Truffle Checklist of Turkey II with A New Record

Abstract

The current study presents a Turkish Truffle Checklist based on literature and a newly discovered species. Within the two divisions, the list includes 104 species belonging to 35 genera and 20 families, as well as their range and Turkish names. Tuber oligospermum was one of them, and it was recorded for the first time in Turkey. A brief description of newly reported species was provided, along with images of their macro and micro-morphology.

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Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 10(10): 1913-1920, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i10.1913-1920.5482
Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology
Available online, ISSN: 2148-127X
│www.agrifoodscience.com │
Turkish Science and Technology Publishing (TURSTEP)
Truffle Checklist of Turkey II with A New Record
Ilgaz Akata1,a,*, İsmail Şen2,b, Mustafa Sevindik3,c, Şanlı Kabaktepe4,d
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
2Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
3Department of Food Processing, Bahçe Vocational School, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
4Department of Herbal and Animal Production, Battalgazi Vocational School, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Battalgazi, Malatya, Türkiye
*Corresponding author
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Research Article
Received : 03/09/2022
Accepted : 04/10/2022
The current study presents a Turkish Truffle Checklist based on literature and a newly discovered
species. Within the two divisions, the list includes 104 species belonging to 35 genera and 20
families, as well as their range and Turkish names. Tuber oligospermum was one of them, and it
was recorded for the first time in Turkey. A brief description of newly reported species was
provided, along with images of their macro and micro-morphology.
Keywords:
Fungal diversity
Truffles
New records
Tuber oligospermum
Türkiye
a
akatailgaz@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-1302
b
frapesle@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5760-5535
c
sevindik27@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-2220
d
sanli.kabaktepe@ozal.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-9225
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Introduction
The word "truffles" refers to an ectomycorrhizal
hypogean fungal group that belongs to the Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota divisions. Due to their complex taste and
peculiar aroma, some members of the truffle genus, such
as Picoa Vittad., Terfezia (Tul. & C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul.,
Tirmania Chatin, and Tuber P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg., are
economically and gastronomically important.
Tuber species are among them, and some of its
members, such as T. aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng, T. borchii
Vittad., T. melanosporum Vittad., and T. magnatum Picco,
are prized.
Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi that are mostly
connected with plant families including Pinaceae,
Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, and Salicaceae (Trappe et al., 2009;
Bonito Smith, 2016). As a result of their interaction with
plants and animals, truffles can be found all over the world
(Trappe et al., 2009). Furthermore, 4500 to 5500 species
producing hypogeous/sequestrate fruiting structures are
predicted to occur globally (Mueller et al., 2007).
Turkey is a peninsula with three phytogeographical
regions: Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, and Irano-
Turanian (Davis et al., 1971). As a result of this unique
geographical structure, plant and animal variety is
encouraged.
The adaption of plant and animal diversity and
favorable climatic circumstances encourage truffle
diversity in Turkey, and truffles can thus be found
throughout the country. (Kagan-Zur and Akyüz, 2014;
Sesli et al., 2020; Şen et al., 2016). Even though more than
5800 fungi species have so far been reported from Turkey
by several researchers (Sesli et al., 2020), the knowledge
of truffles distributed in Turkey is still limited.

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Materials and Methods
The truffle checklist was created by the accumulation of
the data obtained from 99 publications on Turkish mycobiota
issued between 1937 and March 2022. All species given in the
list were checked to obtain the current names, authors, and
families by accessing the fungal database, Index Fungorum
(access date: 14.07.2022). Likewise, Sesli et al. (2020)
accumulated Turkish names of the species.
The samples related to newly reported species were
collected from Şanlıurfa province of Turkey as a
consequence of routine field studies. The morphological
and ecological properties of each specimen were noted. In
the laboratory, the microscopic features of specimens such
as spore shape and size, structures of peridium, etc., were
evaluated by using a light microscope. The specimens were
stored as fungarium material in Ankara University
Herbarium, Ankara (ANK).
Results
A total of 104 truffle species are listed and their
distributions were given below in alphabetical order.
Taxonomic overview
Ascomycota Caval.-Sm.
Helvellaceae Fr.
• Balsamia gunerii (H.H. Doğan, Bozok & Taşkın)
K. Hansen & X.H. Wang
Osmaniye (Doğan et al., 2018).
• B. hellenica (Kaounas, Agnello, P. Alvarado &
Slavova) K. Hansen & X.H. Wang Gaziantep (Uzun et al.,
2018).
• B. vulgaris Vittad.
Muğla (Allı and Doğan, 2019).
Elaphomycetaceae Tul. ex Paol.
• Elaphomyces anthracinus Vittad.
Trabzon (Uzun, 2021).
• E. citrinus Vittad.
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2020a).
• E. cyanosporus Tul. & C. Tul.
Trabzon, Rize (Uzun and Kaya, 2020a; 2022).
• E. decipiens Vittad.
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2021).
• E. granulatus Fr.
Giresun, Trabzon, Rize (Uzun and Kaya, 2019a).
• E. leucocarpus Vittad.
Artvin, Tekirdağ, Trabzon (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• E. muricatus Fr.
Artvin, Karabük (Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Uzun and
Kaya, 2022).
• E. septatus Vittad.
İstanbul (Uzun and Kaya, 2019b).
Pyronemataceae Corda
• Genea hispidula Berk. ex Tul. & C. Tul.
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2019c).
• G. klotzschii Berk. & Broome
Samsun (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014).
• G.lobulata (Mor.-Arr., J. Gómez & Calonge) P.
Alvarado & Mor.-Arr.
Niğde (Berber et al., 2019).
• G. sphaerica Tul. & C. Tul.
İzmir (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• G.verrucosa Vittad.
Muğla (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014).
• Geopora cooperi Harkn.
Bolu, Burdur, Denizli, İzmir, Muğla (Solak et al., 2003;
Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• Hydnocystis bombycina (Vittad.) Healy & M.E. Sm.
Samsun (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014).
• H. piligera Tul.
Aydın (Kaygusuz et al., 2018).
• Picoa juniperi Vittad.
Afyon, Antalya, Denizli, Elazığ, Kayseri Konya,
Malatya, Muğla, Nevşehir, Uşak (Türkoğlu and
Castellano, 2014; Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Türkoğlu and
Yağız, 2012; Akyüz et al., 2015a; 2015b, 2016; 2017;
Sahin et al., 2021).
• P. lefebvrei (Pat.) Maire
Aksaray, Denizli, Elazığ, Konya,Malatya, Şanlıurfa
(Gücin et al, 2010; Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Akyüz et al.,
2015a; 2015b, 2016; 2017; Kaya, 2015).
Pezizaceae Dumort.
• Hydnobolites cerebriformis Tul. & C. Tul.
Rize and Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2018; 2022).
• Pachyphlodes citrina (Berk. & Broome) Doweld
Rize and Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2018).
• P. conglomerata (Berk. & Broome) Doweld
Giresun and Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2018).
• Terfezia albida Ant. Rodr., Muñ.-Moh. & Bordallo
Karaman (Uzun et al., 2016).
• T. arenaria (Moris) Trappe
Aydın, Isparta, Konya, Malatya (Öder, 1988; Işıloğlu
and Öder, 1995; Afyon, 1996; Kaşık et al., 1998; Türkoğlu
et al., 2015).
• T.boudieri Chatin
Batman, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep
Karaman, Malatya, Mardin, Niğde, Şanlıurfa (Türkoğlu
and Yağız, 2012; Akyüz et al., 2015a; 2015b, 2016; 2017;
Gücin, 1990; Yıldız and Ertekin, 1997; Kaşık et al., 2001;
Doğan and Öztürk, 2006; Demir et al., 2007; Kaya et al.,
2012; Gezer et al., 2014; Kaya, 2015, Dündar et al, 2012,
Sevindik et al., 2018).
• T. cistophila Ant. Rodr., Bordallo, Kaounas & Morte
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2019; 2022).
• T.claveryi Chatin
Adana, Aksaray, Elazığ, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Karaman,
Konya, Malatya Şanlıurfa, Yozgat (Akyüz et al., 2015a;
2015b, 2016; 2017; Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Doğan and Kurt,
2016; İnci and Kırbağ, 2018).
• T. leptoderma (Tul. & C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul.
Denizli, Uşak (Castellano and Türkoğlu, 2012;
Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014).
• T. olbiensis (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc.
Elazığ, Gaziantep, Konya, Malatya, Nevşehir, Uşak
(Akyüz et al., 2015a; 2015b, 2016; 2017; Türkoğlu and
Castellano, 2014; Uzun et al., 2015).
• Tirmania pinoyi (Maire) Malençon
İzmir (Yılmaz Ersel and Solak, 2004).
Tuberaceae F. Berchtold & J. Presl
• Choiromyces meandriformis Vittad.
Bolu, Samsun, Uşak (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014).
• Reddellomyces parvulosporus (G.W. Beaton &
Malajczuk) Trappe, Castellano & Malajczuk
Antalya, Muğla (Türkoğlu, 2015; Ünal et al, 2016).
• R. westraliensis (G.W. Beaton & Malajczuk)
Trappe et al.

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Muğla (Ünal et al, 2016).
• Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng.
Antalya, Artvin, Aydın, Bolu, Burdur, Denizli, Düzce,
Hatay, İstanbul, İzmir, Kırklareli, Konya, Muğla, Ordu,
Osmaniye (Gezer et al., 2014; Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Alkan
et al, 2018; Özderin et al., 2018).
• T. borchii Vittad.
Aydın, Denizli, Kahramanmaraş, Muğla, Samsun,
Tekirdağ (Kaya, 2009a; Gezer et al., 2014; Elliot et al.,
2016).
• T. brumale Vittad.
Denizli, Niğde, Osmaniye, Samsun (Öztürk et al.,
1997; Gezer et al., 2014; Türkoğlu and Castellano 2014).
• T. excavatum Vittad.
Denizli, Trabzon (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014;
Uzun and Yakar, 2018).
• T. ferrugineum Vittad.
Antalya, Aydın, Denizli (Elliot et al., 2016).
• T. fulgens Quél.
Kırklareli (Akata et al., 2020).
• T. macrosporum Vittad.
Tekirdağ and Edirne (Doğan, 2021).
• T. mesentericum Vittad.
Denizli (Castellano and Türkoğlu, 2012; Türkoğlu and
Castellano, 2014).
• T. nitidum Vittad.
Denizli, Burdur, Kastamonu, Osmaniye (Castellano
and Türkoğlu, 2012; Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014;
Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• Tuber oligospermum (Tul. & C. Tul.) Trappe
(Figure1, 2).
Syn. Delastreopsis oligosperma (Tul. & C. Tul.)
Mattir., Lespiaultinia oligosperma (Tul. & C. Tul.) Gilkey,
Terfezia oligosperma Tul. & C. Tul., Tuber asa Tul. & C.
Tul.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
Ascomata 25-45 mm, hypogeous, globose to
subglobose, usually lobed. Peridium ochre to light brown.
Gleba whitish when young, becoming grey-brown at
maturity, marbled with white, branching veins, radiating
from the center. Asci 62-83 × 65-85 µm, subglobose to
ovoid, thick-walled, shortly stipitate, and 1-4 spored.
Ascospores 24-37 × 26-38 µm, globose to broadly
ellipsoid, yellowish when young, yellow-brown to brown
at maturity, with reticulate-alveolate ornamentation.
Figure 1. Tuber oligospermum under light microscope (LM) : a,b. ascomata b.spores. c-j. spores within ascus

Akata et al. / Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 10(10): 1913-1920, 2022
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Figure 2. Tuber oligospermum as viewed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM): a-d. spores.
Specimen examined: Turkey-Şanlıurfa: Hilvan, under pine,
650 m, 37° 31' N, 38° 54' E, 14.04.2022, ANK Akata 8498.
• T. puberulum Berk. & Broome
Artvin, Aydın, Denizli, Muğla, Osmaniye, Trabzon
(Elliot et al., 2016; Uzun and Yakar, 2018).
• T. rufum Picco.
Aydın, Antalya, Bolu, Burdur, Denizli, Kastamonu,
Konya, Muğla, Osmaniye (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2014;
Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
Basidiomycota R.T. Moore
Agaricaceae Chevall.
• Chlorophyllum lusitanicum G. Moreno, Muñ.-
Moh., Manjón, Carlavilla & Altés
İzmir (Uzun and Kaya 2022).
Albatrellaceae Nuss
• Leucogaster liosporus R. Hesse
Çankırı (Pilát, 1937).
• L. luteomaculatus Zeller & C.W. Dodge
Çankırı (Pilát, 1937).
• L. nudus (Hazsl.) Hollós
Çankırı, Kastamonu, Rize, Trabzon (Pilát, 1937;
Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Kaya and Uzun, 2020).
• L. tozzianus (Cavara & Sacc.) Mattir. ex Zeller &
C.W. Dodge
Kastamonu, Trabzon (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• Leucophleps aculeatispora Fogel
Kastamonu (Elliot et al., 2016).
Bolbitiaceae Singer
• Descolea alba (Klotzsch) Kuhar, Nouhra & M.E. Sm.
Muğla (Ünal et al., 2016).
• Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar
Muğla (Ünal et al., 2016).
Boletaceae Chevall.
• Octaviania asterosperma Vittad.
Artvin, Bursa, Ordu, Trabzon (Türkoğlu et al., 2015;
Kaygusuz et al, 2018).
• Wakefieldia macrospora (Hawker) Hawker
İstanbul (Uzun and Kaya, 2020b).
Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
• Cortinarius olens Gasparini
Ankara, Artvin, Kastamonu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• Protoglossum niveum (Vittad.) T.W. May
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2022).
Geastraceae Corda
• Schenella pityophila (Malençon & Riousset)
Estrada & Lado
Muğla, Konya (Doğan, 2018; Yakar et al., 2019).
Gomphaceae Donk
• Gautieria graveolens Vittad.
Çankırı, Rize, Trabzon (Pilat, 1937; Uzun et al., 2019a)
• G. monticola Harkn.
Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş (Kaya, 2009a; Uzun et al.,
2015).
• G. morchelliformis Vittad.
Konya (Doğan and Akata, 2015).
• G. otthii Trog
Bolu, Kastamonu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• G.retirugosa Th. Fr.
Bolu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• G. trabutii (Chatin) Pat.
Burdur, Muğla (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).

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Hymenogastraceae Vittad.
• Hymenogaster bulliardii Vittad.
Karaman (Uzun et al., 2016).
• H. citrinus Vittad.
Samsun (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. griseus Vittad.
Muğla (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2013).
• H. hessei Soehner
Kastamonu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. luteus Vittad.
Isparta, İstanbul, Osmaniye, Tekirdağ, Trabzon,
Yalova (Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Kaya and Uzun, 2020).
• H. lycoperdineus Vittad.
Isparta (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. olivaceus Vittad.
Denizli (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2013).
• H. rehsteineri Bucholtz
Artvin, Samsun, Tekirdağ, Yalova (Elliot et al., 2016).
• H. thwaitesii Berk. & Broome
Denizli, Muğla, Osmaniye (Türkoğlu and Castellano,
2013; Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. vulgaris Tul. & C. Tul.
Muğla, Samsun, Tekirdağ, Yalova (Türkoğlu and
Castellano, 2013; Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
Hysterangiaceae E. Fisch.
• Hysterangium calcareum R. Hesse
Ordu (Elliot et al., 2016).
• H. clathroides Vittad.
Gaziantep, Kütahya, Trabzon (Türkoğlu et al., 2015;
Uzun et al., 2015; Uzun and Kaya 2022).
• H. epiroticum Pacioni
Kastamonu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. fragile Vittad.
Kastamonu, Ordu (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• H. inflatum Rodway
Muğla (Ünal et al, 2016).
• H. nephriticum Berk.
Sakarya, Trabzon (Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Uzun and
Kaya 2022).
• H. stoloniferum Tul. & C. Tul.
Konya (Doğan and Akata, 2015).
Mesophelliaceae Jülich
• Chondrogaster pachysporus Maire
Muğla (Ünal et al, 2016).
Paxillaceae Lotsy
• Alpova corsicus P.-A. Moreau & F. Rich.
Artvin (Türkoğlu et al., 2015).
• A. diplophloeus (Zeller & C.W. Dodge) Trappe &
A.H. Sm.
Rize, Trabzon (Yakar et al., 2019; Uzun and Kaya,
2022).
• Melanogaster ambiguus (Vittad.) Tul. & C. Tul.
Hakkari, Gaziantep, Muğla, Trabzon (Uzun et al.,
2014; Uzun et al., 2015; Elliot et al., 2016; Uzun and Kaya,
2022).
• M. broomeanus Berk.
Artvin, Denizli, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Kastamonu,
Samsun, Trabzon (Demirel, 1998; Türkoğlu and
Castellano, 2013; Türkoğlu et al., 2015; Uzun et al., 2014;
Uzun et al., 2015; Uzun and Kaya, 2022).
• M. macrosporus Velen.
Trabzon (Elliot et al., 2016).
• M. variegatus (Vittad.) Tul. & C. Tul.
Kütahya, Trabzon (Kaygusuz et al., 2018; Sesli and
Moreau, 2015; Uzun and Kaya, 2022).
Phallogastraceae Locq.
• Phallogaster saccatus Morgan
Kastamonu (Doğan, 2006).
Rhizopogonaceae Gäum. & C.W. Dodge
• Rhizopogon abietis A.H. Sm.
Sakarya (Doğan et al., 2021).
• R. luteolus Fr.
Adana, Adıyaman, Antalya, Denizli, Eskişehir,
Erzurum, Gaziantep, Isparta, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş,
Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kütahya, Konya, Mersin, Tokat,
Şanlıurfa (Solak et al., 1999; Gezer, 2000; Demirel et al.,
2003; Kaşık et al., 2003; Öztürk et al., 2003; Türkekul,
2003; Köstekçi et al., 2005; Kaya, 2006; Köse et al., 2006;
Kaya, 2009b; 2009c; Türkoğlu and Gezer, 2006; Türkoğlu
et al., 2007; Akata et al., 2010; Alkan et al., 2010; Doğan
et al., 2010; Güngör et al., 2015; Kaya, 2015; Doğan and
Kurt, 2016; Allı et al., 2017a).
• R. marchii (Bres.) Zeller & C.W. Dodge
Trabzon (Sesli and Castellano, 2009).
• R. obtextus (Spreng.) R. Rauschert
Gümüşhane, Trabzon (Akata et al., 2016; Uzun and
Kaya, 2022).
• R. ochraceorubens A.H. Sm.
Bolu, Kastamonu, Muğla, Yalova (Yağız et al., 2006a;
2006b: Güngör et al., 2016; Allı et al., 2017b).
• R. roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr.
Adana, Antalya, Bursa, Bolu, Denizli, Gümüşhane,
Isparta, İzmir, Karaman, Konya, Kütahya, Mersin, Muğla,
Sinop, Sivas, Yozgat (Solak et al., 1999; Gezer, 2000;
Öztürk et al., 2003; Doğan and Öztürk, 2006; Köse et al.,
2006; Uzun et al., 2006; Yağız et al., 2006a; 2006b; Doğan
et al., 2007; Türkoğlu et al., 2007; Alkan et al., 2010;
Doğan et al., 2010; Servi et al., 2010; Kırış et al., 2012;
Güngör et al., 2015; Allı et al., 2016; Doğan and Kurt,
2016; Güngör et al., 2016; Allı et al., 2017a).
Russulaceae Lotsy
• Russula candida (Tul. & C. Tul.) J.M. Vidal
(Uzun et al., 2019b; Uzun and Kaya, 2022).
• Russula mistiformis (Mattir.) Trappe & T.F.
Elliott
Konya (Doğan and Akata, 2015).
• R. xanthospora (Hawker) Trappe & T.F. Elliott
Denizli (Türkoğlu and Castellano, 2013).
• Lactarius stephensii (Berk.) Verbeken & Walleyn
Trabzon (Uzun and Kaya, 2017).
Sclerogastraceae Locq. ex P.M. Kirk
• Sclerogaster compactus (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc.
Muğla (Elliot et al., 2016).
• S. hysterangioides (Tul. & C. Tul.) Zeller & C.W.
Dodge
Bolu (Elliot et al., 2016).
Trappeaceae P.M. Kirk
• Trappea darkeri (Zeller) Castellano
Niğde (Uzun et al. 2020).
Discussion
In this study, we try to lay the groundwork for future
truffle research by reporting a new truffle fungus record for
Turkish truffle biodiversity. For these purposes, we report
T. oligospermum as new records for Turkey. Similarly,

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104 truffle species were identified in this study, belonging
to 35 genera and 20 families (4 Ascomycota and 16
Basidiomycota), whereas Şen et al. (2016) reported 67
truffle species belonging to 23 genera and 15 families.
Ascomycota accounts for 44% of truffles, while
Basidiomycota accounts for 56%. (Figure 3b).
Tuber, with 12 species, is the most widely distributed
genus, followed by Hymenogaster, with 10 species (Figure
3a).
Tuber oligospermum is a whitish, ochre-brown truffle
species distinguished by its prosenchymatous peridium and
oligosporous asci lacking a pedicel (Moreno-Arroya et al.,
2000). It differs from T. borchii and T. puberulum by its
prosenchymatous peridium structure (Alvaro et al., 2012).
Even though T. sphareospermum and T. cistophilum
have the same peridium structure, there are some
microscopic and ecological differences between these two
species. Tuber sphareospoermum differs from Tuber
oligospermum by having globose spores, whereas Tuber
cistophilum differs by its association with Cistus ladanifer
and having 9 -12 cells in the spore reticulum (Alvaro et al.,
2012).
The distribution of T. oligospermum is from eastern
Spain to Israel and Morocco (Moreno-Arroya et al., 2000;
Alvaro et al., 2012) on sandy soils.
Figure 3. The distribution of truffles, a. distribution to genus, b. the percentages of the divisions.
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