Smoking: Risk, Perception, & Policy
... These measures of affect have been used in prior studies that have assessed perceptions of risk among young people and have been validated for this target group. 24 LCC risk perception. We asked respondents about the risk of experiencing health outcomes because of daily LCC smoking. ...
... Our findings support Slovic's prior research by documenting that smoking risk decisions are motivated by affect, which in turn can lead to smoking behavior. 24,30 Our findings add to the body of evidence that provides the FDA with documentation of an association between cognitive (ie, risk perceptions) and affective factors and LCC smoking among adults. ...
... 12,20,33 With regard to affect measurement, young adult respondents in this study were asked about 2 images whereas past studies have used 5 to 6 images to assess the construct. 24 Additional studies using expanded measures of affect and perceptions of risk as recommended by the IOM are needed. Data collected in the study were cross-sectional, and causality cannot be inferred. ...
Objectives:
Affect is an important dimension of risk perceptions, which are proximal determinants of little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) smoking. We examined the association among affect, risk perceptions, and current LCC use and susceptibility in a national probability sample of US young adults, aged 18-29.
Methods:
Structural equation models examined the effect of affect, via risk perceptions, on LCC current use and susceptibility for 772 young adults who took the 2015 Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey, which asked about affect for images related to LCCs and health risks of daily LCC use.
Results:
Positive affect toward LCCs was associated with lower perceived risks of daily LCC smoking (p < .001). Lower perceived risks were associated with higher probability of current LCC smoking (p = .008) among young adults who were aware of LCCs and with susceptibility to use among young adult never LCC users (p < .001). A direct effect of positive affect on current LCC use (p < .02) and susceptibility to use LCCs also was found.
Conclusions:
Future research should investigate how regulatory policy or enforcement actions can be used to regulate LCC components (eg, flavoring, advertising, etc) that influence affect and risk perceptions.
... This might be a teachable moment for communicating to smokers about the higher severity of COVID-19 for smokers in order to encourage quitting. Extensive research demonstrates that perceived risk of smoking is one of the driving factors motivating smoking cessation 21,22 and one thing that distinguishes smokers without quitting intentions from smokers planning to quit is their lack of appreciation for the risks of smoking. 23 Some studies have begun to examine messages to smokers about the combined harms of smoking and COVID-19, 12 and there is a need to better understand how to persuade smokers who are not currently planning to quit. ...
... Risk perception is one of the primary motivators for quitting risky behaviors, including smoking. 22 Compared to exclusive smokers, dual-or poly-users perceive higher risks of smoking cigarettes 33 and smokers who try alternative tobacco products (like ENDS) have greater quitting intentions and are more likely to report quit attempts. 34 However, in our study, while some were motivated to quit smoking or using ENDS because of the pandemic, lack of willpower was perceived as a barrier. ...
Background:
To better understand the various influences of COVID-19 on tobacco use, we examined three different tobacco user groups using qualitative methods.
Methods:
Ten online focus groups with 61 adults from the Atlanta, GA area were held in October-November 2020: four with exclusive smokers (n=16), three with Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) users (dual and exclusive, n=22), and three with transitioning (recently quit or currently quitting) smokers and/or ENDS users (n=23).
Results:
Exclusive smokers reported smoking more frequently, driven by COVID-19-related stress, time at home, and boredom. They were not motivated to quit during the pandemic, and some considered smoking to be protective against COVID-19. ENDS users reported vaping less, with dual users often increasing their smoking; many were concerned about health effects of smoking and ENDS use during the pandemic. Transitioning smokers/ENDS users worried about their health and wanted to quit, but many found the stress of COVID-19 unbearable without tobacco use.
Conclusions:
There were some similarities among the groups, but also pronounced differences. Educational campaigns should capitalize on the teachable moment of COVID-19 to increase perceived risk of smoking. Smokers need access to more adaptive ways to deal with stress (such as mindfulness training) in lieu of smoking and systems-level approaches should address structural determinants of health that cause high levels of stress. The proposed policy to lower nicotine in combusted tobacco products might help smokers choose other means of coping instead of cigarettes by reducing the stress-relieving properties of smoking particularly salient during the pandemic.
Implications:
Smokers believe that cigarettes help them deal with the stresses and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. This needs to be counteracted by educational campaigns to increase perceived harm of smoking, alternative stress-relief strategies, and mandated changes to the combusted tobacco products to make them less appealing.
... The psychological aspect of risk continued to appear in research concerning, among other things, preference for risk bearing in the current of the so-called psychometric paradigm using psychophysical scaling techniques and multidimensional analytical techniques for creating attitudes towards risk, as well as explaining the perception of risk (Fischhoff et al., 1978;Fischhoff et al., 1981;Slovic et al., 1982). Analyses also covered propensity to take risk depending on expected benefits or losses (Edwards, 1961;Wilson et al., 1987;Barbosa et al., 2007) as well as so-called decision-making subjectivism and subjective risk (Jonas et al., 2001;Slovic, 2001;Gospodarek, 2012). The psychological research approach to uncertainty and risk also shows links to the theory of choice and the question of rationality of choices. ...
... The importance of the psychological dimension of decision-making in conditions of uncertainty and risk as well as the rationality of choices has become so important for organizations that risk psychology (Slovic, 2001) can be considered a permanent subject of research in the areas of modern management, particularly psychology in management or psychological risk management. The topic of risk psychology in relation to management is also linked to occupational health and safety, business ethics and social responsibility (Leka and Cox, 2008;Jain et al., 2011). ...
Risk management is a domain of management which comes to the fore in crisis. This book looks at risk management under crisis conditions in the COVID-19 pandemic context.
The book synthesizes existing concepts, strategies, approaches and methods of risk management and provides the results of empirical research on risk and risk management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research outcome was based on the authors’ study on 42 enterprises of different sizes in various sectors, and these firms have either been negatively affected by COVID-19 or have thrived successfully under the new conditions of conducting business activities. The analysis looks at both the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the selected enterprises and the risk management measures these enterprises had taken in response to the emerging global trends. The book puts together key factors which could have determined the enterprises’ failures and successes.
The final part of the book reflects on how firms can build resilience in challenging times and suggests a model for business resilience. The comparative analysis will provide useful insights into key strategic approaches of risk management.
... The psychological aspect of risk continued to appear in research concerning, among other things, preference for risk bearing in the current of the so-called psychometric paradigm using psychophysical scaling techniques and multidimensional analytical techniques for creating attitudes towards risk, as well as explaining the perception of risk (Fischhoff et al., 1978;Fischhoff et al., 1981;Slovic et al., 1982). Analyses also covered propensity to take risk depending on expected benefits or losses (Edwards, 1961;Wilson et al., 1987;Barbosa et al., 2007) as well as so-called decision-making subjectivism and subjective risk (Jonas et al., 2001;Slovic, 2001;Gospodarek, 2012). The psychological research approach to uncertainty and risk also shows links to the theory of choice and the question of rationality of choices. ...
... The importance of the psychological dimension of decision-making in conditions of uncertainty and risk as well as the rationality of choices has become so important for organizations that risk psychology (Slovic, 2001) can be considered a permanent subject of research in the areas of modern management, particularly psychology in management or psychological risk management. The topic of risk psychology in relation to management is also linked to occupational health and safety, business ethics and social responsibility (Leka and Cox, 2008;Jain et al., 2011). ...
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the themes of uncertainty and risk, which are inherent and key determinants of business activity in modern enterprises. The chapter contains deliberations devoted to: (1) the history of research on uncertainty and risk, (2) different understandings of uncertainty and risk in management, (3) trends in the development of risks relevant to the activities of enterprises, (4) the directions of research on uncertainty and risk set by Nobel Prize Laureates. Thus, after reading this chapter, the reader will have an idea of what uncertainty and risk are, how they affect business activities and management processes and what types of risks occur in the activities of contemporary enterprises. The authors’ deliberations are based on an analysis of numerous, most important works of the scientific literature on this subject.
... We include this parameter as proxy for short-sightedness of utility horizons cp. [63]. Indeed, participants with a higher self-reported level of tobacco consumption, seem to contribute less to the team project. ...
... This effect is only reflected in Regressions (13) and (19), though. In consonance with the line of reasoning in Slovic [63], we construe that (frequent) smokers exhibit a shorter time horizon for their decisions. Accordingly, they pick the bird in the hand-keep the 100 tokens to themselves-over the two in the bush-potential gains from the group project. ...
In an experimental study, we compare individual willingness to cooperate in a public good game after an initial team contest phase. While players in the treatment setup make a conscious decision on how much to invest in the contest, this decision is exogenously imposed on players in the control setup. As such, both groups of players incur sunk costs and enter the public good game with different wealth levels. Our results indicate that the way these sunk costs have been accrued matters especially for groups on the losing side of the contest: Given the same level of sunk costs, contributions to the public good are lower for groups which failed to be successful in the preceding between-group contest. Furthermore, this detrimental effect is more pronounced for individuals who play a contest with deliberate contributions before.
... Prior studies have established that risk perception plays a crucial role in determining tobacco use (14,15). Specifically, research has shown that concerns about the health risks associated with smoking are among the primary reasons why current and former smokers quit (16,17). ...
Objectives:
Emerging evidence suggests that the use of safer nicotine products (SNPs), such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) poses significantly lower health risks than continued smoking, particularly over the short and medium term. However, it remains uncertain whether the public has been adequately informed about these relative risks. This study assesses the perceived relative harm of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes in Ukraine.
Methods:
Two nationally representative surveys were conducted in February 2021 and December 2022. Participants, irrespective of their smoking status, were asked whether they agreed with the statement that "using e-cigarettes is more harmful than smoking conventional cigarettes". The surveys also included questions about tobacco product usage, the most dangerous substances in cigarettes, and smoking cessation methods. The data were statistically analysed by deriving design-based weighted point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the proportions within each response category.
Results:
In 2022, 38.1% (95% CI: 35.3-40.9) of adults believed that e-cigarettes were more harmful than cigarettes and the perception of relative harm remained relatively unchanged between the two surveys. Furthermore, 56.2% (95% CI: 50.0-62.2) of current cigarette smokers agreed with this statement, while only a small percentage of vapers (e-cigarette users) 7.4% (95% CI: 1.5-30.0) perceived e-cigarettes as more harmful than conventional cigarettes. Among non-smokers and dual users the share was 33.4% (95% CI: 30.0-36.9) and 32.7% (95% CI: 25.1-41.5), respectively.
Conclusion:
Our findings indicate that in Ukraine the perception that e-cigarettes are more harmful than cigarettes, or the lack of knowledge regarding relative risks, prevails. This highlights the importance of accurate risk communication to promote a harm reduction approach to tobacco use.
... Favorable normative social images (eg, "cool") are beliefs that peers have favorable images of youth who use cigarettes/e-cigarettes. Mechanisms based on risk perception and decision research theories include risk of short-and long-term health consequences, risk of exposure to second-hand smoke or vapor, and risk of addiction. Activities targeting risk perceptions were guided by the "affect heuristic" proposed by Slovic et al. 25,26 which is based on an inverse relation between the perception of risk and the positive effect toward a product. Since e-cigarettes are commonly viewed as not harmful 6 and less addictive than conventional tobacco, 11 activities targeting the risk of health consequences and addiction are essential in an e-cigarette prevention program. ...
Introduction
Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use among youth, we updated Click City®: Tobacco, an existing, efficacious, online tobacco prevention program for 5th graders with a 6th-grade booster, to also target e-cigarette use.
Method
To evaluate the effectiveness of the updated 5th-grade program within a “real world” setting, we conducted a pragmatic randomized trial with 5th grade students in 43 schools across Arizona and Oregon, assessing change in intentions and willingness to use e-cigarettes/cigarettes, from baseline to one-week post-intervention. Students in intervention schools (n = 1327) received the updated version of Click City®: Tobacco; students in control schools (n = 1346) received their usual tobacco prevention curriculum.
Results
Students in intervention schools significantly decreased their intentions and willingness to use e-cigarettes and cigarettes, compared to students in control schools. The intervention also significantly changed all targeted etiological mechanisms predictive of intentions and willingness. The intervention was more effective for at-risk students, as defined by student’s previous tobacco use, current family use of tobacco, and/or high in sensation-seeking. The effects of the intervention on all outcomes were similar as a function of state, gender, ethnicity, and historical timing (prior to COVID-19 pandemic school closures vs. after schools re-opened). Close to 90% of the students in the intervention condition completed the entire program, supporting fidelity of implementation, and teachers reported satisfaction with the program.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that Click City®: Tobacco is effective for all 5th grade students and can be delivered with fidelity across school settings.
Implications
The results of a randomized pragmatic effectiveness trial showed that the updated Click City®: Tobacco program decreased intentions and willingness to both vape e-cigarettes and smoke cigarettes among 5th grade students, particularly for those at high risk. Program effectiveness and lack of differences due to factors such as state, gender, ethnicity, and historical timing has universal implications, suggesting that all students can benefit from this program. Click City®: Tobacco received high ratings of program satisfaction from teachers and was implemented with fidelity. Findings suggest that Click City®: Tobacco is effective and can be easily implemented in schools.
... The top 10 risk factors identified by RFM are: smoking, low physical activity, child wasting, low birth weight due to short gestation, iron deficiency, diet low in nuts and seeds, vitamin A deficiency, low bone mineral density, air pollution, and diet high in sodium. Since smoking is a well-known risk factor associated with lung cancer [26][27][28][29][30], the results from RFM appear to be more meaningful compared with the results from FIM. The RFM findings that shed light on the smoking habit are highly superior to environmental factors, which is the first killer of lung cancer, pregnancy, and heart disease [31]. ...
Lung cancer remains the leading cause for cancer mortality worldwide. While it is well-known that smoking is an avoidable high-risk factor for lung cancer, it is necessary to identify the extent to which other modified risk factors might further affect the cell’s genetic predisposition for lung cancer susceptibility, and the spreading of carcinogens in various geographical zones. This study aims to examine the association between lung cancer mortality (LCM) and major risk factors. We used Fuzzy Inference Modeling (FIM) and Random Forest Modeling (RFM) approaches to analyze LCM and its possible links to 30 risk factors in 100 countries over the period from 2006 to 2016. Analysis results suggest that in addition to smoking, low physical activity, child wasting, low birth weight due to short gestation, iron deficiency, diet low in nuts and seeds, vitamin A deficiency, low bone mineral density, air pollution, and a diet high in sodium are potential risk factors associated with LCM. This study demonstrates the usefulness of two approaches for multi-factor analysis of determining risk factors associated with cancer mortality.
... The result also revealed that less than a quarter of the respondents reported that they had ever smoked cigarette with 38.4% as current users. Several studies in both developed and developing countries affirmed these findings that young people are increasingly indulging in the use of drugs including cigarette smoking without knowing the consequences of what they do (Slovic, 2001;Weinstein, 2001;Ehlinger, 2000;Johnston et al., 2005). The reason adduced for this is the association that has been established between students cigarette use and having multiple sex partners (Lenz, 2004;Rigotti et al., 2000;Rigotti et al., 2002;Atwoli et al., 2011;Bamidele et al., 2007). ...
Festive periods Christmas inclusive, is a time for fun, socializing and partying with its attendant risky behaviours that predispose young people to infections and unintended pregnancies. This phenomenon has not been fully explored in Nigeria. This study therefore explored the risky behaviours of undergraduate students of the Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria during the Christmas period. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed among 600 students selected from 5 faculties of the University using a stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected by a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics. More respondents were (52.5%) females, 33.8% were in the science faculty and 50.6% were within the 20-24 year age group. More than half (59.7%) had ever taken alcohol and 14.5% had ever smoked. About 46% of respondents keep friends that take alcohol, 23.8% keep friends that smoke cigarette, 42.9% had ever attended night party with friends and 39.4% attended night parties with friends during the Christmas preceding the study. 75.7% reportedly had sexual intercourse during the Christmas period and 32.2% of these did not using any form of protection. Young people exhibit risky sexual behaviour during the Christmas period. Sensitization and educational programmes targeting risky sexual practices among young people during festive periods should be instituted.
... Abuse liability and dependence are central factors in substance use, with important implications for risk perceptions [31]. Although the risk of dependence is lower for cannabis than other legal drugs such as nicotine and alcohol, it is estimated that approximately 9% of cannabis consumers will become dependent on cannabis in their lifetime [27,32]. ...
Few studies have compared knowledge of the specific health risks of cannabis across jurisdictions. This study aimed to examine perceptions of the health risks of cannabis in Canada and US states with and without legal non-medical cannabis. Cross-sectional data were collected from the 2018 and 2019 International Cannabis Policy Study online surveys. Respondents aged 16-65 (n = 72 459) were recruited from Nielsen panels using non-probability methods. Respondents completed questions on nine health effects of cannabis (including two 'false' control items). Socio-demographic data were collected. Regression models tested differences in outcomes between jurisdictions and by frequency of cannabis use, adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Across jurisdictions, agreement with statements on the health risks of cannabis was highest for questions on driving after cannabis use (66-80%), use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (61-71%) and addiction (51-62%) and lowest for risk of psychosis and schizophrenia (23-37%). Additionally, 12-18% and 6-7% of respondents agreed with the 'false' assertions that cannabis could cure/prevent cancer and cause diabetes, respectively. Health knowledge was highest among Canadian respondents, followed by US states that had legalized non-medical cannabis and lowest in states that had not legalized non-medical cannabis (P < 0.001). Overall, the findings demonstrate a substantial deficit in knowledge of the health risks of cannabis, particularly among frequent consumers.
... "Not at all, " "moderately harmful, " and "extremely harmful, " respectively. curred when participants and risk of others in general [38]. Optimistic bias leads to lower risk estimation for self, compared to others' risk estimation. ...
Perceptions of risk are beliefs about the likelihood of damage orloss. People make subjective judgments regarding the intensityand features of a danger. Smoking start and continuation areinfluenced by risk perception. Risk perception of tobacco useor smoking has always been controversial. Few studies foundthat risk perception is overestimated by smokers and tobaccousers, while other studies found that smokers underestimatethe risk of smoking. It has been observed that different authorshave been using different approaches to measure the risk perceptionof tobacco use. The present literature review is an ontologicalexploration of the process of calculating this constructand determining which method gives more holistic and robustinformation. A literature survey was carried out to understanddifferent ways in which risk perception can be measured. Fifty-seven studies were identified from 1970 to 2020 in which riskperception was calculated for any form of tobacco use. Theliterature review found that the researchers used two practicalapproaches to measure risk perception. In the first approach,the researchers tried to measure only the health risks of tobaccouse, and in the second, multiple dimensions of tobaccouse were measured. Most commonly perceived addictionand then the social risk of tobacco use was accessed. Thoughrecent literature is dominated by an approach where a singledimension, i.e., perceived health risk of tobacco use, is mostcommonly access, it is inferring from the available literature thattools that access multiple sizes of the perceived risk of tobaccouse give more comprehensive and robust information aboutthat construct which can be used further to create tobacco useprevention intervention.
... A study from SEA showed that a lower perception of smoking-related consequences was a significant determinant of smoking initiation in adolescents [7]. The perception of smoking-related consequences plays a vital role in an individual's decision to continue smoking [8]. The Health Belief Model (HBM) suggests that a person's health-related behaviour changes based on six factors: (a) susceptibility: the perceived vulnerability towards the disease/condition; (b) severity: the severity of consequences associated with the outcome; (c) benefits: the belief in the value or efficiency of the change in reducing the susceptibility or severity of the disease [9]; (d) perceived barriers: the barriers to initiate the change (e.g., cost and discomfort); (e) cues to action: the cues for initiating the readiness to begin the change, which include physical/psychological symptoms and increased awareness of the disease (health warning labels/advertisements, the proximity of occurrences of the disease, etc.); and (f) self-efficacy: the motivation/competence to initiate the change [10]. ...
This study examined the (a) health beliefs and emotions (perception of risk, benefits, severity, and worry) about smoking among current and former smokers, (b) their awareness of health warnings, (c) factors associated with smoking-related health beliefs, and (d) the factor structure of the health belief questionnaire. Participants (n = 184) were recruited from a tertiary psychiatric care hospital. Current smokers showed a significantly higher risk perception and lower perceived benefits compared to former smokers. Younger age (
... Supporting information S1 Appendix. [55,56]. ...
A team contest entails both public good characteristics within the teams as well as a contest across teams. In an experimental study, we analyse behaviour in such a team contest when allowing to punish or to reward other team members. Moreover, we compare two types of contest environment: One in which two teams compete for a prize and another one in which we switch off the between-group element of the contest. We find that reward giving, as opposed to punishing, induces higher contributions to the team contest. Furthermore, expenditures on rewarding other co-players are significantly higher than those for punishing.
... It is a cognitive process involved in various daily activities and responsible for steering people's behavior when they have to take decisions involving potential risks. Risk perception covers multiple dimensions, such as, for example, immediate and future consequences and their implications on both a rational and objective and an emotional and subjective level [24]. Assessing this variable is particularly important during a global pandemic, because it is well-known that the risk perception can influence protective behaviors [25][26][27][28][29]. Furthermore, suppose the information provided is inadequate. ...
In light of rising concern about the coronavirus pandemic crisis, a growing number of universities across the world have either postponed or canceled all campus and other activities. This posed new challenges for university students. Based on the classification proposed in the Mental Health Continuum model by Keyes, the aims were to estimate university students’ prevalence of mental health during lookdown outbreak, and to examine the associations between mental health and, respectively, academic stress, self-efficacy, satisfaction for degree course, locus of control, COVID-19 risk perception, taking into account the level of information seeking about pandemic. Overall, 1124 Italian university students completed a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational analyses. Results showed that 22.3% of participants were flourishing, and levels of mental well-being appeared in line with normative values in young Italian adults; levels of academic stress were not significantly higher than those found in other student samples before the COVID-19 outbreak. Students with high levels of information seeking presented higher levels of well-being and risk perception. Results could be considered useful to realize training pathways, to help the university students to improve their well-being, post-pandemic.
... They explained that how people conceive and interpret information would influence their decision-making on taking actions. Cognitive heuristics such as availability heuristics or affect heuristics was developed to explain the different cognitions and how those have entered into human minds to influence behaviors [22][23][24][25][26]. ...
In contrast to the momentous literature on risk communication before and during disasters, studies addressing the significance of communication in post disaster recovery and reconstruction phase are limited. This paper aims to fill this gap by paying special attention to the cross-scale interactions and communications in the phase that has a potential to influence not only individual level decision-making about risk but also institutional decisions and policy-making by various stakeholders. Several empirical cases are examined from five countries – Taiwan, Philippines, India, Uganda and Honduras – each of which survived hydrometeorological disasters including flash flood, landslides triggered by storms or tropical cyclones. This study investigates legislative, institutional, cultural, social, and personal factors underlying the dynamism, and develops an integrative risk communication framework. It applies a three-stage methodological analysis including documentary reviews, key informant interviews and semi-structured questionnaire survey with local communities, governmental officials and other stakeholders in the case studies. The study argues that cross-scale risk communication not only has great impacts on individual decision-making on reconstruction and resettlement, but also has implications for long-term planning and development.
... In the interests of clarity and brevity, we do not discuss several other risk-related constructs, such as perceived severity, knowledge, 18 anticipated regret, 19 and cognitive biases. 20 ...
Risk perception is an important construct in many health behavior theories. Smoking risk perceptions are thoughts and feelings about the harms associated with cigarette smoking. Wide variation in the terminology, definition, and assessment of this construct makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the associations of risk perceptions with smoking behaviors. To understand optimal methods of assessing adults' cigarette smoking risk perceptions (among both smokers and nonsmokers), we reviewed best practices from the tobacco control literature, and where gaps were identified, we looked more broadly to the research on risk perceptions in other health domains. Based on this review, we suggest assessments of risk perceptions (1) about multiple smoking-related health harms, (2) about harms over a specific timeframe, and (3) for the person affected by the harm. For the measurement of perceived likelihood in particular (ie, the perceived chance of harm from smoking based largely on deliberative thought), we suggest including (4) unconditional and conditional items (stipulating smoking behavior) and (5) absolute and comparative items and including (6) comparisons to specific populations through (7) direct and indirect assessments. We also suggest including (8) experiential (ostensibly automatic, somatic perceptions of vulnerability to a harm) and affective (emotional reactions to a potential harm) risk perception items. We also offer suggestions for (9) response options and (10) the assessment of risk perception at multiple time points. Researchers can use this resource to inform the selection, use, and future development of smoking risk perception measures.
Implications:
Incorporating the measurement suggestions for cigarette smoking risk perceptions that are presented will help researchers select items most appropriate for their research questions and will contribute to greater consistency in the assessment of smoking risk perceptions among adults.
... Perceived smoking harm. Participants also completed items indicating perceptions of health harms associated with smoking (Slovic, 2001). They responded to the items, "Is cigarette smoking: ...
Prior work suggests that exposure to graphic health warning posters (GWPs) at retail point-of-sale may increase future cigarette smoking susceptibility in adolescents who are already at risk for future smoking, but not among committed never-smokers. However, little is known about what psychological mechanisms may account for this effect of GWPs on at-risk youths. Participants (N = 441) aged 11-17 years were randomized to experimental shopping conditions in a life-sized model convenience store, in which GWPs were absent ("status quo"; n = 107) or visibly displayed near the check-out area (n = 334). Participants completed pre- and post- "shopping" measures of future smoking susceptibility, descriptive and injunctive smoking norms, and perceived harms of smoking. A series of linear regression analyses assessed whether norms and harms differentially mediated the effect of experimental condition on future smoking susceptibility in committed never smokers compared with at-risk youths. Tests showed evidence for mediated moderation of the effect of GWP exposure on future smoking susceptibility, such that changes in injunctive norms (i.e., greater perceived social disapproval)-but not descriptive norms or perceived smoking harms-partially accounted for the effect of GWPs on smoking susceptibility in at-risk youths (average causal mediation effect: B = 0.51 [0.14-1.22], p = .02), but not among committed never smokers. For adolescents already at risk of future smoking, GWPs increase perceptions of cigarettes as less socially acceptable, which may increase susceptibility to future smoking in this group. Future work should examine reactance to antismoking messaging among youth at risk for future smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... Similarly, adolescents may incorrectly believe that cigarette smoking is less risky than other behaviors, such as alcohol consumption and drug use, and they do not understand the short-term effect and addictive nature of smoking [6]. Studies have found that adolescent and adult smokers do not fully appreciate the health consequences of smoking cigarettes [7]. A systematic review revealed that youthful optimism and self-exempting beliefs about the likelihood of addiction, health risks, and consequences of smoking associated with smoking behavior [8]. ...
... Previous research has demonstrated that perception of risk plays a critical role in decisions to use tobacco. 12 For example, studies have shown that concerns about the health risks are one of the most cited reasons to quit smoking among current and former smokers. 13,14 Similarly, consumers' risk perception about e-cigarettes and other new and emerging tobacco products may also play an important role in influencing how these products are used and who will use these products. ...
Importance:
Debate is ongoing about whether the scientific evidence of the health risks of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) compared with combustible cigarettes (hereinafter referred to as cigarettes) has been accurately communicated to the public. Large representative surveys are needed to examine how the public perceives the health risk of e-cigarettes and how their perceptions change over time.
Objective:
To examine how US adults perceived the harm of e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes and how their perception has changed from 2012 to 2017.
Design, setting, and participants:
Survey study using data from 2 multiyear cross-sectional nationally representative surveys-the Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Surveys (TPRPS) and the Health Information National Trends Surveys (HINTS)-to assess perceived harm of e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes among US adults in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Respondents were selected via address-based sampling or random-digit dialing and consisted of adults 18 years or older. Analyses were conducted from February through April 2018.
Main outcomes and measures:
Self-reported perceived harm of e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes.
Results:
The analytical samples of TPRPS consisted of 2800 adults in 2012 (cumulative response rate, 7.3%), 5668 in 2014 (cumulative response rate, 6.6%), 5372 in 2015 (cumulative response rate, 6.8%), 5245 in 2016 (cumulative response rate, 6.4%), and 5357 in 2017 (cumulative response rate, 5.8%). The analytical samples of HINTS consisted of 2609 adults in 2012 (response rate, 39.9%), 3301 in 2014 (response rate, 34.4%), 2224 in 2015 (response rate, 33.0%), and 2683 in 2017 (response rate, 32.4%). The proportion of adults who perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes decreased from 39.4% (95% CI, 36.9%-41.9%) in 2012 to 33.9% (95% CI, 32.7%-35.2%) in 2017 in TPRPS and decreased from 50.7% (95% CI, 48.8%-52.7%) in 2012 to 34.5% (95% CI, 32.7%-36.3%) in 2017 in HINTS. During the same period, the proportion of adults who perceived e-cigarettes to be as harmful as cigarettes increased from 11.5% (95% CI, 10.0%-13.2%) in 2012 to 36.4% (95% CI, 35.1%-37.7%) in 2017 (TPRPS) and from 46.4% (95% CI, 44.5%-48.3%) in 2012 to 55.6% (95% CI, 53.7%-57.5%) in 2017 (HINTS). Those who perceived e-cigarettes to be more harmful than cigarettes increased from 1.3% (95% CI, 0.8%-2.2%) in 2012 to 4.3% (95% CI, 3.8%-4.9%) in 2017 (TPRPS) and from 2.8% (95% CI, 2.2%-3.5%) in 2012 to 9.9% (95% CI, 8.8%-11.1%) in 2017 (HINTS).
Conclusions and relevance:
In this study, the proportion of US adults who perceived e-cigarettes to be as harmful as or more harmful than cigarettes increased substantially from 2012 to 2017. The findings of this study underscore the urgent need to accurately communicate the risks of e-cigarettes to the public, which should clearly differentiate the absolute from the relative harms of e-cigarettes.
... The answers to this question come from two domains: cognition and affect. Answers from the cognitive domain focus on conscious and deliberate thought processes, such as stated perceptions of risk and benefits [4][5][6]. In contrast, answers from the affective theories highlight the importance of feelings associated not only to reasons but to all cognitive content, including thoughts and images that influence us in ways that we are not consciously aware of [7]. ...
Background:
Tobacco companies argue that the decision to smoke is made by well-informed rational adults who have considered all the risks and benefits of smoking. Yet in promoting their products, the tobacco industry frequently relies on affect, portraying their products as part of a desirable lifestyle. Research examining the roles of affect and perceived risks in smoking has been scant and non-existent for novel tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes).
Methods:
We examined the relationship between affect, perceived risk, and current use for cigarettes and e-cigarettes in 2015 in a nationally representative sample of 5398 U.S. adults who were aware of e-cigarettes.
Results:
Participants held various affective associations with tobacco products, and affect towards cigarettes was more negative than affect towards e-cigarettes. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), affect towards cigarettes and e-cigarettes was associated with cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use respectively, and these associations were both direct and partially mediated by risk perceptions towards smoking and e-cigarette use. More positive affect towards cigarettes or e-cigarettes was associated with lower perceived risks, which in turn was associated with higher odds of being a current cigarette or e-cigarette user.
Conclusions:
In developing models explaining tobacco use behavior, or in creating public communication campaigns aimed at curbing tobacco use, it is useful to focus not only on the reason based predictors, such as perceptions of risks and benefits, but also on affective predictors. Educational efforts aimed at further smoking reductions should highlight and reinforce negative images and associations with cigarettes.
... Perokok aktif berisiko untuk terkena kanker hati dan paru, bronkitis kronis, emphysema, gangguan pernafasan, kerusakan dan luka bakar, berat badan rendah dan perkembangan yang terhambat pada bayi (Center for The Advancement of Health dalam Taylor 2006). Dampak rokok bahkan sudah terlihat pada perokok di umur 20-an yaitu terdapat kerusakan permanen pada saluran kecil di paru-paru dan pembuluh darah mereka serta cairan dari paru-paru perokok menunjukkan peningkatan sel radang dan meningkatnya level kerusakan pada paru-paru (U.S. DHHS, dalam Slovic, 2001). Perokok yang tidak berhenti sebelum berusia 35 tahun memiliki peluang sebesar 50% meninggal disebabkan oleh penyakit yang berkaitan dengan rokok (Doll, et al., dalam Mc.Vea, 2006). ...
This study examined COVID-19 risk perception, student engagement, peer-led team learning, and learning satisfaction among students in the hospitality and tourism departments in Ghanaian universities. Valid responses for this study from 440 hospitality and tourism students across four (4) universities across the country were analysed to achieve this objective. COVID-19 risk perception proved to have a significant positive impact on students’ engagement and peer team learning, but an insignificant negative influence on learning satisfaction. The results also underscored the positive role of the learning environment in driving students’ engagement and learning satisfaction including the positive bearing of students’ engagement on learning satisfaction. The study contributes to theory and practice by extending the social cognitive and self-determination theories to understand the links between COVID-19 risk perception, student engagement, peer-led team learning, and learning satisfaction among students in the hospitality and tourism departments in Ghanaian universities. Thus, the integration of social cognitive and self-determination theories in this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing learning experiences during the pandemic.
Background
Aotearoa New Zealand proposed a new maximum nicotine content of 0.8 mg/g for smoked tobacco products, although the new government plans to repeal this legislation. Requiring ‘Very low nicotine’ (VLN) messages on cigarettes meeting this standard may reinforce misperceptions that they are less harmful than cigarettes currently sold.
Methods
To explore knowledge of nicotine and very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs), and perceptions of cigarette packs featuring different low nicotine messages (eg, ‘Very low nicotine’) and mitigating statements (eg, ‘No cigarettes are safe’), we surveyed 354 people who smoked, 142 who formerly smoked, and 214 people who had never smoked regularly.
Results
Around half of all respondents believed VLNCs were less harmful than regular cigarettes and around two-thirds incorrectly thought nicotine causes most of the related health problems resulting from smoking. Nearly a third thought VLNCs would be less harmful than regular cigarettes; 34% believed they would be just as harmful. Mitigating statements did not affect perceptions of people who smoked, although people who formerly, or who had never smoked regularly, perceived mitigating statements referring to poisons and cancer as significantly more likely than the VLN message to discourage smoking.
Conclusions
Misunderstanding of VLNCs as less harmful than regular cigarettes is widespread; VLN messages may reinforce this misperception, which mitigating statements did not correct among people who smoke. As an alternative to VLN messages, policy makers could consider introducing VLNCs on a specified date and developing public information campaigns; these measures would avoid phase-in confusion and obviate the need for VLN messaging.
CDH1 gene mutation carriers have to deal with a significant emotional burden associated with the increased risk of developing invasive and aggressive cancer, difficulties in managing the uncertainty related to the genetic testing information, and challenging preference-sensitive decisions about risk-reducing measures might potentially affect all life trajectories. Evidence collected in this domain have stated that identifying a cancer mutation might be a disruptive event in the lives of the mutation carriers. Having a cancer mutation does not mean an increased risk for themselves, but also for their relatives who might have inherited it. Considering the complexity of the cancer mutations, it is mandatory to introduce into clinical practice tailored psychological consultation for mutation carriers and their families to help them with challenges and uncertainties connected with their condition. Here we will explore three key themes: (1) patients’ experiences of uncertainty, emotional responses, and burden in CDH1 carrier’s trajectory; (2) psycho-cognitive mechanisms behind the preferences’ constructions in mutation carriers throughout the care pathway; and finally, (3) role of the psychological consultation for mutation carriers and their family and decision aids in clinical practice.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
He who deliberates lengthily will not always choose the best.
– Goethe
Introspection is often considered a uniquely human capability. Other species possess sophisticated cognitive and communicative skills (e.g., Premack & Premack, 1983; Ristau & Robbins, 1982), but as far as we know, we are the only species that thinks about its thoughts and feelings. Given the possibly unique status of our ability to self-reflect, it is tempting to view self-reflection as a uniformly beneficial activity. This assumption has been made, at least implicitly, by theorists in several areas of psychology. Many forms of psychotherapy view introspection as an integral part of the healing process, and some decision theorists argue that reflection about a choice will lead to better decision making (e.g., Janis & Mann, 1977; Koriat, Lichtenstein, & Fischhoff, 1980; Raiffa, 1968). Similarly, Langer (1978, 1989) has argued that we would be better off in most contexts if we were more “mindful” and contemplative about our actions.
Introspection and self-reflection undoubtedly can be very useful, with the ability to superimpose reason and discretion on otherwise impulsive actions. There is no reason to assume that introspection is always beneficial, however, and in fact, there may be times when it is best to avoid too much of it. There is a growing literature documenting the drawbacks of self-reflection and rumination. Morrow and Nolan-Hoeksema (1990) found that people who ruminated about a negative mood were less successful in improving their moods than people who performed a distracting task.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
This study examined the effect of COVID-19 risk perception on delivery-food purchasing, restaurant visit behaviors, and perception differences between genders. Data were collected from 1,119 participants in Daegu, South Korea. We conducted a structural equation multi-group analysis on male and female participants to examine consumer behavior in response to the risk perception caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Greater physical, social, and uncertainty risks led to lesser restaurant visits and more delivery food purchase by people. The greater the extent to which males perceived physical and uncertainty risks, the less they visited restaurants; among females, physical risk and social risk had significant positive effects on delivery-food purchasing behavior. This study provides implications and suggestions not only for the current pandemic situation but also future pandemics. Moreover, recovery of the food service industry will increase employment opportunities and help sustainable economic growth.
Indonesia has one of the largest tobacco epidemics in Southeast Asia. According to the World Health Organization, smoking-related illnesses kill about 200,000 Indonesians annually. In Central Sulawesi, 26.1% are daily smokers and 6.0% are former smokers. The data show that a future burden of tobacco-related disease can be predicted if people still smoke. The objective of this study was to determine the factors related to smoking cessation in adults (aged 20-59 years old) in Palu City, Indonesia. The Health Belief Model was used as a conceptual framework to guide the study. This was a cross-sectional study and it was conducted with 183 adults. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression. The results revealed that significant predictors of smoking cessation included the perceived severity about the consequences of smoking (OR = 4.49, p < 0.001), attempts to quit (OR = 0.93, p < 0.001), and advice from peer/family/physician (OR = 0.32, p < 0.001), with R2 = 0.38. Health care providers can use the findings from this study as an evidence base to develop health promotion and prevention programs to encourage adults to quit smoking and so avoid developing diseases related to smoking. Furthermore, enhancing smoking cessation efforts in young smokers can significantly improve the health of the public. Keywords: smoking cessation, adults, Health Belief Model
PENGARUH TRAIT DRIVING ANGER DAN STATE MARAH TERHADAP PERILAKU MENGEMUDI BERISIKO DAN PERAN SIKAP PRO RISIKO SEBAGAI MEDIATOR DISERTASI (Ringkasan) Oleh: SUNU BAGASKARA 1206310240 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI PROGRAM STUDI DOKTOR DEPOK JULI 2019
Background: Most studies on perceived risks of smokeless tobacco products (SLT) have been conducted in the U.S., and the vast majority conclude that perceptions of the relative harmfulness of SLT versus cigarettes in the population are inconsistent with epidemiologically-based risk estimates, and typically conflated to that of cigarettes. We tested whether such inaccuracies also existed in Norway, where SLT-products are less toxic (Swedish snus) and SLT use is more prevalent than in the U.S. Methods: Over a 16 years period (2003–2018), 13,381 respondents (aged 16–79 years) answered questions about risk perceptions in Statistics Norway’s nationally representative survey of tobacco behavior. We applied an indirect measure of comparative harm where risk beliefs for eight nicotine products were assessed independently of other products and then compared the answers. The wording of the question was: “We will now mention a variety of nicotine products and ask you how harmful you think daily use of these are. Use a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 is slightly harmful and 7 is very harmful”. Mean scores with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: The overall risk score for cigarettes was 6.48. The risk score for snus was 5.14–79.3% of the risk score of cigarettes. The relative risk scores for e-cigarettes (3.78) and NRT products (3.39) was 58.4% and 52.3% when compared to cigarettes. Perceptions of risk were stable over time. A strong association was observed between perceived risk of snus and having used snus in attempts to quit smoking. Conclusion: Perceptions of relative risk between snus and cigarettes is inconsistent with estimates from medical expert committees, which assess the overall health risk from use of Swedish snus to be minor when compared to the risk from smoking. Like the situation in the US, incorrect beliefs about SLT risks seem to be prevalent also in the snus-prevalent Norwegian setting. Accurate information on differential harms needs to be communicated. Future research should try to identify reasons why health authorities in the US and Scandinavia allow these well-documented misconceptions to persist.
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