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The first find of Naohidea sebacea (Naohideales, Basidiomycota) in Ukraine
Abstract
The article provides information about a rare fungicolous fungus Naohidea sebacea first recorded in Ukraine in Roztochchia Nature Reserve. It was found to parasitize Dothiorella iberica (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). This host is reported for N. sebacea for the first time. Light microscopy, cultural studies, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS-region of the ribosomal DNA were used to identify specimens. The resulting sequences were uploaded to the GenBank database. Based on the analysis of literature sources and personal data, information on morphological features, distribution, and substrate specialization of the fungus is provided.
Among the over 31,000 recognized species within Basidiomycota, approximately 200 are documented as parasites of other fungi, so-called mycoparasites. They exhibit a remarkable diversity in morphological characteristics, host-parasite interaction structures, and phylogenetic affiliations. Mycoparasitism as a trophic strategy in Basidiomycota has received little attention from the mycological community, with most research performed during the last decades of the previous century. These mycoparasites are documented across three subphyla, encompassing 10 different classes, yet a comprehensive understanding of their evolutionary relationships and host-parasite interaction mechanisms remains limited, and much data are scattered in the literature. This chapter aims to systematically outline the various classes of Basidiomycota known to include mycoparasites, elucidating their diversity, host-parasite interface, life cycle, morphology, and systematic classification. To provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on basidiomycetous mycoparasitism, we have compiled a catalogue of presumed mycoparasites, detailing available data for each species.
The fauna of genus Bombus had been investigated in 2016-2021 years on tne
territory of the national park «Cheremoskyi». During this time 7 species of Bombus
had been collected. There are one rare species (Bombus lapidarius) in region and
one kleptoparasite of bumblebees (B. quadricolor).
Cerinomyces (Dacrymycetes, Basidiomycota) is a genus traditionally defined by corticioid basidiocarps, in contrast to the rest of the class, which is characterized by gelatinous ones. In the traditional circumscription the genus is polyphyletic, and the monotypic family Cerinomycetaceae is paraphyletic. Aiming for a more concise delimitation, we revise Cerinomyces s.l. with a novel phylogeny based on sequences of nrDNA (SSU, ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2, TEF1-α). We establish that monophyletic Cerinomyces s.s. is best characterized not by the corticioid morphology, but by a combination of traits: hyphal clamps, predominantly aseptate thin-walled basidiospores, and low content of carotenoid pigments. In our updated definition, Cerinomyces s.s. encompasses five well-supported phylogenetic clades divided into two morphological groups: (i-iii) taxa with arid corticioid basidiocarps, including the generic type C. pallidus; and (iv-v) newly introduced members with gelatinous basidiocarps, like Dacrymyces enatus and D. tortus. The remaining corticioid species of Cerinomyces s.l. are morphologically distinct and belong to the Dacrymycetaceae: our analysis places the carotenoid-rich Cerinomyces canadensis close to Femsjonia, and we transfer the clamps-lacking C. grandinioides group to Dacrymyces. In addition, we address genera related to Cerinomyces s.l. historically and morphologically, such as Ceracea, Dacryonaema and Unilacryma. Overall, we describe twenty-four new species and propose nine new combinations in both Cerinomycetaceae and Dacrymycetaceae.
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Biodiversity undertakings, for instance, require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable. However, a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi. Here, we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota, the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and jelly fungi. In general, best practice is to delimitate species, publish new taxa, and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible, that is, by applying a so-called unifying (or integrative) conceptual framework. However, the types of data used vary considerably from group to group. For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota, and for each provide: (i) a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition, (ii) species concepts and methods for species delimitation, and (iii) community recommendations and conclusions.
The article supplements authors previous published data and summarises records of lignicolous macromycetes found during their excursions to Podunajská nížina Lowland, Slovakia in 2018–2020. A total of 438 taxa were recorded, of which 259 were not published in the first paper. Short discussions of 70 rare, endangered or otherwise interesting taxa are presented. The most interesting recorded species are: Amaurodon mustialaensis, Ceriporia pierii, Ceriporia sulphuricolor, Dichostereum effuscatum, Gloeocystidiellum bisporum, Gloeodontia columbiensis, Hydropus trichodermus, Odonticium helgae, Phlebia tremelloidea, Sistotrema subtrigonospermum and Trechinothus smardae.
In the present paper, we select a neotype for Tremella cerasi and prove that it is conspecific with Ditangium insigne (the genus type of Ditangium). We argue that Ditangium should be restored as a correct genus for T. cerasi, while the currently used generic name Craterocolla is to be treated as its younger synonym. Morphological, ecological and genetic variability of Ditangium cerasi is discussed, and two other Ditangium species are described – D. altaicum, sp. nov. and D. incarnatum, comb. nov. In addition, Exidia fulva is combined in Globulisebacina.
As shown by morphological and molecular (ITS, nrLSU and tef1 sequences) evidence, the current concept of Myxarium nucleatum covers four species in the Nordic countries: M. cinnamomescens, M. hyalinum, M. nucleatum s.s. and M. populinum. These species are redescribed here, their nomenclature is discussed and all relevant names are typified. Exidia cartilaginea and E. villosa are typified and shown to be conspecific with the North American species E. candida. Based on morphological differences, E. cartilaginea is retained as a variety of E. candida. Exidia subrepanda is treated as a synomym of E. saccharina, and Heterochaete europaea as a synomym of E. thuretiana.
The presence of ballistoconidia in Sporobolomyces led Kluyver and van Niel to suggest that this yeast is basidiomycetous, based on the morphological resemblance of ballistoconidia with actively discharged basidiospores. The life cycles of basidiomycetous yeasts include heterothallic and homothallic systems, which may occur within a single species. In the heterothallic system, compatible mating types conjugate and give rise to dikaryotic hyphae, usually with clamp connections. In many dimorphic basidiomycetes the dikaryotic hyphal state may be parasitic on either green plants or fungi. However, putative host associations have not been identified from any yeast taxa and their sexual states are only known from observations on culture media. Basidiomycetous yeasts predominantly form soft, often slimy, or mucoid colonies. The yeast state usually commences with basidiospore germination. In some Tremella species and in species of Mycogloea, basidial cells can occasionally bud directly The unicellular haploid state ends at the initiation of the dikaryotic state in those yeasts with known teleomorphs (i.e., following mating of compatible cells). However, development of hyphae and basidia from single haploid cells (i.e., self-fertile or monokaryotic fruiting) or fusion of same sex haploid cells occurs in some species, such as Filobasidiella neoformans.
The mycoparasitic auricularioid fungus, Naohidea sebacea (Berk. & Broome) Oberw., was found in Poland on the old stromata of Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not. This is the first Polish record of this peculiar fungus since G. Bresadola’s description of Platygloea miedzyrzecensis Bres. in 1903. Botryosphaeria dothidea is a new host fungus for the mycoparasite.
The mycological research, conducted from 1974-2011 by the staff of the former chair of „Systematic Botany and Mycology“, University of Tübingen, is reviewed in this article. The availability of electronmicroscopic and molecular techniques has revolutionized studies in fungi. In addition, the application of computer facilities for analyzing of huge data sets, and programs for constructing phylogenetic trees, opened new fields of research. Including tradi-tional and well established methods of light microscopy and of culture techniques, a reason-able set of methods was available to study systematics, phylogeny and ecology in a so far unkown magnitude. We applied a concept of integrating field studies with laboratory work. This strategy has been supported effectively by teaching programs. Particular focus was given to plants because of their unparalleled importance in fungal ecology.
In our studies, light microscopy played a basic role, referring to identification, life cycle re-construction, comparison of micromorphologies, checking of fungal cultures, screening for optimal slides in ultrastructural work, etc. In this context, the network of methodologies is quite obvious, and was highly effective in studies of fungi producing antibiotics, interacting as parasites with their hosts, or as symbionts in the rhizosphere, in basidiolichens, and in in-sect associations.
We have carried out studies in systematics and phylogeny of major basidiomycetous lineages, starting with taxa of the former „Heterobasidiomycetes“, rusts, smuts, and all kinds of jelly fungi. Then we added non-gilled and gilled Homobasidiomycetes, including gasteroid forms. These studies have contributed considerably to an improved understanding of basidiomycete phylogeny and evolution. Numerous species and genera as well as families and orders have been introduced by us and our collaborators. We have also studied the morphology, ecology and phylogeny of some Ascomycetes, including groups only known from asexual stages. Our work on Oophyta started with saprobic ones but quickly focussed on plant parasites of the downy mildews, studying their micromorphologies, phylogenies and coevolutionary trends.
Symptoms of a previously unknown forest decline in Central Europe had a strong impact on our myco-ecological work. We started studies on ectomycorrhizal systems in our native climax vegetations, i.e. ectomycorrhizal vegetations, dominated by trees of the Pinaceae, Fa-gaceae and Betulaceae. These studies were extended to Taiwan and South Ecuador. Ectomy-corrhizal systems were established in the lab and studied ontogenetically, ultrastructurally, and physiologically. Finally, molecular identification and phylogenetic reconstructions be-came very important. Again, these approaches underpin a rather effectiv networking of meth-ods in our lab. Extending our work to diverse groups of land plants led us to studies in arbus-cular, ericoid, arbutoid, and orchid mycorrhizae. Also mycothalli of liverworts, fungal endo-phytes in forest trees, and microfungi of the rhizosphere and of soil ecosystems were included in our research.
We were interested in basidiolichens over a long time. Cellular constructions of basidiocarps, lichen thalli, and fungus-alga interactions have been studied microscopically and ultrastruc-turally.
The manuscript version is uploaded.
The simple-septate basidiomycetes comprise more than 8,000 species that show a high morphological and ecological heterogeneity. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships within this group, we compared several ultrastructural features such as septal pore apparatus, form, and behavior of the spindle pole bodies, types of host–parasite interaction, presence or absence of colacosomes, symplechosomes, atractosomes, and cystosomes as well as nuclear rDNA sequences coding for small- and large-subunit rRNA. Based on our integrated analysis, we propose a new classification system for the simple-septate basidiomycetes with the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and the classes Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes. We also propose the pucciniomycotinous taxa Cystobasidiales, Erythrobasidiales, Helicobasidiales, Mixiales, Naohideales, Pachnocybales, Spiculogloeales, and Kondoaceae and the new subphyla Agaricomycotina (equivalent to the current Hymenomycetes) and Ustilaginomycotina (equivalent to the current Ustilaginomycetes).
A new species of a dimorphic simple-pored auricularioid heterobasidiomycete, Occultifur externus, is described. This fungus was initially isolated in the unicellular stage and identified, on the basis of standard yeast identification tests, as the anamorphic pink yeast Rhodotorula minuta. This yeast was able to complete its life cycle on solid laboratory media. Two yeast cells conjugated, forming mycelium with clamp connections. The same generative hyphae produced clusters of four-celled basidia and characteristic swollen conidiogenic cells that released dikaryotic conidia. Haustorialike structures were formed. Nuclear DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that O. externus is not the teleomorphic stage of R. minuta and molecular sequence data from the large subunit of the rDNA supported the affiliation of O. externus to the Naohidea-Sakaguchia clade of the Urediniomycetes. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of simple septal pores. Cylindrical reticulate bodies were frequently found occluding them. These unique bodies could also be detected in O. internus, which supports the placement of both taxa in the same genus.
Yeasts are common in all habitats and interact with dead and living substrates such as plants, animals, and fungi. Besides their saprobic capabilities, parasitic interactions of yeasts and yeast-like organisms were brought into focus through enhanced/new species discovery that expanded our knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of yeasts and parasitic fungal lineages. Especially common dimorphism of many Basidiomycota goes along with an alternating saprobic yeast stage and parasitic filamentous stage. Interestingly, this seems to be a common feature not only for plant parasites but also for animal and fungal parasites. Even some Ascomycota share this character.
Recent results in taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological studies of basidiomycetous yeast research are remarkable. Here, Pucciniomycotina with yeast stages are reviewed. The phylogenetic origin of single-cell basidiomycetes still remains unsolved. But the massive occurrence of yeasts in basal basidiomycetous taxa indicates their early evolutionary presence. Yeasts in Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Mixiomycetes, Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Septobasidiales, Heterogastridiomycetes, and Microbotryomycetes will be discussed. The apparent loss of yeast stages in Tritirachiomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Helicobasidiales, Platygloeales, Pucciniales, Pachnocybales, and Classiculomycetes will be mentioned briefly for comparative purposes with dimorphic sister taxa. Since most phylogenetic papers suffer considerably from the lack of adequate illustrations, plates for representative species of orders have been arranged. The structural qualities are the prerequisites for specific functions that cannot be expressed by phylogenetic dendrograms.
This chapter studies the genus Naohidea. In asexual reproduction yeast cells are elongate and budding is predominantly polar. Buds frequently develop close to the base of the parent cell and elongate parallel to the parent cell. In sexual reproduction basidiocarps are soft gelatinous, inconspicuous, and film-like. Hyphae have clamp connections but lack haustoria. The basidia are auricularioid (i.e., transversely septate), develop directly from the mycelium (i.e., probasidia are not formed), and are four-celled. This chapter further examines physiology, biochemistry, and phylogenetic placement. The type species mentioned and accepted is Naohidea sebacea. The systematic discussion of the species includes synonyms, growth on 5% malt extract agar, Dalmau plate culture on corn meal agar, sexual state, fermentation, gene sequence accession numbers, cell carbohydrates, origin of the strains studied, type strain, systematics, ecology, biotechnology, and agriculture and food.
The type collections of Dacrymvces rnacrosporus Berk. & Br. and D. sebaceus Berk. & Br. are shown to belong in the genera Mycogloea and Platygloea, respectively. New combinations are made for both species. A new species, Platygloea microspnra, is described. P. arrhvtidiae L. S. Olive is recorded for the first time outside North America.
Rusts (Basidiomycetes: Uredinales) are a large, diverse group of obligate biotrophic fungi that include many important plant
pathogens. Phylogenetic relationships within the group are poorly understood, with between two and 14 families being recognised
on morphological and host taxonomic grounds. We report the first analysis of broad-scale relationships within the Uredinales
using DNA sequence data from the small subunit gene of the rRNA operon. A major split is obvious between genera that have
aecial stages on gymnosperm hosts and those with this stage on angiosperms. This finding is in accord with the early taxonomic
two-family treatments of the Uredinales. Within the major clades, there is evidence of in congruency with morphologically
defined families. Racospermyces, Maravalia, Hemileia and Caeoma are basal to the major phylogenetic sub-division and probably represent the most ancient rust lineages. Using these sequence
data, we estimate that the rusts diverged from their closest relatives around 150 million years ago.
Additional keywords:molecular phylogeny
The synthesis of the UV Absorbing compounds named mycosporines (MYCs) has been detected in a few basidiomycetous yeast groups. Conspicuous accumulation of mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside (MGG) in yeasts requires photo-induction and its photoprotective function has been postulated. The distribution of the ability to produce MYCs appeared to be related to the yeast taxonomic affiliation. In view of the potential significance of MYCs in yeast taxonomy, we here studied the distribution of this trait among dimorphic basidiomycetes of the Pucciniomycotina. Of the 94 fungal species (377 strains and 33 genera) tested, almost half were MYC-positive and MGG was the main compound produced. MGG synthesis was observed for representatives of five of seven Pucciniomycotina classes, indicating that this trait is widely distributed in this group. MGG detection proved useful for the differentiation of species of the polyphyletic genera, such as Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces, that are phylogenetically separated. MGG quantification and UV tolerance studies in Cystobasidiomycetes supported the idea that the habitat of origin of each strains is important in the level of MGG synthesis and that MYCs have a photoprotective function in yeasts. The taxonomic value of this trait in fungal systematics is discussed.
The Tremellomycetes (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi) are a nutritionally heterogeneous group comprising saprotrophs, animal parasites, and fungicolous species (fungal-inhabiting, including lichen-inhabiting). The relationships of many species, particularly those with a lichenicolous habit, have never been investigated by molecular methods. We present a phylogeny of the Tremellomycetes based on three nuclear DNA ribosomal markers (nSSU, 5.8S and nLSU), representing all main taxonomic groups and life forms, including lichenicolous taxa. The Cystofilobasidiales, Filobasidiales, Holtermanniales, and Tremellales (including the Trichosporonales) are recovered as monophyletic, but this is not the case for the Tremellomycetes. We suggest, however, that the Cystofilobasidiales tentatively continue to be included in the Tremellomycetes. As currently circumscribed, the Filobasidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae, Syzygosporaceae and Tremellaceae are non-monophyletic. Cuniculitremaceae, Sirobasidiaceae and Tetragoniomycetaceae are nested within Tremellaceae. The lichenicolous species currently included within the Tremellomycetes belong in this group, distributed across the Filobasidiales and Tremellales. Lichen-inhabiting taxa do not form a monophyletic group; they are distributed in several clades and sometimes intermixed with taxa of other nutritional habits. Character state reconstruction indicates that two morphological traits claimed to characterize groups in the Tremellomycetes (the basidium habit and basidium septation) are highly homoplastic. Comparative phylogenetic methods suggest that the transitions between single and catenulate basidia in the Tremellales are consistent with a punctuational model of evolution whereas basidium septation is likely to have evolved under a graduational model in the clade comprising the Holtermanniales, Filobasidiales, and Tremellales.
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