These NPs are generally produced via laborious and hazard-prone physical and chemical methods. According to the safety-by-design principle, during the last decade a large array of safe, facile, cost effective, reproducible and scalable green synthesis approaches of NPs have been developed. Among these green biological methods, plant-based biosynthesis of NPs is considered a gold technique due to easy availability and the diverse nature of plants. The poten-tial of plant extracts to produce NPs that have definite size and shape, as well as composition, is of great importance. Moreover, the great diversity of phytochemicals readily available in plant ex-tracts can be utilized in this green approach as the natural stabilizing and reducing agents for the biosynthesis of NPs. Plant-derived NPs are also prone to present less harmful side effects to the human population as compared to chemically synthesized NPs, and exhibit high biological po-tential with applications in various domains such as in agriculture, in food science and technol-ogy, in bioengineering, in cosmetics or in nanomedicine and human health protection. Recently, NPs have also emerged as a novel effective elicitor in plant in vitro systems with the ability to enhance the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites, thus further increasing the potential applications spectra of plant-based NPs. This special issue provides an overview of recent methods for the production and characterization of the green plant-based nanoparticles, their applications as well as future directions.
Over the past few years, nanotechnology has been attracting considerable research attention because of their outstanding mechanical, electromagnetic and optical properties. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field comprising nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanobiotechnology, as three areas which extensively overlap. The application of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has drawn much attention offering significant advances, especially in the field of medicine by increasing the therapeutic index of drugs through site specificity preventing multidrug resistance and delivering therapeutic agents efficiently. Apart from drug delivery, some other applications of MNPs in medicine are also well known such as in vivo and in vitro diagnostics and production of enhanced biocompatible materials and nutraceuticals. The use of metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery systems has significant advantages, such as increased stability and half-life of drug carrier in circulation, required biodistribution, and passive or active targeting into the required target site. Green synthesis of MNPs is an emerging area in the field of bionanotechnology and provides economic and environmental benefits as an alternative to chemical and physical methods. Therefore, this review aims to provide up-to-date insights on the current challenges and perspectives of MNPs in drug delivery systems. The present review was mainly focused on the greener methods of metallic nanocarrier preparations and its surface modifications, applications of different MNPs like silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc oxide, metal sulfide and nanometal organic frameworks in drug delivery systems.
Herein, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (OE-Ag NPs) by ecofriendly green processes using biological molecules of Olea europaea leaf extract. Green synthesized OE-Ag NPs were successfully characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. Antibacterial activity of OE-Ag NPs was assessed against four different bacteriological strains using the dilution serial method. The cytotoxic potential was determined against MCF-7 carcinoma cells using MTT assay in terms of cell viability percentage. Antioxidant properties were evaluated in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. Biocompatibility was further examined by incubating the synthesized NPs with hMSC cells for 24 h. The results were demonstrated that synthesized OE-Ag NPs presented excellent log 10 reduction in the growth of all the tested bacterial strains, which as statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) to the standard antibiotic drug. Moreover, they also demonstrated excellent cytotoxic efficacy against the MCF-7 carcinoma cells compared to plant lead extract and Com-Ag NPs. Green synthesized OE-Ag NPs appeared more biocompatible to hMSC and 293T cells compared to Com-Ag NPs. Excellent biological results of the OE-Ag NPs might be attributed to the synergetic effect of NPs' properties and the adsorbed secondary metabolites of plant leaf extract. Hence, this study suggests that synthesized OE-Ag NPs can be a potential contender for their various biological and nutraceutical applications. Moreover, this study will open a new avenue to produce biocompatible nanoparticles with additional biological functionalities from the plants.
In the present work, a simple, novel, and ecofriendly method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and BC/AgNP composite using bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers soaked in AgNO3 solution under induction action of solar radiation. The photochemical reduction of silver Ag + ions into silver nanoparticles (Ago) was confirmed using UV visible spectra; the surface plasmon resonance of synthesized AgNPs was localized around 425 nm. The mean diameter of AgNPs obtained by DLS analysis was 52.0 nm with a zeta potential value of − 9.98 mV. TEM images showed a spherical shape of AgNPs. The formation of BC/AgNP composite was confirmed by FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analysis. FESEM images for BC showed the 3D structures of BC nanofibers and the deposited AgNPs in the BC crystalline nanofibers. XRD measurements revealed the high crystallinity of BC and BC/AgNP composite with crystal sizes of 5.13 and 5.6 nm, respectively. BC/AgNP composite and AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The present work introduces a facile green approach for BC/AgNP composite synthesis and its utility as potential food packaging and wound dressings, as well as sunlight indicator application.
Graphic abstract
Antibiotic resistance toward commonly used medicinal drugs is a dangerously growing threat to our existence. Plants are naturally equipped with a spectrum of biomolecules and metabolites with important biological activities. These natural compounds constitute a treasure in the fight against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The development of plant-based antimicrobials through green synthesis may deliver alternatives to common drugs. Lepidium sativum L. (LS) is widely available throughout the world as a fast-growing herb known as garden cress. LS seed oil is interesting due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Nanotechnology offers a plethora of applications in the health sector. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used due to their antimicrobial properties. We combined LS and AgNP to prevent microbial resistance through plant-based synergistic mechanisms within the nanomaterial. AgNP were prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis through plant-biomolecules-induced reduction of silver nitrate via a green method. The phytochemicals in the aqueous LS extract act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents of AgNP. The composition of the LS-AgNP biohybrids was confirmed by analytical methods. Antimicrobial testing against 10 reference strains of pathogens exhibited excellent to intermediate antimicrobial activity. The bio-nanohybrid LS-AgNP has potential uses as a broad-spectrum microbicide, disinfectant, and wound care product.
Multi-drug resistant pathogens are a rising danger for the future of mankind. Iodine (I2) is a centuries-old microbicide, but leads to skin discoloration, irritation, and uncontrolled iodine release. Plants rich in phytochemicals have a long history in basic health care. Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV) and Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) are effectively utilized against different ailments. Previously, we investigated the antimicrobial activities of smart triiodides and iodinated AV hybrids. In this work, we combined iodine with Sage extracts and pure AV gel with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an encapsulating and stabilizing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray-Diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the composition of AV-PVP-Sage-I2. Antimicrobial properties were investigated by disc diffusion method against 10 reference microbial strains in comparison to gentamicin and nystatin. We impregnated surgical sutures with our biohybrid and tested their inhibitory effects. AV-PVP-Sage-I2 showed excellent to intermediate antimicrobial activity in discs and sutures. The iodine within the polymeric biomaterial AV-PVP-Sage-I2 and the synergistic action of the two plant extracts enhanced the microbial inhibition. Our compound has potential for use as an antifungal agent, disinfectant and coating material on sutures to prevent surgical site infections.
Multidrug resistant bacteria create a challenging situation for society to treat infections. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the reason for biofilm bacteria to cause chronic infection. Plant-based nanoparticles could be an alternative solution as potential drug candidates against these MDR bacteria, as many plants are well known for their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Spondias mombin is a traditional plant which has already been used for medicinal purposes as every part of this plant has been proven to have its own medicinal values. In this research, the S. mombin extract was used to synthesise AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized and further tested for their antibacterial, reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity properties. The characterization results showed the synthesized AgNPs to be between 8 to 50 nm with -11.52 of zeta potential value. The existence of the silver element in the AgNPs was confirmed with the peaks obtained in the EDX spectrometry. Significant antibacterial activity was observed against selected biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. The cytotoxicity study with A. salina revealed the LC50 of synthesized AgNPs was at 0.81 mg/mL. Based on the ROS quantification, it was suggested that the ROS production, due to the interaction of AgNP with different bacterial cells, causes structural changes of the cell. This proves that the synthesized AgNPs could be an effective drug against multidrug resistant bacteria.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AgNPs on Artemia salina and Allium cepa, evaluating the influence of the dilution solutions on the particle behavior. The AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of AgNO3 (3 and 5 mmol L−1) with sodium borohydride and stabilized with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and CMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). The toxicity of AgNPs was evaluated in Artemia salina (mortality) using Meyer’s solution as a diluent and in Allium cepa (chromosomal aberrations) using reconstituted hard water. AgNPs showed characteristic molecular absorption bands. Particles with CMC presented hydrodynamic radius between 4 and 102 nm and with PVA between 7 and 46 nm. The studied dispersions were toxic to A. salina species. Meyer’s solution, used as dilution water in the test, caused precipitation of Ag+ and also caused changes in CMC-stabilized AgNPs, changing the shape of the nanoparticles by depositing precipitates on their surface. These changes make the results of toxicity difficult to interpret. AgNPs stabilized with PVA remained unchanged. AgNPs affected cell division and caused the appearance of chromosomal aberrations on A. cepa. Higher numbers of chromosomal aberrations occurred in dispersions with smaller particle diameters (AgNPs3-PVA and AgNPs5-PVA, without dilution). In the studied conditions the dispersions were toxic to the tested organisms, the concentrations of precursors and the type of stabilizer used influenced the particle size and toxicity. In the test with A. cepa, the reconstituted hard water did not cause changes in the dispersions of AgNPs, whereas for A. salina the Meyer solution promoted aggregation of the particles and precipitation, in the dispersions stabilized with CMC, thus changing the samples.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a foremost mesenchymal bone neoplasm and it can occur at any age with survival rate is nearly 2–8 times lesser in elders than in teenagers. The clinical therapies for cancer treatment have gradually becoming outdated because of the developments of nano-medicine and multi-targeted drug-delivery. In this work, we green synthesized the zinc oxide nanoparticles from the Cassia auriculata flower (AS-ZnONPs) extract and evaluated its antimicrobial and in vitro anticancer potential against the OS MG-63 cells. The synthesized AS-ZnONPs were confirmed and characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and photoluminescence techniques. The antimicrobial activity of AS-ZnONPs was studied by disc diffusion technique. The viability of AS-ZnONPs treated MG-63 cells were examined by MTT assay. The apoptotic cells in the AS-ZnONPs treated MG-63 cells were assayed by dual staining. The MMP status of AS-ZnONPs treated cells were tested by Rh-123 staining. The cell adhesion assay was performed to detect the anticancer effects of AS-ZnONPs against MG-63 cells. The results of UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and photoluminescence techniques proved the formation of AS-ZnONPs and it has the hexagonal wurtzite structures. AS-ZnONPs displayed the potent antimicrobial activity against the tested microbial strains. The AS-ZnONPs were appreciably inhibited the cell viability of MG-63 cells. The outcomes of fluorescence staining proved that AS-ZnONPs reduced the MMP and prompted the apoptosis in MG-63 cells. In conclusion, our discoveries demonstrated that the formulated AS-ZnONPs has the potent antimicrobial and in vitro anticancer activity against the MG-63 cells. The AS-ZnONPs could be potent chemotherapeutic agent in the future to treat the OS.
The present study investigated the biosynthesis of silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2NPs) nanoparticles using Aspergillusoryzae, Aspergillusterreus and Fusariumoxysporum. Nanocomposites (NCs) were successfully synthesized by mixing nanoparticles using a Sonic Vibra-Cell VC/VCX processor. A number of analytical techniques were used to characterize the synthesized biological metal nanoparticles. Several experiments tested biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites against two types of human pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureusand methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Additionally, the antitumor activity in HCT-116 cells (colonic carcinoma) was also evaluated. Significant antimicrobial effects of various synthesized forms of nanoparticles and nanocomposites against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria were detected. Various synthesized biogenic forms of nanoparticles and nanocomposite (9.0 to 29 mm in diameter) had high antibacterial activity and high antitumor activity against HCT-116 cells (colonic carcinoma) with IC50 values of 0.7–100 µg/mL. Biosynthesized NPs are considered an alternative to large-scale biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles and nanocomposites, are simple and cost effective, and provide stable nanomaterials.
Carissa carandas L. is traditionally used as antibacterial medicine and accumulates many antioxidant phytochemicals. Here, we expand this traditional usage with the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) achieved using a Carissa carandas L. leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The green synthesis of AgNPs reaction was carried out using 1mM silver nitrate and leaf extract. The effect of temperature on the synthesis of AgNPs was examined using room temperature (25 °C) and 60 °C. The silver nanoparticles were formed in one hour by stirring at room temperature. In this case, a yellowish brown colour was developed. The successful formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The characteristic peaks of the UV-vis spectrum and XRD confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The biosynthesised AgNPs showed potential antioxidant activity through DPPH assay. These AgNPs also exhibited potential antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. The results were compared with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the plant extract, and clearly suggest that the green biosynthesized AgNPs can constitute an effective antioxidant and antibacterial agent.
The present study described the synthesis of biocompatible Zinc oxide nanoparticles from the zinc acetate through eco-friendly green process using leaf extract of Cassia auriculata leaf and their antibacterial activity. The green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultra violet visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR studies confirm the presence of bio molecules and metal oxides. The calculated optical band gap values of the material to be around 3.3 eV. PL spectrum study revealed the optical properties of ZnO NPs. The biosynthesized nanoparticle synthesized from leaf extract of Cassia auriculata exhibited strong antibacterial activity Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Thus, it may be used in the surface coating of food package to prevent the bacterial contamination.
Despite numerous measures to contain the infection and limit its spread, cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections acquired in hospitals have been reported consistently. In this paper, we will address issues of hospital-acquired COVID-19 in hospitalized patients as well as medico-legal implications. After having conducted a literature search, we will report on papers on hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections. Ten scientific papers were selected and considered suitable for further analysis. According to several reports, the SARS-CoV-2 hospital-acquired infection rate is 12–15%. Hospital-acquired COVID-19 represents a serious public health issue, which is a problem that could create reluctance of patients to seek hospital treatment for fear of becoming infected. Healthcare personnel should do all that is necessary to address the problem and prevent further spreading, such as rigorous compliance with all procedures for containing the spread. From a medical-legal point of view, multiple aspects must be considered in order to understand whether the infection is a result of “malpractice” or an inevitable condition.
Natural carboxylic acids are plant-derived compounds that are known to possess biological activity. The aim of this review was to compare the effect of structural differences of the selected carboxylic acids (benzoic acid (BA), cinnamic acid (CinA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), caffeic acid (CFA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and chicoric acid (ChA)) on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. The studied compounds were arranged in a logic sequence of increasing number of hydroxyl groups and conjugated bonds in order to investigate the correlations between the structure and bioactivity. A review of the literature revealed that RA exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and this property decreased in the following order: RA > CFA ~ ChA > p-CA > CinA > BA. In the case of antimicrobial properties, structure-activity relationships were not easy to observe as they depended on the microbial strain and the experimental conditions. The highest antimicrobial activity was found for CFA and CinA, while the lowest for RA. Taking into account anti-cancer properties of studied NCA, it seems that the presence of hydroxyl groups had an influence on intermolecular interactions and the cytotoxic potential of the molecules, whereas the carboxyl group participated in the chelation of endogenous transition metal ions.
Antibiotic resistance is an eminent threat for the survival of mankind. Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistant microorganisms are a reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Plant-based antimicrobial agents are based on synergistic mechanisms which prevent resistance and have been used for centuries against ailments. We suggest the use of cost-effective, eco-friendly Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV)-iodine biomaterials as a new generation of antimicrobial agents. In a facile, one-pot synthesis, we encapsulated fresh AV gel with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent and incorporated iodine moieties in the form of iodine (I2) and sodium iodide (NaI) into the polymer matrix. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) verified the composition of AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI. AV, AV-PVP, AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI, and AV-PVP-NaI were tested in-vitro by disc diffusion assay and dip-coated on polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures against ten microbial reference strains. All the tested pathogens were more susceptible towards AV-PVP-I2 due to the inclusion of "smart" triiodides with halogen bonding in vitro and on dip-coated sutures. The biocomplexes AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI showed remarkable antimicrobial properties. "Smart" biohybrids with triiodide inclusions have excellent antifungal and promising antimicrobial activities, with potential use against surgical site infections (SSI) and as disinfecting agents.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern. The rising number of cases of this highly transmissible infection have stressed the urgent need to find a potent drug. Although repurposing of known drugs currently provides an accelerated route to approval, there is no satisfactory treatment. Polyphenols, a major class of bioactive compounds in nature, are known for their antiviral activity and pleiotropic effects. The aim of this review is to assess the effects of polyphenols on COVID-19 drug targets as well as to provide a perspective on the possibility to use polyphenols in the development of natural approaches against this viral disease.
(1) Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began spreading across the globe in December and, as of 9 July 2020, had inflicted more than 550,000 deaths. Public health measures implemented to control the outbreak caused socio-economic havoc in many countries. The pandemic highlighted the quality of health care systems, responses of policymakers in harmony with the population, and socio-economic resilience factors. We suggest that different national strategies had an impact on mortality and case count. (2) Methods: We collected fatality data for 17 countries until 2 June 2020 from public data and associated these with implemented containment measures. (3) Results: The outcomes present the effectiveness of control mechanisms in mitigating the virus for selected countries and the UAE as a special case. Pre-existing conditions defined the needed public health strategies and fatality numbers. Other pre-existing conditions, such as temperature, humidity, median age, and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations played minor roles and may have had no direct impact on fatality rates. (4) Conclusions: Prevention, fast containment, adequate public health strategies, and importance of indoor environments were determining factors in mitigating the pandemic. Development of public health strategies adapted to pre-existing conditions for each country and community compliance with implemented policies ensure the successful control of pandemics.
Herein, we report a facile, economic, one-pot green synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles
(ZnO-NPs) for diverse biomedical applications. In the study, ZnO-NPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Aquilegia Pubiflora as an effective reducing and capping agent. The biomediated nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques including HPLC, XRD, FTIR, SEM, DLS, PL and RAMAN. The particles were highly pure, having an average size of 34. 23nm with spherical or elliptical shaped morphology and displayed good aqueous dispersion capability. FTIR and HPLC confirmed the successful capping of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The characterized NPs were then explored for their antimicrobial and antileishmanial potential. Among the tested bacterial and fungal strains, ZnO-NPs were more potent towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium solani with inhibition zone of 10.3±0.19 mm and 13±1.4 mm, respectively. A dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was observed against Leishmania tropica (KWH23) with significant IC50 for both the promastigote (48 μg/mL) and amastigote form (51 μg/mL) of the parasite. In addition, bacterial kinase enzymes were inhibited by ZnO-NPs, thus allowing us to elaborate a possible action mechanism. Finally, remarkable biocompatible nature of the particles was confirmed against freshly isolated human red blood cells (hRBCs). All together these results affirmed the high antimicrobial and anti-parasitic potential of ZnO-NPs obtained through biogenic synthetic approach using aqueous extract of the Himalayan Columbine (Aquilegia Publifora).
In this work, we aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using an aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata leaves (CAE) at room temperature without the provision of additional surfactants or capping agents. The formation of as-obtained ZnONPs was analyzed by UV–visible (ultraviolet) absorption and emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The XRD results reflect the wurtzite structure of as-prepared ZnONPs, which produced diffraction patterns showing hexagonal phases. The SEM images indicate that the morphology of as-prepared ZnONPs is composed of hexagonal nanostructures with an average diameter of 20 nm. The HR-TEM result shows that the inter-planar distance between two lattice fringes is 0.260 nm, which coincides with the distance between the adjacent (d-spacing) of the (002) lattice plane of ZnO. The fluorescence emission spectrum of ZnONPs dispersed in ethanol shows an emission maximum at 569 nm, revealing the semiconductor nature of ZnO. As-obtained ZnONPs enhanced the tumoricidal property of CAE in MCF-7 breast cancer cells without significant inhibition of normal human breast cells, MCF-12A. Furthermore, we have studied the antibacterial effects of ZnONPs, which showed direct cell surface contact, resulting in the disturbance of bacterial cell integrity.
In this work, we aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using an aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata leaves (CAE) at room temperature without the provision of additional surfactants or capping agents. The formation of as-obtained ZnONPs was analyzed by UV-visible (ultraviolet) absorption and emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The XRD results reflect the wurtzite structure of as-prepared ZnONPs, which produced diffraction patterns showing hexagonal phases. The SEM images indicate that the morphology of as-prepared ZnONPs is composed of hexagonal nanostructures with an average diameter of 20 nm. The HR-TEM result shows that the inter-planar distance between two lattice fringes is 0.260 nm, which coincides with the distance between the adjacent (d-spacing) of the (002) lattice plane of ZnO. The fluorescence emission spectrum of ZnONPs dispersed in ethanol shows an emission maximum at 569 nm, revealing the semiconductor nature of ZnO. As-obtained ZnONPs enhanced the tumoricidal property of CAE in MCF-7 breast cancer cells without significant inhibition of normal human breast cells, MCF-12A. Furthermore, we have studied the antibacterial effects of ZnONPs, which showed direct cell surface contact, resulting in the disturbance of bacterial cell integrity.
Due to their versatile applications, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by many approaches, including green processes using plant extracts for reducing metal ions. In this work, we propose to use plant extract with active biomedical components for NPs synthesis, aiming to obtain NPs inheriting the biomedical functions of the plants. By using leaves extract of Clerodendrum inerme (C. inerme) as both a reducing agent and a capping agent, we have synthesized gold (CI-Au) and silver (CI-Ag) NPs covered with biomedically active functional groups from C. inerme. The synthesized NPs were evaluated for different biological activities such as antibacterial and antimycotic against different pathogenic microbes (B. subtilis, S. aureus, Klebsiella, and E. coli) and (A. niger, T. harzianum, and A. flavus), respectively, using agar well diffusion assays. The antimicrobial propensity of NPs further assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) glutathione (GSH) and FTIR analysis. Biofilm inhibition activity was also carried out using colorimetric assays. The antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of CI-Au and CI-Ag NPs was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging and MTT assay, respectively. The CI-Au and CI-Ag NPs were demonstrated to have much better antioxidant in terms of %DPPH scavenging (75.85% ± 0.67% and 78.87% ± 0.19%), respectively. They exhibited excellent antibacterial, antimycotic, biofilm inhibition and cytotoxic performance against pathogenic microbes and MCF-7 cells compared to commercial Au and Ag NPs functionalized with dodecanethiol and PVP, respectively. The biocompatibility test further corroborated that CI-Ag and CI-Au NPs are more biocompatible at the concentration level of 1–50 µM. Hence, this work opens a new environmentally-friendly path for synthesizing nanomaterials inherited with enhanced and/or additional biomedical functionalities inherited from their herbal sources.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs, and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts. Recently, numerous methods are used to increase the productivity of nanoparticles with variable size, shape, and stability. The different mechanical, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of NPs have been related to their shape, size, surface charge, and surface area. Detection and characterization of biosynthesized NPs are conducted using different techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, zeta potential analyses, etc. NPs synthesized by the green approach can be incorporated into different biotechnological fields as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant agents; as a control for phytopathogens; and as bioremediative factors, and they are also used in the food and textile industries, in smart agriculture, and in wastewater treatment. This review will address biological entities that can be used for the green synthesis of NPs and their prospects for biotechnological applications.
The emergence of resistant pathogens is a burden on mankind and threatens the existence of our species. Natural and plant-derived antimicrobial agents need to be developed in the race against antibiotic resistance. Nanotechnology is a promising approach with a variety of products. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have good antimicrobial activity. We prepared AgNPs with trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) and povidone–iodine (PI) with increased antimicrobial activity. We synthesized also AgNPs with natural cinnamon bark extract (Cinn) in combination with PI and coated biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) sutures with the new materials separately. These compounds (TCA-AgNP, TCA-AgNP-PI, Cinn-AgNP, and Cinn-AgNP-PI) and their dip-coated PGA sutures were tested against 10 reference strains of microorganisms and five antibiotics by zone inhibition with disc- and agar-well-diffusion methods. The new compounds TCA-AgNP-PI and Cinn-AgNP-PI are broad spectrum microbicidal agents and therefore potential coating materials for sutures to prevent Surgical Site Infections (SSI). TCA-AgNP-PI inhibits the studied pathogens stronger than Cinn-AgNP-PI in-vitro and on coated sutures. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, x-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the composition of TCA-AgNP-PI and Cinn-AgNP-PI. Smart solutions involving hybrid materials based on synergistic antimicrobial action have promising future perspectives to combat resistant microorganisms.
The methanol extract of Cassia auriculata seeds was found to inhibit melanogenesis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells under conditions of theophylline stimulation. Two new phlegmacin-type anthracenone dimer glycosides, auriculataosides A and B, were isolated from the active methanol fraction, and their inhibitory effects were observed in the concentration range of 0.03 to 0.3 μM. Inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 protein expression was observed, suggesting that the inhibition of these factors is part of the mechanism of action underlying melanogenesis inhibition.
Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the area of interdisciplinary research. Nanoparticle research is inevitable today due to its wide applications. So many chemical and physical methods have been used for nanoparticles synthesis. Many of these methods exert huge adverse environmental effects, need technical expertise, and high cost. Therefore, there is urgency to establish a trustworthy low-cost technology for nanoparticles synthesis. This method involving biological materials named plants, microorganisms, enzymes, etc. may be best eco-friendly alternatives. Synthesis of nanoparticles with plant extracts is additional beneficial over the other biological processes. The plant extracts are acting as reducing agent for nanoparticles synthesis. Moreover, plant-mediated nanoparticles synthesis is a single-step method for biosynthesis process. It is cost-effective, environmentally conducive, and safe for human therapeutic applications. Various plant materials such as extracts of fruits, leaves, roots, fruit peels, callus, etc. have been considered suitable agent for the synthesis of silver, gold, platinum, titanium, and other nanoparticles in different sizes and shapes. Biomedical applications of nanoparticles include antimicrobial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, and anticancer agents. More plant extracts or drugs can be loaded because of the lesser size and enormous surface area of nanoparticles, and hence it may act as appropriate vehicle for the drug delivery. The competence of absorption of drugs and upsurge in apoptosis of abnormal cells could be possible by using nanoparticles. Recently, some research reports have indicated the therapeutic efficacy of green synthesized nanoparticles against leishmaniasis and tuberculosis. In the future, nanoparticles practice may exposed a new vistas for healthcare and disease management.
Antioxidants are agents that can reduce free radicals. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains flavonoids that could act as an antioxidant. However, those flavonoids are water-soluble and show low bioavailability. Nanotechnology is a potential approach to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids from Parijoto fruit. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of parijoto nanoparticles with variations of the chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulants. Secondary metabolites of parijoto fruit were using the maceration method. The synthesis of parijoto nanoparticles was conducted using the ionic gelation method with chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulation. Parijoto nanoparticle size and distribution were characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The formation of nanoparticles in colloids was determined as a percent. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticle was evaluated using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Chitosan encapsulation produced nanoparticles with a size of 269.3 nm, pdI 0.372 and transmittance 99.379%. Alginate encapsulation produced a particle size of 366.4 nm, pdI 0.589 and transmittance 99.690%. The combination of chitosan/alginate encapsulants produced a particle size of 187.00 nm, pdI 0.239 and transmittance 99.894%. Parijoto nanoparticles obtained from chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulant showed strong antioxidant powers indicated by IC50 values 2.442±0.047 ppm, 3.175±0.169 ppm and 2.115±0.045 ppm, respectively. Altogether, our study shows that parijoto nanoparticles are potent as antioxidant agents.
Keywords: Alginate, antioxidant, chitosan, FRAP, Medinilla speciosa, nanoparticle
We developed ChemScanner, a software that can be used for the extraction of chemical information from ChemDraw binary (CDX) or ChemDraw XML-based (CDXML) files and to retrieve the ChemDraw scheme from DOC, DOCX or XML documents. This can facilitate the reuse of chemical information embedded into diverse documents used as standard storage and communication instrument in chemical sciences (e.g. for student’s theses, PhD theses, or publications). The extracted information is processed to reactions, molecules, as well as additional text and values and can be accessed via the ChemScanner UI. ChemScanner supports the export to Excel and CML, the direct import of the extracted data to the Open Source ELN Chemotion or the use via “copy and paste” of selected information. The software was designed with a focus on the processing of documents with embedded molecular structure information as CDX or CDXML as these are the most common file formats for chemical drawings. The project aims to support the chemists in their efforts to re-use chemistry research data by providing them missing tools for an automated assembly of reaction data.
The aim of this study was the development of a non-toxic, biosynthetic antimicrobial agent which selectively acts on only one type of microorganism, and preserves the microbiota. Antimicrobial performance of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extract was examined against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, as well as yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces boulardii. Also, the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs was examined toward pre-osteoblast cells. The synthetic conditions—concentration of extract, temperature, and pH—were optimized to prepare silver colloids with different particle size distributions and long-term stability. The obtained samples were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and absorption spectroscopy. The smaller-sized Ag NPs (~ 10–20 nm), prepared at a lower temperature (20 °C), showed better antimicrobial performance against E. coli compared to larger ones (~ 40–60 nm), prepared at high temperature (100 °C). On the other hand, both samples did not display any toxic action against bacteria S. aureus, or yeasts C. albicans and S. boulardii. Non-cytotoxic behavior of Ag NPs toward pre-osteoblast cells was observed for the concentrations of silver ≤ 2.25 and ≤ 4.5 mg L−1 for 10–20 and 40–60 nm-sized Ag NPs, respectively. Biosynthesized Ag NPs by horsetail extract display selective toxic action against E. coli at the ecologically acceptable concentration level.
In this study, metabolites involved in the free-biomass filtrates for three endophytic actinomycetes of Streptomyces capillispiralis
Ca-1, Streptomyces zaomyceticus Oc-5, and Streptomyces pseudogriseolus Acv-11 were used as biocatalysts for green synthesis
of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Characterization of biosynthesized Ag-NPs was accomplished using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Xray
diffraction patterns (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analyzer. The biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed maximum surface
plasmon resonance (SPR) at 440 for strain Ca-1 and 450 for both strains of OC-5 and Acv-11. Nanoparticle spherical shape was
recorded with size ranging from 23.77 to 63.14 nm, 11.32 to 36.72 nm, and 11.70 to 44.73 nm for Ca-1, Oc-5, and Acv-11,
respectively. SEM-EDX analysis exhibited the weight percentages of 17.3, 22.3, and 48.7% for Ag-NPs synthesized by strains
Ca-1, Oc-5 and Acv-11, respectively. The activities of biosynthesized Ag-NPs were concentration dependent and the obtained
results confirmed the efficacy of Ag-NPs as antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well
unicellular and multicellular fungi. The MIC for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), and eukaryotic
microorganisms was 0.25 mM with clear zone ranging from 10.3 to 14.6 mm, while MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was
1.0 mM for Ag-NPs synthesized by strain Ca-1 and 0.25 mM for those synthesized by strains Oc-5 and Acv-11. Moreover, Ag-
NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against four plant pathogenic fungi represented by Alternaria alternata, Fusarium
oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, and Aspergillus niger at 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 mM of Ag-NPs with different degree. In vitro
assessment of the antioxidant efficacy of biosynthesized Ag-NPs was achieved by scavenging assay of H2O2, reducing power of
Fe3+, or total antioxidant assay. The results showed that antioxidant activities of Ag-NPs were concentration dependent with the
highest activity at Ag-NP concentration of 2.0 mM. Furthermore, the biosynthesized NPs have prospective bioinsecticidal
activity against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. Green synthesis of NPs could be quite potential for the development of
new bioactive compounds used in different biomedical applications.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic acid found in a variety of plants, especially those in the Lamiaceae family. A number of biological effects are attributed to the compound; so, in recent years, RA has been the focus of many studies. The aim of this review is to provide information on the latest developments on flow chromatography analysis of RA. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with gradient elution and either diode array or mass spectrometric detection is usually used to measure the compound. Factors affecting the performance of HPLC analysis of RA such as sample preparation, column, mobile phase, and detection methods are discussed in detail in this review.
Plasmodium actins form very short filaments and have a noncanonical link between ATP hydrolysis and polymerization. Long filaments are detrimental to the parasites, but the structural factors constraining Plasmodium microfilament lengths have remained unknown. Using high-resolution crystallography, we show that magnesium binding causes a slight flattening of the Plasmodium actin I monomer, and subsequent phosphate release results in a more twisted conformation. Thus, the Mg-bound monomer is closer in conformation to filamentous (F) actin than the Ca form, and this likely facilitates polymerization. A coordinated potassium ion resides in the active site during hydrolysis and leaves together with the phosphate, a process governed by the position of the Arg178/Asp180-containing A loop. Asp180 interacts with either Lys270 or His74, depending on the protonation state of the histidine, while Arg178 links the inner and outer domains (ID and OD) of the actin protomer. Hence, the A loop acts as a switch between stable and unstable filament conformations, the latter leading to fragmentation. Our data provide a comprehensive model for polymerization, ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release, and fragmentation of parasite microfilaments. Similar mechanisms may well exist in canonical actins, although fragmentation is much less favorable due to several subtle sequence differences as well as the methylation of His73, which is absent on the corresponding His74 in Plasmodium actin I.
In this study, latex of Azadirachta indica was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). UV-visible spectroscopy revealed the formation of AgNPs and the absorption band optimized at 442 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows different functional groups (carboxyl, amine and hydroxyl) of biomolecule which are responsible for reduction and capping process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the nanoparticles are crystalline silver and cubic (AgCl) with face-centered cubic (Ag) types. Electron microscopics (SEM and TEM) were used to characterize the shape and size of the nanoparticles. The anticandidal and antibiofilm activity of AgNPs was using Fluconazole resistant clinical isolate of Candida tropicalis. The new approach of plant-mediated AgNPs synthesis appears to be cost-effective, eco-friendly and easy methods. The synthesized AgNPs considered as a novel and alternative agent to prevent C. tropicalis biofilms.
The acronym ESKAPE includes six nosocomial pathogens that exhibit multidrug resistance and virulence: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Persistent use of antibiotics has provoked the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria, which render even the most effective drugs ineffective. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacteria have emerged as an important therapeutic challenge. Development of novel therapeutics to treat drug resistant infections, especially those caused by ESKAPE pathogens is the need of the hour. Alternative therapies such as use of antibiotics in combination or with adjuvants, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, and photodynamic light therapy are widely reported. Many reviews published till date describe these therapies with respect to the various agents used, their dosage details and mechanism of action against MDR pathogens but very few have focused specifically on ESKAPE. The objective of this review is to describe the alternative therapies reported to treat ESKAPE infections, their advantages and limitations, potential application in vivo, and status in clinical trials. The review further highlights the importance of a combinatorial approach, wherein two or more therapies are used in combination in order to overcome their individual limitations, additional studies on which are warranted, before translating them into clinical practice. These advances could possibly give an alternate solution or extend the lifetime of current antimicrobials.
Based on recent researches, bio synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) seem to have the potential in declining angiogenesis and oxidative stress. In the current study, rapeseed flower pollen (RFP) water extract was triggered to synthesize RFP–silver nanoparticles (RFP/Ag-NPs). Moreover, antioxidant, antiangiogenesis and cytotoxicity of the RFP/Ag-NPs against MDA-MB-231, MCF7 and carcinoma cell lines and normal human skin fibroblast HDF were compared. Results indicated that RFP/Ag-NPs have a peak at 430 nm, spherical shape and an average size of 24 nm. According to the results of FTIR, rapeseed pollen capped Ag-NPs. RFP/Ag-NPs have cytotoxicity on MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells and decrease cancerous cell viability (IC50 = 3 µg/ml and 2 µg/ml, respectively) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The morphological data showed that the RFP/Ag-NPs increase the percentage of apoptotic cells compared to the control group and normal cells (human skin fibroblast cells). The apoptotic morphological change was also confirmed with a flow cytometric analysis. RFP/ Ag-NPs’ antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring their ability to scavenge ABTS and DPPH free radicals. The IC50 values were determined at 800 and 830 μg/ml for ABTS and DPPH tests, respectively. According to the results, green-synthesized RFP/Ag-NPs as a safe efficient apoptosis inducer and strong antioxidant compound have the potential to suppress breast cancer carcinogenesis by VEGF down-regulatiion and thus sensitizing them against apoptosis. However, further researches are required to clarify RFP/Ag-NPs’ cell specificity and therapeutic doses in in vivo conditions.
Salvia officinalis L., also known as the “Salvation Plant”, has been long used and well-documented in traditional medicine around the globe. Its bioactive compounds, and especially its polyphenol profile, have been extensively researched and reviewed. However, sage’s beneficial effects reach much further, and nowadays, with a range of new extraction techniques, we are discovering new components with new therapeutic effects, especially in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and various carcinomas. This review describes the bioactive profile of various sage preparations depending on the extraction techniques and extraction parameters, and this review lists the newest research findings on its health effects.
In the present article we have developed an eco-friendly, phytosynthetic, cost-effective and straightforward method for the synthesis of nearly monodisperse CuO nanospheres (NSP) using leaf extracts of medicinal plants Phyllanthus reticulatus (PR) and Conyza bonariensis (CB) as novel green reducing agents. Copper nitrate (Cu (NO3)2) was used as a precursor. The stoichiometric ratio of both leaf extracts (PR/CB) and Cu(NO3)2 was standardized for the synthesis of NSP. During formation of CuO NSP, a color of solution gradually changed from light greenish-blue to black with a number of intermediate stages and it correlated to the reduction reaction catalyzed by phytochemicals. As-synthesized materials were characterized in detail at the structural, electronic level and morphological authentication by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, UV-DRS, Raman, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET and AFM. SEM studies of phytosynthesized materials revealed nearly monodisperse nanospheres, while TEM rendered average particles size 4-14 nm. Also, AFM profiles suggested a homogenized nature of the nanospheres. Then, the antioxidant property was obtained by α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ethanolic, methanolic extracts were used for the antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid was used as a standard medium. Each plant extract exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of CuO NSP (PR/CB) was tested against human pathogenic bacteria viz. gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Result rendered effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is very common metabolic disorder affecting people of all age groups. The change in life style and environmental factors are the considerable factors which are involved in the development of the disorder. The different parts of medicinal plants vary in their composition of bioactive compounds. There are reports on antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. flower and leaves. Traditionally bud of C. auriculata L. is used to treat diabetes rather than flower. This study aims to explore the antidiabetic efficiency of bud and flower and to identify the differential composition of phycompounds present in bud and flower parts of C. auriculata L. The compounds present in the bud and flower parts were identified using LC-ESI/MS analysis. Antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. bud and flower parts was studied in high fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. During which parameters such as feed intake, water intake, and body weight were monitored. After 21 days of the study, blood parameters like insulin, glucose, lipid profile, hepatic function test, renal function test and oxidative stress markers were analysed. Real time PCR was done to monitor the expression of IRS2 and GRIA2 genes. The LC-ESI/MS analysis showed the presence of various phenolics and flavonoid compounds specific to bud and flower parts. The antidiabetic activity results showed that the animal treated with C. auriculata L. bud ethanol extract (CABE500) could better reverse and control the progression of the disease compared to the flower ethanol extract. The gene expression studies revealed that regulation of IRS2 gene occurred in bud but not in flower extract treated animal livers and no differential expression of GRIA2 gene in all the experimental groups. C. auriculata L. bud extract can potentially better control the diabetes compared to the flower extract.
Plant extracts' ability to collect metals and decrease metal ions makes them a superior candidate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles; hence, they are referred to as bio-nano factories since both living and dead dried biomass are employed to produce metallic nanoparticles. The antiparasitic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was examined against cow tick larvae (Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Hippobosca maculata). These parasitic larvae were treated with various concentrations of methanolic leaf extract of A. marmelos (MLE-AM) and biosynthesized CuO NPs for 24 h. CuO NPs were synthesized quickly using A. marmelos leaf extract, and nanoparticle synthesis was identified within 15 min. The results from characteristic XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM analyses confirmed the biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The presence of 26-Hydroxycholesterol was discovered as the predominant chemical present in the GC-MS analysis of MLE-AM. The maximum efficacy was observed in biosynthesized CuO NPs against R. microplus larvae, H. bispinosa adults, and Hip. maculata larvae (LC50 = 4.30, 9.50, and 11.13 mg/L; and LC90 = 8.30, 19.57, and 21.65 mg/L; and 2 = 6.219, 6.547, and 2.587). Overall, the bio-fabrication of CuO NPs has the potential to develop better and safer antiparasitic control techniques.
The use of vegetal species for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) biosynthesis can constitute an alternative to replacing the extensive use of several hazardous chemicals commonly used during NPs synthesis and, therefore, can reduce biological impacts induced by the release of these products into the natural environment. However, the “green nanoparticles” and/or “eco-friend nanoparticles” label does not ensure that biosynthesized NPs are harmless to non-target organisms. Thus, we aimed to synthesize AuNPs from seaweed Gracilaria crassa aqueous extract through an eco-friendly, fast, one-pot synthetic route. The formation of spherical, stable, polycrystalline NPs with a diameter of 32.0 nm ± 4.0 nm (media ±SEM) was demonstrated by UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction measurement, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In addition, different phytocomponents were identified in the biosynthesized AuNPs, using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). However, both G. crassa aqueous extract and the biosynthesized AuNPs showed high ecotoxicity in Anopheles stephensi larvae exposed to different concentrations. Therefore, our study supports the potential of seaweed G. crassa as a raw material source for AuNPs biosynthesis while also shedding light on its ecotoxicological potential, which necessitates consideration of its risk to aquatic biota.
Background: The authors aimed to estimate the therapeutic potential of novel chalcones against tuberculosis. Methods: 11 synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RV; American Type Culture Collection number: 27294) using the microplate alamarBlue assay. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic parameter analyses were then performed. Results: The most potent compounds, (2E)-1-(4-bromophenyl) (2E)-1-(2-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one,-3-(2-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (4-bromophenyl) (2E)-1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, 3-(phenoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4-bromophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one and (2E)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one, showed in vitro activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μg/ml. Conclusion: Compounds LSD2, LSD12, LSD13 and LSD15 showed strong in vitro antimycobacterial activity at a concentration of 6.25 μg/ml.
In the present study, Allium cepa leaf extract was utilized to reduce the silver nitrate into the nanoscale range of silver ions (Ag NPs). The biosynthesized Ag NPs were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV- vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antioxidant activity of synthesized Ag NPs was verified by DPPH assay. From the results obtained from XRD and DLS studies, the size of Ag NPs was determined to be around 54.3 nm. The measured zeta potential value of -19.1 mV confirms the excellent stability of biosynthesized Ag NPs. TEM analyses reveal that the biosynthesized Ag NPs have a spherical structure of 13 nm in size. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed through FTIR studies and EDAX verifies the weight percentage of silver content in biosynthesized nanoparticles to be 30.33%. In the present study, anti-cancer activity was carried out by using breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Further, silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-positive Bacillus cereus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The MTT assay also showed better cytotoxic activity against the MCF- 7 cell line.
This study evaluated the potential toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) on saltwater microcrustacean Artemia salina nauplii under ISO TS 20787 guideline. To investigate the acute toxicity of these nanomaterials, the nauplii were exposed to different concentrations of 0 (control), 0.39, 1.56, 6.25, 25 and 100 mg/L AgNPs and concentrations of 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/L AgNWs for 72 h. Immobilization rate of A. salina exposed to both AgNPs and AgNWs for 72 h increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The 72 h EC10 and EC50 were found to be 1.48 ± 0.6 and 10.70 ± 1.3 mg/L for AgNPs, respectively, and 0.03 ± 0.02 and 0.43 ± 0.04 mg/L for AgNWs, respectively. Based on the EC10 and EC50 values, the toxicity of AgNWs was significantly higher than AgNPs (P < 0.05). Oxidative stress resulted from 48 h exposure to both AgNPs and AgNWs in A. salina was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The results revealed that both AgNPs and AgNWs could induce ROS production. The SOD activity decreased significantly with the increase of exposure concentration (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results show that both nanomaterials have toxic effects on A. salina nauplii and thus, more effort should be made to prevent their release into saltwater ecosystems and trophic transfer in the aquatic food chain.
Chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), play key roles in drug discovery and development. A high-quality drug candidate should not only have sufficient efficacy against the therapeutic target, but also show appropriate ADMET properties at a therapeutic dose. A lot of in silico models are hence developed for prediction of chemical ADMET properties. However, it is still not easy to evaluate the drug-likeness of compounds in terms of so many ADMET properties. In this study, we proposed a scoring function named ADMET-score to evaluate drug-likeness of a compound. The scoring function was defined on the basis of 18 ADMET properties predicted via our web server admetSAR. The weight of each property in ADMET-score was determined by three parameters: the accuracy rate of model, the importance of the endpoint in the process of pharmacokinetics, and the beneficial distribution in oral drugs. The FDA-approved drugs from DrugBank, the small molecules from ChEMBL and the old drugs withdrawn from the market due to safety concerns were used to evaluate the performance of ADMET-score. The indices of arithmetic mean and p-value showed that ADMET-score among the three data sets differed significantly. Furthermore, we learned that there was no obvious linear correlation between ADMET-score and QED (quantitative estimate of drug-likeness). These results suggested that ADMET-score would be a comprehensive index to evaluate chemical drug-likeness, and might be helpful for users to select appropriate drug candidates for further development.
Nanotechnology can be useful in diagnostic techniques, drug delivery, sunscreens, antimicrobial sanitizer and a friendly manufacturing process that reduce waste products. Development of Green Nanotechnology is generating interest of researchers towards eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In the research study silver nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous silver nitrate (1 mM) through a simple and eco-friendly method using cinnamon as reductant and stabilizer. The aqueous silver ions when exposed to leaf broth were reduced and resulted in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles ranges from 20 nm to 30 nm. The bio reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, X ray diffraction, FESEM with EDAX and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR study was carried out to recognize the possible biomolecules responsible for proficient stabilization of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity was screened against both gram positive, gram-negative microorganisms. The method can be used for rapid and eco-friendly biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles of size range from 20 to 30 nm possessing antimicrobial activity suggesting their possible application in the field of medicine.
Dengue and malaria are significant mosquito-borne diseases that are rapidly spread worldwide, mainly in temperate countries. Pteridophytes were identified to be a significant source of novel mosquitocidal agents. The present research was to explore the eco-friendly larvicides from methanol extracts of ferns, viz., Actiniopteris radiata, Adiantum caudatum, Cheilanthes swartzii, Hemionitis arifolia and Lycopodium clavatum. The larvicidal potential of the extracts screened using larvae of dengue vector Aedes aegypti (III and IV instar) and malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (III and IV instar), showed 10-100% mortality rates. Biosafety assessment was made on embryos of Danio rerio and Artemia nauplii. The phyto-constituents of the methanol extract of A. radiata leaves were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methanolic leaf extracts of A. radiata, A. caudatum and C. swartzii exhibited larvicidal activity against III and IV instar larvae of Ae. aegypti (LC50: 37.47, 74.51 and 152.38 and 67.58, 95.89 and 271.46 ppm) and An. stephensi (LC50: 70.35, 112.12 and 301.05 and 113.83, 175.30 and 315.19 ppm), respectively. The GC-MS of the methanol extract of A. radiata leaves revealed the presence of 7 phyto-components among which, Carbamic acid, phenyl-, (2-Nitrophenyl) methyl ester (1), Benzoic acid, 3- methylbenzoate (2) and 4-(benzylimino)- 1,4-dihydro-1-(p-toluoylmethyl) pyridine (3) were dominant. Biosafety assessment of methanol extract of A. radiata leaves on embryos of Danio rerio (Zebra fish) and Artemia nauplii (micro crustacean) revealed that there were no destructive or teratogenic effects. To conclude, the larvicidal activity and insignificant toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms of A. radiata leaves makes it a potential and environment safe biocontrol agent against dengue and malarial vectors.