Overcoming Depression: A Cognitive Therapy Approach: Therapist Guide
Abstract
This therapist guide is designed to give mental health professionals the necessary tools to assess and treat a broad range of mood disorders, particularly depression. Based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, the ‘Taming the BEAST (TTB)’ program helps patients develop a set of coping strategies and skills to proactively manage their depressed mood. Using the acronym BEAST, treatment modules address biology, emotions, activity, situations, and thoughts. Each module comes complete with step-by-step instructions for delivering treatment including outlines and lists of materials needed. In-session exercises as well as home assignments help motivate the patient and allow for the monitoring of progress. Written by experts in the field, this guide comes complete with chapters on assessment, socialization, and termination. The TTB program offers both therapist and patient a roadmap for overcoming depression.
... Depression affects employees' performance, as well as their ability to cope with the working pressure that leads to their overall performance being deteriorated and could ultimately lead them to discharge. Depression can lead to a slew of other issues in a person's life [5]. Others might judge them as cowards or sympathize with them. ...
... Clarke et al. [4] created a program called Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN) to help people overcome depression. Gilson et al. [5] have implemented cognitive therapy to help overcome depression. We have many good strategies to fix depression, as previously mentioned. ...
The depression that has affected millions of patients and their families in the last decade has been one of the most common diseases of mind. However, almost all methods of medicating anxiety depend on series of questions evaluations and professional judgments of depressive symptoms, which are highly reliant on doctors’ experience and time-consuming. The aim of our research is to create an objective and practical method for detecting depression in adolescents using facial characteristics. The majority of teenagers are wholly unaware that they have been depressed. Some teenagers hide their depression from others, whether they are even aware of it. An automated system is needed to select the teenagers who face depression. Various research projects aimed at identifying depression are explored in this article.
... However, the assessment methods of diagnosing depression almost exclusively rely on the patient-reported and clinical judgments of the symptom severity [3]. Current diagnostic techniques of depression have obvious disadvantages, which are associated with the patient denial, poor sensitivity, subjective biases and inaccuracy [4]. Finding an objective, accurate and practical method for depression detection still remains a challenge. ...
... Clarke et al. [3] designed a program Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN) to overcome depression that shows good results. Gilson et al. [4] introduced a cognitive therapy that proved to be very helpful in overcoming depression. As mentioned beforehand, we have lots of good methods to overcome depression. ...
Depression has become one of the most common mental illnesses in the past decade, affecting millions of patients and their families. However, the methods of diagnosing depression almost exclusively rely on questionnaire-based interviews and clinical judgments of symptom severity, which are highly dependent on doctors’ experience and makes it a labor-intensive work. Our study aims to develop an objective and convenient method to assist depression detection using facial features in adolescent. Most of the adolescent are totally unaware that they may be having depression. If at all they are aware of it, some adolescents conceal their depression from everyone. So, an automated system is required that will pick out the adolescents who are dealing with depression. In this paper, different research work focused for detecting depression are discussed.
... 1,2 New statistical approaches such as mediation analysis were applied and new techniques developed (eg, functional magnetic resonance imaging or experience sampling methods) so that much progress in the understanding of the function, structure, and individual differences in emotion regulation could be achieved. 3 Emotion regulation has been conceptualized as "processes through which individuals modulate their emotions consciously and subconsciously to respond to environmental demands". 4 A multitude of different emotion regulation strategies has been proposed. ...
... Main interventions consisted of behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, and skills training. 3,25 Based on the individual biography and functional analysis of depressive behaviors, the patient is guided to actively overcome deficits in activity rate, beliefs, and interpersonal skills. In addition to the one-to-one sessions, group therapy settings with video feedback focused on interpersonal skills training. ...
Introduction
Emotion regulation plays an important role in the development and treatment of depression. The present study investigated whether the emotion regulation strategies, expressive suppression (ES) and cognitive reappraisal (CR) change in the course of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) of depressive inpatients. Furthermore, it also examined whether changes in CR and ES correlated with positive treatment outcomes.
Methods
Forty-four inpatients from a psychotherapeutic hospital who suffered from a depressive disorder (mean age =36.4 years, standard deviation =13.4 years; 63.6% female) filled in the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory at admission and discharge. To detect changes in emotion regulation, and depression across treatment, data were analyzed using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) for repeated measures, effect sizes, and Spearman correlations. A P-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Depression severity (F[1]=10.42, P=0.003; η²=0.22) and CR (F[1]=4.71, P=0.04; η²=0.11) changed significantly across CBT treatment. ES remained virtually stable. Post-treatment scores of CR were also positively correlated with reduction in depressive symptoms across treatment (ρ=0.30, P=0.05).
Conclusion
The results suggest that CBT affects emotion regulation in depressive inpatients only for CR and that higher post-treatment scores in CR were related to greater reduction in depressive symptoms across treatment.
... Next, the concept evolved further, including comparison, externalization of selfworth, and perfectionism (Freeman & DeWolf, 1992;Freeman & Oster, 1999). Not only that, Gilson and Freeman (1999) have also identified eight other types of cognitive distortion in the form of fallacies, namely, fallacies of change, fairness, worrying, being right, ignoring, control, attachment, and heaven's reward. Depending on the field researchers, several terms can have the same meaning. ...
Plain Language Summary
Worldwide Research on Cognitive Distortion
This bibliometric study aims to indicates a global research pattern related to cognitive distortion that focuses on publication output, affiliated countries, co-authors and the occurrence of author keywords. Bibliometric analysis was performed using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages on academic articles from 1950 to 2021 indexed on the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. 1834 articles were discovered, and research findings showed that rapid publishing growth has occurred especially since 2008 onwards and is expected to continue to increase. It was revealed that Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Social Criminology, Substance abuse and Neuroscience were categories or areas that frequently featured in articles regarding cognitive distortion. The data reveals that publications from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada accounted for more than 50% of total number of publications in this field. This study reveals a worldwide research trend on cognitive distortion, which may be useful for researchers, individuals, or policymakers to harness the existing potential and create opportunities for future research development. In addition to the contributions, this study does have some limitations. First, the only databases used to generate data were Scopus and WoS. Second, the researchers did not use keywords related to the dimensions or types of cognitive distortion. Third, the researchers did not use keywords that have the same meaning as cognitive distortion such as cognitive error or cognitive bias and fourth, only studies published in the form of journal articles were included in this study.
... Put differently, for individuals with a dual diagnosis, reductions in social anxiety may not lead to reductions in depression, but rather treatment interventions may directly affect both social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Specifically, as CBTs for SAD (e.g., Hope et al., 2019) and for MDD (e.g., Gilson et al., 2009) include many shared interventions such as cognitive restructuring and reduction of social avoidance, treatment may concurrently affect both disorders. However, reductions in social anxiety may not lead to reductions in depression due to distinct MDD processes that contribute to symptom maintenance (e.g., low energy, changes in appetite; Demyttenaere et al., 2005;Maxwell & Cole, 2009). ...
Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) typically have elevated depressive symptoms and approximately 50% also meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD; Beesdo et al., 2007). In the present study, we examined the relationship between social anxiety and depressive symptoms during cognitive-behavior group treatment (CBGT) for SAD. Specifically, we compared individuals with SAD and comorbid MDD and individuals with SAD without MDD to examine the role of MDD as a moderator of social anxiety-depression relationship. Participants were 90 individuals seeking treatment for SAD (36% were diagnosed with MDD), who completed self-report measures of social anxiety and depression every 2 weeks during CBGT. Lower level mediational modeling indicated that for individuals without MDD, a reciprocal relationship was observed in which changes in both social anxiety and depressive symptoms mediated changes in each other. However, changes in social anxiety explained all subsequent changes in depression, whereas changes in depression explained 11.26% of subsequent changes in social anxiety. For individuals with both SAD and MDD, neither social anxiety nor depression significantly mediated changes in each other. Our findings suggest that different processes of change occur for individuals with and without MDD and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... For example, the manual for cognitive processing therapy, a treatment for PTSD, specifies that outcome measures should be administered weekly and how outcome measure scores should be incorporated into treatment (Resick, Monson, & Chard, 2017). Similarly, acceptance and commitment therapy (Walser, Sears, Chartier, & Karlin, 2012), prolonged exposure therapy (Foa, Hembree, & Rothbaum, 2007), cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety (Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2010), and cognitive therapy for depression (Gilson, Freeman, Yates, & Morgillo Freeman, 2009) manuals emphasize the importance of MBC and specify how to provide manualized treatment within the context of MBC. MBC is equally well suited for nonmanualized treatment approaches; an extensive body of research supports that a large variance in treatment outcome is accounted for by common fac-tors, including the development of a collaborative relationship, which emphasizes the active engagement of patients in the treatment process and places value on the perspectives and experiences of the patient (e.g., Fortney et al., 2017;Miller, Duncan, Sorrell, & Brown, 2005;Miller et al., 2015). ...
Measurement-based care (MBC) is an effective pantheoretical practice framework that enhances mental health treatment outcome. MBC entails routine, systematic administration of standardized scales to measure patients' treatment response, inform clinical decisions, and tailor practice approaches and treatment planning to the individual needs of each patient. In 2016, the Office of Mental Health Operations and Mental Health Services in the Veterans Affairs Central Office launched the MBC in Mental Health Care Initiative. In accordance with this initiative, MBC was implemented within 2 mental health clinics at a large VA Health Care System in the southeastern United States. This program evaluation project examined the utilization of MBC measures across disciplines (i.e., psychiatry, psychology, social work) in the 2 clinics and clinicians' perspectives on MBC processes. Results suggested no significant differences between clinics in terms of rate of MBC measures administration. However, there were significant differences in the relative number of measures and the relative number of patients who were administered MBC measures across disciplines. Input from clinicians regarding their perspectives and experiences with the MBC implementation in their respective clinics were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated, and barriers to MBC implementation were examined from the perspective of stakeholders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... Clarke et al. [3] designed a program Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN) to overcome depression that shows good results. Gilson et al. [4] introduced a cognitive therapy that proved to be very helpful in overcoming depression. As mentioned beforehand, we have lots of good methods to overcome depression. ...
Depression is a mental health issue that once used to be experienced by grandparents and great-grandparents, is so common today even among the youth. Over the years, methods have been developed to counter this mental health issue. But the biggest problem that is being faced is people find it hard to admit that they are suffering from depression. Although many people admit it and take measures, a majority of people find it hard to admit, especially students. Depression is common nowadays among the student but several social issues like peer pressure, gossips etc. make it hard for them to accept that they are suffering from depression. In our paper, we have introduced a novel approach to detect depression based on the content rating by the subject using Hidden Markov Model (HMM). A series of content is provided to the subject and based on whether the subject reacts to it skip it, we predict whether the subject is depressed or not. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed DCR-HMM model leads to very outcomes. Based on the acceptance of the state of mind by tested individuals, our model has acquired an accuracy of 95.6% when tested on 450 individuals.
... The first, second, and fourth authors developed a list of criteria by which the content of the commercially available applications would be reviewed. These criteria were designed to be trans-theoretical and reflect empirically supported content domains of existing cognitive-behavioral treatments for depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, and alcohol use disorders (Foa et al. 2007;Zinbarg et al. 2006;Epstein and McCrady 2009;Gilson et al. 2009), and are consistent with similar work conducted on applications designed for anxiety and worry (Kertz et al. 2017). Broad domains for the criteria included (a) correct psychoeducation about symptoms, the disorder, and/or its treatment; (b) self-monitoring of symptoms, moods, thoughts, or behaviors; (c) personalized feedback or recommendations following an assessment of the consumer's symptoms; (d) cognitive techniques such as cognitive restructuring, mindfulness training, motivational enhancement, and identifying values or high-risk situations (in the case of alcohol use disorder); and (e) behavioral techniques such a guided relaxation/breathing, exposure exercises, behavioral activation, development of coping plans, goal setting, contingency management, or building social support. ...
Link to full article: https://rdcu.be/bA3W7
Objective: The primary objectives of this paper were to 1) review empirical support for existing self-help smartphone applications for depression, anxiety, PTSD, and alcohol use disorders; 2) and evaluate whether commercially available self-help applications offer, or were derived from, empirically supported approaches; and 3) provide a framework for evaluating applications for use in the absence of existing empirical support.
Methods: We performed a systematic review of existing applications via PubMed and performed a content analysis, based on theoretically-grounded evidence-based review criteria, on each commercially available application retrieved from Google Play and Apple Store searches. Seventeen academic papers met inclusion criteria and were evaluated; only four empirically supported applications were available commercially. Of the commercial applications, one was found via the PubMed search.
Results: While the majority of the smartphone applications evaluated in the content analysis included at least one empirically-supported component, there was great variability in how comprehensive the integrated tools were, and a significant proportion included non-evidence-based tools.
Conclusions: In this study, we found that evidence-based applications are often not available to the general public and those that are available offer varying degrees of empirically-derived tools. These findings unveil a new “research-practice gap” at the intersection of mental health and emergent technology-based interventions. As research attempts to keep pace with emergent intervention technologies, we provide suggestions to consumers and clinicians for reviewing these applications, and for future research in the service of reducing the “research-practice gap.”
... Sessions were delivered by a clinical health psychologist as well as a doctoral student in clinical health psychology. CBT intervention components were guided by two evidence-based treatment manuals (12,13) for behavioral activation. Session content used cognitive techniques to identify and challenge general and diabetes-specific cognitive distortions that result in maladaptive behavior, in combination with behavioral techniques, including behavioral activation and specific behavior change strategies related to diabetes and/or mood (self-monitoring, sleep hygiene, eating habits, etc.). ...
Objective:
This study evaluated the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) plus lifestyle counseling in primary care on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in rural adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and comorbid depressive or regimen-related distress (RRD) symptoms.
Research design and methods:
This study was a randomized controlled trial of a 16-session severity-tailored CBT plus lifestyle counseling intervention compared with usual care. Outcomes included changes in HbA1c, RRD, depressive symptoms, self-care behaviors, and medication adherence across 12 months.
Results:
Patients included 139 diverse, rural adults (mean age 52.6 ± 9.5 years; 72% black; BMI 37.0 ± 9.0 kg/m2) with T2D (mean HbA1c 9.6% [81 mmol/mol] ± 2.0%) and comorbid depressive or distress symptoms. Using intent-to-treat analyses, patients in the intervention experienced marginally significant improvements in HbA1c (-0.92 ± 1.81 vs. -0.31 ± 2.04; P = 0.06) compared with usual care. However, intervention patients experienced significantly greater improvements in RRD (-1.12 ± 1.05 vs. -0.31 ± 1.22; P = 0.001), depressive symptoms (-3.39 ± 5.00 vs. -0.90 ± 6.17; P = 0.01), self-care behaviors (1.10 ± 1.30 vs. 0.58 ± 1.45; P = 0.03), and medication adherence (1.00 ± 2.0 vs. 0.17 ± 1.0; P = 0.02) versus usual care. Improvement in HbA1c correlated with improvement in RRD (r = 0.3; P = 0.0001) and adherence (r = -0.23; P = 0.007).
Conclusions:
Tailored CBT with lifestyle counseling improves behavioral outcomes and may improve HbA1c in rural patients with T2D and comorbid depressive and/or RRD symptoms.
... 150-151;Safren et al., 2000, p. 328;Taylor, 2006, pp. 16-18;Gilson et al., 2009;cf. Varga, 2014, pp. ...
The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the contributions of phenomenology-inspired approaches to the explanation of psychopathological phenomena. First, I introduce the notion of Explanatory First-Person Approaches (EFPA) which share the assumption that the explanation of consciousness and conscious phenomena necessitates, at least partially, phenomenal facts functioning as explanans. Phenomenal facts refer to facts about structures and processes of consciousness. To differentiate phenomenology from other EFPA and to extract its distinctive feature, I compare phenomenology to the method falling under the category of EFPA it overlaps with the most: new introspective methods as recently described. I then present genetic phenomenology as the distinctive feature of phenomenology and show how particularly genetic phenomenology complements biological explanations of psychopathological phenomena in the context of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Moreover, I present Cognitive Theory (CT) as the most acknowledged EFPA in the broader scientific community, demonstrate CT’s limitations in explaining conscious phenomena in the context of psychological disturbances such as depression, and show how genetic phenomenology can also significantly complement the cognitive approach. An example in the context of burnout-depression will be given. The overall argument for the significance of phenomenology is as follows: Genetic phenomenology renders phenomenology a distinctive kind of EFPA; genetic phenomenology can complement one of the most dominant non-EFPA accounts in the science of psychiatric disorders: biological reductionism; and genetic phenomenology can complement the most dominant existing EFPA in the science of psychological disturbances: Cognitive Theory.
... One of the primary goals of CBT is to teach patients to identify, evaluate, and modify their dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs (i.e., cognitive restructuring) through therapeutic techniques such as the Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thinking (i.e., thought record; Beck, 1979). Additionally, an integral component of CBT is its emphasis on reducing problematic behaviors (e.g., avoidance, social withdrawal) and promoting more functional ones (e.g., through behavioral activation, exposure) (e.g., Barlow et al., 2010;Gilson, Freeman, Yates, & Freeman, 2009;Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2010). Critically, CBT teaches patients skills that not only facilitate symptom reduction, but also lead to long-lasting improvements in mental health and reduce the risk of relapse Hollon, Thase, & Markowitz, 2002). ...
When cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was first developed approximately 50 years ago, it revolutionized the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry. Since then, modern conceptualizations of psychopathology have increasingly emphasized the role of emotion dysregulation in the onset, maintenance, and exacerbation of psychological disorders. Thus, contemporary versions of CBT have begun to adopt an emotion regulation framework in treatment. Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have provided considerable empirical support for these newer, emotion-focused interventions. Additionally, laboratory-based experimental studies have begun to examine the specific emotion regulation mechanisms underlying the effects of CBT. However, one barrier preventing the field from advancing further and improving our cognitive-behavioral treatments is the apparent chasm between treatment outcome studies and laboratory-based experimental studies. This is a noteworthy limitation given that these methodologies are complementary and have their greatest potential when used in combination with each other. In this chapter, we first review treatment outcome studies (i.e., RCTs) that test the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions that highlight the importance of emotion regulation as a key principle of treatment. We then discuss the utility of laboratory-based experimental studies to identify emotion regulation mechanisms underlying treatment efficacy. Lastly, we call for the integration of these two approaches in order to enhance our understanding of psychopathology and further elucidate the role of emotion regulation in cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating psychological disorders.
... The condition has proven so resistant to treatment that one therapeutic approach, based on cognitive-behavioral principles, calls itself "Taming the BEAST," an anagram for "treatment modules" in Biology, Emotions, Activity, Situations and Thoughts. (Gilson & Freeman, 1999) Today, however, the most common treatment strategy is also the simplest. It involves the use of antidepressants, now the third most widely prescribed type of drug in the country, often administered by general practitioners untrained in psychology. ...
This opinion article presents the result of years of observation of depressive patients. It is a report on their treatment while undergoing a feeling therapy that deals with reliving past imprinted trauma in context of new research in neurology and biology. The underlying premise is that early traumatic events, including the time in the womb and at birth, leave an imprint aided by epigenetic methylation that endures and comes to dominate our lives. It later accounts for serious ailments and the imprint plays a role in our behavior, interests and attitudes. Through a feeling psychotherapy that allows patients to relive their traumatic history might be possible to found a way to make profound changes in depression.
... After challenging this perfectionistic demand, cognitive work focused on the global evaluation that underlined her depressive mood (e.g., "If he rejects me that means I'm unattractive and worthless" and "If I'm not going to feel the same thing again nothing is worth living for"). We will not go into great detail about the CBT techniques as we followed existing CBT guidelines for depression [4,83,84]. Instead we will focus on specific evolutionary-informed techniques used in this patient's treatment. ...
Key clinical message:
We present an evolutionary-driven cognitive-behavioral intervention for a moderately depressed patient. Standard cognitive and behavioral therapy techniques focused on the patient's perfectionistic and self-downing beliefs, while novel, evolutionary-informed techniques were used to guide behavioral activation and conceptualize secondary emotional problems related to anger. The treatment reduced depressive symptomatology and increased evolutionary fitness.
... Physical activity contributes to the reduction of psychological distress among the elderly because it promotes psychosocial interaction, improves self-esteem, helps in the maintenance and improvement of cognitive functions, and serves to reduce the frequency of relapses of depression and anxiety (Stella et al. 2002). More recently, in the treatment of mental health, physical activity has become one of the formal aspects of the cognitive behavioral treatment model known as BEAST (Behaviour, Emotion, Activity, Situation and Thoughts; Gilson et al. 2009;Lawlor and Hopker 2001). ...
The aim of this study was to compare by sex, physical activity, and academic qualifications the symptomatology of depression among elders. The sample consisted of 140 elderly, 70 elements were male and 70 female, aged over 62 years. The instruments used to assess the dependent variables were the Scale of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, the Beck Depressive Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Significant gender effects were obtained demonstrating that those who practiced physical activity had lower rates of depression and anxiety. Comparisons showed that women had higher values than men. At the level of educational attainment it was found that individuals with lower level of education tended to have higher values for both depression and anxiety. Finally, a significant correlation was identified between physical activity, depression and anxiety, and for trait anxiety, however this correlation was not statistically significant. It was concluded that physical activity is associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety.
... Physical activity contributes to the reduction of psychological distress among the elderly because it promotes psychosocial interaction, improves self-esteem, helps in the maintenance and improvement of cognitive functions, and serves to reduce the frequency of relapses of depression and anxiety (Stella et al. 2002). More recently, in the treatment of mental health, physical activity has become one of the formal aspects of the cognitive behavioral treatment model known as BEAST (Behaviour, Emotion, Activity, Situation and Thoughts; Gilson et al. 2009;Lawlor and Hopker 2001). ...
The aim of this study was to compare by sex, physical activity, and academic qualifications the symptomatology of depression among elders. The sample consisted of 140 elderly, 70 elements were male and 70 female, aged over 62 years. The instruments used to assess the dependent variables were the Scale of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, the Beck Depressive Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Significant gender effects were obtained demonstrating that those who practiced physical activity had lower rates of depression and anxiety. Comparisons showed that women had higher values than men. At the level of educational attainment it was found that individuals with lower level of education tended to have higher values for both depression and anxiety. Finally, a significant correlation was identified between physical activity, depression and anxiety, and for trait anxiety, however this correlation was not statistically significant. It was concluded that physical activity is associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety.
... Prolonged exposure is just one evidence-based psychotherapy to treat anxiety disorders. Protocols have been published for the management and treatment of social anxiety (Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2010), panic (Craske & Barlow, 2007), and depression (Gilson, Freeman, Yates, & Freeman, 2009) to name just a few. PE Coach may serve as an initial example and model for other effective protocols that would also lend themselves to patient and provider companion apps. ...
Prolonged exposure (PE) is an empirically supported treatment that is being disseminated broadly to providers in the Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. Innovative methods are needed to support the implementation, dissemination, and patient and provider adherence to PE. The PE Coach is a smartphone application (app) designed to mitigate barriers to PE implementation. PE Coach is installed on the patient's phone and includes a range of capabilities for use during the PE session and after each session to support the treatment. Functions include the ability to audio record treatment sessions onto the patient's device, to construct the in vivo hierarchy on the device, to record completed homework exercises, to review homework adherence, and to track symptom severity over time. The app also allows sessions and homework to be scheduled directly in the app, populating the device calendar with patient reminder notifications. In the final session, a visual display of symptom improvement and habituation to items on the in vivo hierarchy is presented. These capabilities may significantly improve convenience, provider implementation and adherence, and patient compliance with treatment. Future research is needed to test whether PE Coach is useful and effective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
... Availability and quality of social support from family members should be assessed when treating a person with depression because this appears to be an important component of psychiatric and medical care. Moreover, the reduction of negative family interactions is a potentially valuable intervention target that should be commonly included in empirically supported psychosocial treatment manuals for depressive disorders (e.g., [65]). Studies of schizophrenia indicate that expressed emotion is a modifiable risk factor and that when family-based treatments are associated with reductions in family expressed emotion levels, there is an associated reduction in relapse rates [53]. ...
Few studies have examined the association between social support, negative interaction, and major depressive disorder among representative samples of racial and ethnic minority groups. This study investigates the relationship between emotional support and negative interaction with family members on lifetime major depressive disorder among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks.
Cross-sectional epidemiologic data from the National Survey of American Life and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to predict lifetime history of major depressive disorder and to examine the effect of perceived emotional support and negative interaction on major depressive disorder among 3,570 African Americans and 1,621 Caribbean Blacks aged 18 and older.
Multivariate analyses found that perceived emotional support was associated with lower odds of MDD for African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Negative interaction with family was associated with greater odds of MDD for African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Emotional support moderated the impact of negative interaction on MDD for Caribbean Blacks, but not for African Americans.
This is the first study to investigate the relationships between emotional support, negative interaction with family members and depressive disorder among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Negative interaction was a risk factor for depression and emotional support was a protective factor.
... The results of this study have important clinical implications. The reduction of negative family interactions is a potentially valuable intervention target that is not commonly included in empirically supported psychosocial treatment manuals for anxiety ( Foa et al., 2007) and depressive disorders (Freeman and Gilson, 2009). Interventions that target high levels of negative expressed emotion among families with a schizophrenic member have been shown to be effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of this disorder (McFarlane et al., 2003). ...
Both emotional support and negative interaction with family members have been linked to mental health. However, few studies have examined the associations between emotional support and negative interaction and psychiatric disorders in late life. This study investigated the relationship between emotional support and negative interaction on lifetime prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among older African Americans.
The analyses utilized the National Survey of American Life.
Logistic regression and negative binomial regression analyses were used to examine the effect of emotional support and negative interaction with family members on the prevalence of lifetime DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders.
Data from 786 African Americans aged 55 years and older were used.
The DSM-IV World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used to assess mental disorders. Three dependent variables were investigated: the prevalence of lifetime mood disorders, the prevalence of lifetime anxiety.
Multivariate analysis found that emotional support was not associated with any of the three dependent variables. Negative interaction was significantly and positively associated with the odds of having a lifetime mood disorder, a lifetime anxiety disorder and the number of lifetime mood and anxiety disorders.
This is the first study to investigate the relationships among emotional support, negative interaction with family members and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. Negative interaction was a risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders among older African Americans, whereas emotional support was not significant.
The aim of this paper is to determine the state of the football player before starting
preparations for the upcoming half-season. The sample consisted of 18 players of the third federal rank. The subjects were first measured body height (anthropometer) and then the body composition using the Inbody 770 instrument. Subsequently, tests were performed to assess the explosive leg power (CMJ, CMJa, SJ) using an instrument Optojump, agility (9-6-3- 6-9, sprint 20m) and endurance (Yo-Yo endurance). Correlations have shown that there is a correlation between BMI and agility tests. The percentage of body fat and body fat in kilograms correlated with CMJ and sprint in all three stages. After the research, the level of readiness of athletes was determined and an adequate plan and program of the training process will be developed in order to achieve the best possible results in the upcoming period.
Depression has become one of the most common mental illnesses in the past decade, affecting millions of patients and their families. However, the methods of diagnosing depression almost exclusively rely on questionnaire-based interviews and clinical judgments of symptom severity, which are highly dependent on doctors’ experience and makes it a labor-intensive work. This research work aims to develop an objective and convenient method to assist depression detection using facial features as well as textual features. Most of the people conceal their depression from everyone. So, an automated system is required that will pick out them who are dealing with depression. In this research, different research work focused for detecting depression are discussed and a hybrid approach is developed for detecting depression using facial as well as textual features. The main purpose of this research work is to design and propose a hybrid system of combining the effect of three effective models: Natural Language Processing, Stacked Deep Auto Encoder with Random forest (RF) classifier and fuzzy logic based on multi-feature depression detection system. According to literature several fingerprint as well as fingervein recognition system are designed that uses various techniques in order to reduce false detection rate and to enhance the performance of the system. A comparative study of different recognition technique along with their limitations is also summarized and optimum approach is proposed which may enhance the performance of the system. The result analysis shows that the developed technique significantly advantages over existing methods.
Background:
Emerging evidence suggests that people living with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are also at greater risk for depression and distress. If left untreated, these comorbid mental health concerns can have long-lasting impacts on medical and physical health outcomes.
Design:
This prospective trial randomized rural men and women with uncontrolled T2D (HbA1c ≥ 7.0) who screened positive for co-morbid depressive (PHQ-2 > 3) or distress (DDS-2 > 3) symptoms in a primary medical care setting to receive either: 1) 16 sessions of cognitive and/or behavioral intervention tailored to symptom severity across 12 months along with routine medical care, or 2) usual primary care. Outcomes included change from baseline to 12-months in HbA1c, diabetes related distress, depressive symptoms, and diabetes self-care activities.
Baseline results:
139 patients (Mean age = 52.6 ± 9.6 years) with T2D from impoverished rural communities were enrolled (almost half reporting annual income of <$10,000 per year). Baseline data indicated that patients were experiencing profoundly uncontrolled T2D of a long duration (Mean HbA1c = 9.61 ± 2.0; Mean BMI = 37.0 ± 9.1; Mean duration = 11.2 ± 8.9 years) along with high levels of distress (Mean DDS-17 Scale Score = 2.5 ± 1.0) and/or depressive symptoms (Mean PHQ-9 Scale Score = 9.3 ± 6.1).
Conclusion:
Patients with uncontrolled T2D of long duration manifest complex co-morbidities including associated obesity, depressive symptoms and/or diabetes related distress. A behavioral intervention for T2D that concurrently targets symptoms of depression and distress may lead to more effective outcomes in this high-risk population.
Clinical trial registration:
NCT02863523.
Many kinds of psychological treatments are available, differing in their procedures and clinical assumptions. This chapter starts by describing the history and development of psychotherapy in general and then provides an overview of the best-known schools of thought in psychotherapy today. We compare the theoretical foundation, treatment goals, therapy techniques, and therapist role of each of the following approaches: Traditional and contemporary cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy, humanistic and person-centered therapy, and systemic therapy. Because CBT is the most empirically supported and extensively researched approach, we provide a more in depth coverage of its learning principles, such as classical (Pavlovian) and operant conditioning, and the development of behavior therapy. We describe the cognitive influence and the emergence of traditional CBT with efficacious therapy techniques, such as distinguishing thoughts from feelings and behaviors (the three component model of psychological distress), cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments and exposure, and contingency management. Furthermore, we discuss the more recently established mindfulness-based approaches, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and dialectical behavior therapy. Another commonly utilized approach is psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. We describe Freud’s topographic and structural models and the psychosexual stages with traditional psychoanalytic therapy techniques, such as free association, analysis of transference and countertransference, analytic interpretation and dream analysis. A brief overview of some newer psychodynamic therapies, such as analytical, individual and ego psychology, object relation, self-psychology and relational psychology is also provided in this section. The third psychotherapy approach described in this chapter is the humanistic or person-centered psychotherapy. This non-directive approach highlights the two parts of the self (the real-self and the ideal self) and motivates the client towards self-actualization (i.e. finding congruence between the real-self and the ideal-self). The therapeutic relationship, in which the therapist exhibits empathy, positive regard, and genuineness, is the vital mechanism responsible for achieving this goal. The last psychotherapy approach described in this chapter is systemic therapy. This approach focuses on individuals in their social context and is nowadays synonymous with relation or family therapy. In this section we describe structural therapy, communication or strategic therapy and intergenerational or Bowen family therapy. In summary, CBT has the most empirical support and contains the most effective therapy techniques. Understanding the processes through which therapeutic change occurs and disseminating efficacious treatments through new technologies will continue to warrant future research on psychotherapy. The field will continue to embark on the journey of understanding which therapeutic techniques work for which individual, under which context and why.
Cognitive theory (CT) is currently the most widely acknowledged framework used to describe the psychological processes in affective disorders like depression. The purpose of this paper is to assess the philosophical assumptions upon which CT rests. It is argued that CT must be revised due to significant flaws in many of these philosophical assumptions. The paper contains suggestions as to how these problems could be overcome in a manner that would secure philosophical accuracy, while also providing an account that is better suited to explaining some of the cognitive, emotional, and bodily manifestations of affective disorders.
The relationship between hypertension and related biological, psychological, and social variables among patients diagnosed with hypertension was investigated utilizing the biopsychosocial model. Fifty-four participants from one outpatient private medical office were administered a demographic form, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Health Adherence Behavior Inventory (HABIT), the Inventory for Cognitive Distortions (ICD), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results indicated that the participants' use of caffeine positively correlated with their high blood pressure readings. In addition, participants who reported having significant social support engaged in more health promoting behaviors. These findings were consistent with the hypotheses. Limitations of this research and directions for further research are discussed. These findings may have indications for primary care physicians, as they may better understand factors related to hypertension.
One important part of the pre-surgical mental health evaluation is to assess what, if any, emotional factors may be related to a patient's eating behavior. In this way, appropriate biopsychosocial interventions may be designed to facilitate their long-term maintenance of weight loss. The current investigation examined the role that negative emotional states might play in increased pre-surgical eating behavior in a sample of bariatric surgery patients.
A sample of 122 female patients completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory as a component of a comprehensive psychological evaluation. This questionnaire contains 6 items that assess the degree of 6 negative emotional states. These data were examined to determine which negative emotional states were most frequently related to increased eating behavior. In addition, the frequency of reporting multiple emotional contributors to eating was also examined.
Eating when stressed received the highest scores, followed by eating when bored, eating when depressed, eating when anxious, eating when angry, and eating when tired. A large segment (38%) of the sample indicated that emotional factors did not contribute a large amount to their increased weight gain, while on the other hand, a large segment (40%) could be identified as "emotional eaters."
To increase the likelihood of long-term maintenance of weight loss, a significant portion of this patient population would benefit from interventions targeting overcoming boredom, reducing stress, and managing depression. In the pre-surgical evaluation, it is important to identify those patients who are "emotional eaters" and to refer them for appropriate interventions.
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