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Insects2022,13,1012.https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111012www.mdpi.com/journal/insects
Article
DiscoveryofaLineageofSoil‐DwellingMedeteraSpecies
withMulti‐ColouredEyesinSouthernEurope
(Diptera:Dolichopodidae)
MarcPollet
1,2,
*,RuiAndrade
3
,AnaGonçalves
4
,PilucaÁlvarezFidalgo
5
,JoséLuisCamañoPortela
6
,
FrédéricBelin
7
,JonasMortelmans
8
andAndreasStark
9,10
1
ResearchInstituteforNatureandForest(INBO),B‐1000Brussels,Belgium
2
OperationalDirectoryTaxonomyandPhylogeny,Entomology,
RoyalBelgianInstituteofNaturalSciences(RBINS),B‐1000Brussels,Belgium
3
IndependentResearcher,4050‐145Porto,Portugal
4
GraduatePrograminEntomology,InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia—INPA,
ManausCEP69067‐375,Amazonas,Brazil
5
IndependentResearcher,28002Madrid,Spain
6
EscueladeIngenieríaIndustrial,UniversityofVigo,36310Vigo,Spain
7
IndependentResearcher,06220Golfe‐Juan,France
8
IndependentResearcher,B‐9000Gent,Belgium
9
ZentralmagazinNaturwissenschaftlicherSammlungen,Martin‐Luther‐UniversitätHalle‐Wittenberg,
D‐06108Halle,Germany
10
SenckenbergGermanEntomologicalInstitute(SDEI)Müncheberg,
D‐15374Müncheberg,Germany
*Correspondence:mpollet.doli@gmail.comormarc.pollet@inbo.be
SimpleSummary:Long‐leggedfliesorDolichopodidaeareoneofthemostspecioseflyfamiliesof
theorderDiptera.Atpresent,dolichopodidfaunasinthetropicsstillencompassalargeun‐
describedfraction,butinEuropenewspeciescanalsobefound.Recently,twonewspeciesofMe‐
deterawithaconspicuouseyecolourpatternwerediscoveredinPortuguesesamples.Increased
subsequentcollectingeffortsinsouthwesternEuropeaddedanotherfivespecies,mostofwhich
alsofeaturedadistincteyecolourpattern.Allsevenspeciesaredescribedinthispaperwithinfor‐
mationontheirdistributionandecology.Anidentificationkeytomalesisalsoprovided.Allthese
speciessharegenitalandsomenon‐genitalcharacterswhichsuggeststhattheybelongtothesame
lineagewithinthisgenus.Barcodingdataseemtoconfirmthis,asdoestheecologicalinformation.
Indeed,contrarytomanyMedeteraspecieswhichareconfinedtotreetrunkswheretheirlarvaefeed
onallstagesofbarkbeetles,severalofthenewspeciesaremainlyfoundonhard,oftenrocky,sub‐
stratesalsoinopenhabitats.
Abstract:SevenspeciesinthegenusMedetera(Diptera:Dolichopodidae)aredescribedhere:Me‐
deteraaglaopssp.nov.,Medeteracorsicanasp.nov.,Medeteragibbosipygasp.nov.,Medeterahispanica
sp.nov.,Medeteralusitanasp.nov.,Medeteraparvasp.nov.,andMedeterarectipygasp.nov.Theyall
originatefromthewiderMediterraneanregioninsouthwesternEurope(IberianPeninsula,south‐
ernFrance,Corsica,Sardinia).Themoststrikingfeatureinmostofthespeciesisthebi‐ormulticol‐
ourpatternoftheeyes,mostconspicuousinMedeteraaglaopssp.nov.andMedeteralusitanasp.nov.
ThischaracterissharedbythemaleandfemalesexandisthusnotregardedasMaleSecondary
SexualCharacter.AllspeciesbelongtotheMedeteraapicalisspeciesgroupsensuBickelandare
closelyrelatedbasedonsharedcharactersinthehypandriumandcercus.Interestingly,threespe‐
cieswithandfourspecieswithoutthebasalpairofanterodorsalandposterodorsalbristlesonthe
midtibiaarerepresented.Thissuggeststhatthisdiagnosticcharacterhaslessphylogeneticrele‐
vancethanpreviouslyanticipated.UnlikemostPalaearcticMedetera,atleastfiveofthenewspecies
aremostlyfoundonrockysubstratesindrybiotopeswithasclerophyllousvegetation.Thisfurther
supportstheirrelationshipwithspeciesoftheMedeteramuralissubcladesensuPollet,Germannand
Bernasconi.
Citation:Pollet,M.;Andrade,R.;
Gonçalves,A.;ÁlvarezFidalgo,P.;
CamañoPortela,J.L.;Belin,F.;
Mortelmans,J.;Stark,A.Discovery
ofaLineageofSoil‐Dwelling
M
edeteraSpecieswith
Multi‐ColouredEyesin
SouthernEurope
(Diptera:Dolichopodidae).
Insects2022,13,1012.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
insects13111012
AcademicEditor:Christophe
Daugeron
Received:24September2022
Accepted:28October2022
Published:2November2022
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneu‐
tralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu‐
tionalaffiliations.
Copyright:©2022bytheauthors.Li‐
censeeMDPI,Basel,Switzerland.
Thisarticleisanopenaccessarticle
distributedunderthetermsandcon‐
ditionsoftheCreativeCommonsAt‐
tribution(CCBY)license(https://cre‐
ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Insects2022,13,10122of36
Keywords:Mediterraneanregion;IberianPeninsula;Sardinia;Corsica;eyepattern;phylogeny;
ecology
1.Introduction
Onaglobalscale,theubiquitousMedeteraFischervonWaldheim,1819representsthe
thirdmostspeciosegenusinDolichopodidae(Diptera)withanapparentpredominance
inthePalaearctic[1].Inthelatterrealmthisgenusincludes190speciesandthreesubspe‐
cies[2,3].Overall,Medeteraspeciesrangeinsizefromverysmall(<2mm)toratherlarge
(>4.5mm).AllsevenmostrecentlydescribedspeciesfromthewesternPalaearcticwere
detectedinSwitzerland[4,5].However,thisdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatonlyhigh
altitudeorlatitudesitesinthePalaearcticregion,andEuropeinparticular,houseyetun‐
discoveredspecies.Assuchandbasedoncurrentdataandknowledge,overallthisgenus
makesupalargerproportionofthedolichopodidfaunainnorthernandnorthwestern
Europeancountriesascomparedtosouthernones[6].However,theseauthorsalsore‐
ported21unidentifiedMedeteraspeciesfromPortugal,accountingfor10%ofthedoli‐
chopodidspeciesregisteredforthiscountry.Moreover,with41species,theentiregenus
representedeventwotimesthisproportion(i.e.,20.5%)inPortugal,whichisthreetimes
higherthan,e.g.,SpainorItaly.
Withrespecttotheirbiology,manyMedeteracanbefoundontreetrunkswheretheir
larvaeliveingalleriesofscolytinebeetles(Coleoptera:Curculionidae,Scolytinae)and
feedonallstagesofthesebarkbeetlese.g.,[7–11].Thisholdsespeciallytrueforthespecies
groupsofM.apicalis,M.crassivenis,andM.signaticornis–pinicolasensuBickel,withthefor‐
mertwopreferringdeciduousandthelatteroneconiferoustrees[12,13].IntheHolarctic
realm,onelineageinparticulardeviatesfromthispatternbyoccurring,ofteninlarge
numbers,onotherhard,mostlyvertical,substratesandalsoonbareorsparselyvegetated
sandysoils,i.e.,theM.diadema–velesspeciesgroupsensuBickel.Thiscladealsoincludes
thepsammophilousspecieswithonepairofscutellarbristlesthatwerepreviouslytreated
asaseparatesubgenusOligochaetusMik,1878.Anotherlineage,theM.muralisspecies
groupsensuPollet,GermannandBernasconi(asubcladeoftheM.apicalisspeciesgroup,
see[13])ontheotherhand,isalsoregularlyencounteredonhardsubstrates(rocks,walls).
DuringtheexaminationofPortuguesedolichopodidsamples[6]thefirstauthor(MP)
noticedtwoMedeteraspecieswitharemarkableeyepattern:thelower2/3oftheeyefea‐
turedausualredbasecolourwithabrilliantgreenreflectionwhiletheupper1/3was
conspicuouslyandcontrastinglydarkviolet(Figure1).Increasedattentionduringthecol‐
lectingandcontinuedprocessingofadditionalsamplesfromtheIberianPeninsulaand
theMediterraneanregionaddedanotherfiveundescribedMedeteraspeciesthatappeared
toberelated.Moreover,someofthesespeciesalsoshowedadistincteyecolourpattern.
Inthepresentpaper,sevensouthernEuropeanMedeteraspeciesaredescribed,with
informationontheirdistributionandecology,andakeytothemalesisprovided.The
significanceofsomemorphologicalcharactersandthephylogeneticpositionofthespe‐
ciesisdiscussedaswellasissueswiththeverificationofMedeteraspeciesidentityand
reasonsfortheirsurprisinglylatediscovery.
Insects2022,13,10123of36
Figure1.Medeteraspecieswithbi‐colouredeyesfromPortugal.(A)Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.,male
(lateralview);(B)Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.,male(frontalview);(C)Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.,female
(lateralview);(D)Medeteralusitanasp.nov.(male)(photos:RuiAndrade).
2.MaterialsandMethods
Inadditiontothe761Portuguesesamples[6],another21.093dolichopodidsamples
from20Europeancountrieswereinspectedforanymulti‐coloureyedMedeteraspeciesby
thefirstauthor.Noneoftheover20,000samplesfrom18Europeancountriesthathad
beenexaminedpriorto2018containedanyofthesespecies,butrecentlyacquiredsamples
fromsouthernEurope(Portugal,Spain,southernFrance,Corsica,Sardinia)didsurpris‐
inglyoften.Mostofthesampleswereacquiredthankstospecialcollectingeffortsby
Insects2022,13,10124of36
Dipteraworkersandotherpeople(seeco‐authorsandAcknowledgements).Noaddi‐
tionalmaterialfrommuseumcollectionswasexamined.Actually,wehavenoknowledge
ofanydolichopodidcollectionsinPortugalorSpainthatmightcontainsomeoftheseMe‐
deteraspecies.Moreover,theprobabilityoffindingthesespeciesinthecollectionsofthe
Muséumnationald’Histoirenaturelle(MNHN,Paris,France)wasconsideredlow.Itmust
betakenintoaccount,however,thatin(dry)mountedspecimens,theeyecolourreflection
fadesawayovertime,whilethecolouritselfmightslightlychangeinspecimensstoredin
alcoholsolution.
SpecimensfromCorsicawerecollectedintheframeofthemostrecenteditionofthe
LaPlanèteRevisitée(OurPlanetReviewed)seriesofsurveys[14],organisedinseveral
undersampledbiodiversityhotspotsaroundtheworldsince2007by,e.g.,theMNHN(see
[15]).Theterrestrialpartofthissurvey(alongwiththemarinecounterpart)focusedon
thediversityof—oftenpoorlystudied—invertebrates,includingArachnida,Molluscaas
wellasallmajorinsectorders(i.e.,Coleoptera,Diptera,Hymenoptera,Lepidoptera,Or‐
thoptera,Hemiptera),fungi,andlichens[16].Themainobjectivewasacomprehensive
inventoryofspeciesinaseriesoflocalitiesinordertoimproveknowledgeofthetaxon‐
omyandchorology,andtobetterunderstandcommunitystructuresandtheirinteractions
withinecosystems.Whereverfeasible,itaimedtocontributetoabettermanagementof
theterritorythroughassessmentsandmonitoring.Speciesrecordswillultimatelybedis‐
closedanddistributedintheframeoftheInventaireNationalduPatrimoineNaturel[17]
and,inthecaseofthisspecificsurvey,viatheportaloftheMNHNcollections[18].Spec‐
imensfromSardiniaweregatheredduringaCONECOFORsurveyontheislandcon‐
ductedbyG.L.NardiandcolleaguesoftheCentroNazionaleCarabinieriBiodiversità
“BoscoFontana”(CNCB)[19–22].
Speciesdescriptionswerebasedonarepresentativenumberofspecimensofeach
species,allstoredinalcoholsolution.Featureswhereaneffectwasexpectedduetothe
wetconditionofthespecimen(e.g.,colourandpollinosityofface,frons,eyes)werede‐
scribedonthebasisoftemporarilydriedspecimens.Atotalof173characterstateswere
scoredineachspecies,with35,61,and77relatedtothehead,thorax/abdomen/wingand
legs,respectively.Thisallowedustodeterminethemostreliableandconsistentdecisive
diagnosticfeaturesthatweresubsequentlyappliedintheidentificationkey(seefurther).
Photosofthegeneralhabitusandheadofeachspecieswereproducedbythelastauthor
(AS).Thehypopygiumandseparategenitalappendagesofeachspeciesweredrawnusing
acameralucida.Ineachspecies,atleastthehypopygium(inlateralview)andthe
hypandrium(inventralview)areillustratedhere.Indescribingthehypopygium,‘dorsal’
and‘ventral’referstothemorphologicalpositionpriortogenitalicrotationandflexion.
Thus,inthedrawingsshowingalateralviewofthehypopygium,thetopismorphologi‐
callyventral,whilethebottomisdorsal.Biometricswerebasedon5specimensofeach
genderineachspecies,ifavailableorunlessotherwisementioned,andincluded:(i)face
width,(ii)bodylength,(iii)winglength(=distancebetweenbasisofbasicostaandwing
apex),(iv)relativewingwidth,(v)proximalversusapicalsectionofveinM1,(vi)proximal
versusapicalsectionofveinCuA1,(vii)CuAxratio(=crossveindm‐cuversusapicalsec‐
tionofveinM1)and(viii)relativelengthsratiooffemur,tibia,andtarsomeresofeachleg.
Thelatterrelativelengthswererecalculatedsothattheshortestlegpartrepresenteda
valueof“1′′.Allvaluesgiveninthispaperarerangesoraveragevalues,unlessotherwise
mentioned.Palpandproboscissizewerecomparedtotheeyesize,measuredasthever‐
ticaldiameter(fromaboutocellartubercletothelowereyemargin).Thesurstyluslength
wasdefinedasthedistancebetweentheinsertionplaceoftheapicoventralepandrialsetae
andthesurstylusapex.
COIbarcodesequencesofca.500b.p.lengthswereobtainedfromspecimensoffour
ofthenewspecies.Inaddition,barcodesof20specimensbelongingto8otherMedetera
and2ThrypticusspecieswereminedfromtheBOLDSystemsrepository[23](seeDiscus‐
sion).AllsequenceswerealignedusingMAFFT[24].Evolutionarydistanceswerecom‐
putedbyuseofthep‐distancemethod[25],withpairwisedeletion.
Insects2022,13,10125of36
CapturelocationsofthespeciesareindicatedinFigure2.Eachlocationwasposi‐
tionedonthemapasaccuratelyaspossible,basedontheinformationavailable.Intwo
cases(AlfazdelPiandElguera,bothinSpain)thatlackedlatitudeandlongitudedata,the
symbolinFigure2isshowninthecentreofthecorrespondinglocality/locationwhich
mightnotnecessarilycorrespondexactlywiththeactualcollectingsite.
Figure2.DistributionofnewMedeteraspeciesinsouthernEurope.
Thegeneralmorphologicalterminologyfollowed[26],while[27]wasusedformale
genitalia.Thefollowingabbreviationswereused:ac:acrostichalbristles;ad:anterodorsal;
antpprn:anteriorpostpronotal(=humeralsensuParent[28]);ap:apical;apv:apicoventral;
av:anteroventral;baspprn:basalpostpronotal(=posthumeralsensuParent);bv:basoven‐
tral;dc:dorsocentralbristlepairs;ds:dorsal;MSSC(s):malesecondarysexualcharacter(s);
npl:notopleural;pal:postalar;pd:posterodorsal;psutial:presuturalintra‐alar(=pre‐
suturalsensuParent);pv:posteroventral;S:abdominalsternite;spal:supra‐alar;sutial:
suturalintra‐alar(=suturalsensuParent);ta:tarsomere,1–5inthedescriptionsoftarsi
Insects2022,13,10126of36
referstobasal(1)toapical(5)tarsomeres;T:abdominaltergite;vt:ventral;I,II,IIIrefers
tofore,midandhindleg;1–6inthedescriptionsofabdominalsegments(tergites/sterni‐
tes)referstobasal(1)tocaudal(6)segments.
Otherabbreviationsused:BPT:bluepantraps,HC:collectedbyhand,HT:holotype,
MT:Malaisetrap,PT:pantraps,RsPT:pinkpantraps,SW:collectedbysweepnet,WPT:
whitepantraps,YPT:yellowpantraps.MAPC:privatecollectionofMarcA.A.Pollet,
Welle,Belgium;MNCN:MuseoNacionaldeCienciasNaturales,Madrid,Spain;MNHN:
Muséumnationald’Histoirenaturelle,Paris,France;MZUR:MuseodiZoologiaSapienza
UniversitàdiRoma,Rome,Italy;RBINS:RoyalBelgianInstituteofNaturalSciences,Brus‐
sels,Belgium.
Speciesrecordsaregiveninthefollowingformat(ifavailable):“COUNTRY:m#,f#,
province(orequivalentadministrativedivision),locality,location(briefhabitatdescrip‐
tion)(sitecode),latitude,longitude,altitude,samplingdate(start)—samplingdate(end),
samplingmethod,collector(survey,ifrelevant)—samplecd:samplecode[collection]”.
Localityisdefinedasthemostaccurateadministrativegeographicalentity(e.g.,village,
city),andlocationasmostrelevantnon‐administrativeentity(e.g.,area,river,naturere‐
serve).Identicalinformationinsuccessiverecordsisonlygiveninthefirstrecordandnot
repeatedinthefollowingones.Dataincludinganoftenmoredetailedsamplingsitede‐
scriptionarealsoavailableasadatasetinGBIF(https://doi.org/10.15468/s8c7n9).Allspec‐
imensexaminedwerestoredin75%alcohol.
3.Results
3.1.SpeciesDescriptions
Zoobankregistration:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7B7E476D‐184B‐4519‐A987‐
8AFF163CDD3D
DolichopodidaeLatreille,1809
MedeterinaeLioy,1863–1864
MedeteraFischervonWaldheim,1819
MedeteraaglaopsPolletsp.nov.(Figures1A–Cand2–5)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B1094DCC‐B379‐438B‐B832‐8D626613FA34
Diagnosis.Smallspecies,winglength1.9–2.4mm.Facewithepistomaandclypeus
stronglydustedgreyish,andepistomawithmultipleshallowdivergingfurrows.Eyewith
redbasecolourandbrilliantgreenreflectioninthelower2/3,anddarkvioletinaboutthe
upper1/3(withsmallerommatidia).Mesonotum(incl.scutellum)bluishgrey,strongly
dusted,withrustybrownareabetweendcrows.Fivedcwithfirstdcsmall,about0.4×as
longasseconddcbristle;morethansixmicroscopicac;onespalbristle.Wingslightly
smokedbrownish;halteryellowishwhite.Alllegsoverallblackishbrown,femoraI–III
withnarrowreddishyellowknees.TibiaIIwithadandpdbristlepair.Surstylusrather
slenderandS‐shaped,withdistinctsplitinventralanddorsallobeathalflength;
hypandriumstraightdorsally(lateralview),rocket‐shapedwithlateralhooksatbasal1/3,
andtwodarkstripesatapex(ventralview).
Insects2022,13,10127of36
Figure3.Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.(A–C)Portuguesespecimens.(A)male,habitus;(B)male,face;
(C)female,face;(D)Corsicanspecimen,male,habitus(photos:AndreasStark).
Insects2022,13,10128of36
Figure4.Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.,Portuguesespecimen(A)hypopygium,lateralview;(B)hypo‐
pygium,ventralview.Avepb:apicoventralepandrialbristles,bvepb:basoventralepandrialbris‐
tles,cer:cercus,hyp:hypandrium,pha:phallus,pgo:postgonite,sur:surstylus.Scale=0.1mm.
Insects2022,13,10129of36
Figure5.Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.,Corsicanspecimen,hypopygium,lateralview.Hyp:
hypandrium,pha:phallus,sur:apicalpartofsurstylus.Scale=0.1mm.
Description.Male.Bodylength:1.9–2.4mm;winglength:2.0–2.3mm,wing0.4×as
wideaslong.Head.Facewithbothepistomaandclypeusstronglydustedgreyish;epis‐
tomasometimeswithlessdustedbronzespotincentre,narrowingbelowantennae,par‐
allel‐sidedinmiddle(1/3ofeyewidth),andslightlydivergingatclypeus,withmultiple
shallowdivergingfurrows;clypeusaboutaslongaswide,bare.Fronsmetallicdarkviolet
blue,withstronggreyishdusting.Occiputbronze,stronglydustedgreyish,distinctlycon‐
cave.Palpussmall,1/7ofeyeheight,ovoid,darkbrown,dustedgrey,withslightbluish
reflection,withyellowpubescenceandyellowapbristle.Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewith
redbasecolourandbrilliantgreenreflectioninthelower2/3,anddarkvioletinaboutthe
upper1/3(withsmallerommatidia),bare.Allpostocularbristles,mostratherlong,gently
curved,white,withuppermostthreedistinctlyshorter.Onepairofminutebrownpost‐
ocellarbristles.Antennaentirelyblack,withscapebareandpedicelwithapicalcrownof
smallbristles;postpedicelsubcircular,rarelywithsmallbluntapvprocess,aboutaslong
asdeep,andabout0.8×aslongasscapeandpedicelcombined,withmicroscopicpubes‐
cence;stylusapical,about3.3×aslongasfirstthreeantennalsegmentscombined,with
veryshortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.Mesonotum(incl.scutellum)bluishgrey,strongly
dusted,withrustybrownareabetweendcrows;pleurametallicbronzetobluishgreen,
dustedgreyish.Thoracicbristlesblack.Fivedc(twopresutural,onesutural,twopostsu‐
tural),withfirstdcsmall,about0.4×aslongasseconddc,anddc2–5strong.Morethan
sixac,biseriate,reachingbeyondthirddc,microscopic;three(onelargeblack,twominute
white)antpprn,oneexternalbaspprn,oneratherstrongsutial,onenpl,onespal,and
onepalbristles.Scutellumwithfourbristles,lateralonesrathersmall,about0.5×aslong
asmedianones.With2–3whiteprothoracicbristlesofsubequallength,andabout3–5
minutepalesetaebetweenantpprnbristleandfirstdc.Wing.Slightlysmokedbrownish,
withpalebrownveins.VeinR4+5smoothlysinuous,M1straight,bothdistinctlyconverging
towardswingapex;distanceatwingapex0.5×distanceatcrossveindm‐cu.Proximalsec‐
tionofM10.9×aslongasapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA13.2×aslongasapical
section.CuAxratio:0.8.Halteryellowishwhite,calypteralfringeyellow.Legs.Overall
blackishbrown,femoraI–IIIwithnarrowreddishyellowknees,especiallyfemurII.With
mostbristlespale,onlyadandpdbristlesontibiaIIbrown.CoxaIblackishbrown,with
Insects2022,13,101210of36
whitishyellowpubescencenearlyexclusivelyonanteriorface(lateralfacenearlyentirely
bare),andfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaIIdarkbrown,withpubescenceonlyonanterior
face,andthreewhitebristlesonanterolateralmargin,withthestrongestbristlemostapi‐
cal.CoxaIIIblackishbrown,withwhiteexternalbristle,insertedataboutbasal2/5in
anterior1/3.Trochantersblackishbrown,trochanterIIwiththreeminutewhiteanterior
bristles.FemurIblackishbrown,withextremeapexpaler.FemoraII–IIIblackishbrown,
withapexreddishyellow,femurIIwithshortwhiteavandvtsetae(longerthaninMe‐
deteralusitanasp.nov.).FemurIIIwithonevtrowofshortwhitesetaeonapical1/2,and
withinconspicuousbasodorsalrowofsmallwhitebristlesonbasal1/3,about0.3×aslong
asfemurisdeep,withbasalfivebristlesmoreerect.TibiaeI–IIIblackishbrown.TibiaI
withoutdistinctbristles.TibiaIIwithoneadbristleatlessthanbasal1/3,andonepd
bristleatbasal1/3,formernotaslongastibiaisdeepandlatteraboutaslongastibiais
deep;withfoursmallapbristles.TibiaIIIwithapicodorsalnotchandweakdsserration,
includingonestronglyinclinedwhitebristleatapical1/5,about1.5×aslongastibiais
deep,andtwoindistinctavbristles.TarsiI–IIIblackishbrown.TarsusI:taI1withminute
yellowventralsetae,andtaI1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusII:taII1–5withmany
minuteyellowandsomedarkersetae,andtaII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIII:
taIII2–4withapvcrownofdarksetae,andtaIII1withindistinctbluntpvtoothatbasis
(MSSC).Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:10/9.3/4.4/2.1/1.6/1/1.3,inlegII:
8.9/9.2/5.1/2.5/1.7/0.9/1,andinlegIII:8.5/10.4/2.6/3.3/2/1/1.Abdomen.Withsevenpubes‐
centsegments.Tergitesgreenishtobluishbronze,brilliantondorsum,moredustedon
sides,withwhitepubescenceandshortbristlesonposteriormargins;bristlesonsidesof
T1erectandlarge.Sternitesdarkbrown,withweakmetallicgreenreflectionandweak
dusting,withwhite,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withbluntincisioninmiddleofposterior
margin,S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumincl.epandriumbrownishblack;
hypandriumreddishbrown,rocket‐shaped,withlateralhooksatbasal1/3andtwodark
stripesatapex;withonesmallbasal,andtwolargermoreapicalepandrialsetae,latteron
ratherlongstalks;surstylusdarkbrown,ratherslenderandS‐shaped,withclearsplitin
vtanddslobeatlessthanapical½;vtlobewithonemodifiedseta;cercuspalebrown,
rathersmall,elongatetriangular,withtwoapflattenedbristles.
Female.Asmale,exceptfor:bodylength:2.4–2.9mm;winglength:2.1–2.7mm.Face
2/5ofeyewidthinmiddle.WingwithproximalsectionofCuA13.5×aslongasapical
section;CuAxratio:0.9.Abdomenwithfivepubescentsegments;segments6–11tele‐
scopic,and12thsegmentwithtwoblackneedle‐likeacanthophoritesandtwoequal‐sized
browncerci.SternitescolouredasinmalebutS2–5complete.TarsomereIII1withoutblunt
basalpvtooth.Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:10.3/9.6/4.6/2.3/1.6/1/1.3,inleg
II:8.7/8.9/4.9/2.4/1.6/0.9/1,andinlegIII:8.2/10.8/2.6/3.5/2/1/1.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,SPAIN:Aragón,Huesca,Fraga(verydryhabitat
mostlycoveredbysclerophyllousshrubsandpatchesofpineforest)(Ma_10),41°30′40.7″
N,0°16′32.8″ E,340m,14.v.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:ES/2015/259/RA
[RBINS,IG:34520/001].
PARATYPES:SPAIN:1♀,Andalucía,Almería,Abrucena(rivuletinthemountains)
(Ma_4),37.1134,−2.8363,1215m,6.v.2015,SW,leg.FranciscoRodríguezLuque—sample
cd:ES/2015/006d/PA;1♂,LaujardeAndarax(onrocks)(Ma_5),37.09063,−2.91408,2343
m,12.v.2017,SW,leg.FranciscoRodríguezLuque—samplecd:ES/2017/003/PA;1♀,Vícar
(stonyground)(Ma_6),36.8389,−3.78336,342m,27.iii.2015,SW,leg.FranciscoRodríguez
Luque—samplecd:ES/2015/002a/PA;3♀,Sevilla,CorredorVerde(Ma_3),37.3968,
−6.2285,12.iii.2020,SW,leg.J.MortelmansandD.Volckaert—samplecd:ES/2020/004/JM;
1♂,1♀,Granada,Acequias(dryriverbed)(Ma_7),36.9629,−3.54654,780m,24.iv.2015,
SW,leg.PilucaÁlvarez—samplecd:ES/2015/006c/PA;4♂,ElCerroGordo(onrocksin
stonyslope)(Ma_8),36.73355,−3.7711,58m,25.iv.2015,SW,leg.PilucaÁlvarezFidalgo—
samplecd:ES/2015/007b/PA;3♂,1♀,Lobres(onrocksindryriverbed)(Ma_9),36.7860,
−3.5327,97m,25.iv.2015,SW,leg.PilucaÁlvarezFidalgo—samplecd:ES/2015/001b/PA;
9♂,3♀,samedataasholotype;1♂,Castilla‐LaMancha,Toledo,Argés,GuajarazReservoir
Insects2022,13,101211of36
(onrocksbyreservoir)(Ma_11),39.79655,−4.08379,605m,26.iv.2017,SW,leg.Piluca
ÁlvarezFidalgo—samplecd:ES/2017/001/PA[MNCN];2♂,1♀,CastillayLeón,Burgos,
VillaquirándelosInfantes(wallofbuildinginagriculturallandscape)(Ma_12),
42°12′59.6′′N,4°0′08.1′′W,780m,11.v.2015,HC,leg.AnaGonçalvesandRuiAndrade—
samplecd:ES/2015/231/AG&RA;1♀,Burgos,VillasurdeHerreros(shrubland)(Ma_13),
42°18′42.2′′ N,3°23′34.0′′ W,1030m,15.v.2014,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
ES/2014/215/RA;1♂,Cataluña,Lleida,PallarsSobirà,Sort(Llessui)(mountainousmosaic
areaofpasturesandforests)(Ma_14),42°27′03.6′′N,1°04′14.6′′E,1410m,4.viii.2014,SW,
leg.RuiAndradeandAnaGonçalves—samplecd:ES/2014/216/RA&AG;1♀,Comunidad
deMadrid,Madrid,Aranjuez(restareaalongroad)(Ma_15),42°12′12.2′′N,0°12′44.6′′E,
550m,14.v.2015,HC,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:ES/2015/315/RA;1♂,Extremadura,
Badajoz,ValenciadelVentoso(smallrivercrossingMediterraneanshrubland)(Ma_16),
38°16′54.4′′ N,6°33′13.3′′ W,325m,2.iv.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
ES/2015/175/RA;1♂,ES:Extremadura,Cáceres,Abertura(Mediterraneanforestand
shrubland)(Ma_17),39°34′24.0′′N,4°47′17.0′′W,790m,15.iv.2016,SW,leg.RuiAndrade
andAnaGonçalves—samplecd:ES/2016/337/RA&AG;1♀,Galicia,Lugo,SanMartiño
(grassyriverbank)(Ma_1),42°23′26.5′′ N,7°11′3.5′′ W,300m,12.x.2007,SW,leg.J.L.
CamañoPortela—samplecd:ABIGA/8302;1♀,Ourense,Rubiá,Covas(mountainous
forestedsite)(Ma_18),42°28′56.2′′ N,6°50′13.0′′ W,470m,11.v.2014,SW,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:ES/2014/236/RA;1♂,Lugo,FolgosodoCourel,Teixeira(openfield
onlimestonesoil)(Ma_2),42°41′24.4′′ N,7°9′38.9′′ W,1250m,14.vi.2009,SW,leg.J.L.
CamañoPortela—samplecd:ABIGA/64729;1♂,Valencia,Alicante,AlfazdelPi(entrance
ofcave)(Ma_19),38°34′45.1′′N,0°06′04.4′′W,4.iv.2008,YPT/RPT,leg.A.Sendra—sample
cd:ES/250308ST82/A006;1♂,2♀,samedata—samplecd:ES/250308ST58/A005;1♂,1♀,
samedata—samplecd:ES/250308ST96/A007;1♂,Valencia,Terrenosdelabor,Enguera
(almondtreeplantation)(Ma_20),38°58′42.6′′ N,0°41′20.9′′ W,6.v.2006,YPT/RPT,leg.
SergioMontagudetal.—samplecd:ES/290508PJ51.FRANCE:1♀,Corse‐du‐Sud(2A),
Quenza,PlateauduCoscione,Castellud’Ornucciu(mountainalderforest)(Ma_21),
41.8327255249023,9.15901279449463,1636m,26–30.vi.2019,YPT,leg.ClaireVillemant—
samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/025/MNHN;1♂,2♀,Sorbollano,CampudiBonza(maquis
landscape)(Ma_22),41.7698669433594,9.12492656707764,890m,22.ii–6.vi.2020,MT,leg.
EddyPoirier,RémyPoncetandJulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/147/MNHN;
1♂,Zicavo(Ma_23),41.876356,9.132745,1244m,25–29.vi.2019,YPT,leg.RomainLe
Divelec—samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/176/MNHN;1♂,2♀,Haute‐Corse,Oletta(Ma_24),
42.65401178095543,9.295872382020844,18–21.x.2020,RsPT,leg.RomainLeDivelec—
samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/086/MNHN;2♂,4♀,Palasca(Ma_25),42.6639556884766,
9.06591701507568,87m,13–22.x.2020,leg.JeanIchter,EddyPoirier,JulienTouroultand
CamilleGazay—samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/060/MNHN;3♂,3♀,Palasca,Vadellarestream,
Gradu(riparianforest)(Ma_26),42.659481048584,9.07185173034668,5m,13–22.x.2020,
MT,leg.EddyPoirier—samplecd:FR‐COR/2020/062/MNHN;1♂,1♀,Corse‐du‐Sud(2A),
SerradiScopamène,CampudiBonza(Ma_27),41°46′20.3226′′N,9°7′22.4364′′E,980m,
14.vi.2019–27.vi.2019,MT,leg.JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/220;1♂,2♀,
SerradiScopamène,Castellud’Ornucciu(inhighermountainalderforest)(Ma_28),
41°49′58.6′′N,09°09′26.1′′E,1580m,26–30.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐
COR/2019/146;1♀,samesite,WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/145;6♂,
2♀,samelocation(inlowermountainalderforest)(Ma_29),41°49′59.6′′N,09°09′26.4′′E,
1556m,26–30.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/149;2♂,samesite,
WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/148;1♀,samesite,YPT,leg.Marc
Pollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/147;7♂,4♀,samelocation(onrocksatedgeofforestand
pozzinehabitats)(Ma_30),41°49′59.9′′N,09°09′29.2′′E,1571m,26.vi.2019,HC,leg.Marc
Pollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/058;2♂,2♀,samelocation(inshadysitesalongstream
inpozzinelandscape)(Ma_31),41°50′00.5′′N,09°09′27.6′′E,1568m,26–30.vi.2019,WPT,
leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/151;1♂,3♀,samelocation(inopenrockysites
Insects2022,13,101212of36
alongstreaminpozzinelandscape)(Ma_32),41°50′02.9′′ N,09°09′24.2′′ E,1559m,
26.vi.2019–30.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/156;1♀,Serradi
ScopamèneetSorbollano,CampudiBonza(ongravellymuddyseepindeciduousforest)
(Ma_33),41°46′21.4′′N,09°07′16.2′′E,935m,23–27.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—sample
cd:FR‐COR/2019/085;2♂,samelocation(inbrookbedinoakforest)(Ma_34),41°46′21.9′′
N,09°07′15.1′′ E,934m,23–27.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐
COR/2019/091;1♀,samelocation(onbanksofriverinoakforest)(Ma_35),41°46′28.3′′N,
09°07′26.9′′E,845m,23–27.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/074;
4♀,samelocation(Ma_22),41°46′11.5206′′N,9°7′29.7366′′E,936m,14–27.vi.2019,MT,leg.
JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/211;1♀,samesite,27.vi–11.vii.2019,MT,leg.
JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/213;2♀,samesite,19.ix–3.x.2019,MT,leg.
JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/209;3♂,2♀,Sorbollano,CampudiBonza
(Ma_36),41°46′11.823′′N,9°7′30.1692′′E,929m,14–27.vi.2019,MT,leg.JulienTouroult—
samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/233;1♂,3♀,samelocation(Ma_37),41°46′15.8046′′N,9°7′27.606′′
E,949m,14.vi–27.vi.2019,MT,leg.JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/212;1♂,1♀,
samesite,27.vi–11.vii.2019,MT,leg.JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/219;1♀,
Zicavo,PontediValpine(onrocksingrassyhabitatnrriver)(Ma_38),41°52′33.0′′ N,
09°08′00.2′′E,1251m,25.vi.2019,HC,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/051;1♀,
Zonza,Samulaghia(onrocksatsmallpool/springalongthetrail)(Ma_39),41°45.667′N,
09°13.544′E,1154m,24.vi.2019,SW,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/030;6♂,
3♀,samelocation(indryfir(Abiessp.)forest)(Ma_40),41°45.697′N,09°13.658′E,1209m,
24–28.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/098;1♀,samesite,24–
28.vi.2019,WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/097;1♀,samesite,24–
28.vi.2019,YPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/096;10♂,15♀,Zonza,
Samulaghia(ondryrocksnearseepinfirforest)(Ma_41),41°45.703′N,09°13.649′E,1208
m,24–28.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/101;1♂,samesite,
28.vi.2019,HC,leg.AnjaDeBraekeleer—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/118;4♂,1♀,samesite,
24–28.vi.2019,WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/100;10♂,6♀,same
location(marshyseepindryfirforest)(Ma_42),41°45′39.6′′N,9°13′37.2′′E,1244m,24–
28.vi.2019,BPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/109;1♀,samesite,24–
28.vi.2019,WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/108;4♂,samesite,24–
28.vi.2019,WPT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/110;1♀,Zonza,Samulaghia
(seeponrocksinfirforest)(Ma_43),41°45′40.1′′N,09°13′32.9′′E,1188m,28.vi.2019,HC,
leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/115;2♂,3♀,samelocation(onrockyseepinfir
forest(edgeofforest))(Ma_44),41°45′40.1′′N,9°13′32.9′′ E,1231m,24–28.vi.2019,BPT,
leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/114;3♂,2♀,samelocation(atlittleseepalong
trail)(Ma_45),41°46.022′N,09°13.409′E,1117m,24.vi.2019,HC,leg.MarcPollet—sample
cd:FR‐COR/2019/031;1♀,samelocation(canopiedseepalongtheroadatedgeofforest)
(Ma_46),41°46.119′N,09°13.347′E,1120m,24.vi.2019,PT,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:
FR‐COR/2019/033;2♂,samelocation(ondryrockyandconcreteconstructiononstream)
(Ma_47),41°46.127′N,09°13.375′E,1095m,24.vi.2019,SW,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:
FR‐COR/2019/024;2♂,1♀,samelocation(onconcretebridge)(Ma_48),41°46.129′ N,
09°13.380′E,1115m,24.vi.2019,HC,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/034;1♀,
samelocation(onrocksatsmallwaterfallonstream)(Ma_49),41°46.133′N,09°13.378′E,
1116m,24.vi.2019,SW,leg.MarcPollet—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/032,allaspartofthe
LaPlanèteRevisitéeCorsicaMNHN‐PNI2019–2021expedition;2♂,1♀,Provence‐Alpes‐
Côted’Azur,Alpes‐Maritimes,Mandelieu,Esterel(onlargestonesinmaquislandscape)
(Ma_50),43.52177,6.89584,70m,4.v.2022,HC,leg.FrédéricBelin—samplecd:
FR/2022/045/FB.ITALY:1♂,Sardinia,Carbonia‐Iglesias,Domusnovas,ValleOridda(on
leftbankofriod’Oriddaonplateauwithsecondarygarrigue)(Ma_51),39.408932°N,
8.616372°E,592m,18.iv–2.v.2006,MT,leg.G.Chessa—samplecd:IT/2006/009/GN
(ProgettoSardegna—CNBF2006);3♂,2♀,Iglesias,Marganai,Tintillonis(clearingin
forest)(Ma_52),39.345887°N,8.570726°E,480m,22–25.ix.2004,MT,leg.D.Birtele,P.
Insects2022,13,101213of36
Cerretti,E.Gatti,F.MasonandD.Whitmore—samplecd:IT/2006/024/GN(Conecofor
Programme—CNBF2003);2♂,Iglesias,nrcoloniaBeneck(inshrubbyvegetationatedge
ofQuercussuberforestinvalley)(Ma_53),39.347590°N,8.563532°E,636m,18.iv–2.v.2006,
MT,leg.G.Chessa—samplecd:IT/2006/001/GN(ProgettoSardegna—CNBF2006);1♂,
samesite,2–16.v.2006,MT,leg.G.Chessa—samplecd:IT/2006/015/GN(Progetto
Sardegna—CNBF2006);1♂,1♀,samesite,30.v–13.vi.2006,MT,leg.G.Chessa—sample
cd:IT/2006/029/GN(ProgettoSardegna—CNBF2006).PORTUGAL:5♂,1♀,AltoAlentejo,
SantaMariadeMarvão(Mediterraneanshrublandwithbigrocks)(Ma_54),39°23′49.2′′N,
7°21′51.4′′W,610m,14.iii.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/183/RA;1♂,
BeiraAlta,Aldeias(mountainoussitewithmixedforest)(Ma_55),40°28′05.4′′ N,
7°35′15.7′′W,855m,25.iv.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/082/RA;1♀,
Loriga,PraiaFluvialdeLoriga(rockymountainriver)(Ma_56),40°19′41.26′′N,7°40′36.71′′
W,890m,3.ix.2014,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2014/204/AG;1♂,
Sabugueiro,LagoaComprida(daminrockymountainarea)(Ma_57),40°21′54.3′′ N,
7°38′32.5′′W,1600m,21.ix.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/227/RA;1♀,
BeiraLitoral,SéNova,JardinBotânicadeCoimbra(botanicalgarden;mostspecimens
werecollectednearpondsoronwalls)(Ma_58),40°12′20.0′′ N,8°25′15.0′′ W,85m,
9.v.2013,HC,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2013/110/AG;1♂,Vidual(dam
surroundedbypineforestandMediterraneanshrubland)(Ma_59),40°05′27.5′′ N,
7°51′33.6′′W,666m,8.x.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/381/RA;1♂,3♀,
DouroLitoral,OliveiradoDouro,ParqueMunicipaldaLavandeira(extensivelawnsand
asmallstreamborderedbytrees)(Ma_60),41°07′18.4′′N,8°35′40.9′′W,100m,20.v.2009,
HC,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2009/135/RA;1♂,Valongo,SerrasdeValongo
(mountainoussitecrossedbyasmallriver)(Ma_61),41°09′33.4′′N,8°29′05.6′′ W,75m,
6.v.2010,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2010/001/RA;3♂,Valongo,Serrasde
Valongo(mountainoussitecrossedbyasmallriver)(Ma_62),41°09′33.4′′N,8°29′05.6′′W,
75m,17.v.2010,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2010/006/RA;1♀,samesite,
13.vi.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2012/135/RA;1♂,samesite,23.v.2013,
SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/034/RA;1♀,Estremadura,AdosCunhados,
CasaldaSerra(agriculturalfields)(Ma_63),39°09′56.20′′ N,9°20′31.53′′ W,50m,
19.ix.2013,HC,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/292/RA;1♂,2♀,samesite,
22.viii.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/237/RA;6♂,5♀,samesite,
19.ix.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/185/RA;1♂,samesite,19.ix.2013,
SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/185/RA;3♂,Tornada,PauldeTornada
(marshland)(Ma_64),39°26′52.8′′ N,9°08′04.0′′ W,10m,20.ix.2012,SW,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:PT/2012/026/RA;2♂,3♀,samesite,22.ix.2012,SW,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:PT/2012/106/RA;1♀,samesite,26.ix.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—
samplecd:PT/2012/037/RA;3♀,Minho,Apúlia,ParqueNaturaldoLitoralNorte(Ma_65),
41°28′16.4′′ N,8°46′27.2′′ W,2m,23.v.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2012/069/RA;1♂,samesite,23.v.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2012/069/RA;1♂,samesite,19.iv.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2015/323/RA;1♀,Gilmonde(agriculturalfieldssurroundedbysmallpatchesofforest)
(Ma_66),41°30′42.0′′ N,8°38′56.1′′ W,37.5m,21.v–4.vi.2012,MT,leg.RuiAndrade—
samplecd:PT/2012/325/RA;9♂,5♀,samelocation,41°30′43.0′′N,8°38′57.0′′ W(Ma_67),
37.5m,8.v.2009,HC,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2009/137/RA;4♂,1♀,samesite,
21.v.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2012/117/RA;2♂,3♀,samesite,4.vi.2012,
SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2012/015/RA;2♂,2♀,samesite,14.iv.2013,SW,leg.
RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/007/RA;1♂,RioTinto,Marachão(mosaiclandscape
onbanksoftheCávadoriver)(Ma_68),41°30′16.9′′N,8°43′10.6′′W,23m,15.iv.2013,SW,
leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/020/RA;1♀,VilardaVeiga,Gerês(woodlandina
mountainousarea)(Ma_69),41°44′16.7′′N,8°09′19.8′′W,500m,24.vii.2010,HC,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:PT/2011/235/RA;1♀,Ribatejo,Olaia,Lamarosa(Ma_70),
39°31′46.66′′N,8°28′10.13′′W,65m,30.iv.2013,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:
Insects2022,13,101214of36
PT/2013/154/AG;1♂,SantaMargaridadaCoutada(ripariancorridorofasmallstream)
(Ma_71),39°26′23.3′′N,8°16′50.7′′W,75m,30.iii.2011,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2011/004/RA;1♂,Trás‐os‐MonteseAltoDouro,Adeganha,Estevais(Mediterranean
sclerophyllousforestandshrubland)(Ma_72),41°13′58.8′′ N,7°04′22.0′′ W,449m,
1.vi.2016,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2016/362/RA;2♀,Algoso(riparian
corridorcrossingMediterraneanshrubland)(Ma_73),41°27′17.6′′N,6°35′35.2′′W,341m,
16.vi.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/310/RA;1♂,Algoso,Valede
Algoso(smallplotsofagriculturalland,surroundedbyMediterraneanshrubland)
(Ma_74),41°29′52.4′′ N,6°32′19.9′′ W,575m,5.x.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndradeandAna
Gonçalves—samplecd:PT/2015/379/RA&AG;1♂,1♀,samesite,6.x.2015,SW,leg.Rui
AndradeandAnaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2015/348/RA&AG;1♂,Castrelos(riparian
corridorinamountainousarea)(Ma_75),41°50′22.1′′N,6°53′24.2′′W,611m,2.x.2015,SW,
leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/350/RA;1♀,Ermelo,Varzigueto(mountainriver
crossingmeadows)(Ma_76),41°22′44.0′′N,7°51′14.4′′W,750m,25.vi.2013,SW,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:PT/2013/008/RA;1♂,Gondesende(ripariancorridorin
mountainousareacrossingmeadowandQuercuspyrenaicaforest)(Ma_77),41°50′47.1′′N,
6°52′45.9′′W,638m,10.v.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/264/RA;1♂,
Meirinhos(lowlandriverinravine)(Ma_78),41°17′13.4′′ N,6°52′21.5′′ W,222m,
17.vi.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/321/RA;2♂,1♀,PitõesdasJúnias
(oakforestwithsmallwaterfall)(Ma_79),41°49′48.7′′N,7°57′01.3′′W,965m,10.ix.2012,
SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2012/051/RA;1♀,Silva,SantoAdrião(pondsas
remnantsofdryingupriveramidMediterraneanforest)(Ma_80),41°31′48.2′′ N,
6°28′27.24′′ W,552m,1.iv.2015,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:
PT/2015/404/AG;2♂,VilaChãdeBraciosa(lowlandriverinravine)(Ma_81),41°25′29.8′′
N,6°18′29.4′′W,603m,6.x.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/344/RA;1♂,
samesite,3.vi.2016,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2016/366/RA;2♂,1♀,Vinhais
(forestofQuercuspyrenaicaandconifers)(Ma_82),41°51′01.3′′ N,6°59′21.6′′ W,983m,
10.ix.2014,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2014/225/RA[RBINS,IG:34520/002;and
MAPC,unlessotherwisementioned].
Distribution.Portugal(AltoAlentejo,BeiraAlta,BeiraLitoral,DouroLitoral,
Estremadura,Minho,Ribatejo,Trás‐os‐MonteseAltoDouro),Spain(Andalucía,Aragón,
Castilla‐LaMancha,CastillayLeón,Cataluña,ComunidaddeMadrid,Extremadura,
Galicia,ComunidadValenciana),France(Provence‐Alpes‐Côted’Azur,Corsica)andItaly
(Sardinia).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“aglaops”isretrievedfromtheancientGreek
Ἀγλαωψ,whichmeans“withbeautifuleyes”,referringtotheunusualcolourpatternof
theeyesinfrontalandlateralview.
Ecology.M.aglaopssp.nov.hasbeenencounteredbothinnaturalbiotopesand
agriculturallandscapesfrom2mupto2343ma.s.l.Itismostlyfoundinratherdrysites,
onrocksorotherhardsubstrates,ofteninforestsbutalsoinmoreopenhabitats.Ithas
beencollectedin83differentsitesandfourcountriesandassuchisthemostabundant
andwidespreadofallnewMedeteraspeciesdescribedhere.Itwasencounteredinfive
samplestogetherwithM.lusitanasp.nov.,andinfourothersamplestogetherwithoneof
thefollowingspecies:M.corsicanasp.nov.,M.gibbosipygasp.nov.,M.hispanicasp.nov.,
M.rectipygasp.nov.DuringtheOurPlanetReviewedexpeditioninCorsica(2019),M.
aglaopssp.nov.wascollectedinhighestnumbersalongaseeponrockysubstrateinafir
(Abiessp.)forestabove1200ma.s.l.Inthissite,yieldswerefarhigherinbluepantraps(n
=55)thaninwhite(n=11)oryellowtraps(n=1).Thisisaphenomenonthathasbeen
observedpreviouslyintree‐trunkdwellingspecies,andMedeterainparticulare.g.,[29,30].
Insects2022,13,101215of36
MedeteracorsicanaPolletsp.nov.(Figures2,6Aand7A)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F10B2FF‐2B2A‐4ACA‐A777‐480F1DE66FCE
Figure6.Medeteraspecies,generalhabitus(A)Medeteracorsicanasp.nov.;(B)Medeteragibbosipyga
sp.nov.;(C)Medeterahispanicasp.nov.(photos:AndreasStark).
Insects2022,13,101216of36
Figure7.Medeterahypopygia,lateralview(A)Medeteracorsicanasp.nov.;(B)Medeteragibbosipyga
sp.nov.;(C)Medeterahispanicasp.nov.Cer:cercus,hyp:hypandrium,pha:phallus,pgo:postgonite,
sur:apicalpartofsurstylus.Scale=0.1mm.
Insects2022,13,101217of36
Diagnosis.Verysmallspecies,winglength1.7–1.9mm(n=3).Facewithepistoma
green,heavilydustedwhitish;clypeusbrilliantlygreeninmiddle.Eyeuniformlyred.
Mesonotumuniformlymetallicgreen–bronze.Fivedc;fourac.Wingveryslightly
infuscate;halterwithyellowknobandinfuscateshaft.Coxaeandfemoraoverallblackish
brown,withpaleknees;tibiaebrownishtoreddishyellow,andtarsiwithtarsomeres1–2
palewithdarkapex,andtarsomeres3–5dark.TibiaIIwithadandpdbristlepair.
Surstyluswithindistinctapicalsplit;hypandriumratherstraightwithweakbendatapex
(lateralview),slightlytaperingtowardstriangularapex(ventralview).
Description.Male.Bodylength:1.9–2.1mm(n=3);winglength:1.7–1.9mm(n=3),
0.2×aswideaslong.Head.Facewithepistomagreen,heavilydustedwhitish,andclypeus
brilliantlygreeninmiddle,narrowingbelowantennae,parallel‐sidedinmiddle(1/2of
eyewidth)andslightlydivergingatclypeus;epistoma2×ashighasclypeus,latterslightly
longerthanwide,bare.Fronsmetallicgreen,withstrongwhitishdusting.Occiputbronze,
withslightgreyishdusting,distinctlyconcave.Palpussmall,about1/8ofeyeheight,
ovoid,darkbrown,shining,withyellowpubescenceandoneyellowapicalbristle.
Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewithredbasecolourandgreenishreflection.Lowermost
postocularbristleswhite,quitelongandgentlycurved,anduppermostslightlydarker,
short,anderect.Onepairofminutebrownpostocellarbristles.Antennablack,withscape
bareandpedicelwithapicalcrownofsmallbristles;postpedicelblack,subcircular,
sometimeswithsmallapvprocess,aboutaslongasdeep,and0.7×aslongasscapeand
pedicelcombined,withmicroscopicpubescence;stylusapical,about4×aslongasfirst
threeantennalsegmentscombined,withfirstsegmentveryshort,bare.Thorax.
Mesonotumincl.pleuraandscutellumuniformlymetallicgreen—bronze,withstrong
whitishdusting;scutellumwithfourbristles,lateralbristles0.5×aslongasmedianones.
Thoracicbristlesblack.Fivedc(twopresutural,onesutural,twopostsutural),withfirst
presuturalandsuturalbristledistinctlysmallerthanotherdc,otherdcincreasingin
lengthtowardsscutellum.Aboutfourac,biserial,reachingnearlylevelofthirddc
(sutural),microscopic;three(onelargeblack,twominutewhite)antpprn,oneexternal
baspprn,onesmallsutial,onenpl,onespal(twoinHT),andonepalbristles.One–two
whiteprothoracicbristles,withlowerbristleconsiderablylongerthanupperone.Anterior
surfaceofmesonotumwithsparsewhiteminutesetae.Wing.Veryslightlyinfuscate.Vein
R4+5smoothlysinuous,M1nearlystraight,bothdistinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex;
distanceatwingapex0.5×distanceatcrossveindm‐cu.ProximalsectionofM10.9×aslong
asapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA13.1×aslongasapicalsection.CuAxratio:0.8.
Halterknobyellow,slightlyinfuscate,withinfuscateshaft;calypteralfringewhite.Legs.
Coxaeandfemoraoverallblackishbrown,latterwithpaleknees;tibiaebrownishto
reddishyellow,andtarsiwithtarsomeres1–2palewithdarkapex,andtarsomeres3–5
dark.Legslargelydevoidofbristles.Withpalepubescence,onlylargerbristlesbrown.All
coxaeblackishbrown;coxaIwithonerowofwhitesetaeonedgebetweenanteriorand
lateralface,andwithfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaIIwithwhitepubescenceonanterior
face,andonelargewhitebristleonanterolateralmargin.CoxaIIIwithonewhiteexternal
bristle,insertedincentre.Trochantersbrown,trochanterIIwithone–threewhiteanterior
bristles.Femorablackishbrown,femoraI–IIwithapical1/5,andfemurIIIwithextreme
apexyellow.FemurIIIwithtwosmallavbristlesandthreestronglyinclinedbristlesin
basal1/2,about0.5×aslongasfemurisdeep.Tibiaeandtarsivariableincolouramong
specimens.TibiaIfrombrowntobrownishyellow,withoutdistinctbristles.TibiaIIpale
browntobrownishyellow,withonesmalladbristleatlessthanbasal2/5andonesmall
pdbristleatbasal1/3,formeraslongastibiaisdeepandlatternearlyaslongastibiais
deep;withfoursmallapbristles.TibiaIIIfrombrowntobrownishyellow,withone
yellowbristleatlessthanap1/6,withweakserrationofshortwhitesetaealongentire
length,and1–2indistinctapbristles.Tarsiwithtarsomeres3–5entirelydark.TarsusI
usuallywithtaI1yellowwithdarkapex,andtaI2yellowwithapical1/2dark(taI1–2inHT
onlyslightlypalerthantaI3–5);taI1withminuteyellowventralsetae,andtaI1–4withapv
crownofdarksetae.TarsusIIwithtaII1–2paleyellowwithdarkapex,taII1–5withseveral
Insects2022,13,101218of36
smalldarkvtsetae,andtaII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIIwithtaIII1pale
withdarkapex,graduallydarkerfromtaIII2onwards;taIII1withtwoyellowapvbristles,
aslongastarsomereisdeep,andwithquadratepvtoothatbasis(MSSC);tarsomeresIII1–
4withindistinctsmallvtbristles.Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:
7.4/7.3/3.7/1.9/1.4/1/1.1,inlegII:8.4/8.8/4.7/2.5/1.9/1/1,andinlegIII:
7.6/9.7/2.3/3.8/2.2/1.1/1.Abdomen.Withsevenpubescentsegments.Tergitesgreenish
bronze,withstrongwhitishdusting,withwhitepubescenceandshortbristleson
posteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1moreerectandlarge.Sternitesdarkbrown,with
white,veryshortbristles;S2–5withtriangularincisioninmiddleofposteriormargin,S6
entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumwithepandriumbrownishblack;hypandrium
reddishyellow,elongate,slightlynarrowerinmiddle,withroundedtriangularapex;
phalluswithsubapicalcavity;withoneverysmallbasoventral,andtwolargeapicoventral
epandrialsetae,latteronshortstalks;surstylusbrown,paleratapex,ratherlong,gently
curvedwithincompletesplitindsandvtlobe,latterwithmodifiedbristles;cercusgrey,
rathersmall,elongatetriangular,withtwoapflattenedbristles.
Female.Unknown.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,FRANCE:Corsica,Corse‐du‐Sud(2A),Sorbollano,
CampudiBonza(Mc_1),41°46′11.5206′′N,9°7′29.7366′′E,936m,27.vi–11.vii.2019,MT,
leg.JulienTouroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/213[MNHN].
PARATYPES:FRANCE:1♂,samesiteasholotype,11–25.vii.2019,MT,leg.Julien
Touroult—samplecd:FR‐COR/2019/235[MNHN];1♂,samelocation(Mc_2),
41°46′14.898′′N,9°7′26.5728′′E,947m,27.vi–11.vii.2019,MT,leg.JulienTouroult—sample
cd:FR‐COR/2019/230(survey:(FR‐COR)LaPlanèteRevisitéeCorsicaMNHN‐PNI2019‐
2021)[MAPC].
Distribution.AtpresentonlyknownfromCorsica(Corse‐du‐Sud).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“corsicana”referstotheisland(Corsica)wherethe
specieshasbeendiscoveredforthefirsttime.
Ecology.ThetypelocationofthisspeciesissituatedinaratherdryQuercusilexforest
insouthernCorsica,themostcommonforesttypeonthisisland.M.corsicanasp.nov.has
onlybeenretrievedfromMalaisetrapsamples,whichsuggestsaprimarilyarboreallife
history,similartomanyotherMedeteraspeciesbutcontraryto,e.g.,M.aglaopssp.nov.
MedeteragibbosipygaPolletsp.nov.(Figures2,6Band7B)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F50AB636‐E291‐4FAA‐8813‐4E4428D14391
Diagnosis.Smallspecies,winglength2.0–2.8mm.Facewithepistomaandclypeus
entirelycoveredwithstrongyellowishgreypollinosity.Eyewithredbasecolourand
greenreflectioninlower4/5andreddishpurpleinupper1/5.Mesonotumuniformly
bronze.Fivedc;1–3acmostlypresent,sometimesabsent.Wingslightlyinfuscate;halter
brownish.Legsoverallmainlyblackishbrown,femoraI–IIIwithnarrowreddishyellow
knees,tarsiI–IIIpaler,especiallytaI–III1,withtaII1–2largelyyellowishbrown.TibiaII
withoutadandpdbristlepair.Surstylusrathershort,slightlybending,withsplitatapical
1/4;hypandriumwithraisedbasis(lateralview),hypandriumratherparallel‐sidedwith
broadbasisandtulip‐shapedapex(ventralview).
Description.Male.Bodylength:2.1–2.5mm;winglength:2.0–2.8mm,wing0.3×as
wideaslong.Head.Face(epistomaandclypeus)entirelycoveredwithstrongyellowish
greypollinosity;narrowingbelowantennae,parallel‐sidedinmiddleandslightly
divergingatclypeus;epistomawithoneshallowcentralfurrow,2/5ofeyewidthin
middle,bare.Frons(nogroundcolourvisible)withstrongyellowishgreydusting.
Occiputdarkbrown,withslightyellowishdusting,distinctlyconcave.Palpussmall,1/8
ofeyeheight,ovoid,darkbrown,shining,withyellowpubescenceandyellowapbristle.
Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewithredbasecolourandgreenreflectioninlower4/5and
reddishpurpleindorsal1/5,bare.Mostpostocularbristleswhite,withlowermostrather
long,gentlycurved,anduppermost2–3shorterandmostlydarker.Onepairofminute
brownpostocellarbristles.Antennaentirelyblack,withscapebareandpedicelwithapical
Insects2022,13,101219of36
crownofshortbristles;postpedicelsubcircular,withoutdistinctapicalprocess,aslongas
deep,andabout0.8×aslongasscapeandpedicelcombined,withmicroscopic
pubescence;stylusapical,4×aslongasfirstthreeantennalsegmentscombined,withvery
shortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.Mesonotumuniformlybronze(incl.pleuraand
scutellum),withstrongyellowishgreydusting.Thoracicbristlesblack.Mostlyfivedc
(twopresutural,onesutural,twopostsutural),dc10.5×aslongasdc2–3,latter0.5×aslong
asdc4–5;acentirelyabsentinsomespecimens,butusually1–3acpresent,biseriate,
microscopic,aslongasdistancebetweenrows,reachinglevelofthirddc;three(onelarge
black,twominutewhite)antpprn,oneexternalbaspprn,onestrongsutial,onenpl,one
spal,andonepalbristles.Scutellumwithfourbristles,lateralonesrathersmall,about0.5×
aslongasmedianones.Threewhiteprothoracicbristlesofsubequallength.Wing.
Slightlyinfuscatewithveinsyellowishatbasis.VeinR4+5smoothlysinuous,M1gently
curved,bothdistinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex,parallelatwingapex;distance
betweenR4+5andM1atwingapex0.6×thatatcrossveindm‐cu.ProximalsectionofM10.9×
aslongasapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA13.1×aslongasapicalsection.CuAx
ratio:0.8.Halterbrownish,calypteralfringewhite.Legs.Overall,mainlyblackishbrown,
femoraI–IIIwithnarrowreddishyellowknees,tarsiI–IIIpaler,especiallytaI–III1,with
tarsiII1–2largelyyellowishbrown.Legswithpalepubescenceandbristles,onlyapical
bristlesoftibiaIIdarker.CoxaIblackishbrown,withwhitepubescenceonanteriorand
lateralface,andfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaIIdarkbrown,withwhitepubescenceon
entireanteriorface,andthreewhitebristlesonanterolateralmargin,withtheapicalmost
bristlestrongest.CoxaIIIblackishbrown,withonewhiteexternalbristleincentre.
Trochantersblackishbrown,trochanterIIwiththreeminutewhiteanteriorbristles.
FemoraI–IIIblackishbrown,femoraI–IIwithaboutapical1/5palerandfemurIIIwith
lessthanapical1/5reddishyellow;femoralargelydevoidofbristles.TibiaeI–IIIdark
brown,tibiaIIpalertowardsapex.TibiaIwithoutdistinctbristles.TibiaIIwithfourap
bristles,withapvbristlelargest.TibiaIIIwithoneyellowbristleataboutapical1/6,
slightlylongerthantibiaisdeep,andtwoindistinctavbristles;withpdserrationofshort
whitesetae,especiallyonapical½.TarsusIdarkbrown,withtaI1slightlypaler;taI1–4with
apvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIdarkbrown,withtaII1–2yellowishbrownwithdark
apex;taII1–5withseveralsmalldarkventralsetae,andtaII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.
TarsusIIIdarkbrown,withtaIII1palebrown;taIII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae;taIII1
withratheracutepvtoothatbasis(MSSC).Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:
7.5/7.3/3.7/2.1/1.4/1/1.1,inlegII:8.8/9.5/5.4/2.8/1.9/1.1/1,andinlegIII:
7.6/9.6/2.6/3.7/2.1/1.1/1.Abdomen.With7pubescentsegments.Tergitesgreenishbronze,
withratherstrongyellowishgreypruinosity;withwhitepubescenceandshortbristleson
posteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1erectandlarge.SternitesconcolorouswithT,
withwhite,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withbluntincisioninmiddleofposteriormargin,
S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumincl.epandriumbrownishblack;hypandrium
reddishbrown,largelyparallel‐sided,withwidebasisanddistinctlyenlargedtulip‐
shapedapexinventralview;basisconspicuouslyraised(humpback‐like)inlateralview;
withonesmallbasoventral,andtwolargerapicoventralepandrialsetae,latteronshort
stalks;surstylusbrown,ofmoderatelengthandwidth,withratherrobustandslightly
curvedapex,latterwithdsandvtprocessseparatedonlyatapex,bothwithflattenedor
feather‐shapedsetae;cercusgreyishbrown,rathersmall,elongatetriangular,withtwo
flattenedapbristles.
Female.Asmale,exceptforbodylength:2.6–2.8mm(n=2);winglength:2.4–2.6mm
(n=2),wing0.4×aswideaslong.Face1/3ofeyewidthinmiddle.Wingwithproximal
sectionofCuA13.5×aslongasapicalsection;CuAxratio:0.9.Abdomenwithfive
pubescentsegments;segments6–11telescopic,and12thsegmentwithtwoblackneedle‐
likeacanthophoritesandtwoequal‐sizedbrowncerci.Sternitescolouredasinmalebut
S2–5complete.TarsomereIII1withoutacutebasalpvtooth.Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres
1–5inlegI:8.7/8.6/4.5/2,3/1.5/1/1,2,inlegII:9.2/9.6/5.3/2.5/1.7/1/1,andinlegIII:
7.8/9.7/2.6/3.7/2/1/1.
Insects2022,13,101220of36
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,SPAIN:Aragón,Huesca,Fraga(verydryhabitat
withsclerophyllousshrubsandpatchesofpineforest)(Mg_1),41°30′40.7′′N,0°16′32.8′′E,
340m,14.v.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:ES/2015/259/RA[RBINS,IG:
34520/003].
PARATYPES:SPAIN:3♂,2♀,samedataasholotype;2♂,Cataluña,Lleida,Alta
Ribagorça,ElPontdeSuert(mountainousareawithshrubs,grasses,someconiferoustrees
andasmallstreamrunningthroughtherockysoil)(Mg_2),42°21′22.4′′N,0°50′04.4′′ E,
1265m,5.viii.2014,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:ES/2014/187/AG[RBINS,IG:
34520/004:1♂;MAPC:2♂,2♀].
Distribution.NortheasternSpain(Aragón,Cataluña).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“gibbosipyga”isaconcatenationof“gibbosus”
(humped)and“pyga”(genitalapparatus),referringtotheraisedbasisofthehypandrium
inthisspecieswhichisoneofitsmaindiagnosticfeatures.
Ecology.M.gibbosipygasp.nov.hasbeenencounteredatonlytwositesbetween340
mand1265mwhichcanbedescribedasdry,openbiotopes,withrockysubstrates,shrubs,
andconiferoustrees.
MedeterahispanicaPolletsp.nov.(Figures2,6Cand7C)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2A3914BB‐60C3‐4E01‐B1A3‐AAA187DC2C14
Diagnosis.Smallspecies,winglength2.2mm.Facewithepistomametallicgreenin
centre,clypeusmainlybrilliantlybronze,bothdustedgreyishlaterally.Eyewithredbase
colourandgreenreflectioninmorethanlower2/3,upperpartvioletred.Mesonotum
mainlymetallicgreenondorsumwithhumeralandnotopleuralareasmetallicvioletblue.
Fourdc;6–7strongac.Winghyaline,halteryellow.Legswithcoxaeandfemorablackish
brown,latterwithpaleknees;remainderoflegsbrownwithapicalpartoftibiaeI–IIIand
tarsomeresI–III1largelyyellowishbrown.TibiaIIwithoutadandpdbristlepair.
Surstyluswithsmallsplitindorsalandventrallobeatapical1/4;hypandriumstraight
(lateralview),ribbon‐shaped,withacuteapex(ventralview).
Description.Male.Bodylength:2.0mm(n=1);winglength:2.2mm(n=1),wing
0.3×aswideaslong.Head.Facewithepistomametallicgreenincentre,clypeusmainly
brilliantlybronze,bothdustedgreyishlaterally;mainlyparallel‐sided,onlyslightly
wideningtowardsantennaeandclypeus,aswideinmiddleas2×postpedicel(length);
epistomaabout2×ashighasclypeus,latteraslongaswide,bare.Fronsmetallicgreenish
blue,withstrongwhitishdusting.Occiputbronze,withslightgreyishdusting,distinctly
concave.Palpussmall(notpossibletomeasurereliably),ovoid,darkbrown,apparently
shining,withyellowpubescenceandyellowapbristle.Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewith
redbasecolourandgreenreflectioninmorethanlower2/3,upperpartvioletred(with
smallerommatidia—hardtoassessduetoshrinkingofeyes),bare.Postocularbristles
white,lowermostquitelongandgentlycurved,upperonesbecomingshorteranderect
(uppermostbristlesmissing).Onepairof(missing)postocellarbristles.Antennaentirely
black,withscapebareandpedicelwithanapicalcrownofsmallbristles;postpedicel
subcircular,about0.8×aslongasdeep,andabout0.8×aslongasscapeandpedicel
combined,withmicroscopicpubescence;stylusstrictlyapical,about3.6×aslongasfirst
threeantennalsegmentscombined,withveryshortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.
Mesonotummainlymetallicgreenondorsum,andhumeralandnotopleuralareas
metallicvioletblue,withstrongwhitishdusting;pleurametallicgreen,bronzetoviolet,
withweakwhitishdusting;scutellumgreenishblue,withstrongwhitishdusting,with
fourbristles(noreliablemeasurementspossibleduetothelackofthemedianbristles).
Thoracicbristlesblack.Withfourdc(onepresutural,onesutural,twopostsutural;most
bristleslacking).Atotalof6–7ac,biseriate,reachingbeyondsecond(sutural)dc,aslong
asdistancebetweenrows;three(onelargeblack,twominutewhite)antpprn,oneexternal
baspprn,onestrongsutial,onenpl,onespal,andonepalbristles.Withaboutsixminute
palesetaebetweenhumeralandfirstdcbristle.Twowhiteprothoracicbristles,withlower
Insects2022,13,101221of36
bristleconsiderablylongerthanupperone.Wing.Hyaline,withdarkbrownveins.Vein
R4+5smoothlysinuous,M1gentlycurved,bothdistinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex;
distanceatwingapexlessthan0.3×distanceatcrossveindm‐cu.ProximalsectionofM1
0.9×aslongasapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA12.8×aslongasapicalsection.CuAx
ratio:0.7.Halteryellow,calypteralfringewhite.Legs.CoxaeI–IIIandfemoraI–IIIoverall
blackishbrown,withpaleknees,especiallyfemoraI–II;remainderoflegsbrownwith
apicalpartoftibiaeI–IIIandtarsomeresI–III1largelyyellowishbrown.Withpale
pubescenceandbristles.CoxaIwithwhitishyellowpubescence,nearlyexclusivelyon
anteriorface(lateralfacenearlyentirelybare),andfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaIIwith
whitepubescenceonanteriorface,andonelargewhitebristleonanterolateralmargin.
CoxaIIIwithonewhiteexternalbristleincentre.Trochantersbrown,trochanterIIwith
threeminutewhiteanteriorbristles.FemurIblackishbrown,withap1/5yellow.Femur
IIdarkbrown,withmorethanap1/4paleyellow.FemurIIIblackishbrown,withless
thanap1/5reddishyellow;femoralargelydevoidofbristles.TibiaIbrown,paleronap
1/4,withoutdistinctbristles.TibiaIIyellowishbrownatbasistobrownishyellowatapex,
withfoursmallapbristles.TibiaIIIbrown,paleratapex,withoneyellowbristleatless
thanap1/4,slightlylongerthantibiaisdeep,amidserrationofshortwhitesetaeonap
1/2,andtwoindistinctavbristleswithpdandvtserrationofshortwhitesetaeonap1/2.
TarsusImainlybrown,withtaI5darkbrown;taI1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.Tarsus
IIwithtaII1brownishyellow,darkerfromap1/3onwards,withtaII2–5darkbrown;taII1–5
withsmalldarkvtsetaeandtaII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIIwithtaIII1
yellowishbrown,darkeratapex,andtaIII2–5darkbrown;taIII2–4withapvcrownofbrown
setae;taIII1withratherbluntpvtoothatbasis(MSSC).Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–
5inlegI:8.4/8/4.4/2/1.4/1/1.1,inlegII:8.3/8.6/5.3/2.4/1.5/0.9/1,andinlegIII:
8.1/10.3/3/4/2.1/1/1.Abdomen.Withsevenpubescentsegments.Tergitesgreenishbronze,
withratherweakwhitishpruinosity,withwhitepubescenceandshortbristleson
posteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1erectandlarge.SternitesconcolorouswithT,
withwhite,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withbluntincisioninmiddleofposteriormargin,
S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumincl.epandriumbrownishblack;hypandrium
brownishyellow,ratherwide,onlyslightlynarrowingtowardsratheracuteapex;with
twosmallbasal,andtwolargeapicoventralepandrialsetae,latteronshortstalks;
surstylusbrown,gentlycurvedventralwards,splitindsandvtlobeataboutapical1/4,
bothwithmodifiedsetae;cercusgrey,rathersmall,elongatetriangular,withtwoflattened
apbristles.
Female.Unknown.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,SPAIN:Andalucía,Almería,Bayárcal(lush
vegetationalongmountainrivulet)(Mh_1),37.0746,−3.0198,1692m,2.viii.2015,SW,leg.
PilucaÁlvarezFidalgo—samplecd:ES/2015/004a/PA[MNCN].
PARATYPES:SPAIN:1♂,Castilla‐LaMancha,Toledo,Argés,GuajarazReservoir
(onrocksatreservoir)(Mh_2),39.79655,−4.08379,605m,26.iv.2017,SW,leg.Piluca
ÁlvarezFidalgo—samplecd:ES/2017/001/PA[MAPC].
Distribution.Atpresentonlyrecordedfromcentral(Castilla‐LaMancha)and
southeasternSpain(Andalucía).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“hispanica”referstothecountrywherethespecies
hasbeendiscoveredforthefirsttime.
Ecology.Sharedfeaturesofbothcapturesitessuggestapreferenceofthisspeciesfor
openwater(rivulet,reservoir)andpossiblyhigheraltitudes(605m,1692m),butthis
remainstobeconfirmedbyadditionalrecords.
Insects2022,13,101222of36
MedeteralusitanaPolletsp.nov.(Figures1D,2,8and9)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0120BA70‐872F‐4B0F‐B96A‐FA6725595DD8
Figure8.Medeteralusitanasp.nov.(A)male,generalhabitus;(B)male,head,inwetcondition
(frontalview);(C)male,head,driedsuperficially(frontalview)(photos:AndreasStark).
Diagnosis.Smallbutrobustspecies,winglength2.1–2.5mm.Facewithepistoma
metallicgreen,stronglydustedyellowish,andclypeusbrilliantgreen.Eyewithredbase
colourandbrilliantgreenreflectioninlower2/3,anddarkvioletinaboutupper1/3(with
smallerommatidia).Mesonotum(incl.scutellum)greenishbluewithcopperyarea
betweendcrowsextendinguponprescutellardepression,withstrongwhitishdusting.
Fivedc,withfirstdcsmall,about0.7×aslongasseconddcbristle;fourstrongac;twospal
bristles.Winghyaline;halterdark.Legsoverallblackishbrown,andfemoraI–IIIwith
narrowreddishyellowknees.TibiaIIwithadandpdbristlepair.Hypandriumslightly
undulatingventrally(lateralview),stout,widestinmiddlewithacuteapex,without
lateralhooksatbasal1/3(ventralview).
Insects2022,13,101223of36
Figure9.Medeteralusitanasp.nov.hypopygium(A)lateralview;(B)ventralview.Cer:cercus,hyp:
hypandrium,sur:apicalpartofsurstylus.Scale=0.1mm.
Description.Male.Bodylength:2.2–2.5mm;winglength:2.1–2.5mm,wing0.4×as
wideaslong.Head.Facewithepistomametallicgreen,stronglydustedyellowishand
clypeusbrilliantgreen;narrowingbelowantennae,parallel‐sidedinmiddle(1/3ofeye
width)andslightlydivergingatclypeus;epistomawith2–3shallowdivergingfurrows,
clypeusaboutaslongaswide,bare.Fronsmetallicvioletblue,withstrongwhitish
dusting.Occiputvioletblue,stronglydusted,distinctlyconcave.Palpussmall,1/6ofeye
height,ovoid,darkbrown,shining,withyellowpubescenceandbrownapbristle.
Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewithredbasecolourandbrilliantgreenreflectioninlower2/3,
anddarkvioletinaboutupper1/3(withsmallerommatidia),bare.Mostpostocular
bristleswhite,ratherlong,gentlycurved,withuppermostthreedistinctlyshorterand
darker.Onepairofblackpostocellarbristles.Antennaentirelyblack,withscapebareand
pedicelwithapicalcrownofsmallbristles;postpedicelsubcircular,withsmallbluntapv
process,aboutaslongasdeep,andabout0.6×aslongasscapeandpedicelcombined,
Insects2022,13,101224of36
withmicroscopicpubescence;stylusapical,abovesmallbluntprocess,about4×aslong
asfirstthreeantennalsegmentscombined,withveryshortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.
Mesonotum(incl.scutellum)greenishbluewithcopperyareabetweendcrowsextending
uponprescutellardepression,withstrongwhitishdusting;pleurametallicgreen,with
weakerwhitishdusting.Thoracicbristlesblack.Fivestrongdc(twopresutural,one
sutural,twopostsutural),firstdc0.7×aslongasseconddc,posterioronesincreasingin
lengthtowardsscutellum.Fourac,biseriate,reachinguntilthirddc,ratherstrong,about
1.5–2×aslongasdistancebetweenrows;three(onelargeblack,twominutewhite)ant
pprn,oneexternalbaspprn,one(minute,ac‐sized)psutial,oneratherstrongsutial,one
npl,twospal,andonepalbristles.Scutellumwithfourbristles,lateralonesstrong,about
0.7×aslongasmedianones.With2–3whiteprothoracicbristles,lowerbristleabout2×as
longasupperbristles.Insomespecimens,abouteightminutesetaebetweenantpprn
bristleandfirstdc.Wing.Hyaline,withdarkbrownveins.VeinR4+5smoothlysinuous,
M1gentlycurved,bothdistinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex,andsometimesslightly
divergingatwingapex;distanceatwingapex0.3×distanceatcrossveindm‐cu.Proximal
sectionofM10.9×aslongasapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA13.0×aslongasapical
section.CuAxratio:0.7.Halterblack,bothshaftandknob,calypteralfringebrown.Legs.
Overallblackishbrown,femoraI–IIIwithnarrowreddishyellowknees,especiallyfemur
II.Withpalevtanddarkdsbristles.CoxaeI–IIblackishbrown,coxaIwithwhitishyellow
pubescencenearlyexclusivelyonanteriorface(lateralfacenearlyentirelybare),andfour
yellowapbristles.CoxaIIwithwhitishyellowpubescenceonlyonanteriorface,andthree
whitishyellowbristlesonanterolateralmargin,withtheapicalmostbristlestrongest.
CoxaIIIblackishbrown,withonewhitishyellowexternalbristle,insertedatbasal2/5in
middle.Trochantersblackishbrown,trochanterIIwithtwominutebrownanterior
bristles.FemurIblackishbrown,withpalerextremeapex.FemoraII–IIIblackishbrown,
withreddishyellowapex;femurIIwithveryshortpaleavandvtsetae.FemurIIIwith
someshortyellowvtsetaeonapical1/4,andwithbasodorsalrowofstrongbrownbristles
onmainlybasal2/5,withfourerectbasalbristles,longestonesaslongasfemurisdeep.
TibiaeI–IIIblackishbrown.TibiaIwithoutdistinctbristles.TibiaIIblackishbrown,with
oneadandonepdbristleatlessthanbasal1/3(pdbristleslightlymoreapicalthanad
bristle),former1.5×aslongastibiaisdeepandlatterslightlylongerthantibiaisdeep;
withfiveapbristles,twovtonesstrongest.TibiaIIIwithapicodorsalnotchandweakds
serration,includingonestronglyinclinedyellowbristleatap1/5,aboutaslongastibiais
deep,andtwoindistinctavbristles;withpdserrationofshortwhitesetae,especiallyon
apical1/2.TarsiI–IIIblackishbrown.TarsusI:taI1withminuteyellowvtsetae,andtaI1–4
withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusII:taII1–5withseveralsmalldarkvtsetae,andtaII1–4
withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIIwithshortyellowsetaemainlyontaIII1–2,2longer
vtbrownsetaeatapexoftaIII1,andtaIII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.Ratioof
femur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:10.1/9.3/4.7/1.9/1.5/1/1.3,inlegII:
10.3/10.3/5.7/2.5/1.8/1/1,andinlegIII:8.8/11.6/3.3/4/2.1/1/1.Abdomen.Withseven
pubescentsegments.Tergitesmetallicgreen,withweakwhitishpruinosity,withdark
(brown)pubescenceandshortbristlesonposteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1pale
browntoyellow,erectandlarge.Sternitesdarkbrown,withweakmetallicgreen
reflection,withyellow,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withbluntincisioninmiddleof
posteriormargin,S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumincl.epandriumbrownishblack;
hypandriumreddishbrown,wide,widestinmiddle,withtriangularapex;withonesmall
basal,andtwolargerapicoventralepandrialsetae,latteronshortstalks;surstylus
brownishyellow,ratherrobust,withcleardsandvtlobefromaboutapical1/3;ventral
surstylarlobewithmodifiedseta;cercuspalebrown,rathersmall,elongatetriangular,
withtwoapflattenedbristles.
Female.Asmale,exceptforbodylength:2.3–2.8mm;winglength:2.3–2.7mm.Face
1/3ofeyewidthinmiddle.WingwithproximalsectionofCuA12.6×aslongasapical
section.Abdomenwithfivepubescentsegments;segments6–11telescopic,and12th
segmentwithtwoblackneedle‐likeacanthophoritesandtwoequal‐sizedbrowncerci.
Insects2022,13,101225of36
Abdomenwithmetallictergites,fromgreenishbronzetobluishgreen,withweakwhitish
pruinosity;sternitescolouredasinmalebutS2–5complete.Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres
1–5inlegI:9/8.3/4.1/1.8/1.3/1/1.2,inlegII:8.6/8.7/4.4/2.2/1.4/0.8/1,andinlegIII:
8.2/10.7/2.8/3.7/1.9/1/1.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,PORTUGAL:AltoAlentejo,SantaMariadeMarvão
(Mediterraneanshrublandwithbigrocksscatteredacrossthelandscapeandforestpatches
ofQuercuspyrenaicaandQuercussuber)(Ml_2),39°23′49.2′′N,7°21′51.4′′W,610m,21.ix.2014,
SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2014/176/AG[RBINS,IG:34520/005].
PARATYPES:PORTUGAL:7♂,samedataasholotype;1♂,1♀,BeiraAlta,Lapados
Dinheiros(smallstreaminveryrockymountainouslandscapewithmanyshrubs)(Ml_3),
40°21′50.1′′ N,7°39′07.5′′ W,1547m,29.viii.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2015/330/RA;1♂,LapadosDinheiros,PortodoBoi(rocky(granitic)mountainstream,
surroundedbylowshrublands)(Ml_4),40°22′17.69′′N,7°40′33.16′′W,1004m,4.ix.2014,
SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2014/200/AG;4♂,1♀,Loriga,PraiaFluvial
deLoriga(rockymountainriver)(Ml_5),40°19′41.26′′N,7°40′36.71′′W,890m,3.ix.2014,
SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2014/204/AG;1♀,SãoPedro(Manteigas)
(ripariancorridorinmountainoussite)(Ml_6),40°22′10.4′′ N,7°33′04.4′′ W,986m,
22.ix.2013,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2013/272/AG;1♂,1♀,samedata,
SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2013/186/RA;1♀,SãoPedro(Manteigas),Covão
d’Ametade(depressionofglacialoriginwithsmallstreamatbottom)(Ml_7),40°19′42.2′′
N,7°35′17.4′′ W,1450m,22.ix.2013,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:
PT/2013/282/AG;1♀,SãoPedro(Manteigas),NavedeSantoAntónio(mountainplateau
withherbaceousplantsandshrubs)(Ml_8),40°19′07.0′′ N,7°34′37.4′′ W,1539m,
21.ix.2013,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:PT/2013/165/AG;1♂,2♀,Trinta
(ripariancorridorinamountainoussitecrossingoakforest)(Ml_9),40°30′31.1′′ N,
7°22′21.7′′ W,751m,22.ix.2013,SW,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—samplecd:
PT/2013/208/AG;1♂,BeiraBaixa,CortesdoMeio,AltodaPedrice(humidshrubland)
(Ml_10),40°18′38.83′′N,7°34′35.14′′W,1645m,2.ix.2014,HC,leg.AnaRitaGonçalves—
samplecd:PT/2014/376/AG;2♂,4♀,DouroLitoral,Avintes,ParqueBiológicodeGaia
(PBG)(parkofca.35hawithsmallFebrosriverandmanytreeswithinastronglyaltered
landscape)(Ml_11),41°05′57.9′′N,8°33′35.0′′W,60m,15.v.2009,HC,leg.RuiAndrade—
samplecd:PT/2009/128/RA;1♂,samesite,1.vi.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2013/100/RA;2♂,1♀,Minho,CastroLaboreiro,Cainheiras(mountainousmosaic
landscapeofgrasslandsandforestscrossedbyasmallriver)(Ml_12),42°01′32.8′′ N,
8°08′18.8′′W,980m,10.ix.2016,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2016/392/RA;1♂,
Trás‐os‐MonteseAltoDouro,Algoso,ValedeAlgoso(villagewithsmallplotsof
agriculturallandandsurroundedbyaMediterraneanshrubland)(Ml_13),41°29′52.4′′N,
6°32′19.9′′ W,575m,5.x.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndradeandAnaGonçalves—samplecd:
PT/2015/379/RA&AG;1♀,Bilhó(waterfallonmountainriverinpineforest)(Ml_14),
41°23′48.7′′ N,7°50′53.3′′ W,695m,26.vi.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2013/036/RA;1♂,2♀,Carrazedo(meadowsinoakforest)(Ml_15),41°45′51.7′′ N,
6°54′06.2′′W,916m,19.vi.2015,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:PT/2015/313/RA;2♂,
Ermelo,Varzigueto(woodedbanksofmountainrivercrossingmeadows)(Ml_16),
41°22′44.0′′ N,7°51′14.4′′ W,750m,25.vi.2013,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
PT/2013/008/RA;2♂,França,AldeiadeMontesinho(permanentpastures(Lameiros)ina
mountainousarea)(Ml_17),41°56′33.0′′N,6°45′51.0′′W,1049m,7.viii.2014,SW,leg.Rui
Andrade—samplecd:PT/2014/249/RA;1♂,PitõesdasJúnias(oakforestandMediterranean
shrubland)(Ml_18),41°49′48.7′′N,7°57′01.3′′W,965m,10.ix.2012,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—
samplecd:PT/2012/051/RA.SPAIN:1♂,Galicia,Ourense,Baltar,SanMartiño(farmland
nearriver)(Ml_1),41°54′2.5′′ N,7°46′49.4′′ W,1030m,13.ix.2008,SW,leg.J.L.Camaño
Portela—samplecd:ABIGA/16038[allRBINS,IG:34520/006;andMAPC].
Insects2022,13,101226of36
Distribution.AtpresentonlyknownfromnorthernandnortheasternPortugal
(Minho,Trás‐os‐MonteseAltoDouro,DouroLitoral,BeiraAlta,BeiraBaixa,Alto
Alentejo)andnorthwesternSpain(Ourense).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“lusitana”isderivedfromLusitania,thenameofa
RomanprovinceintheIberianPeninsula,whichencompassesmostofmodernPortugal.
Itreferstothecountry(Portugal)wherethespeciesseemstoreachitsmaindistribution.
Ecology.WithParqueBiológicodeGaia(stronglyimpactedlowlandareainAvintes
at60ma.s.l.)asonlyexception,M.lusitanasp.nov.hasonlybeencollectedathigher
altitudes,between575mand1645ma.s.l.,atratherhumidspots(nearwaterfalls,small
streams,ripariancorridors)inanotherwisemainlyopendrylandscapewithshrubsand
scatteredtrees.Rockswereoftenpresentinthesesites(seealsoM.aglaopssp.n.).
MedeteraparvaPolletsp.nov.(Figures2,10A,B,and11A)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AEAF6AD1‐2909‐4989‐B270‐B6228EE785B5
Figure10.Medeteraspecies(A,B)Medeteraparvasp.nov.,male(A)generalhabitus;(B)head(frontalview);
(C,D)Medeterarectipygasp.nov.,male(C)generalhabitus;(D)head(frontalview)(photos:Andreas
Stark).
Insects2022,13,101227of36
Figure11.Medeterahypopygia,lateralview(A)Medeteraparvasp.nov.;(B)Medeterarectipygasp.
nov.Cer:cercus,hyp:hypandrium,sur:apicalpartofsurstylus.Scale=0.1mm.
Diagnosis.Verysmallspecies,winglength1.7–1.8mm.Facewithepistomabrilliant
violet,andclypeusbrilliantbluishgreen,bothseparatedbynarrowgreypollinosezone.
Eyewithredbasecolour,withthreezones,middlezonepurelyred,andupper(with
smallerommatidia)andlowerzoneswithgreenishreflection.Mesonotummainlybluish
greenondorsum,withdistinctblueviolethumeralandnotopleuralzones,withstrong
whitishdusting.Three–fourdc;acabsent.Wingveryslightlyinfuscate;halteryellow.
Legsoverallmainlyyellowishtopalebrown,coxaeII–IIIentirelyandcoxaIinpartbrown
atbasis,andtarsiI–IIIonlyslightlydarkertowardsapex.TibiaIIwithoutadandpdbristle
pair.Surstylusstraightandshort,withsplitatapical1/3;hypandriumstraightdorsally
(lateralview),withtwolateralapicalprocesses(ventralview).
Description.Male.Bodylength:1.8–2.0mm(n=3);winglength:1.7–1.8mm(n=3),
wing0.4×aswideaslong.Head.Facewithepistomabrilliantviolet,andclypeusbrilliant
bluishgreen,bothseparatedbynarrowgreypollinosezone;mainlyparallel‐sided,only
slightlywideningtowardsantennaeandclypeus,1/2ofeyewidthinmiddle,epistoma
1.5×ashighasclypeus,latteraboutaslongaswide,bare.Fronsmetallicblue,withstrong
whitishdusting.Occiputbronze,withslightgreyishdusting,distinctlyconcave.Palpus
small,1/5ofeyeheight,ovoid,darkbrown,withgreydusting,withyellowpubescence
Insects2022,13,101228of36
andyellowapbristle.Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewithredbasecolour,withthreezones,
middlezonepurelyred,andupper(withsmallerommatidia)andlowerzoneswith
greenishreflection,bare.Postocularbristlesallwhite,withlowermostquitelongand
gentlycurved,anduppermostshortanderect.Onepairofminutebrownpostocellar
bristles.Antennaentirelydarkbrown,withscapebareandpedicelwithanapicalcrown
ofsmallbristles;postpedicelsubquadrate(withventralapexmoreprotruding),aboutas
longasdeep,distinctlysmallerthanpedicel,and0.7×aslongasscapeandpedicel
combined,withmicroscopicpubescence;stylusapical,about3.4×aslongasfirstthree
antennalsegmentscombined,withveryshortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.Mesonotum
mainlybluishgreenondorsum,withdistinctblueviolethumeralandnotopleuralzones,
withstrongwhitishdusting;pleurametallicgreen,bronzetoviolet,withweakwhitish
dusting;scutellumgreenishblue,withstrongwhitishdusting,withfourbristles(but
lacking).Thoracicbristlesdarkbrown.With3–4dc(onesmallsutural,twolarger
postsutural,andsometimesonesmallpresutural).Acabsent;seeminglytwo(onelarge
darkbrown,oneminutewhite)antpprn,oneexternalbaspprn,onenpl,onespal,and
onepalbristles.With2–3whiteprothoracicbristles,withlowerbristlelongest.Wing.Very
slightlyinfuscate.VeinR4+5andM1gentlycurved(lattersometimesnearlystraight),
distinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex;distanceatwingapex0.3×thatatcrossveindm‐
cu.ProximalsectionofM10.8×aslongasapicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA12.5×as
longasapicalsection.CuAxratio:0.7.Halteryellow,calypteralfringewhite.Legs.Overall,
mainlyyellowishtopalebrown,coxaeII–IIIentirelyandcoxaIinpartbrownatbasis,
andtarsiI–IIIonlyslightlydarkertowardsapex.Withpalepubescenceandbristles.Coxa
Imainlyyellowishbrown,brownonouter1/2,withwhite,ratherstronganderect
pubescenceonentireface,andfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaeII–IIIblackishbrown;coxaII
withwhitepubescenceonanteriorface,andthreewhitebristlesonanterolateralmargin,
withtheapicalmostbristlestrongest;coxaIIIwithonewhiteexternalbristleatap1/2in
anterior1/3.Trochantersbrown,trochanterIIwiththreeminutewhiteanteriorbristles.
FemurIyellowishtopalebrown,slightlyinfuscatedorsally,paleratapex,withonepv
rowofminuteerectwhitesetaealongentirelength.FemoraII–IIIyellowishtopalebrown,
withnarrowpalerknee;femurIIIwithoneavrowofminuteinclinedwhitesetaealong
entirelength.TibiaeI–IIIyellowishtopalebrown.TibiaIwithoutdistinctbristles.Tibia
IIwithfoursmallapbristles.TibiaIIIwithoneyellowbristleataboutapical1/7,with
weakserrationofshortwhitesetaealongentirelength,andtwoindistinctavbristles.Tarsi
I–IIIyellowishbrowntobrown,oftendarkertowardsapex.TarsusII:taII1–4withapv
crownofbrownsetae.TarsusIII:taIII1withindistinctbluntpvtoothatbasis(MSSC).Ratio
offemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:9.2/8.6/4.4/2.2/1.5/1/1.2,inlegII:
9.3/9.5/5.6/2.7/2.1/1/1,andinlegIII:7.5/9.5/2.6/3.8/2/1/1.Abdomen.With7pubescent
segments.Tergitesgreenishbronze,withratherweakwhitishpruinosity,withwhite
pubescenceandshortbristlesonposteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1moreerectand
large.SternitesconcolorouswithT,withwhite,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withblunt
incisioninmiddleofposteriormargin,S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumwith
epandriumbrownishblack,ratherrobust;hypandriumreddishyellow,slightly
narrowingtowardsapex,withtwolateralsquareapprocesses;withonesmallbasal,and
twolargerapicoventralepandrialsetae,latteronveryshortstalks;surstylusreddish
yellowtoyellowishbrownwithdarkerbasis,robustandrathershort,separatedfrom
epandriumbysuture,splitindsandvtlobeatap1/3;ventrallobewithonemodifiedseta;
cercusrathersmall,elongatetriangular,withtwoapflattenedbristles.
Female.Unknown.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,ITALY:Sardinia,Carbonia‐Iglesias,Iglesias,
Marganai(PlotConecoforSAR1)(Mp_1),39.354434°N,8.574515°E,700m,16.vi–
14.vii.2005,MT,leg.G.Chessa—samplecd:IT/2006/031/GN(ConecoforProgramme—
CNBF2003)[MZUR].
Insects2022,13,101229of36
PARATYPES:ITALY:1♂,samedataasholotype;1♂,samesite,14.vii–5.viii.2005,
MT,leg.G.Chessa—samplecd:IT/2006/008/GN(ConecoforProgramme—CNBF2003)
[bothMAPC].
Distribution.AtpresentonlyknownfromSardinia(Carbonia‐Iglesias)(Italy).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“parva”isderivedfromlatin“parvus”andrefersto
thesmallsizeofthisMedeteraspecies.
Ecology.ThetypelocalityisthepermanentlevelIImonitoringplotofthe
CONECOFOR‐ICPforestnetwork[22],adjacenttoanancientholmoakcoppiceona
south‐facingslope,belongingtotheViburnum‐Quercetumilicisassociation.Theshrub
layerischaracterisedbyIlexaquifolium[21].
MedeterarectipygaPolletsp.nov.(Figures2,10C,Dand11B)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A558401F‐BF87‐413D‐AE84‐175E235CDF36
Diagnosis.Smallbutrobustspecies,winglength2.0–2.4mm.Facewithepistoma
metallicbronzeincentre,clypeusmainlybrilliantlybronzeorgreen,bothdustedgreyish
laterally.Eyewithredbasecolourandgreenreflectioninlower2/3–1/2,purpleredin
upper1/3–1/2(withsmallerommatidia).Mesonotum(incl.scutellum)reddishbronzein
middleofdorsum,withdistinctlymetallicvioletbluehumeralandnotopleuralareas,with
stronggreyishdusting.Threedc;acabsent.Legsoverallmainlypalebrowntobrown,
withcoxaeI–III,femoraIandIIIblackishbrown,andfemoraI–IIIwithpalerknees.Tibia
IIwithoutadandpdbristlepair.Surstylusveryslenderandstraight,withsplitatabout
ap1/3;hypandriumratherstraightdorsally(lateralview),wide,parallel‐sidedwith
roundedapex,withoutraisedbasisinlateralview(ventralview).
Description.Male.Bodylength:2.0–2.5mm;winglength:2.0–2.4mm,wing0.4×as
wideaslong.Head.Facewithepistomametallicbronzeincentre,clypeusmainlybrilliant
bronzeorgreen,bothdustedgreyishlaterally;narrowingbelowantennae,parallel‐sided
inmiddle(1/2ofeyewidth)andslightlydivergingatclypeus;epistomawithonesmall
centralbulge,1.5×ashighasclypeus,latteraslongaswide,bothbare.Fronsmetallic
greenishblue,withweakgreyishdusting.Occiputbronze,withslightgreyishdusting,
distinctlyconcave.Palpussmall,1/7ofeyeheight,ovoid,darkbrown,shining,with
yellowpubescenceandyellowapbristle.Proboscisdarkbrown.Eyewithredbasecolour
andgreenreflectioninlower2/3–1/2,purpleredinupper1/3–1/2(withsmaller
ommatidia),bare.Postocularbristlesallwhite,withlowermostquitelongandgently
curved,anduppermostshortanderect.Onepairofminutebrownpostocellarbristles.
Antennaentirelyblack,withscapebareandpedicelwithapicalcrownofsmallbristles;
postpedicelsubquadrate(withventralapexslightlyprotruding),slightlylongerthan
deep,andabout0.8×aslongasscapeandpedicelcombined,withmicroscopic
pubescence;stylusapical(dorsadofventralprocess),about4×aslongasfirstthree
antennalsegmentscombined,withveryshortfirstsegment,bare.Thorax.Mesonotum
(incl.scutellum)reddishbronzeinmiddleofdorsum,withdistinctlymetallicvioletblue
humeralandnotopleuralareas,withstronggreyishdusting;pleurametallicgreenish
bronze,withweakgreyishdusting.Thoracicbristlesblack.Withthreestrongdc(one
presutural,twopostsutural),increasinginlengthtowardsscutellum.Acabsent.Two(one
largeblack,oneminutewhite)antpprn,oneexternalbaspprn,oneratherstrongsutial,
onenpl,onespal,andonepalbristles.Scutellumwithfourbristles,lateralonesrather
small,about0.4×aslongasmedianones.With2–3whiteprothoracicbristles,withlower
bristlelongest.Wing.Slightlyinfuscate,withbrownveins.VeinR4+5smoothlysinuous,
M1gentlycurved,bothdistinctlyconvergingtowardswingapex,parallelatwingapex;
distanceatwingapex0.4×thatatcrossveindm‐cu.ProximalsectionofM10.9×aslongas
apicalsection.ProximalsectionofCuA12.9×aslongasapicalsection.CuAxratio:0.7.
Halteryellowish,atmostslightlyinfuscate,calypteralfringeyellow.Legs.Overallmainly
palebrowntobrown,withcoxaeI–III,femoraIandIIIblackishbrown,andfemoraI–III
withpalerknees,mostdistinctinfemurII.Pubescenceandbristlespale.CoxaeI–III
blackishbrown,withcoxaIpaleronapical1/2,latterwithwhitepubescence,nearly
Insects2022,13,101230of36
exclusivelyonanteriorface,andfourwhiteapbristles.CoxaIIwithwhitepubescenceon
anteriorface,andonelargewhitebristleonanterolateralmargin.CoxaIIIwithonewhite
externalbristleincentre.Trochantersbrown,trochanterIIwiththreeminutewhite
anteriorbristles.FemurIblackishbrown,withextremeapexpaler.FemurIIdarkbrown,
withaboutap1/4paler.FemurIIIblackishbrown,withextremeapexreddishyellow;
femoralargelydevoidofbristles.TibiaeI–IIIdarkbrown.TibiaIwithoutdistinctbristles.
TibiaIIwithfoursmallapbristles.TibiaIIIwithoneyellowbristleatap1/5,slightlylonger
thantibiaisdeep,andtwoindistinctavbristles.TarsiI–IIIdarkbrown.TarsusIwithtaI1–
4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIwithtaII1–5withseveralsmalldarkvtsetae,and
taII1–4withapvcrownofdarksetae.TarsusIIIwithtaIII2–5withseveralsmalldarkvtsetae,
andtaIII2–4withapvcrownofdarksetae;taIII1withratheracutepvtoothatbasis(MSSC).
Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:7.9/7.7/4.1/2.1/4.1/1/1.1,inlegII:
8.9/9.4/5.7/2.6/1.8/1/1,andinlegIII:6.9/8.9/2.5/3.8/2/1/1.Abdomen.Withsevenpubescent
segments.Tergitesgreenishbronze,withratherstrongyellowishgreypruinosity,with
whitepubescenceandshortbristlesonposteriormargins;bristlesonsidesofT1erectand
large.SternitesconcolorouswithT,withwhite,veryshortpubescence;S2–5withblunt
incisioninmiddleofposteriormargin,S6entirelyunsclerotised.Hypopygiumincl.
epandriumbrownishblack;hypandriumreddishbrown,ratherwide,parallel‐sidedwith
roundedapex;withonesmallbasal,andtwolargerapicoventralepandrialsetae,latteron
shortstalks;surstylusdarkbrown,conspicuouslystraight,ratherslender,withsplitinds
andvtlobeataboutap1/3,withmostsetaeunmodified;cercusgrey,rathersmall,
elongatetriangular,withtwoflattenedapbristles.
Female.Asmale,exceptforbodylength:2.0–2.3mm(n=4);winglength:2.0–2.2mm
(n=4),wing0.3×aswideaslong.ProximalsectionofM10.8×aslongasapicalsection.
ProximalsectionofCuA12.7×aslongasapicalsection.Abdomenwithfivepubescent
segments;segments6–11telescopic,and12thsegmentwithtwoblackneedle‐like
acanthophoritesandtwoequal‐sizedbrowncerci.SternitescolouredasinmalebutS2–5
complete.Ratiooffemur/tibia/tarsomeres1–5inlegI:8/7.7/4/2/1.4/1/1.1,inlegII:
8.3/8.8/5.2/2.5/1.6/1/1,andinlegIII:7.6/9.8/2.5/3.9/2/1/1.
Typematerial.HOLOTYPE:1♂,SPAIN:Cataluña,Lleida,PallarsSobirà,Soriguera
(mountainslopecoveredmostlybyshrubs,grassesandseveralfloweringApiaceae)
(Mr_1),42°22′22.6′′N,1°12′07.5′′E,1560m,4.viii.2014,SW,leg.RuiAndrade—samplecd:
ES/2014/250/RA[RBINS,IG:34520/007].
PARATYPES:SPAIN:1♂,1♀,samedataasholotype;3♀,PallarsSobirà,Sort(Llessui)
(mountainouslocationwithamosaicofpasturesandforests)(Mr_2),42°27′03.6′′ N,
1°04′14.6′′E,1410m,3.viii.2014,SW,leg.RuiAndradeandAnaGonçalves—samplecd:
ES/2014/167/RA&AG;4♂,samesite,4.viii.2014,SW,leg.RuiAndradeandAna
Gonçalves—samplecd:ES/2014/216/RA&AG.FRANCE:1♂,Provence‐Alpes‐Côte
d’Azur,Alpes‐Maritimes,Gourdon,RioudeGourdon(onflagstonesalongastream)
(Mr_3),43.72186,6.96490,750m,4.vi.2021,HC,leg.FrédéricBelin—samplecd:
FR/2021/050/FB;2♂,Saint‐Vallier‐de‐Thiey(onflagstonesingarrigue)(Mr_4),43.69925,
6.80283,700m,9.vi.2022,HC,leg.FrédéricBelin—samplecd:FR/2022/069/FB;1♂,Vence,
chemindelaGaude(onalargerockingarrigue)(Mr_5),43.71860,7.14326,140m,
25.v.2021,HC,leg.FrédéricBelin—samplecd:FR/2021/043/FB[allRBINS,IG:34520/008;
andMAPC].
Distribution.AtpresentonlyknownfromnortheasternSpain(Cataluña)and
southeasternFrance(DeptAlpes‐Maritimes,Provence‐Alpes‐Côted’Azur).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet“rectipyga”referstothestraightslendershapeofthe
surstylus,whichisanimportantdiagnosticfeatureinthisspecies.
Ecology.InnortheasternSpain,M.rectipygasp.nov.hasbeencollectedathigher
altitudes(1410–1560m)inopenmosaichabitats,mostlywithgrassesandshrubs.In
southeasternFrance,ithasindifferentlybeencollectedonrocksindifferentbiotopes,from
garrigue(dryopenareaswithshrubs)tostreambanks.
Insects2022,13,101231of36
3.2.KeytoMalesofNewMediterraneanMedeteraSpecies
FortheidentificationofknownMedetera,see[2]incombinationwith[31–33].
1TibiaIIwithonepairofadandpdbristles.................................................................. 2
‐ TibiaIIwithoutad‐pdbristlepair................................................................................... 4
2Eyesuniformlyred,withoutdorsalvioletpart.Mesonotumuniformlymetallic
green–bronze(Figure6A).Epistomagreen,heavilydustedwhitish.Surstyluswith
indistinctapicalsplit.Hypopygium,seeFigure7A........................................................
............................................................................ Medeteracorsicanasp.nov.(Corsica)
‐ Eyeswithredbasecolourandbrilliantgreenreflectioninlower2/3,anddarkviolet
colourinaboutupper1/3................................................................................................ 3
3Fivedc,withfirstdcsmall,about0.7×aslongasseconddcbristle.Fourac,strong,
about1.5–2×aslongasdistancebetweenrows.Twospalbristles.Knobofhalterdark
(Figure1D).Winghyaline.Clypeusbrilliantlygreen(Figure8B).Hypandriumstout,
withoutlateralhooksatbasal1/3.Hypopygium,seeFigure9A,B
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................... Medeteralusitanasp.nov.(Portugal,Spain)
‐ Fivedc,withfirstdcverysmall,lessthan0.5×aslongasseconddcbristle.Morethan
6ac,microscopic.Onespalbristle.Halteryellow(Figure1A,C).Wingslightly
smokedbrownish.Clypeusstronglydustedgreyish(Figures1Band3B).
Hypandriumslender,withlateralhooksatbasal1/3.Hypopygium,seeFigures4A,B
and5
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.. Medeteraaglaopssp.nov.(Portugal,Spain,France(mainland),Corsica,Sardinia)
4Verysmallspecies,winglengthlessthan2.0mm.Legsincl.coxaIandfemoramainly
yellowishbrown(Figure10A).Hypandriumwithtwolateralapicalprocesses.
Surstylusshortandrobust.Hypopygium,seeFigure11A
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................... Medeteraparvasp.nov.(Sardinia)
‐ Smallspecies,winglengthatleast2.0mm.Allcoxaeandfemorablackishbrown
(Figures6B,Cand10D).Hypandriumwithoutlateralapicalprocesses.Surstylus
moreslender..................................................................................................................... 5
5Sixstrongac.Mesonotummainlymetallicgreenondorsumwithhumeraland
notopleuralareasmetallicvioletblue(Figure6C).Eyeswithredbasecolourand
greenreflectioninmorethanlower2/3,upperpartvioletred.Epistomametallic
greenincentre,withsidesdusted.Hypopygium,seeFigure7C.................................
................................................................................. Medeterahispanicasp.nov.(Spain)
‐ Atmostthreemicroscopicac,oracabsent.Withothercombinationofcharacters.6
6Mesonotumuniformlybronze(Figure6B).Eyewithredbasecolourandgreen
reflectioninlower4/5andreddishpurpleinupper1/5.Afewacmostlypresent.
Hypandriumwithraisedbasis(lateralview),withtulip‐shapedapex(ventralview).
Surstylusrathershort,gentlycurvedventrally.Hypopygium,seeFigure7B
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................. Medeteragibbosipygasp.nov.(Spain)
‐ Mesonotumreddishbronzeinmiddleofdorsum,withdistinctlymetallicvioletblue
humeralandnotopleuralareas(Figure10D).Eyewithredbasecolourandbrilliant
greenreflectioninlower2/3–1/2,andvioletinaboutupper1/3–1/2.Acabsent.
Hypandriumwithoutraisedbasis(lateralview),wideandparallel‐sided(ventral
view).Surstylusveryslenderandstraight.Hypopygium,seeFigure11B..................
......................................................................Medeterarectipygasp.nov.(Spain,France)
Insects2022,13,101232of36
4.Discussion
EstablishingtheidentityofmanyMedeteraspeciesisveryoftenhamperedbyalack
ofdecisivediagnosticfeatures.Indeed,mostMedeteramalesdonotfeaturespecificMale
SecondarySexualCharacters,whicharecommoninotherdolichopodidlineagesanda
valuabletoolforidentification.Withtheexceptionofonlyafewspecies,inthePalaearctic,
femalesofmostMedeteraspeciescannotbeidentifiedwithabsolutecertainty.Negrobov
andStackelberg[31,32]andNegrobov[33]providedakeytobothsexesbutmanycouplets
endwithmalegenitalcharacterswhichexcludestheidentificationoffemales.Eventhe
mostrecentcomprehensivekeybyNegrobovandNaglis[2]onlyincludedthemalesex.
Asdemonstratedhere,partoftheEuropeanMedeteradiversitystillremainstobe
explored,especiallyinthesouth.Moreover,thiscertainlyholdstrueformostofthe
easternpartsofthePalaearcticaswell.Asfemalesareoftencollectedinlargernumbers
thanmales,thereisafairchancethatsomeofthesenewspeciesareonlyrepresentedby
femalespecimensinsamples.Forthatreason,weconsideredakeytofemales(notonly
forthesevenspeciestreatedherebutforanyMedeterafauna)unreliable,untilmoreuseful
andreliablediagnosticcharactersareavailable.Barcodingmightrepresentapromising
toolforthispurpose.Infact,oncefemalespecimenshavebeenidentifiedinthisway,the
searchforreliablecharacters(alsobiometrics)canbeseriouslypursued.
Despitethispoorsetofdiagnosticcharacters,weareconfidentthatthesevenspecies
describedherearenewtoscience.Infact,noneofthemmatchesaspeciesinthekeyby
NegrobovandNaglis[2].Allfourofourspecieswithoutthead–pdbristlepaironthemid
tibiashowpalepostoculars,suchasM.glaucellaKowarz,1878andM.glaucelloidesNaglis,
2013,butclearlydifferfromeitherofthesespecies.Inaddition,theyalsodifferfromM.
storaiFrey,1935(endemictotheCanaryIslands)byastronglypollinosemesonotum,size
(winglength>1mm)andCuAxratio(<1.0).Inaddition,M.storaidoesnotseemtohavea
particulareyecolourpattern.BothsexesofM.aglaopssp.nov.,M.gibbosipygasp.nov.,M.
lusitanasp.nov.andM.rectipygasp.nov.showadistincteyecolourpattern.Thischaracter
canthusnotberegardedasaMaleSecondarySexualCharacterandmostpresumably
doesnotplayaroleincourtshipbehaviour.Thusfar,nofemalesofM.corsicanasp.nov.,
M.hispanicasp.nov.,orM.parvasp.nov.havebeendetected.
BasedonCOIsequencesinBOLDSystems(seeFigure12),M.aglaopssp.nov.,M.
gibbosipygasp.nov.,M.lusitanasp.nov.,andM.parvasp.nov.seemtobelongtothe
MedeteraapicalisspeciesgroupsensuBickel[12].Morespecifically,theybestfitthestrongly
supportedM.muralissubcladesensuPollet,GermannandBernasconi[13],thusfaronly
comprisingM.muralisMeigen,1824andM.belgicaParent,1936.Bothlatterspecieslack
thead–pdbristlepairofthemidtibia,whichwasthusfarconsideredofgreatphylogenetic
significance.However,sharedcharactersingenitalappendages,inparticulartheshapeof
thehypandriumandcercus,suggestthatallsevenspeciesdescribedhereareclosely
relatedandevenformadistinctlineagewithintheM.apicalisspeciesgroup.Indeed,other
speciesofthelatterspeciesgroupshowacercuswithadistinctlydifferentbristle
arrangementandshapes,andquiteoftenahypandriumwithaterminalenlargement(see
[31–33]).Thisseemstoimplythattheabsenceorpresenceofthead–pdbristlepairmight
notbeasphylogeneticallyrelevantasinitiallyanticipated.Thesameholdstruefor
acrostichalbristlesonthemesonotumwhichwerealwayspresentinfourspecies,always
lackingintwospecies,andofavariablestatusinonespecies.
Insects2022,13,101233of36
Figure12.CladogramofaselectionofPalaearcticMedeteraspeciesonthebasisofBOLDSystems
sequences,includingfourofthenewspeciesdescribedinthispaper.
Moreover,fromanecologicalperspective,mostofthenewspeciesdifferfrommost
speciesoftheM.apicalisspeciesgroup,membersofwhicharemostoftenfoundontrunks
ofdeciduoustrees.AsallspecimensofM.corsicanasp.nov.andM.parvasp.nov.originate
fromMalaisetrapssamples,noinformationontheir(micro)habitatpreferenceisavailable.
However,allfiveremainingspeciesweremainlyencounteredinratherdrybiotopes,with
sclerophyllousvegetationtypesand/oropen(oftenconiferous)forestwheretheymostly
occurredonhard,rockysubstrates.Aspointedoutpreviously[13],thisbehaviourisalso
observedinM.muralisandM.belgicawhichfurthersupportstheirphylogenetic
relationship.
Thequestionremainswhythesespecieshavebeendiscoveredonlyrecentlydespite
theirconspicuouseyecolourpattern.Speciesfeaturingeyeswithdifferentcolourzones
areknowninDiaphorinae,e.g.,CryptophlepsLichtwardt,1898andDiaphorusMeigen,
1824,butthespeciesdescribedherearethefirstrecordedinthegenusMedetera.Thefirst
collectedspecimen(M.aglaopssp.nov.)inourdatasetdatesbackfrom2004
(CONECOFORsurvey,Sardinia),butasteadyinfluxofcollectedspecimenshasbeen
Insects2022,13,101234of36
reportedinthepasttenyearsorso.PicturesofPortugueseandSpanishspecies(evenwith
theheadinfrontalview)havebeenavailableontheSpanishcitizensciencebiodiversity
portalBiodiversidadVirtual([34];checkforpicturesofMedetera)forsometime,but
withoutanyattempttoexplorethemfurther.Theaimofthisportalistogatherdataon
thedistributionofmainlySpanishspeciesviatheregistrationofphotographsofspeci‐
mensbycitizenscientists,andsubsequentidentificationbyexperts.Thereasonforthis
situationseemstobeacombinationofseveralfactors.Firstofall,dryhabitattypeswhere
mostofthesespeciesthrivearenotamongthestandardsitesvisitedandinvestigatedby
dolichopodidworkers.Moreover,thoseinterestedinMedeteramostoftenuseMalaise
trapsoractivelyinspecttreetrunksforspecimens.Asaresult,thesebiotopesremain
largelyoverlooked.Secondly,notmanynaturalistsorDipteraworkersinEuropeareac‐
tivelyinvolvedinobservingand/orcollectingdolichopodids.Moreover,evenifconspic‐
uousspeciesaredetected,atmostahandfuloftaxonomicspecialistsinEuropearecapable
ofproperlytreatingthem.Thismightalsobeconsideredpartofthetaxonomicimpedi‐
mentorLinneanshortfall[35].Thirdly,mostofthelatterexpertsarenotemployedas
entomologistsandcarryouttheirresearchintheirsparetime,whichinevitablyleadsto
delays.Finally,Medeteraisundoubtedlyoneofthemostchallenginggeneratostudy,in
partduetothelackofdistinctdiagnosticfeatures.Itthustakesquitealotofeffortand
timetoverifywhetheraspeciesisnewtoscienceornot,whichoftenincludestheexami‐
nationoftypespecimensand/orcomparisonwithspecimensfromreferencecollections.
5.Conclusions
Thispaperrepresentsanimportantadditiontotheknowledgeonapreviouslyun‐
derexploredpartofMedeteradiversityinEurope.Withthispublication,wehopetoen‐
couragebothDipteraworkersandgeneralnaturaliststokeepaneyeopenfortheseinsects
orsearchforthemactivelyduringtheirupcoming(collecting)trips.Inthisway,our
knowledgeontheirdistributionandecologycouldincreasesubstantiallyandpossiblyeven
additionalspeciesnewtosciencemightbedetected.Inthisrespect,blueorotherdarkcol‐
ouredpantrapsmightbeapromisingcollectingtool.Indeed,Medeteraaremostattractedto
thiscolourrange,regardlessofwhethertree‐trunkdwellingorxerophilousspeciesarecon‐
cerned.Moreover,pantrapscanproducefairyieldsinlessthanonehour[36].
AuthorContributions:Conceptualisation,M.P.;datacuration,M.P.;formalanalysis,M.P.;funding
acquisition,M.P.;investigation,M.P.,R.A.,A.G.,P.Á.F.,J.L.C.P.andF.B.;methodology,M.P.and
J.M.;projectadministration,M.P.;supervision,M.P.;validation,M.P.;visualisation,J.M.andA.S.;
writing—originaldraft,M.P.;writing—reviewandediting,M.P.,R.A.,A.G.,P.Á.F.,J.L.C.P.,F.B.,
J.M.andA.S.Allauthorshavereadandagreedtothepublishedversionofthemanuscript.
Funding:SomespecimensofM.aglaopssp.nov.werecollectedduringtheOurPlanetReviewed
expedition(Corsica2019–2021)whichwasfundedbytheCollectivitédeCorse(CdC)andtheOffice
FrançaisdelaBiodiversité(OFB)(bothFrance).M.P.participatedtothisexpedition.
DataAvailabilityStatement:Thedatapresentedinthisstudyi.e.,detaileddistributionrecordsof
the7describedspeciesincludinghabitatdescriptions,areopenlyavailableasdatasetinGBIFat
https://doi.org/10.15468/s8c7n9.
Insects2022,13,101235of36
Acknowledgments:Partofthematerialtreatedduringthisstudywascollectedduringthenatural‐
istexpedition,“LaPlanèteRevisitée(OurPlanetReviewed)—Corsica2019–2021′′.Thissurveywas
organisedbytheMuséumnationald’Histoirenaturelle(MNHN,Paris)incollaborationwith,and
fundedbytheCollectivitédeCorse(CdC)andtheOfficeFrançaisdelaBiodiversité(OFB).Weare
alsogratefultoourlogisticalpartnerswhoassistedwithfieldworkin2020:theOfficedel’Envi‐
ronnementdelaCorse(OCICandCBNC),theDirectionRégionaledel’Environnementdel’Amé‐
nagementetduLogement(DREAL),andtheConservatoireduLittoral(CdL).Weareindebtedto
theleadersoftheexpedition,JulienTouroult,FrançoisDusoulierandJeanIchter(France),forthe
thoroughpreparationandguidance.Wearealsogratefultotheothermembersoftheresearchteam,
inparticularJ.Touroult,EddyPoirier,J.Ichter,CamilleGazay,RomainLeDivelec(allFrance),Anja
DeBraekeleer(Belgium),ClaireVillemantandRémyPoncet(bothFrance)whoprovidedsamples
containingsomeofthenewspecies.ThanksalsotoThibaultRamage(France)forassistanceinthe
processingofMalaisetrapsamplesoftheOurPlanetReviewedexpeditionandtoRodolpheRoug‐
erie(MNHN,Paris,France),whocoordinatedthebarcodingprocessofmostofthespecimens,
whichwasfinanciallysupportedbytheOurPlanetReviewedprogram.ManuelLópezandFran‐
ciscoRodríguezLuque(bothSpain)aresincerelythankedfortheirkindnessandpricelessassistance
inthesuccessfulfieldworkcarriedoutintheprovincesofGranadaandAlmería(Spain)inorderto
findMedeteraspecimens.GianlucaNardi(Italy)kindlyprovideduswithdolichopodidsamples
fromSardiniawhichcontainedtwoofthenewspecies.DanielWhitmore(Germany)checkedsam‐
pledata.BothlatterresearchersandPierfilippoCerretti(Italy)providedreportsontheSardinian
inventories.Finally,wearesincerelygratefultotheadministratorsoftheSpanishwebsiteBiodiver‐
sidadVirtualforkindlyprovidingthemetadataofthephotographedMedetera,andtothephotog‐
rapherswhoseeffortscontributedtoourcurrentknowledgeofthespecies.
ConflictsofInterest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictofinterest.Thefundershadnocontent‐related
roleinanyphaseofthisstudy.
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