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ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR

Authors:

Abstract

This study is significantly important from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Theoretically speaking, the findings of this study will review new theories in the existing literature which will help the scholars in further exploring the subject from the manufacturing perspective. Since, the past studies are mostly based on the construction, defence, and service sector and mostly on software development; this study will focus mainly on the implementation of project management in the manufacturing industry with the adoption of modern tools like Jira and Asana in this sector. Alternatively, the empirical investigation in this research could provide a reasonable rather logical overview of the strategies to practitioners and academics for the introduction of APM in the environment of traditional project management in the area of manufacturing which is still under-explored by past researchers. In addition, this research will also guide the project managers with the help of empirical research in identifying the drivers due to which APM has been introduced and the challenges the project managers would face in applying those in the manufacturing industries. This study is aimed to comprehend the role of cloud-based and automated tools, Jira and Asana in effective project management: by investigating the manufacturing sector.
ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
SOFTWARE IN THE MANUFACTURING
SECTOR
Table of Contents
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()'*
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!)**&
$3$44+""
3$4+""'
4.454+""'
6
$7*

8+)
9*
$1:
,:
."#
.".;#
."7&
617
6!"*1
6.*1
"' <
"' 
1<
)/<0
)
1)/*0
:%1
#4*
&47=>4*
$"6
$:
1).:
4
?2@
2.A@:
'*458<4#&
@#
$*#
$#
Table of Figures
$"' 
@-  '&
@"' 6
Table of Charts
@,
@4
@= 
@- =>
@,45*)'>+""
6@B,")""6
@,;";
:@,)")'*
'":
#@,">"#
&@"*&
@;+C"'
+
@+C"'
+
@+"C"
@"+"C"
"+
@"*+)' 
++)
6@"*+)' +
+)6
@"*+)' +
+)
:@! "")
*+:
#@ "*)  #
&@-.*)'>+""6&
@-."*"+""
+6
@-.)**6
@-.*)
) 6
@-.">")"""
6
@42+""'.7=6
6@72'+""66
@4 '""6
:@* "*'26:
#@B"*" +6#
&@42+""')D.7=D
"&
@=+""')
@="* +' '""
@="; )"
@B))""
@) ,45C-."'""
+""
6@!+""'' "6
@+"""")*"
:@2*"+"":
#@3$4C4.454*"*#
Table of tables
@,
@4
@= 
@- =>
@,45*)'>+""
6@B,")""6
@,;";6
:@,)")'*
'"
#@,">":
&@"*#
@;+C"'
+&
@+C"'
+
@+"C"
@"+"C"
"+
@"*+)' 
++)
6@"*+)' +
+)
6
@"*+)' +
+)6
:@! "")
*+
#@ "*) :
&@-.*)'>+.6&
@-."*"+""
+6
@-.)**6
@-.*)
) 6
@-.">")"""
6
@42+""'.7=6
6@72'+""66
@4 '""6
:@* "*'26:
#@B"*" +6#
&@42+""')D.7=D
"&
@=+""')
@="* +' '""
@="; )"
@B))""
@) ,45C-."'""
+""
6@!+""'' "6
@+"""")*"
:@2*"+"":
#@3$4C4.454*"*#
Chapter 1 – Introduction
1.1 Background
*'2+""'>)*
'*>*"D'+
""""">'")"
/EFC,GD&0 =)"" 
"")" #&D''"'A'
"H"+""/<+IDD&0!+
""'+*B.)"2'
""D*
D D) """ ''  +
""/"CJ"D&&01)+'"
 ' """    " +)  + "" KD 
)  "* + >  "   /J!7,D&0 !+
""""D '
')"DA )"+) '
+D'+''
"           D  ""  * 
""+'D*)
''*+""5D*D">*
+7+)")*D' "*
+DA*)*D"")'
DA")*D"'/<;D&0D
"" ")    " > '
:
"4*D")*D)2
2)"
   ) ) )    )"     +
""*""""*/0
' *  '* ) + ""    
"*   " '  + ""  4 !+
7" /4!70 "    *   "  
"    >" /,FD &#0 J  "  "
" ,-  '.'
" 34D")*
"*D
"'""
"  + ""  "  D   
>'+""))D"*
+""4D'+""
)"*""'2
 34
4""+"""
+""**D*
+"' )
)"/1D&0 A*D"
   + "" " ) " ) /. C !D
&0) "  +
""  )      A"  "  
"  * /KD  D &09')D   ) '*
"*')") ')
4!7'*D)*D)D""*
+"" ')* *+""
*')"D>"""
D   3 4 ),  -  '.
#
*""*D  "> "" '
)"4*D **"
) " "   "  )  "  " 
)*
D  * ' "  "    '2 "  +
""
1.2 Problem statement
   + "   * ")   
)"")+
* )"D"
+""D+""+)" 
""*"+/DD&#0
8"*""""
")" )>D>4!7*)"
'         2' 
)"4*  )'*'  
)D')')"))
  4!7     "   )  " 
+D)"
 )2*"
2D 34>"D'
")>")*>
)'
 *  * " "     )
* D    * ' )' '    >
''>+""
).D"*DD)
"*')"H*'"*""
+"""*'" 3
&
44)*D"))
))'    "  
 4!7   )"   + ""    
"'2>*D'
+"'"*)
 '4!7     +"'
*" *""
2  " D 3  4  ) + ""@ *
) "   "   * ' '
A@
Research Question
'A'"+)@
 -*"*)
,'  '""
";L
 -)""2+
""'"*LM
 -"+""'L
 9'"2+"""' 
34)*"L
Research Framework
'$"' @









 


 



 
!"
 
#
$
"
%
"

$"'
Chapter 2 – Literature review and hypothesis testing
2.1 Introduction

;"D)'
"")" !+"""" 
  "")*' " 
 )*  *   ; '  "2
D" ")"
+  "D ) )  " + "" '  " 
""    + ""   "  ' D
D"D+' '*
'')"4*D))
+""' D2""
  8 '  + "" "*  "
)+'""")""'
"  )  -D *" " 
+  ;D "*    *  2 
'+""2+ """
)*'D"";
 +D"""2'
/D&0D"""
+""''N"
 "    "  2 + "" ' 
)'D)"')
+""
2.2 Project management in the manufacturing industry
7)*"*
"" " 9')D
"""">"
+""'+""D*"D
'DA"D"A"+
"*D'' D*""
"**"" D""*D 

''"")'*
""''*+D'
 +"
 "+'"
'* ")."*D*
'  )*""4D + """ 
' 'D'" '
 ")/(D&0
4  "D D 'D >     ) 
+) + ' )"  '  +
     + ""  /.'D&&#0  *"D 'D
"+*"+
"" " D * "     *   
*DD > 7  /&&0)   
+""  """
 *  '2'* "" ' * "   *
""4<OP /&#0D >+)
 "  "    "*    &Q 
)*+)
)"'*A*DA
))+>*A"

!+"""*" '+'
DA*DD")*/*D0D'
"")4!,/&0D "
*+ *
+ *'7)D+
""">'' 
+'' D"*'2"
 )  )  ) ""  ) *    

' D     ""  "' /$D  D &0 4*D
)'D ' " " 
' "+"")

2.2 Project management tools
!+ ""   "  R"N  "   ) 
"  '   ; '* '    + " .'
/&&#0 "  +  '* * )
+)"D*+"
 A""""'
;D*""*4
4"D  /&&60D '         )  
"D*+"""D>)*
)'2
2.2.1 Gantt charts
,*
"+""D'*/C9D&&:0
*D)*'&+"&A
')),""
+""=),')*&&*
- /&&0D"'")  D
))*D"*)/(+C7*D&04
"  A   !" =)  $)' A /!=$0 
!7/!70) +""
    ,   *   ' * )  D
*' -D
*/,C(D&09')D
-/&&0),D
* )  ,"

)" +"" *  ""
"     )       D
+""
*D+2,'"**J 
/#0  )  ,  '    
' -"D)
+)/,C(D&05D77/&0
')',*"+'
*D*)+'
+"&)=);,)
A*D'"*7)D,(/&0
) "   "+  , 
*),>'+
   + "  2
D4/&0-*",+
"");)>D'*,'
)*'*)*>"
"D*   +
+
2.2.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
-.+"" '""+
"** +"D")D-.
""* SD )T'
=) "  -.   ) *   S2T
/8CD&0" *-.D')*
 ' 2 D  S+ 
*"T  2         " ) 
) ) D -.          
" 4"))-.
6
)*   
" )** +D)
" 7)D  "")*
""" D"
+')""5D
' -.)+D
 DST>""D'
)*") /,!+7"D&0
-   "D . D   /&&:0 )    
"'"
 "  /&:0      "   
"')-.A)
") D -.  " "
"  * '    '   "   
D  D   "  " /, C
$D&04'D-."**"
 '/!.0"'"
 7)D !U /&0    !.     
+'"*V)'
""D*
" ' *"*"
+"""*/. DD&&:0-*
-.)-."+"")

@-  '

 >    -.   '*  D .D  
/&:0) " ' "  "+     D -.
    "  !.D  -. *      
7)D+""
-4/&&0"' -.!.
*"")'
+")) '-.
 * "    ' . /.0D 8  ' .
/8.0D!+(*.D './.0( '
./$DD&0
-.*)+""*+"
' "*'>"D
))+D""')'
"") ' *D *' *
""'*S-.>
"+"D*"T
:
/8 C D &0 4*D     ,   +
""   '* '" + "" )" 
,)"**
""D-."'"'  .8.
  )'+""
 '')' )/9C
( D&07)D,"'"
+'+""'
 7.!+!"),"+*
"/5*C(D&#08""
'*@
            
 !
.""'""+@D
"  "   + A"  D   + 
"D '>+.D""''
"  > * "" ' + """
/4>.D &60+""""" 
+D"  +
""+""
+ ""       "    
""+"D*""
*'' D*"
"+""4*D+""">
) D"*)*A*+')
D)*+/?.D&0D
""'*@
"#$
%$
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)>DJD/&02"
'   + "  )  *    D   
""R'N*)
+"*"+4*!-/&#0D
'Q "")"
***"
2*"*+"D"*"
"*'8*D2" ""
2+"")"' ; /C
D&04*D ""*
D* +D*'
>D) A"*D) 
*)+"" *"
D+">"
+)+*+)*
""+"
)  /W; C 7D&#0     +
""  ""'""  *
  4D     )"D ")  D
)D)"
)*D"
+")"""D*
'+)"/1D&0")'
'"
2.3 Drivers of cloud-based and automated tools in manufacturing project
management
2.3.1 Cost-saving
  +  *     D    
"+""'
&
"* )  '+"
*"      '     /.D &&0 
"+ + ""   ' * * 
).*DS)".' .) /..0
*")' )+"D
*""*'D'"2"*T
/!'D &#D 60 + "" '"  * ' 
"  " + ""     ' "
)4"    ' " *
"* '*"""
"  )  *   " * + " *
*)' "*"")
"   '  *   ") D  
"  "  + ""   "   " /D
&0
 " + "" D    D )  * 
*  *  +   A "*
'   '      ) 4D  "
AD)A4"
+""''")
")/D&0
D!-/&#0+""""
" "'+D
*)"D")*
+* "  D* 
+")+
2.3.3 Privacy and security
!)**D'*
=D#:&##&'"*"'"D

*'"+4D*2)"
)*D   " "" "  "  
"D*)'"*
)/$"*DD&&09')D&
 '     8    *
*"'))>4D
")**)**)
'*,""*"*
+""") 
 *     /.D D
&09D*)*+*''
  D*""D )"DD 4 +
"" "*    " " "   D /0
+)"*'++)
'D /0   *   +  * D"
* " H/0"* 
)*+/=DD&60
)D)'***
    +   " " * A*D
)''""*
' )     + "" "   "D
)**A*")**
+/9";DD&#0)2
)  ' " )   "     
!)* * )** * ,1!$
/,1!$0"*'
R1).8N')"D*-D1)8
 ' )" D 1).8  '     
"""*'")"
  4 D       ' ' *
     )" /(D &0   

) * "  )   "  ; "" ' 
;   "" "D *  " "  * 
'       D D   A*  
"+/7=D&#09D" 
      '   )  *D  *
"*+""D*"
 )    "  + ""D    
""'*@
&'$$(
8)"""
+""D '"+
""'@ 3$44.454  "
*
2.4 Role of JIRA and Asana in project management
2.4.1 JIRA an agile project management tool and software
3$4'')*4&+""
"* +""
''*D2-
"2D'
"")D*
 )"'"" "
)"".$B73$4' ' /7C7D
&0 4 "   +"" '  A
3$4* )"
* + ""  '    D  D 
A-3$4D+"*  
 """*'
'"*  D
")) 4D"*

'9')D"
>*"*A"
/W; C7D&#04D"
)*3$4'""
3$4 *"*+""
'*) D+""
'"*)")"4*"+
" 3$4   " ' 'D  "  " " 
"  )  "    + "" '
S)"J222> ""D'
   "  "; ' ' "     2"
"  /2V' D  D )* 0  " 
*")*)"T/4D&0
3$4)*'""")"
'"*'5D3$4'
"D' S7,9T
)"*;'*D
'4.454""/-C-D&0D)"
2
2.4.2 ASANA an agile project management tool and software
4  + ""  )' "   "" 
"2 D17 );'
&&:+"" "  "
'*)"*"'"' 
"+" ""1 
''D""""*
+*"""+D')*
 D""')V> /DD&:04
 *" '  "          

"*  *      4" 
+""D4"''DD
1> 5'* "*          1> 
"9D'
1>D* .")''4
@S. D?D,"D9D8 D,1)T/7A
CD&#0 4"
48.D'2+"" 
)"  " "*     + "  "
""" )
+/27C2"XD&04.454
""""""+" "
'")"
""+""' 3$44.454
2D')''
A*$"/&60')'"'"
"2"D"
+ ""     "*'> 
+4D)'2
"*D""
+"D ''>D*
*4 '*"""
"*""'")";D"
 ' D   >) "*   / C .'D &&0
"D=*   /&0  "  2 D  3$4 
4""**)
;1D" "*'2
)>D")""'
A"D"N)*- +
D"   *
'-"D' "*'"

A*  )     + 5 *  + "   
>)" "" "2"
 /7D &0 4D ))"    )*   2 +
""   "     7)D    ">
+D D2"+
"*D"*
 /4;D  D &0 $* D )*    )"  '
D)+YD2"
' "    /D &0 "D 3$4  4.454 ) 
+""'&D
*  /&0 "     ' '  "* ' D A*
'*@
)(%$*(+
-"D">*+' +"
  "**' "*4D
'*"+'D">*D
D'*"")"
>''" /.ZDD&:0A*D '
'+D)D
'   "     *  /,D &0 5)D  
>   +D '    *    
; ")D"'""
 ; /J  C -';D &0*D ."  
 '';A"*/0D
) *' DA*"4""
';)$1)"
/$C10)/.DD&02"
 ">"" D         +
""!D '+"
*"*'')"*".'.)/..0
6
'";"2"*4D2)"
;")*"*"' "
   + ""D * ")  '  
'  ; /4"D D &&0    )'   '
*@
, '  (  $    % $ 
(($(
2.5 Research gap
)+""+"
A"""""'
")"D ,-.
 ' D D ") )"  '   * 
!*3$44.454)"""D+
  ") )*  *  '  '   
"" '  " "" 1D  *
+"""+
 )>)* D ' 
 '   '* * /W; C 7D
&#04*D>D"' 
H  )   '*  " "  ' 
"  " "D  3$4 4.454 + ""
'N*>"

&$'
3.1 Introduction
S$+""'"T
+""''' /03/4D&60
/0 4 /4 D &0 )        + ""
>*'))
'+""> "*
"* D,45D5' A!=$!7D
   ) 9')D  " *  
;'"*'
))'''+""
D$7*A"
**'* 
*"
**'2"A"*
"+)
3.2 Objectives
 *  "   ) " )  + ""
""
 .;)*'>
+"")A
 B ' )     "     +
""
:
 ''34)>
 *       + ""   "

3.2.1 Hypothesis
9@)")"!7 ,45
C-.
9@)'")
"+""
9$)"
9@"!+7"*34
9@$4"!+"""

3.3 Research Design
"+'
4/,D&0'
    *  D S=>"$ 1TD 
;*'""
+""DD3/7D&04
''  "
' '*
>"")
"*'
>"))
        '    A) 
"DA
*-     "
' A   " '*
#
    *  '   /8=1D &&0  
)*
3.4 Target Group
*A"')'
"   *    
*         -    * ' "
+""
*"''34
+""/4D&0*+
)/7*4D&0
"D )*" "") 'D
))""*B"' *
**')")A"*
  + ""         /1[ C 7\D &&0
,"*")+""
,"*)"'*=$!D>"
.4!","*D,"*
*"''"A"*
'
3.5 Sample
4"/7+D&:0
'"D/0;"
D*;"
"'>
/0"*'"D
&
3.5.1 Sample Size
)";&&'""*)"
*'")D*)'"/%D
&0)";
.@*";?.
.@B";"'
 !"#$%&#"$%&'(
"""' *
D
.@.A"
/0)@) ) #Q  ?2. #Q
)#6
/0 .1)@    )   * &  
)&'""")'*''
))
/07)@"*'
*'"
*'  "  ' D
''34'>+""
')]V2:Q')9)#Q
)':Q"
:Q"*'&
):Q')&&:*'
)
.@4*""
$A.".;^!"#$%&#"$%&'(
^/#60_/&_/2&00V/&`0
^#_&V&&
^&#:V&&^#:
^&&

D' &&";*A"
)+*
    "   *D D  
""A)'>+""
);
3.5.2 Sampling Method
 " A "    '* '   " ;   
.";'
"**&&""")""
')" "
''9)""'
"*   *   )   * '  2*
"+)+*
"'
 '    + "" '      
"D/0' 'D/0
'")/0' '"
'AD ))
2
3.6 Data Collection Method
"";8D*
"*D/0 !"*1 /0.*1 
".* "
)'        )   "  
)'*1)+)''
)')"
))DR($)'N

3.6.1 Primary Data
  R!"* 1N         D 
"  * "   "*    '  *   '
A"'+""'
"  ) " "*   ")
"   /0 B % "   '  ))  
"*+""D/08)7
))"' 7'
))*D/0 ""
""*""
'"*))
A*)"")*''
*""9')D"*
*) 
)"A)
")*">'
A
3.6.2 Secondary Data
*;*')
"*'*"
)+)
 )"""
*"*""*'
""*'*
*
3.7 Conceptual Framework and Variables
*+)'*
)+)

3.7.1 Conceptual Framework
"' D"'
' ""+
""'') D/0
,45D /0"  "D /0 ) * '*
)"D/)0+""*D
/)0-.-  './ C4D&&0)
;4")'
  ' 3  4 ' + "" '    
)+""B"*"'"
")'""+""
""' )*"
      " )  3  4 ) 
)KA
)

()



()
*
/>0
+%
/>0
#
/>0
,-#
/>0
!$"
"#"."

'
'

()
*-./0/"0/&0/)1
@"'

3.7.2 Defining Variables
*'"*'"
  +) ) $ 7 /!) C
J D &0 '  "   ) *   '  
9')D  )     )  
'')*')"
A ) */01 </0
</0<
3.7.3 Indirect variables (IV)
 ' )       )  "   )
"' 4) *"
")') ,/>0D
C"/>0D.*/>0D-./>0
/0,45  />0@  )  
"+"")')
'"""
"+""""
'*
/0  C " />0@   " '  )* "    
"+"")
9')D**D

/0.* />0@  " " 
+ "" .*  ""       '
""D')
)"">+""
*''
/)0-./>0@) )*"
"'+""

3.7.4 Control variables
) ")
"9')')
))D/03D/04D'N'
;+""'")
+"")"*
9'"''"
)+""D)

3.7.5 Direct variable (y)
D S=) !+ 7"  7 */*0T   
)D")
*+""*'''
  "* "  "    ' 
* RKN 
A
)
3.8 Questionnaire Design
*;"**D"*"
"AA/*"C
D&0'"+H/01""
/0"))
)"   +) A  *  * 
A'"A)*9')D
 " " "   A)    "+* 
A)A)"A)"
A'A')
''"))
")"'  DD
)4))A"'
6
A'
')*A)( 
;*
3.9 The application of tools for Analysis
 > " "   ;  *     
A   " *    *  /5 4" 
.D&0 'A*"
))/01)
'>D
*D/04@
/0?2H/02.AH/0'*458<4H/0
'')
+*''
 ! "    )      "'  /0
$*@$*/,C$D
&:0''
)4
)>R4*N'
')'*"*
3.10 Application of Ms Excel for Analysis
"*'
"***
)')'
"*"*)*7=>
"')
7=>'*
*"
''*+*H/0
*     )     '  '  "

'D/0A
">")D/0
'*D/)0
)*>*A" *"'
"'""*D'* 
A*D/)0*D*D
*A" *
D*7=>*
3.11 Research limitation
"*D')D'
"'D'
' "
">"*
*' /,C$D&:0*
A"D)
)))>
"'"*"*)A*>
"  ) *"D )*
'')"
*'')
')"**"
""")"*)'
)*"
'')"*
*
8D)"")>
') '    '   
:
'>'
'"*)*
" "* "   " ) '*'
>
/$
     A) )  "*   " &&
 "  "  ' M  '  
A" ')')*.4*
""D'.2( *"
*  )           
   *    ' *M'    " 
")''>D
#
 '   "  )  '    ' 
)D'@
01
,DC"D.*D-.
01
=)!+7"7*
)A))
4.1 Descriptive Statistics
=A )"D"
""M)*+""'
"

"")YD
*D)
"A**
@,
* $
' :
 

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

   
2@,
8D"'"':
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*D')*'
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4.2.1 Z-test:
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)9+@
)(%$*(+
# 
:
?4%1%#'
2<<< /00/)+12/34
' &# #:
C0 6:666 
7 && &&
D?' & M
?6:::# M
(EFG?)4 &&66 M
?4 6:6 M
(EFG?)4 &:: M
?4 ###6#: M
4Q)D9+"?)
)b###D')
D'"!+7")*
*4
)9+@
)(%$*(
4.2.2 Chi-Square test:
2A"'))'>
)*'*
:
#/*
 1  9 191 
 1  9 9 1 
   9 191 
   91 9  
   9 9  
   91 9  
   9 9 1 
   91 9  
 1  91 9  
   91 9  
   9 91 1 
   9 19 1 
   9 9 1 
1   91 91  
1  9 91  
 1 91 911  1
 1  9 191 
 1 91 911  1
1221 980 2201 1221 980 2201
Chi square 911 E11
:
4#=092G&&=]&&
")D2)"&&=]&&D
')"
*',)"
""
:6
"95
:
4#=095G2>::H::
")D2)"&&=]&&D
')"
*'"D)
"""
::
"9&
  19 191 
  91 19 
1 1 1 19 9 1
  91 91 
  19 191 
  91 91 
 1  91 19 
 1  19 191 
   911 19 
1   19 191 
  91 19 
1   19 191 
1   19 191 
 1 19 9 1
 1  19 191 
  1 9 9 1
   9 9 
   911 19 
   911 9 
  9 91 
  19 191 
1  91 91 
1 1 1 19 9 1
 9 9 
1071 980 2051 1071 980 2051
Chi square 911 E11
:#
2.A<>*^&&=]&&
)D2)"&&=]&&D
')"
*'.*
"M""
#&
"9/
  9 1 91 
1 9 9  1
  9 9 11 
  9 9 11 
 911 9  
 1  9 191 
  9 9 11 
  91 1 9 
  9 9 11 
 1  911 19 
 1  91 19 
   911 19 
   911 19 
   9 9 
   91 19 
   91 19 
   911 19 
 1  9 191 
   9 9 
   91 91 
   91 91 
   91 9 
   91 9 
 1 19 9  1
 1 19 9  1
 1  91 9 
  91  91 
1168 980 2148 1168 980 2148
Chi square 911 E11
2.A<>*^&&=]&&
#
42)&&=]&&D')
"M4)M'-.
"""M
4.2.3 one way ANOVA
4*)/458<40A"
")""*")
>))D"
)"D'"
"1#
#8''"$; M M M M
( )  <& 2
* &&   :666
7#%+%' && && && ::##
#8$%; ## & & 6
,-# && 6: 6: :#666
!$" ## ## ## #
"#"." && &# &# 6:6666
%0' && #:& #: 
".70"
(4  $( 4 0 3"& 0
-* 6 6 :## #: =2 6
,* #: 6#  M M M
IM M M M M M
% #& 6## M M M M
#
D:1J2GJ5
D"1J2KJ5
458<4'""')"!+
""'""'2
))#aD'+9&
94
4.2.4 Correlation:
=>"''*
A)"* 
'''*')
2 
5
56 
37
758'3
9
 +3'  
7::7534
7
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,
',+""7)D
"&#&'"D
"""4'D.*&#
''*""""D
-.&''-.
"""
4.3 Regression analysis
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BD+3-4,(;$<
B(<$((3-(
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References
 4DJD&35;/)+4<<./4/+B<%:55E<D@(
B)*4.
 7=D&#F7(3-4+$+Gc8d
4)@@VV'''""V+2""V+2""22
2A
c43*&d
 4"D$DD3C!D$D&&6)""""@4
)'1-(&?:/0D2
 4"D7D4D4D.DJC."D1!D&&28
"' =!+7"!1;(
<$&$)$</#0D26
 4>.D4D&6<3-4:3$4$
D4@4>.
6 4D3D&B?7.)(3-4H9/I
c8d
4)@@VV)"VV22+2""V
c43*&d
 4D$1D&&4"$-
9 D5'3*@3-*C.
: 4;DKD5;D4D9;D7$C7D.49D&!;
+""""+
1;()4/0D6:26:#
# 4D&43-<$H5Jc8d
4)@4)@
@VV"VV>"V+2""V+2""
c464&d
& 4D&67$(;1<(?&K@4
 4D4D&9;$(Lc8d
4)@@VV'''"V'V+VV2V'22+22
#6
e322A"2C222""
c43*&d
 27D7$C2"XD74D&4
>' 2@14C7
<D14(I(&&I
7@"B)*7!*B)*
7D6#2
 DC9DD&&:!+""D>@4
* 3--#/0D62
 D7CD7D&4""+
"""*"'>1;
(3-4/0D:2#
 D3D&B?7+C</I6+c8d
4)@@VV'''+""VV 2"222"2

c43"*&d
6 *"D4CD=D&:4$-.D8>@
8>B)*!
 DJD&<3-42+$3-4c8d
4)@@VV''' '"VVV2+2""2)2
2+2""
c43*&d
: D-C7D$D&69'*- 
8;<&?(53$5
:&/0D#2
# )D7.D.)D=C'D1D&:4"
'2;"*+@
$D<C.?D%+$5)"@
.DD2
#
& D77C.'D4D&&1C*+""
"349$+$/0D2#
 EFD1C,GD1D&<-,$(?$1
$(M2(($5)
.D.DB)*5).D2
 D1D&#4)+""@.D
3$4(<"#D
&2
 D=D&:99C:C$?9:3-4L
c8d
4)@@VV'''' "+"VV' 2 '22'
c43*&d
 1D1D&<3-43426+
c8d
4)@@VV'''+""VV2+2""222
"
c43*&d
 1D.D&4@N""">*
6>$/0D&2
6 1[D3C7\D5D&&9(
.($4,c8d
4)@@VVV'2222*2222
"*V
c44&d
 =*D94,D4D45D45"D9C.DD&$
"*+"""";:
+&/0D::2#
: =DDD4D7DCDJJ$D&6"@
*D)*D1///)$)/0D62
# 7*4D&01-K@(
/)/)0$01$$D(0<5
#:
/0)$"DD7*4
& DD,f;24D3CD3D&:03-
($$-19$)(
1($+"D.D
 "D%-CJ"D37D&&/$23-4
=5''.AD!*)@!+7"
 DD&5-(?c8d
4)@@VV'''"V2+2""2
'2" 2&##
c43&d
 ,D.D&+C$&$&
(,3$341N.,)(D
=D=7=4D
 ,D.C$D4D&:-7$"21L4
72$4*;(/&/0D6&2:
 ,D3C(DD&,)@4*
"""+*1;(4
3-:/0D:2#
6 ,D.D&$7*$7@.,D
)$)@$,!
 ,FDD&#)+"")
/3-4;#/0D26
: ,DC$D3D&E31$O<$1
%F"3$(1)(/%
1)/%1/%2%3
D1" D(**
# ,!+7"D&9C:C$?c8d
4)@@VV'''+""V"V' 2 '2
"
c463&d
##
& 9";D7D&#!)*.*$ 
@4=")&?()/6/0D
2
 9DC( D1D&<$&$-$
(@$
  D.C4D$4D&&1.".*"!
7*7*9(11(
6/0D2
 JD7D<)D5C,;D1D&+$$1
19C)1(1(D
9D.D
 J D4D#3$@-*
 J!7,D&3-4&*c8d
4)@@VV "VV"V "VV&V&VJ!7,2!+2
7"2.)*2&
c43*&d
6 J D-C-';D4D&))E?$$
53(+/P3&D.D
B)*
 (D&B?+1$1(13-4c8d
4)@@VV'''"V&V&V"2*2'2222
+2""
c4&3&d
: (+D4C7*D4D&+"/$3(>
33$+5'K @$
# (D<D&3-44(1$c8d
4)@@VV''' "V"2+2""
c43&d
& 7+D9JD&:<(4/)$.
+@B)*
&&
 7AD3CD3D&#/&(<5$$3->,
3-4+54$13$(
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 7D.D&9B8B57>%<7+54<+15:/7/%135;/)+
4<<./4/+50+9</Lc8d
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)'</&#60D2
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-D1@9=54854(441=7=.!$=..
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1($113-53$(
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=87.*
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4c8d
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6 !'D&#<23LB?<(1?$3-
4$(3-@
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22+2""222+2"2
6 $DD$DC("D$D&B?-""$
:($?,C$13$(
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4"7*
66 $"D7D&6.'*A""""
")1;(1(46/0D
:&2#&
6 $"*D.D *D$D$D.C$D9$D&&3&$
3<()$)"<3@47.
6: $D5D1 D3$D(DKC$D49D&$)' ' 
 '">"1;(
4(+$4://2600D&&26
6# .ZD3$D&:">*!+7"@4,
8))')I<"&:D2&
& .D<D.D4C)D3D&J'.">
$1)"!+@4=>*.*!!+
7E59>/%./<%35)/4<<./4/+@#/0D2
 .D3$D$2.D1C!27AfD1D&=)*
)*' "*"*&/
1(/0D2
&
 .'DJD&&#1$-@@*
(
 .DD&&1435+<)/5035;/)+)B/%7>/<%)5+)5+5>1
35;/)+4<<./4/+c8d
4)@
@VV''' '"V2VV2*VV"2
2+222222+2""Ve
c43*&d
 .D!C!D3JD&14' Lg4A)*
+1-(-/0D&&2&
 . D4D$D(CJ7*D3.D&&:1"
"" '*
+-($&$(/0D2

6 .D7D$"* D1C,D3.D&:1)'  '
">"+<
$$/0D:2#
 <+ID3D"2!D$C.)D9D&.8&&@&!7J
"*"+"")$$6
1(<"&D62
: <;D=D&+((?$4:<-5'
3*DB.@3-*C.
# <D3COPD!D&#!+"")"
*;$3$)<"6D26
:& -D3C-D$D&<2;))c8d
4)@@VV'''"V)VV'V2)2+2
"Veh)h+hhhh
c43*&d
: -D37D&&,@4*/;(
5#/0D&2
&
: KD(D,*D4CD3<D&3-
-&3$<1)((
<(/4O<4/,
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7""
c463*&d
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