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IN THE NAME OF GOD
Color Atlas
of Iranian Fungi
Vol. I
Compiled by:
Seyed Akbar Khodaparast, Ph.D
Bita Asgari, Ph.D
Mounes Bakhshi, Ph.D
University Of Guilan Press 2022
1974 -
1353
4
ـ
292
ـ
153
ـ
600
ـ
978
:
ISBN
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋروآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ :
Color atlas of Iranian fungi[Book] / Seyed Akbar Khodaparast, Bita
Asgari, Mounes Bakhshi ; scientific literary editor Saeed ُShirzadian.
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ :
ﺖﺷر
:نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،1401 =2022م.
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣيﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ :
ج
:.رﻮﺼﻣ)ﻲﮕﻧر( ؛22 ×29 س م.
ﻚﺑﺎﺷ
ﻚﺑﺎﺷﻚﺑﺎﺷ
ﻚﺑﺎﺷ :
978-600-153-292-
4
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿوﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو :
ﺎﭙﻴﻓ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ :
نﺎﺑز
:ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧا.
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ :
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﻲﺳرﺎﻓ :چرﺎﻗ ﻲﮕﻧر ﺲﻠﻃا ناﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ.
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ :
ﺮﻟﺎﻛ
...
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣعﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ :
چرﺎﻗ
ﺎﻫ -- ناﺮﻳا -- ﺲﻠﻃا ﺎﻫ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣعﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ :
Fungi -- Iran--
Atlases
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺎﺘﻴﺑ ،يﺮﮕﺴﻋ
1358 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
Bita
،Asgari ، 1979 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺲﻧﻮﻣ ،ﻲﺸﺨﺑ
1365 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
Bakhshi, Mounes
, 1986 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ،نﺎﻳدازﺮﻴﺷ
1338 - رﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻳو ،
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
Shirzadian, Saeed
, 1959 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
هﺮﮕﻨﻛ يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
هﺮﮕﻨﻛ يﺪﻨﺑ هدرهﺮﮕﻨﻛ يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
هﺮﮕﻨﻛ يﺪﻨﺑ هدر :
QK609 / ﻒﻟا 9 خ4 1401
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدرﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر :
579/50955
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ :
8899743
University Of Guilan Press
Color Atlas of Iranian Fungi Vol. I
:
Title
Seyed Akbar Khodaparast, BitaAsgari, Mounes Bakhshi
:
Compiled
by
Saeed Shirzadian
:
Scientific
and
literary editor
2022
:
First Edition
University Of Guilan Press
*
Any printing and reproduction is only at the disposal of the publishing of University of Guilan
*
:
Publisher
-1 346
،ﺮﺒﻛاﺪﻴﺳ ،ﺖﺳﺮﭘاﺪﺧ
:
-1967
,Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar
ii
Volume Editors:
Seyed Akbar Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht,
Iran
Bita Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Mounes Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
iii
iv
Amphisphaeriales Botryosphaeriales Capnodiales
Chaetothyriales Cladosporiales Coniochaetales Diaporthales Eurotiales Hypocreales
KirschsteiniothelialesMagnaporthalesOrbilialesPatellarialesPleosporalesSordarialesXylariales
MycoBank;
http://www.mycobank.org
NCBI; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
v
vi
Preface
Although the identity of fungal species is not changing over time, their scientific names may undergo changes due
to taxonomic or nomenclatural reasons. Designation of voucher specimens and providing detailed and careful
description and illustration is considered as useful practice in order to make fungal species identification clear and
unambiguous. So far, over 3000 fungal species have been reported from Iran; a few are assigned as holotype or
authentic specimens, where the majority of reported fungi are not yet properly described. The Iranian Mycological
Society, has decided to compile and publish series of monographs describing the fungi of Iran associated with the
voucher information along with the dimensions of species diversity. The prime objective of this color atlas, is to
illustrate the fungal species gathered from various substrates and hosts in Iran (excluding those associated with
human diseases). Therefore, the present monograph aimed to serve mycologists, plant and insect pathologists,
environmentalists and other interested people as a reference book for comparison, identification and diagnosis of
the Iranian mycobiota. The photographs and drawings brought in this book as well as description of macroscopic
and microscopic features, together with molecular markers will ensure accurate and easy identification of fungal
taxa.
In this volume, 128 ascomycetous species are described mainly from plant materials (leaves, stems, branches,
roots, fruits, and seeds) as saprophytes or plant pathogens, and occasionally from soil. All of the fungi in this text,
are described alphabetically in order of Amphisphaeriales, Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Chaetothyriales,
Cladosporiales, Coniochaetales, Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Kirschsteiniotheliales, Magnaporthales,
Orbiliales, Patellariales, Pleosporales, Sordariales, and Xylariales. Each fungus is described with colony
characteristics, microscopic features and other useful sequence data available at GenBank
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). In addition, selected references and literature for taxonomic data and
nomenclature, mostly from MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org), are provided. All photographs and drawings
are based on the author’s own work using the materials described. Dried specimens of some fungi are mainly
deposited at GUM (University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran), and IRAN…F (Fungus Reference Collection, Herbarium
Ministerii Iranici Agriculturae located at Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran). The living
cultures are also preserved at CBS (Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands), and
IRAN…C (Iranian Fungal Culture Collection, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran).
We are most grateful to Dr. Saeed Shirzadian (Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant
Protection) for proofreading of the book.
Seyed Akbar Khodaparast
Bita Asgari
Mounes Bakhshi
June 2022
vii
The authors who contributed to the first volume
Abdollahzadeh, Jafar
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
(j.abdollahzadeh@yahoo.com)
Amirmijani, Amirreza
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
(ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Arzanlou, Mahdi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (arzanlou@tabrizu.ac.ir)
Asgari, Bita
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
Bakhshi, Mounes
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Ershad, Djafar
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (djafarershad@hotmail.com)
Hashemi, Seyed Abdollah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran (hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Hedjaroude, Ghorbanali
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
(ghahedja@ut.ac.ir)
Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Mehrabi, Mehdi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Javan-Nikkhah, Mohammad
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
(jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Pordel, Adel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center (AREEO), Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Zare, Rasoul
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
1
Ascomycota
Amphisphaeriales
2
Pestalotiopsis nattrassii Steyaert, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.36(2): 82 (1953)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Gh.A. Hedjaroude
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj,
Iran (ghahedja@ut.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Monochaetia nattrassii (Steyaert) B. Sutton, Can. J. Bot. 47(12): 2091 (1969)
[1970]; Pestalotia nattrassii (Steyaert) Guba, Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia: 613
(1961)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae, Pestalotiopsis
Description: Conidiomata acervular, subepidermal, epiphyllous, 110–230 μm diam, scattered
to gregarious, releasing black, globose conidial masses. Conidia fusoid, straight to slightly
curved, 4-septate, 23–35(–29.6) × 7–9(–8.1) μm; basal cell hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled,
three median cells 16–24(–20.2) μm long, concolourous, brown to red brown; apical cell
cylindrical, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 1–4 (rarely 5) apical appendages, 8–40 μm long;
basal appendage absent (on natural substrate). Colonies on PDA reaching average of 58 mm
after 4 d at 25 °C, first white, then turn to dirty white to cream, conidiomata observed after 4 d
as black spot. Conidia 26–36(–30.3) × 7–10(–8.3) μm, three median cells 17–25(–20.2) μm
long, apical appendages 13–35 μm.
Host and Distribution: On living leaves of Camelia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Guilan province,
Fuman, Fashalam Tea Plant Research Station (GUM 179).
Molecular data: Not available.
References:
Guba, E.F., 1961. Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard Univ. Press,
Cambridge.
Khodaparast, S.A. and Hedjaroude, Gh.A., 1994. Incidence of a new Pestalotiopsis species in
association with grey blight of tea in Guilan. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 30,
pp. 79–80.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. and Crous, P.W., 2014.
Pestalotiopsis revisited. Studies in Mycology, 79, pp. 121–186.
Sutton, B.C., 1980. The Coelomycetes: Fungi Imperfecti with Pycnidia-Acervuli and Stomata.
Kew, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
3
Pestalotiopsis nattrassii: (a) colony on PDA; (b) cross section of acervulus; (c–d) conidia. Scale
bars: b = 50 µm, c,d = 20 µm
4
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous, in
Maharachchikumbura, Hyde, Groenewald, Xu & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 79: 183 (2014)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Gh.A. Hedjaroude
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj,
Iran (ghahedja@ut.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Pestalotia theae Sawada, Spec. Report Agric. Exp. Station Formosa 11: 113
(1915); Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19(3): 327 (1949)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae, Pseudopestalotiopsis
Description: Conidiomata acervular, subepidermal, epiphyllous, sometimes hypophylous,
150–250 μm diam, scattered to gregarious, sometimes in distinct concentric zone; releasing
black, globose conidial masses. Conidiophores hyaline, cylindrical to doliiform, septate or
aseptate, 5–18 × 2–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, proliferating 1–5
times percurrently. Conidia fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, 24–33 × 5.5–8 μm;
basal cell hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, three median cells 17–23 μm long, concolourous,
pale brown to brown; apical cell cylindrical, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 2–4 (usually 3)
apical appendages, 17–40 μm long; apical appendages knobbed; basal appendage single,
tubular, unbranched, centric, 3.5–9 μm long (on natural substrate).
Colonies on PDA reaching average of 65 mm diam after 4 d at 25 °C, white, aerial mycelium
abundant, conidiomata observed after 4 d as black spot. Conidia 26–36(–38) × 6–8 μm, three
median cells 17–25 μm long.
Host and Distribution: On living leaves of Camelia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Guilan province,
Lahijan (GUM 180).
Molecular data: Not available
Note: Pseudopestalotiopsis theae is causal agent of grey spot of tea plant worldwide. This
species is well known as Pestalotiopsis theae in literatures. However, recently phylogeny and
taxonomy of the Pestalotiopsis revisited and based on morphological and DNA data two novel
genera viz. Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis segregated from Pestalotiopsis (Guba
1961, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).
References:
Guba, E.F., 1961. Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge,
342 p.
Khodaparast, S.A. and Hedjaroude, Gh.A., 1996. Fungal pathogens of tea plant in Northern
Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 32, pp. 233–243.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. and Crous, P.W., 2014.
Pestalotiopsis revisited. Studies in Mycology 79, pp. 121–186.
5
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae: (a) cross section of acervulus; (b) conidia; (c–d) leaf spots. Scale
bars: a = 50 µm, b = 20 µm
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae: (a) conidia (b) conidiogenous cells. Scale bars = 20 µm
6
Seimatosporium vitis Y.P. Xiao, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 73: 103 (2015)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Amphisphaeriales, Discosiaceae, Seimatosporium
Description: Lignicolous. Teleomorph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary, partly to completely
immersed in the host tissue, globose to subglobose, blackish brown to black, 200–400 μm in
diam, 100–250 μm long. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, unbranched, septate. Asci unitunicate,
cylindrical, apex rounded, short stalked, 8-spored, 70–110 × 9–11.5 μm (𝑥 = 92.5 × 10.4 μm, n
= 20). Ascospores uniseriate, elliptic to fusiform, hyaline, 2-celled, very rarely 3–4-celled,
smooth, constricted at the septa when mature, (11.5–)14–20(–21) × 5–7(–7.5) μm (𝑥 = 17.3 ×
6.5 μm, n = 20). Anamorph: Conidiomata acervular, solitary or gregarious, immersed or
erumpent, circular or irregular, dark brown to black, opening by a split in the host tissue surface,
100–600 μm diam. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer wall thick, composed of brown cells
of textura angularis, inner wall thin, hyaline. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells,
arising at the base of the cavity of the conidiomata, sometimes branched at the base.
Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 15–44 × 1–1.5 μm long. Conidia ellipsoid to
fusiform, straight to slightly curved, 3-septate on MEA and PDA 3(4–6)-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, (11–)13–16(–17) × 5–6 (𝑥 = 14.7 × 5.6, n = 30) μm on natural substrate,
on MEA; 15–25 × 4.5–5.5 μm, 𝑥 = 18.4 × 4.8 μm, n = 20, basal cell obconic with a truncate
base, with an appendage, hyaline to subhyaline, 2.5–3.7 (𝑥 = 3.1) μm long; 2 median cells
subcylindrical to doliiform, slightly thick-walled, smooth, brown to dark brown, with septa
darker than the rest of the cell, together 7.3–9.8 (𝑥 = 8.6) μm long, [the second cell from the
base 3.3–5(𝑥 = 3.7) μm long, the third cell 3.4–5.8 (𝑥 = 4.2) μm long]; the apical cell conical
with a rounded or acute apex, hyaline to subhyaline or concolorous with the central cells, 3–4
(𝑥 = 3.6) μm long; with or without 1 tubular apical filiform appendage (on MEA and PDA
always present), sometimes branched, arising from the apex of the apical cell, 10–22 (𝑥 = 16)
μm long, basal appendage present, filiform, tubular, single, sometime branched, eccentric, 7–
30 (𝑥 = 19.7) μm long. Colony on MEA circular with regular margin, white to primrose (23’’b),
cottony, reverse sienna (13i), reaching 20 cm diam in 7 d at 24 °C. On PDA white to primrose
(23’’b) from above, white to primrose (23’’b) from below, circular, cottony, with abundant
black acervuli, reaching 10 cm in 7 d at 24 °C.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Vitis sp., East Azerbaijan provinve, Arasbaran
(IRAN 16717F, IRAN 2427C, IRAN 2454C, IRAN 2455C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2427C (ITS = KU162941, LSU = KU162942), IRAN 2454C (ITS =
KU648401), IRAN 2455C (ITS = KU648402).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R. and Abdollahzadeh, J., 2017. Description of the sexual morph of
Seimatosporium vitis. Cryptogamie Mycologie, 38, pp. 3–11.
Senanayake I.C., Maharachchikumbura S.S.N., Hyde K.D., Bhat J.D., Jones E.B.G., Mckenzie
E.H.C., Dai D.Q., Daranagama D.A., Dayarathne M.C., Goonasekara I.D., Konta S., Li
W.J., Shang Q.J., Stadler M., Wijayawardene N.N., Xiao Y.P., Norphanphoun C., Li
Q.R., Liu X.Z., Bahkali A.H., Kang J.C., Wang Y., Wen T.C., Xu J.C. and Camporesi
E., 2015. Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes).
Fungal Diversity, 73, pp. 73–144.
7
Seimatosporium vitis from Vitis sp.: (a) habit of ascomata on bark; (b) ascoma in longitudinal
section; (c) habit of conidiomata on bark; (d) conidioma in longitudinal section; (e–f) asci; (g)
Ascospore; (h) developing conidia attached to conidiogenous cells on natural substrate; (i–k)
conidia on natural substrate; (l–o) conidia on MEA; (p) germinating spores on MEA; (q) colony
morphology on MEA from above (left) and below (right); (r) colony morphology on PDA.
Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b, d = 100 μm, c = 1 mm, e–l = 10 μm, m–o = 5 μm, p = 10 μm
8
Ascomycota
Botryosphaeriales
9
Barriopsis iraniana Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 23 (2009)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Barriopsis
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, superficial, dark
brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, on pine needles mainly unilocular and up to 600
μm diam; on Populus twigs mostly multilocular, individual or aggregated, thick-walled,
ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular, non-papillate. Paraphyses arising from the conidiogenous
layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, up to 70 μm long, 3.5 μm wide, thin-
walled, hyaline, usually aseptate, sometimes becoming up to 2–3-septate, not constricted at the
septa, tip rounded, occasionally branched. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells 7–12 ×
3–5 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic, proliferating at the same level,
with visible periclinal thickening. Conidia thick-walled, initially hyaline, aseptate with
longitudinal striations, striations visible on hyaline conidia even while attached to
conidiogenous cells; oval, both ends broadly rounded, becoming brown, aseptate or 1–3-
septate, with prominent longitudinal striations, wall smooth, (22.7–)24–30 × (12.8–)14–18(–
21.5) μm, 95% confidence limits = 27–27.4 × 16.2–16.6 μm (av. ± S.D. = 27.2 ± 1.8 × 16.4 ±
1.3 μm, l/w ratio = 1.7 ± 0.16). Chlamydospores catenate, intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-
walled, formed within the agar medium. Colonies with appressed mycelial mat and fluffy aerial
mycelium in the middle, becoming dull green to olivaceous-black at the surface, and dull green
to grey-olivaceous at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 45–50 mm
diam on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min 5 °C, max
> 35 °C, opt 25–30 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Citrus sp., Hormozgan province, Minab (IRAN 1450C,
IRAN 1451C, IRAN 1452C); Mangifera indica, Minab (IRAN 1448C = CBS 124698, IRAN
1453C); Olea sp., Rudan (IRAN 1449C = CBS 124699).
Molecular data: IRAN 1448C = CBS 124698 (SSU = KF766231, LSU = KF766318, ITS =
FJ919663, TEF = FJ919652, TUB2 = KF766127, RPB2 = KX463949); IRAN 1449C = CBS
124699 (LSU = KX464241, ITS = FJ919665, TEF = FJ919654, TUB2 = KX464780, RPB2 =
KX463950); IRAN 1450C (ITS = FJ919667, TEF = FJ919656); IRAN 1451C (ITS =
FJ919668, TEF = FJ919657); IRAN 1452C (ITS = FJ919666, TEF = FJ919655); IRAN 1453C
(ITS = FJ919664, TEF = FJ919653).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Goltapeh, E.M., Javadi, A., Shams-Bakhsh, M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L.,
2009. Barriopsis iraniana and Phaeobotryon cupressi: two new species of the
Botryosphaeriaceae from trees in Iran. Persoonia, 23(1), pp. 1–8.
Yang, T., Groenewald, J.Z., Cheewangkoon, R., Jami, F., Abdollahzadeh, J., Lombard, L. and
Crous, P.W., 2017. Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal
Biology, 121(4), pp. 322–346.
Slippers, B., Boissin, E., Phillips, A.J.L., Groenewald, J.Z., Lombard, L., Wingfield, M.J.,
Postma, A., Burgess, T. and Crous, P.W., 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the
10
Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Studies in
Mycology, 55(1), pp. 35–52.
Barriopsis iraniana: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b, c) conidia developing on
conidiogenous cells between paraphyses; (d) young conidium showing longitudinal striations
while attached to a conidiogenous cell; (e) hyaline, striate conidia; (f–i) hyaline and brown,
striate conidia, 1- and 3- septate conidia can be seen in f and g; (j) catenulate chlamydospores.
Scale bars: a = 250 μm; b,c,e–i = 10 μm; d = 5 μm; j = 40 μm
11
Lasiodiplodia citricola Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 25 (2010)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Lasiodiplodia
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 2 mm diam, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a
central ostiole. Paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to
1–5 septate when mature, occasionally branched, rounded at apex, occasionally basal, middle
or apical cells swollen, up to 125 μm long, 3–4 μm wide. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently
with 1–2 annellations, 11–16 × 3–5 μm. Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid,
with granular content, both ends broadly rounded, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented,
verruculose, ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (20–)22–27(–31) × (10.9–)12–17(–
19) μm, 95% confidence limits = 24.1–24.9 × 15–15.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 24.5 ± 0.2 × 15.4 ± 1.8
μm, l/w ratio = 1.6 ± 0.2). Colonies with abundant aerial mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri
plate, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey (21’’’’f) to olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) or iron-grey
(23’’’’’k) at the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to dark slate blue (39’’’’k) at the reverse
after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 85 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25
°C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25–30 °C. This species
produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Citrus sp., Mazandaran province, Chaboksar (IRAN
1522C = CBS 124707); Sari (IRAN 1521C = CBS 124706).
Molecular data: IRAN 1521C = CBS 124706 (ITS = GU945353, TEF = GU945339, TUB2 =
KU887504, RPB2 = KU696350, CAL = KU886759); IRAN 1522C = CBS 124707 (ITS =
GU945354, TEF = GU945340, TUB2 = KU887505, RPB2 = KU696351, CAL = KU886760).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z.
and Crous, P.W., 2006. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from
culture. Studies in Mycology, 55(1), pp. 53–63.
Cruywagen, E.M., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, M.J., 2017. Phylogenetic species
recognition and hybridisation in Lasiodiplodia: a case study on species from
baobabs. Fungal Biology, 121(4), pp. 420–436.
12
Lasiodiplodia citricola: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b) conidia developing on
conidiogenous cells; (c) annellations on conidiogenous cell; (d) conidia developing on
conidiogenous cells between paraphyses; (e) septate paraphyses; (f) hyaline, immature conidia;
(g, h) mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale
bars: a = 1 mm; b, c = 5 μm; d–h = 10 μm
13
Lasiodiplodia gilanensis Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 25 (2010)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Lasiodiplodia
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 940 μm, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central
ostiole. Paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1–3
septate when mature, rarely branched, rounded at apex, up to 95 μm long, 2–4 μm wide.
Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled,
cylindrical, 11–18 × 3–5 μm. Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, with
granular content, rounded at apex, base mostly truncate, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented,
verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (25.2–)28–35(–38.8) ×
(14.4–)15–18(–19) μm, 95% confidence limits = 30.6–31.4 × 16.5–16.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 31 ±
2.4 × 16.6 ± 1 μm, l/w ratio = 1.9 ± 0.2). Colonies with abundant aerial mycelia reaching to the
lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelia becoming smoke-grey (21’’’’f) to olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) at
the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to dark slate blue (39’’’’k) at the reverse after 2 wk in
the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 80 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal
temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25–30 °C. This species produces a
pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of an unknown woody plant, Rahimabad-Garmabdost (IRAN
1501C = CBS 124705, IRAN 1523C = CBS 124704).
Molecular data: IRAN 1501C = CBS 124705 (ITS = GU945352, TEF = GU945341, TUB2 =
KU887510, RPB2 = KU696356, CAL = KU886766); IRAN 1523C = CBS 124704 (ITS =
GU945351, TEF = GU945342, TUB2 = KU887511, RPB2 = KU696357, CAL = KU886765).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z.
and Crous, P.W., 2006. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from
culture. Studies in Mycology, 55(1), pp. 53–63.
Cruywagen, E.M., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, M.J., 2017. Phylogenetic species
recognition and hybridisation in Lasiodiplodia: a case study on species from
baobabs. Fungal Biology, 121(4), pp. 420–436.
14
Lasiodiplodia gilanensis: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b) conidia developing on
conidiogenous cells; (c) conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses; (d)
paraphyses; (e) hyaline, immature conidia; (f, g) mature conidia in two different focal planes to
show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 5 μm; c–g = 10 μm
15
Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 25 (2010)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Lasiodiplodia
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark-brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 950 μm, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central
ostiole. Paraphyses, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1–7
septate when mature, rarely branched, occasionally basal, middle or apical cells swollen,
rounded at apex, up to 83 μm long, 2–4 μm wide. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 9–15 × 3–5 μm. Conidia initially
hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, with granular contents, rounded at apex, base round
or truncate, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with
longitudinal striations, (15.3–)18–24(–25.2) × 11–14 μm, 95% confidence limits = 21.2–21.7
× 12.4–12.6 μm (av. ± S.D. = 21.5 ± 1.9 × 12.5 ± 0.8 μm, l/w ratio = 1.7 ± 0.2). Colonies with
abundant aerial mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-
grey (21’’’’f) to olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) at the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to dark slate
blue (39’’’’k) at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 83 mm on MEA
after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt
25–30 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Mangifera indica, Rudan-Kheirabad (IRAN 1498C = CBS
124708, CJA 57); Olea sp., Rudan (IRAN 1500C = CBS 124709).
Molecular data: IRAN 1498C = CBS 124708 (ITS = GU945356, TEF = GU945344, TUB2 =
KU887514, RPB2 = KU696360, CAL = KU886769); IRAN 1500C = CBS 124709 (ITS =
GU945355, TEF = GU945343, TUB2 = KU887515, RPB2 = KU696361, CAL = KU886770);
CJA 57 (ITS = GU945357, TEF = GU945345).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z.
and Crous, P.W., 2006. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from
culture. Studies in Mycology, 55(1), pp. 53–63.
Cruywagen, E.M., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, M.J., 2017. Phylogenetic species
recognition and hybridisation in Lasiodiplodia: a case study on species from
baobabs. Fungal Biology, 121(4), pp. 420–436.
16
Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b, c) conidia
developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses; (d, e) paraphyses; (f) hyaline immature
conidia; (g, h) mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations.
Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b, c = 5 μm; d–h = 10 μm
17
Lasiodiplodia iraniensis Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 25 (2010)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Lasiodiplodia
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 980 μm, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central
ostiole. Paraphyses, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1–6
septate when mature, rarely branched, occasionally basal, middle or apical cells swollen,
rounded at apex, up to 127 μm long, 2–4 μm wide. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thinwalled, cylindrical, 9–16 × 3–5 μm. Conidia initially
hyaline, aseptate, subglobose to subcylindrical, with granular content, both ends rounded, wall
< 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal
striations, (15.3–)17–23(–29.7) × 11–14 μm, 95% confidence limits = 20.6–20.8 × 13–13.1 μm
(av. ± S.D. = 20.7 ± 2 × 13 ± 0.9 μm, l/w ratio = 1.6 ± 0.2). Colonies with abundant aerial
mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey (21’’’’f) to
olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) at the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to dark slate blue (39’’’’k)
at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 80 mm on MEA after 2 d in
the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25–30 °C.
This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Mangifera indica, Hormozgan province (IRAN 921C),
Minab-Hajikhademi (IRAN 1519C); Citrus sp., Minab-Hajikhademi (IRAN 1517C);
Salvadora persica, Bandar Abbas-Geno mountain (IRAN 1520C = CBS 124710); Juglans sp.,
Gorgan-Toshan (IRAN 1502C = CBS 124711).
Molecular data: IRAN 921C (ITS = GU945346, TEF = GU945334); IRAN 1517C (ITS =
GU945349, TEF = GU945337); IRAN 1519C (ITS = GU945350, TEF = GU945338); IRAN
1520C = CBS 124710 (LSU = MH874918, ITS = GU945348, TEF = GU945336, TUB2 =
KU887516, RPB2 = KU696363, CAL = KU886771); IRAN 1502C = CBS 124711 (ITS =
GU945347, TEF = GU945335, TUB2 = KU887517, RPB2 = KU696362, CAL = KU886772).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z.
and Crous, P.W., 2006. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from
culture. Studies in Mycology, 55(1), pp. 53–63.
18
Cruywagen, E.M., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, M.J., 2017. Phylogenetic species
recognition and hybridisation in Lasiodiplodia: a case study on species from
baobabs. Fungal Biology, 121(4), pp. 420–436.
Vu, D., Groenewald, M., De Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi,
A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J. and Boekhout, T., 2018. Large-scale
generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for
kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon
delimitation. Studies in Mycology, 91(1), pp. 23–36.
Lasiodiplodia iraniensis: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b) conidia developing on
conidiogenous cells; (c, d) conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses; (e)
paraphyses; (f) hyaline, immature conidia; (g, h) mature conidia in two different focal planes
to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b, c = 5 μm, d–h = 10 μm
19
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Divers.: 28.
(2008)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Lasiodiplodia
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 700 μm, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central
ostiole. Paraphyses, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1–6
septate when mature, occasionally branched, up to 60 μm long, 3–4 μm wide. Conidiophores
absent. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 9–
15 × 3–6 μm. Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, with granular content, both
ends rounded, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, 1-septate with longitudinal
striations, (18–)21–27(–31.5) × (12.6–) 13–15 (–15.3) μm, 95% confidence limits = 23.6–24.5
× 14–14.2 μm (av. ± S.D. = 24 ± 2.3 × 14.1 ± 0.7 μm, l/w ratio = 1.7 ± 0.2). Colonies with
abundant aerial mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelium becoming
olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) or iron-grey (23’’’’’k ) at the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to
dark slate blue (39’’’’k) at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 82 mm
on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥
35 °C, opt 25–30 °C. This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Citrus sp., Hormozgan province, Minab-Hajikhademi
(IRAN 1518C, CJA36).
Molecular data: IRAN 1518C (ITS = GU973874, TEF = GU973866); CJA36 (ITS =
GU973875, TEF = GU973867).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Abdollahzadeh, J., 2009. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Botryosphaeriaceae in Iran. Ph. D.
thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, 200 pp.
20
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b,
c) conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; (d, e) paraphyses; (f) hyaline and coloured,
immature conidia; (h, i) mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal
striations. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b, c = 5 μm, d–i = 10 μm
21
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr.: 25 (1909)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Synonym:
Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; Diplodia theobromae (Pat.) W. Nowell;
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. Further synonyms are given by Phillips et
al. (2013).
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine
needles on WA within 2–4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium,
mostly uniloculate, up to 960 μm, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central
ostiole. Paraphyses, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1–4
septate when mature, unbranched, up to 58 μm long, 2–3 μm wide. Conidiophores absent.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 9–13 × 3–
5 μm. Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, with granular content, rounded at
apex, base truncate, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, 1-septate with longitudinal
striations, (20.2–)22–25(–27.4) × (11.5–) 12–14 (–15) μm, 95% confidence limits = 23.5–24.1
× 13.5–13.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 23.8 ± 1.4 × 13.6 ± 0.7 μm, l/w ratio = 1.8 ± 0.1). Colonies with
abundant aerial mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelium becoming
olivaceous-grey (21’’’’’i) or iron-grey (23’’’’’k ) at the surface and greenish grey (33’’’’i) to
dark slate blue (39’’’’k) at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 80 mm
on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥
35 °C, opt 25–30 °C. This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs of Mangifera indica, Hormozgan province, Minab-
Hajikhademi (IRAN 1499C, IRAN 1496C); Unknown (IRAN 1233C, CJA198, CJA199);
Fruits of Cocos nucifera, Tehran market (CJA279).
Molecular data: IRAN 1233C (ITS = GU973868, TEF = GU973860); IRAN 1496C (ITS =
GU973869, TEF = GU973861); IRAN 1499C (ITS = GU973870, TEF = GU973862); CJA198
(ITS = GU973871, TEF = GU973863); CJA199 (ITS = GU973872, TEF = GU973864);
CJA279 (ITS = GU973873, TEF = GU973865).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Javadi, A., Goltapeh, E.M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L., 2010. Phylogeny
and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran. Persoonia, 25(1), pp.
1–10.
Abdollahzadeh, J., 2009. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Botryosphaeriaceae in Iran. Ph. D.
thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, 200 pp.
22
Lasiodiplodia theobromae: (a) conidiomata on pine needles in culture; (b) cross-section of
pycnidia, (c, d) conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; (e) paraphyses; (f) hyaline,
immature conidia; (g, h) mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal
striations. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 50 μm; c = 5 μm, d–h = 10 μm
23
Phaeobotryon cupressi Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia: 23 (2009)
J. Abdollahzadeh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj,
Kurdistan Province, Iran (j.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir)
Classification: Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae, Phaeobotryon
Description: Teleomorph: Unknown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, superficial, dark-
brown to black, mostly unilocular on pine needles and up to 650 μm diam, mostly multilocular
on Populus twigs, individual or aggregated, thick-walled, ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular,
non-papillate. Paraphyses hyaline, thin-walled, arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending
above the level of developing conidia, up to 42 μm long, 4.8 μm wide, usually aseptate,
sometimes becoming up to 2-septate, tip rounded, occasionally branched. Conidiophores
absent. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 7–14 × 2–5 μm,
holoblastic, phialidic, proliferating internally with visible periclinal thickening. Conidia thick-
walled, initially hyaline, oval, both ends broadly rounded, aseptate, (19.8–)21–28(–30) × (10.2–
)11–15(–17) μm, 95% confidence limits = 24.1–25 × 12.2–12.5 μm (χ – ± S.D. = 24.8 ± 1.9 ×
12.4 ± 1.3 μm, l/w ratio = 2 ± 0.3), forming a single septum at germination, rarely becoming
brown and 1-septate, internally verruculose when aged. Microconidiomata globose, dark-brown
to black, superficial, occasionally immersed in pine needle or Populus tissue.
Microconidiophores cylindrical, 7–13 × 1.5–2.5 μm, hyaline, aseptate becoming 1–2-septate,
branched. Microconidiogenous cells hyaline, thin-walled, phialidic, proliferating internally,
giving rise to periclinal thickening, 6–10 × 1–2 μm. Microconidia oval, thin-walled, hyaline,
aseptate 2–4 × 1–2. Chlamydospores intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-walled, formed within
the agar medium. Colonies with abundant aerial mycelium towards periphery, appressed in the
centre, becoming grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey at the surface, and greyolivaceous in
reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies on MEA reaching 46–53 mm diam after 4 days
in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth; min 5 °C, max > 35 °C, opt 25 °C.
Host and Distribution: On twigs and cones of Cupressus sempervirens, Golestan province,
Gorgan (IRAN 1454C, IRAN 1455C, IRAN 1456C, IRAN 1457C, IRAN 1458C).
Molecular data: IRAN 1454C (ITS = FJ919673, TEF = FJ919662); IRAN 1455C = CBS
124700 (LSU = KX464538, ITS = FJ919672, TEF = FJ919661, TUB2 = KX465066, RPB2 =
KX464055); IRAN 1456C (ITS = FJ919670, TEF = FJ919659); IRAN 1457C (ITS =
FJ919669, TEF = FJ919658); IRAN 1458C = CBS 124701 (LSU = KX464539, ITS =
FJ919671, TEF = FJ919660, TUB2 = KX465067, RPB2 = KX464056).
References:
Abdollahzadeh, J., Goltapeh, E.M., Javadi, A., Shams-Bakhsh, M., Zare, R. and Phillips, A.J.L.,
2009. Barriopsis iraniana and Phaeobotryon cupressi: two new species of the
Botryosphaeriaceae from trees in Iran. Persoonia, 23(1), pp. 1–8.
Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z.
and Crous, P.W., 2006. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from
culture. Studies in Mycology, 55(1), pp. 53–63.
24
Yang, T., Groenewald, J.Z., Cheewangkoon, R., Jami, F., Abdollahzadeh, J., Lombard, L. and
Crous, P.W., 2017. Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal
Biology, 121(4), pp. 322–346.
Slippers, B., Boissin, E., Phillips, A.J.L., Groenewald, J.Z., Lombard, L., Wingfield, M.J.,
Postma, A., Burgess, T. and Crous, P.W., 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the
Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Studies in
Mycology, 55(1), pp. 35–52.
Phaeobotryon cupressi: (a) conidiomata formed on pine needles in culture; (b, c) c on
conidiogenous cells; (d) paraphyses and developing conidia; (e, f) spermatogenous cells; (g)
spermatia; (h) hyaline immature conidia; (i) mature and germinated, hyaline and septate or
aseptate conidia; (j, k) mature, brown septate or aseptate conidia in two different focal planes
to show verruculose inner surface of the wall; (l) brown chlamydospores. Scale bars: a = 500
μm, b, d, h–j, l = 10 μm, c, g, k = 5 μm, e, f = 2.5 μm
25
Ascomycota
Capnodiales
26
Conidiocarpus guilanensis Khodap., in Khodaparast, Pourmoghaddam, Amirmijani &
Byrami, Mycol. Progr. 19(2): 161 (2020)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Capnodiales,
Capnodiaceae, Conidiocarpus
Description: Saprobic on insect exudates and producing a black sooty-like covering on the
surface of leaves. Thallus consisting of a hyphal network on plant leaves, composed of brown
hyphae. Hyphae more or less cylindrical, conspicuously mucilaginous and anastomosing,
closely septate with age, with subcylindric, globose, pyriform or irregular wider small cell, up
to 12 μm diameter. Pycnidia elongate, (225) 290–425 μm high, with a long stalk measuring 75–
150 (250) × 22–40 μm, a lengthened neck, 20–100 μm in height, 25–42 μm in diameter,
ostiolate and with a fimbriate apex. Pycnidial cavity ellipsoid, 100–150 × 40–70 μm, bearing
hyaline, continuous conidia. Conidia ellipsoid, subcylindric, subclavate, with two guttules, 4–
5.5 (6.5) × 1.5–2 μm. Colony up to 5 mm diam at 25 °C on MEA after 10 d in darkness;
superficial, with entire edge, olivaceous to green; aerial hyphae with thin and inconspicuous
septum, usually not constricted at septum, branched, clearly verrucose, pale brown to brown,
cylindrical, becoming thick-walled, 2–4 μm wide.
Host and Distribution: On living leaves of Citrus sinensis Pers., Guilan prov., Langaroud
(GUM 1594), ex-holotype culture IRAN 2474 C.
Molecular data: IRAN 2474 C (ITS= MG906804, LSU = MG920032, TEF1-a = MG963905);
IRAN 2475C (ITS = MG906805, LSU = MG920033).
Reference:
Khodaparast, S.A., Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Amirmijani, A. and Byrami, F., 2020. Phylogenetic
structure of the Iranian capnodiaceous sooty mould fungi inferred from the sequences
of rDNA regions and TEF1-a. Mycological Progress, 19(2), pp. 155–169.
27
Conidiocarpus guilanensis: (a) network hyphae on plant leaves (holotype); (b) hyphae on
MEA; (c) pycnidia; (d) conidia (ex-holotype strain IRAN 2474 C). Scale bars: a, b = 50 μm; c
= 100 μm; d = 20 μm
28
Scorias spongiosa (Schwein.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(2): 291 (1832)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Capnodiales,
Readerielliopsidaceae, Scorias
Description: Saprobic on insect exudates and producing a black sooty-like covering on the
surface of leaves. Mycelium consisting of a network of cylindrical and septate hyphae.
Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, brown to blackish brown, wall synnematous, comprising
mostly of cylindrical cells, tapering to the apex, flask-shaped, total pycnidium length 250–550
μm, with a flattened stalk, stalks about 80-170 x 35–140 μm, continue to a conidiogenous zone,
conidiogenous zone sub-ellipsoid, darker than other parts, (50-) 75–112 × 36–62 μm, extended
into a neck, neck subcylindrical, 92–275 μm long, about 12–20 μm wide at base, and 10-13 μm
apex; ostiole surrounded by hyaline hyphae about 10–25 μm. Conidia gathered in a slimy mass
around ostiole, hyaline, ellipsoid, cylindric to subcylindric, rounded at both ends or pointed at
the base, smooth, 1-celled, 2 guttules, 3.5–5.5 × 1.5–2 μm. Colony becoming up to 7 mm diam
at 25 °C on PDA after 10 d, about 17.3 mm on MEA after 14 d in the darkness; superficial, flat,
with entire edge, olivaceous to green, producing a characteristic spreading red-purple pigment
in plate, showed a color change of the medium away from the original plate after subculturing;
aerial hyphae at fiest with thin and inconspicuous septa, usually not constricted, branched,
smooth to slightly verrucose, pale brown to brown, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical, hyphae
becoming thick-walled, pale broun to olivaceous, constricted at septa, about 3–5 μm wide. Total
pycnidium length 450-900 μm, stalks 120–600 μm long, and 50–125 μm wide, conidiogenous
zone usually conspicuous, darked, sub-ellipsoid, ellipsoid, 150–230 × 55–150 μm, neck 137–
375 μm long, 17–30 near the base, tapering toward the apex, apex about 11–18 μm wide, hyaline
hyphae around ostioles about 17–37 μm long. Conidia gathered in a slimy mass around ostiole,
hyaline, ellipsoid, cylindric, subcylindric, 2 guttules, (–2.5) 3–4 × 1–2 (–2.5) μm. Pycnidia
produced abundantly on the surface of the MEA plate.
Host and Distribution: On living leaves of Citrus sinensis Pers., Guilan province, Langaroud
(GUM 1301).
Molecular data: IRAN 2470C (ITS = MG920025, LSU = MG920049, TEF1-a = MG989708)
29
Scorias spongiosa: (a–c) pycnidia; (d) conidia; (e) pycnidium neck. Scale bars: a–c = 100 μm;
d = 20 μm; e = 50 μm
30
Scorias spongiosa: (a–d) different type of pycnidia produced on Malt Extract Agar; (e) conidia.
Scale bars: a– c = 200 μm; d = 100 μm; e = 5 μm
Reference:
Khodaparast, S.A., Byrami, F., Pourmoghadam, M.J., Amirmijani, A.R. and Salimi, M., 2015.
A furthercontribution to the knowledge of sooty mould fungi from Iran. Mycologia
Iranica, 2(1), pp. 46–58.
31
Ascomycota
Chaetothyriales
32
Knufia perfecta Mehrabi, B. Asgari & Hemmati, Nova Hedwigia 106 (3-4): 523 (2018)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae,
Chaetothyriales, Trichomeriaceae, Knufia
Description: Saprobic on dead branches. Teleomorph: Ascomata sessile, spherical, brown,
uniloculate, ostiolate (often conical or papillate, 20–32 μm wide), solitary, scattered to
gregarious, partially immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, black, opaque, 75–135 μm
diam, occasionally covered with simple, hyaline, blunt-ended setae, 5–8 × 2–3 μm; a few light
brown, septate hyphae are sometimes present on the lower half of ascomata. Peridium pale
brown to brown, comprises several layers of cells of textura angularis, 5–8 μm diam.
Hamathecium comprising a few filiform, evanescent pseudoparaphyses, 55–75 × 0.7–1.2 μm.
Asci 50–70 × (11–)13–16 μm, clavate, cylindrical to obpyriform, bitunacate, sessile, 8-spored,
with an ocular chamber, 3.3–5.3 × 1.9–2.1 μm. Ascospores overlapping, 2– to 4-seriate, thick-
walled, ellipsoidal to fusiform, with rounded ends, 14–18 × 5–6 μm, 1– to 3-septate, smooth,
hyaline or faintly pigmented, mostly constricted at the septa; without mucilaginous sheath.
Anamorph: Hyphae hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, septate, sometimes anastomosing, 3–4 μm
wide at first, then becoming light to dark brown, 4–6.5 μm wide, constricted at the septum,
moniliform. Multicellular bodies, even present in the host peridermal region, developing from
hyphal cells as well as detached conidia, 8–14(–18) μm diam. Chlamydospore like hyphal
swellings developing intercalary and/or terminally, globose, ellipsoidal or irregularly-shaped,
brown to dark brown, uni- or multi-cellular (up to 4 cells) 6–17.4 μm diam, sometimes with
dark brown fragmented crusts on their surface. Conidia thallic-arthric, blastic or endogenous;
thallic-arthric conidia formed by septum schizolysis, hyaline, 0–3-septate, cylindrical or
moniliform, 6–15(–23) × 3.3–4.8 μm; blastic conidia arising holoblastically from
undifferentiated hyphal cells or from apical cells of thallic-arthric conidia, hyaline to dark
brown, globose to subglobose, (4–)7–10(–13) μm diam; endoconidia aseptate, globose to
ellipsoidal, hyaline to pale brown, 3.5–5.5(–7) μm, 1–7 in each maternal cell, formed in
undifferentiated apical or intercalary hyphal cells or in muriform, multicellular bodies. Colonies
slow-growing, on PDA and MEA reaching 5–6 mm after 1 mt at 20 °C, first blackish-gray, then
becoming blackish-brown, raised, velvety, often deeply immersed into the agar, margins
irregular, reverse black.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Juglans regia L., East Azerbaijan province, Jolfa
(holotype IRAN 16771F, ex-type culture IRAN 2553C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2553C (ITS = MF062036, LSU = MF062037, SSU = MF062038).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Asgari, B. and Hemmati, R., 2018. Knufia perfecta, a new black yeast from Iran,
and a key to Knufia species. Nova Hedwigia, 106(3–4), pp. 519–534.
33
Hutchison, L.J., Untereiner, W.A. and Hiratsuka, Y., 1995. Knufia cryptophialidica gen. et sp.
nov., a dematiaceous hyphomycete isolated from black galls of trembling aspen
(Populus tremuloides). Mycologia, 87, pp. 902–908.
Knufia perfecta (Teleomorph): (a–d) ascomata on dead branches of Juglans regia; (e) seta; (f,
g) outer surface of peridium; (h) multicellular bodies at the base of ascomata on natural
substrate; (i–k) asci and pseudoparaphyses; (l) ascus tip with an ocular chamber; (m–o)
ascospores. Scale bars: a, b 200 = μm; c, d = 100 μm; i = 40 μm; j, k = 20 μm; e–h, l–o = 10
μm
34
Knufia perfecta (Aanamorph): (a) colony on MEA, incubated for 2 months at 20 °C; (b)
reverse; (c) colony on PDA, incubated for 2 months at 20 °C; (d) reverse; (e) cylindrical,
branched hyphae; (f) anastomosing hyphae; (g) catenate, moniliform hyphae; (h) thallic-arthric
conidia seceding by septum schizolysis (arrow); (i) blastic conidia arising terminally or
laterally from hyphae; (j) chlamydospore-like hyphal swellings; (k, l) endoconidia developed
within intercalar and terminal cells (m, n) darkly pigmented, muriform, multicellular bodies
containing endoconidia; (o, p) ruptured multicellular bodies and endoconidia. Scale bars: e–g
= 20 μm; h–p = 10 μm
35
Ascomycota
Cladosporiales
36
Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries, Contr. Knowl. Genus Cladosporium:
57 (1952)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, solitary, erect,
straight to slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, unbranched or rarely branched,
27–160(–170) × (2.5–)3–4 µm, with up to 8 septa, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth
to verruculose-verrucose, walls slightly thickened. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly
terminal, sometimes intercalary with short lateral denticulate outgrowths just below a septum,
cylindrical-oblong, sometimes slightly geniculate, up to 40(–42) µm long, with 1–4(–5) loci at
the apex, sometimes subdenticulate to denticulate, protuberant, 1-2(-2.5) µm diam, thickened.
Ramoconidia cylindrical-oblong, 20–40(–44) × (2.5–)3–4 µm, 0-1-septate, base broadly
truncate 2–3.5 µm wide. Conidia catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, up
to 9–10 conidia (mostly up to 6 conidia) in the unbranched terminal part of the chain, small
terminal conidia obovoid, occasionally subglobose, 3.5–5 × (2–)2.5–3 µm, aseptate, apex
usually broadly rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid-ovoid, 5–11 × 2.5–
3.5(–4) µm, aseptate, with 1–3 distal hila, rarely up to 4, apex and base often rounded or
attenuated, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, ovoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical-oblong or
somewhat irregular, 8–30(–32) × (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) µm, with 0–2-septa, not constricted at septa,
with 2–4(–5) distal hila crowded at the apex, sometimes olivaceous-brown, almost smooth or
coarsely verruculose to verrucose, hila more or less conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate,
(0.5–)1–1.5 µm diam, thickened, occasionally microcyclicconidiogenesis occurring. Colonies
on PDA attaining 6–7 cm diam after 14 d, surface olivaceous-grey and reverse olivaceous black
with white margin, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation profuse. On MA reaching
8 cm diam after 14 d, surface pale olivaceous-grey and reverse iron-grey with white margins,
aerial mycelium loose to dense, sporulation profuse. On SNA plates mycelia immersed and
superficial, loosely branched, 1–4 µm wide, septate, mostly without swellings and constriction
at septa but sometimes distinctly constricted due to swellings, subhyaline to pale or medium
olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely verruculose or verruculose, walls unthickened,
sometimes anastomosing of few hyphae.
Host and Distribution: On living leaves of Dianthus sp., Markazi province, Mahalat (IRAN
2874C); on decaying bulb of Allium cepa L., Kerman province, Jiroft (IRAN 2875C); on
Glycine max (L.) Merr., Golestan province, Gland (IRAN 2876C); on Glycine max (L.) Merr.;
KordKoy (IRAN 2877C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: Cladosporium cladosporioides s. lat. is one of the largest complexes among
Cladosporium species. The members of this group are very common and widespread saprobes
(Bensch et al. 2010). C. cladosporioides s. str. is well-distinguished from other Cladosporium
species by its long branched chain of conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the chain and
wider ramoconidia (3–5 µm) (Bensch et al. 2010, 2012). According to Bensch et al. (2012)
conidiogenous cell attaining up to 30 µm but in the Iranian specimens examined had longer
conidiogenous cells (up to 42 µm).
37
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink-Willemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell
B.A., Shin, H-D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.-J., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2010.
Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Studies in Mycology, 67, pp. 1–94.
Cladosporium cladosporioides: (a) conidiophore; (b) Ramoconidia; (c–d) denticulate loci at the
apex of conidiophore; (e) small terminal conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
38
Cladosporium halotolerans Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, Stud. Mycol. 58: 172 (2007)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising laterally and terminally from hyphae, erect,
straight to somewhat flexuous, narrowly cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, rarely attenuated
towards the apex, usually unbranched, (28−)30–140(–150) × (2–)2.5−3 µm, with up to 4 septa,
septa often appearing darkened, septa not constricted, pale olivaceous-brown, smooth to
minutely verruculose, walls unthickened. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or
sometimes also intercalary, cylindrical, (8−)9–25(−30) µm long, usually neither geniculate nor
nodulose, up to three protuberant, subdenticulate or denticulate conidiogenous loci, 1–1.5 µm
diam. Ramoconidia rarely occurring, 16–20 × 2.5(–3) µm, with three septa, base truncate, about
2.5 µm wide. Conidia catenate, in branched chains, conidial chains branching in all directions,
terminal chains with up to 5−6 conidia, small terminal conidia globose or subglobose, 2–2.5(–
3) × 2–3 µm, aseptate, intercalary conidia subglobose, ovoid or ellipsoid, (3−)4–10 × (2–)2.5–
3 µm, aseptate or rarely one septate, pale to medium brown, minutely verruculose or
verruculose, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, fusiform, 8–24(–27) × 2–2.5(–3) µm, 0–1(–3)-
septate, mostly 1-septate, not constricted at septa, septa often somewhat darkened, pale to
medium brown, almost smooth or minutely verruculose, walls unthickened, with 3−4 distal
hila, hila protuberant, subdenticulate or denticulate, (0.5−)1–1.5 µm diam, thickened and
darkened, microcyclicconidiogenesis not occurring. Colonies on PDA attaining 5−6 cm diam
after 14 d, surface olivaceous-grey and reverse olivaceous-black, margins white, regular, aerial
mycelium absent, growth flat with a somewhat elevated colony centre, sporulation profuse. On
MA attaining 5 cm diam after 14 d, surface pale olivaceous-grey and reverse olivaceous-grey,
margins white, colony centre furrowed, aerial mycelium absent, sporulation profuse. On SNA
plates mycelia slightly superficial and sparingly branched, (1–)2–3(−4) µm wide, pluriseptate,
pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown, almost smooth or minutely verruculose, walls
unthickened.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Aloe sp., Guilan province, Rasht (IRAN 2878C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: Cladosporium halotolerans is possibly cosmopolitan (Zalar et al. 2007 & Bensch et al.
2012). This species belongs to the C. sphaerospermum complex and morphologically is very
close to this species but it differs from C. sphaerospermum by having slender conidia (2.5–3
µm).
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Zalar, P.D., De Hoog, G.S., Schroers, H.J., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z. and Gunde-
Cimerman, N., 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium
sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline
environments. Studies in Mycology, 58, pp. 157–183.
39
Cladosporium halotolerans (a) conidiophore; (b–c) small terminal conidia and secondary
ramoconidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
40
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.: Fr.) Link, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten
Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 7: 37. 1816: Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3(2): 370 (1832)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores mostly arising terminally and sometimes laterally from hyphae,
solitary, straight to distinctly geniculate, with several uni- and bilateral swellings, unbranched,
20–190(–211) × 3–5 μm, swellings 5–8(–9) μm wide, with several septa, brown, smooth to
minutely verruculose, walls somewhat thickened, sometimes appearing two-layered.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminally or intercalary, geniculate-sinous, conidiogenous
loci confined to swellings, up to 27 μm long, with several loci per cell, (1–)1.5–2 μm diam,
somewhat darkened. Ramoconodia not observed. Conidia numerous and catenate, up to 3
conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the chain, small terminal conidia subglobose,
obovoid, 5–9 × 3–6 μm, aseptate, intercalary conidia obovoid, ellipsoid, limoniform, 8–14(–
17) × (–4)5–6(–7) μm, 0(–1)-septate; secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, cylindrical, 13–25(–
28) × (3.5–)5–8(–9) μm, 0–1(–3)-septate, septa somewhat appearing two-layered and slightly
sinuous, brown, distinctly verruculose, walls thickened, with 3–4 apical hila, hila protuberant,
1–2 μmdiam, somewhat thickened and darkened. Microcyclic conidiogenes is occurring.
Colonies on PDA attaining 3.5 cm diam after 14 d, surface olivaceous-grey and reverse
olivaceous-black, margins white, regular, aerial mycelium low, sporulation profuse. On SNA
plates mycelia slightly immersed and superficial, unbranched or rarely branched, 1.5–4.5 μm
wide, septate, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, pale brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose, walls unthickened.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Olea europaea L., Guilan province, Roudbar (IRAN
2879C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: According to Schubert et al. (2007) Cladosporium herbarum is one of the most common
and widespread cosmopolitan hyphomycetes in the word. C. herbarioides is morphologically
similar to C. herbarum but easily distinguishable from it by having longer and wider conidia.
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Schubert, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink, M., Hill, C.F., Zalar, P., De
Hoog, G.S. and Crous, P.W., 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum
complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for
Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology, 58, pp. 105–156.
41
Cladosporium herbarum: (a) conidiophore; (b) microcyclic conidiation;(c) conidia. Scale bars
= 10 µm
42
Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss, in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl. 3(26): 27 (1848)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores mostly arising terminally and sometimes laterally from hyphae,
solitary (in vivo fasciculate), straight to distinctly geniculate, with several uni- and bilateral
swellings in short and irregular distances, unbranched, up to 300 μm long and 4–5.5(–6) μm
wide, swellings 6–10(–11) μm wide, with several septa, brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose, walls somewhatthickened, sometimes appearingtwo-layered. Conidiogenous cells
integrated, terminally or intercalary, geniculate-sinous, conidiogenous loci confined to
swellings, up to 49 μm long, with up to 10(–11) loci per cell, (1–)1.5–2 μm diam, somewhat
darkened. Ramoconodia not observed. Conidia numerous and catenate, up to 4 conidia in the
unbranched terminal part of the chain, small terminal conidia subglobose, obovoid or ellipsoid,
5–7(–9) × 4–6 μm, aseptate, intercalary conidia ellipsoid, fusiform, 10–16(–18) × (–5)6–9 μm,
0–1(–2)-septate; secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical, 14–25(–27) ×
(5–)6–8(–9) μm, 0–3-septate, septa somewhat appearing two-layered and slightly sinuous,
brown, distinctly verruculose, walls thickened, with 2–3 apical hila, hila protuberant, 1–2
μmdiam, somewhat thickened and darkened. Microcyclicconidiogenesis occurring. Colonies
on MEA, up to 3 cm diam after 1 wk, dark olive green, margins white, reverse black, aerial
mycelium low; sporulation abundant. On SNA plates mycelia immersed and superficial,
unbranched or rarely branched, 2–5 μm wide, septate, sometimes slightly constricted at septa,
pale brown, smooth, walls unthickened.
Host and Distribution: Saprobic on fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Guilan province,
Rasht (IRAN 2880C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: This species is morphologically close to C. herbarum, but is finely distinguished by
having wider swellings of conidiophores (5–10 μm) and broader, more frequently septate
conidia.
References:
Amirmijani, A.R., Khodaparast, S.A. and Zare, R., 2015. Additions to the knowledge of the
genus Cladosporium in Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 2(1), pp. 11–21.
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
43
Cladosporium macrocarpum: (a) conidiophores in vivo; (b) conidiophores in vitro; (c)
microcyclic conidiogenesis; (d) colony on fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum; (e) protuberant
hila of conidiogenous cell; (f) branched chains of conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
44
Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 362 (1869)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight to slightly flexuous, distinctly torulose and nodulose, up to 7 nodes per conidiophore,
swellings (4−)4.5–6 µm wide, unbranched, sometimes with short lateral denticulate or long
branches (up to 30 µm long), conidiophores long, (30–)50−610(−700) µm, (2.5–)3−4 µm wide,
at the base up to 5 µm wide, occasionally slightly attenuated towards the apex, pluriseptate, not
constricted at septa, olivaceous-brown, sometimes dark brown, often paler at the apex, smooth,
walls somewhat thick-walled, about 0.5(–1) µm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal
and intercalary, with a single node, conidiogenous loci confined to these swellings, with 1–
4(−5) loci per node, (11−)13–37(−48) µm long, loci conspicuous, subdenticulate, (<1−)1–1.5
µm diam, somewhat thickened. Ramoconidia rarely occurring, 35−44 × 3−4.5 with 0−3 septa,
base broadly truncate, 3−4 µm wide. Conidia catenate in branched. chains, up to seven conidia
in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, branching in all directions, small terminal conidia
subglobose to obovoid, (1.5−)2−3 × 3–4(−5) µm, aseptate, apex rounded, intercalary conidia
ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid, (6–)8–11(−14) × 3–4(–4.5) µm, aseptate, rarely 1-septate, with
2–4(–6) distal hila, attenuated towards apex and base, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to
subcylindrical, (9−)11–22(–27) × 3–4(−4.5) µm, 0–1(2)-septate, not constricted at septa, pale
olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened, with up to 4–5 distal hila,
subdenticulate, 1–1.5(–2) µm diam thickend. Microcyclic conidiogenesis occurring with
conidia forming secondary short or long conidiophores. Colonies on PDA attaining 7–8 cm
diam after 14 d, surface pale olivaceous-grey and reverse olivaceous-black, margins white and
glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MA attaining 7 cm diam
after 14 d, surface pale olivaceous-grey and reverse olivaceous-grey to black, margins colorless
to whitish, glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation more or less profuse. On
SNA plates mycelium internal and superficial, hyphae loosely branched, 1–3.5(−5) µm wide,
septate, rarely constricted at septa, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, darker towards the base of
the conidiophores, pale olivaceous-brown, smooth to verrucose specially at the base of
conidiophores, walls unthickened.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Citrus sp. infected with sooty mould, Guilan province,
Komoleh (IRAN 2881C); on leaves of Citrus sp. Guilan province, Komoleh (IRAN 2882C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: Based on Bensch et al. (2010, 2012) Cladosporium oxysporum is close to C. herbarum
complex by having torulose and nodulose conidiophores but it is easily distinguishable from
this complex by its relatively small, smooth to slightly verrucose conidia. Morphologically it
belongs to the C. cladosporioides s. lat. species complex that is distinguishable from other
memebers of this group by its small terminal, subglobose conidia.
45
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink-Willemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell
B.A., Shin, H-D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.-J., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2010.
Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Studies in Mycology, 67, pp. 1–94.
Cladosporium oxysporum: (a) conidiophore; (b) conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis; (c)
branches of conidiophore; (d) ramoconidium. Scale bars: a = 50; b–d = 10 µm
46
Cladosporium perangustum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, Stud. Mycol. 67: 65 (2010)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight or slightly flexuous, narrowly cylindrical-oblong, without any torulose or nodulose,
unbranched, occasionally branched, once or several times, branches short, peg-like or up to 44
µm long, conidiophores 17−138(−160) × (2−)2.5−3.5(−4) µm, 0−6-septate, usually not
constricted at septa, occasionally septa darkened, subhyaline, pale olivaceous, walls at the base
of conidiophores, verruculose and towards the apex smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or
slightly thickened, about 0.5 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mainly terminal,
narrowly cylindrical-oblong, sometimes geniculate-sinuous, non-nodulose, up to 42 µm long,
with up to 4−5 apically crowded loci, conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, 1−1.5(−2) µm
diam, thickened. Ramoconidia cylindrical-oblong, (17−)25−29(−36) × 2.5−3 µm, aseptate,
rarely 1-septate, base truncate, 2−2.5(−3) µm wide, sometimes slightly darkened. Conidia
numerous, catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, 1−4(−5) conidia in the
terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia, subglobose or ovoid to obovoid,
3−4(−4.5) × 2−2.5(−3) µm, apex broadly rounded or slightly attenuated, intercalary conidia
ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid, somewhat fusiform or subcylindrical, (4−)5−12(−15) ×
2−3(−3.5) µm, 0(−1)-septate, attenuated towards apex and base, with 1−3 distal hila, secondary
ramoconidia narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, (8−)9−30(−33) × 2−3(−4), 0−1(−2)
septa, with up to 4−5 distal hila, pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so to finely
verruculose, thin-walled, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, (<1−)1−1.5(−2) µm
diam, microcyclicconidiogenesis occurring. Colonies on PDA attaining up to 7 cm diam after
14 d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse iron-grey to olivaceous-black, margins white and
glabrous, aerial mycelium diffuse, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MA reaching up to 8 cm
diam after 14 d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, margins
white and glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation profuse. On SNA plates mycelium
internal and superficial, hyphae filiform, loosely branched, (1−)1.5−3(−4) µm wide, septate,
sometimes slightly constricted at septa, sometimes irregular due to intercalary swellings and
constrictions, occasionally slightly geniculate-sinuous, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth
to verruculose specially at the base of conidiophores, walls unthickened.
Host and Distribution: On dead leaves of Citrussp, Guilan province, Malat (IRAN 2883C);
on dead leaves of Citrus sp. Guilan province, Pareshkooh (IRAN 2884C); On dead parts of
stem of Phragmites sp., Guilan province, Siahroud (IRAN 2885C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: According to Bensch et al. (2010) Cladosporium perangustum is a common and
widespread saprobic species that belongs to C. cladosporioides s. lat. Due to its globose or
subglobose terminal conidia C. perangustum is close to C. sphaerospermum, but it is distinct
by its slender conidiophores, ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidia (Zalar et al. 2007).
47
References:
Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink-Willemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell
B.A., Shin, H-D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.-J., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2010.
Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Studies in Mycology, 67, pp. 1–94.
Zalar, P.D., De Hoog, G.S., Schroers, H.J., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z. and Gunde-
Cimerman, N., 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium
sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline
environments. Studies in Mycology, 58, pp. 157–183.
Cladosporium perangustum: (a) conidiophore; (b) conidia; (c) secondary ramoconidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
48
Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides Bensch, Crous& U. Braun, Stud. Mycol. 67: 71 (2010)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes geniculate-sinuous, unbranched or
branched, branches often short denticle-like lateral outgrowth just below a septum or long about
70 µm, conidiophores (20−)52−137(−178) × (2−)2.5−3.5 µm, up to 5 septa, pale to pale
medium olivaceous-brown, sometimes paler towards the apex, smooth, at the base finely
verruculose, walls slightly thickened, about 0.5 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
terminal, seldom intercalary, narrowly cylindrical-oblong, sometimes geniculate, (8−)17−40
µm long, with up to seven loci crowded at or towards the apex, in intercalary cells loci situated
on small lateral peg-like outgrowths, 1−2loci, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1−1.5(−2) µm diam,
thickened. Ramoconidia cylindrical-oblong, 17−46 × (2.5−)3−4 µm, 0−2-septate, pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth, base broadly truncate, 2.5−3.5 µm wide, unthickened or slightly
thickened. Conidia very numerous, catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions
with 4−5 conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia obovoid,
ovoid to ellipsoid, sometimes subglobose, 3−5(−5.5) × (1.5−)2−3 µm, apex rounded or
attenuated towards apex and base, intercalary conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid or
subcylindrical, 5−11(−14) × (2−)2.5−3(−4) µm, 0(−1)-septate, slightly attenuated towards apex
and base, with 2−3(−4) distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical or
cylindrical-oblong, (7−)8−24(−31) × (2−)2.5−3.5(−4) µm, 0−1(−2)-septate, septum often
somewhat in the lower half, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so,
walls unthickened, with up to 5 distal hila, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1−1.5(− <2) µm diam,
microcyclic conidiogenesis rarely occurring. Colonies on PDA attaining 7−8 cm diam after 14
d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse iron-grey to olivaceous-black, margins regular, glabrous,
aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MA attaining 8.5 cm diam after 14
d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse iron-grey, margins white and glabrous, aerial mycelium
abundant, sporulation profuse. On SNA plates mycelium immersed and superficial; hyphae
unbranched or sparingly branched, 1−4(−4.5) µm wide, septate, sometimes constricted at septa,
subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth to minutely verrucose, mainly at the base of
conidiophores, sometimes irregular in outline due to swellings and constrictions, sometimes
cells swollen, up to 5.5 µm wide.
Host and Distribution: On fallen leaves of Citrus sp., Guilan province, Malat (IRAN 2886C);
from air, Guilan province, Rasht (IRAN 2887C); on necrotic tissues of living leaves of Robinia
sp., Guilan province, Sangar (IRAN 2888C); On leaf spot of Rubus sp., Guilan province, Sangar
(IRAN 2889C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides differs from C. cladosporioides in having shorter
and somewhat narrower, 0−1(−2)-septate secondary ramoconidia, narrower conidiogenous loci
and hila (Bensch et al. 2010, 2012).
References:
49
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink-Willemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell
B.A., Shin, H-D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.-J., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2010.
Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Studies in Mycology, 67, pp. 1–94.
Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides: (a) conidiophore; (b) conidia; (c) branches;
(d) ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidium. Scale bars: a = 50 µm; b–d = 10 µm
50
Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz., Michelia 2(8): 473 (1882)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, (ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect or
ascending, straight, slightly attenuated to the apex, cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor
nodulose, unbranched or branched, (8–)23–120(–186) × 2.5–3.5(−4.5) µm, up to four septa or
occasionally pluriseptate, branches denticulate or short, up to 10 µm, septa darkened and
somewhat thickened, pale medium to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, occasionally intercalary, cylindrical, up
to 32 µm long, with 2−3(−4) apical scars, loci protuberant, denticulate, (<1−)1–1.5 µm diam,
thickened. Ramoconidia often formed, cylindrical, 20–33(–47) × 3 µm, up to two septa, base
broadly truncate, 2−3 µm wide, slightly thickened. Conidia catenate, in branched chains,
branching in all directions, with 4−5 conidia in the unbranched parts, small terminal conidia
globose to subglobose, seldom ovoid, (2.5–) 3–4(−4.5) × (2.5–)3–3.5(4) µm, aseptate, minutely
verruculose to verrucose, rounded or slightly narrower at both ends, intercalary conidia, (4−)6–
8(−9) × (2.5−)3–4 µm, aseptate, sometimes with one septate, attenuated towards apex and base,
with up to 2(−3) apical hila, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid. secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to
cylindrical, 9–29(–33) × (2.5–)3–4 µm, 0–2(–3)-septate, not constricted at septa, but septa
somewhat darkened and thickened, pale to usually medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to
minutely verruculose, with 4−5 pronounced, denticulate distal hila, 1–1.5 µm diam, thickened
and darkened, microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed. Colonies on PDA reaching 6 cm diam
after 14 d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse dark grey-olivaceous, margins white, regular,
aerial mycelium absent or sparse, growth flat with an elevated colony centre, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on MA attaining 4 cm diam, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse iron-grey
to olivaceous-black, margins colorless or white, regular, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium
almost absent, sporulation profuse. On SNA plates mycelium immersed and superficial, hyphae
sparingly branched, (1–)1.5−3 µm, rarely 4 µm wide, septate, often with chlamydospore-like
structures, pale medium olivaceous, smooth to sometimes minutely verruculose, sometimes
irregular in outline due to swellings and constrictions, walls slightly thickened.
Host and Distribution: On necrotic tissue and dead leaves of Ficus carica L., Guilan province,
Paresh Kooh (IRAN 2890C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: Cladosporium sphaerospermum complex differs from C. cladosporioides s. lat. and other
species of the Cladosporium s. str. by having globose to subglobose terminal conidia, obclavate,
short rostrate, sometimes “alternarioid” conidia (Zalar et al. 2007, Bensch et al. 2012). C.
halotolerans is also similar to this species but the conidiophores in C. sphaerospermum are
often wider and usually branched and it has wider secondary ramoconidia.
51
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Zalar, P.D., De Hoog, G.S., Schroers, H.J., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z. and Gunde-
Cimerman, N., 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium
sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline
environments. Studies in Mycology, 58, pp. 157–183.
Cladosporium sphaerospermum: (a) conidiophore; (b) ramoconidia and conidia; (c) secondary
ramoconidium; (d) unusual chlamydospore-like structure in hyphae. Scale bars = 10 µm
52
Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke, Grevillea 6(40): 140 (1878)
A.R. Amirmijani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, ar_amirmijani@yahoo.com
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae, Cladosporium
Description: Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae; straight or
slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong to almost filiform, often with a swelling at the apex (on
SNA) and a few additional swellings on a lower level (on PDA), swellings quite distant from
the apex and from each other; most conidiophores neither geniculate nor nodulose, unbranched
or branched, branches sometimes only as short denticle-like prolongations just below a septum,
rarely long, conidiophores (40−)65−255(−340) × (2.5−)3−4(−4.5) µm, 6−7-septate or
sometimes pluriseptate, pale to medium brown or olivaceous-brown, smooth, sometimes
slightly rough-walled at the base, walls somewhat thickened, sometimes slightly attenuated
towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, cylindrical-oblong,
often nodulose, swellings 4−5(−7) µm wide, cells (7−)16−46(−50) µm long, loci often situated
on swellings but not restricted to them, in terminal cells apex usually head-like uni- or
multilaterally swollen with up to six pronounced, subdenticulate to denticulate loci crowded at
the tip, loci 1−1.5(−2) µm diam, thickened and darkened. Ramoconidia occasionally formed,
subcylindrical or cylindrical-oblong, 19−37(−40) × 3−4(−4.5) µm, 0−1(−2)-septate, base
broadly truncate, 2−3.5(−4) µm wide. Conidia catenate, in densely branched chains, up to five
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, branching in all directions, small terminal
conidia subglobose, obovoid, seldom globose, 3−5.5(−6) × (2−)2.5−3 µm, aseptate, apex
broadly rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid, ellipsoid or subcylindrical, (4−)5−13(−18) ×
(2−)3−4(−4.5) µm, 0(−1)-septate, with3−5(−6) distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid,
fusiform to subcylindrical or cylindrical, 7−23(−32) × 3−4(−4.5) µm, 0−1-septate, with up to
six distal hila, sometimes with 1−2 hila at the basal end, pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown,
smooth, walls unthickened or almost so, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate,
(0.5−)1−1.5 µm diam, microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring. Colonies on PDA
attaining up to 9−9.5 cm diam after 14 d, surface grey-olivaceous and reverse iron-grey to
olivaceous-black, margins glabrous, white, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation profuse.
Colonies on MA attaining about 7.5 cm diam after 14 d, surface greenish-olivaceous and reverse
olivaceous-grey, margins narrow, glabrous and white, aerial mycelium abundant, sporulation
profuse. On SNA plates mycelium immersed and superficial, hyphae branched, 1−4.5(−5) µm
wide, septate, sometimes constricted at septa, pale to medium brown and finally olivaceous-
brown to brown at the base of conidiophores, smooth to sometimes minutely verruculose, walls
unthickened or very slightly thickened, seldom forming ropes.
Host and Distribution: On decaying parts of root of Phaseolus sp., Guilan province, Pirbazar
(IRAN 2891C). On leaves of Citrus sp. infected with sooty mould, Guilan province, Pareshkooh
(IRAN 2892C). On lesions and leaf spot of Nerium oleander L., Guilan province, Rasht (IRAN
2893C). On fallen leaves of Citrus sp. Guilan province, Pareshkooh (IRAN 2894C). On
decaying leaves of Citrus sp. Guilan province, Pirbazar (IRAN 2895C).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: This species is distinguishable from other species of C. cladosporioides species complex
by having long conidiophores with a head-like swelling on the apex. On PDA plates
53
conidiophores of this species are very long and darker, forming several nodules. The formation
of such swellings in the C. tenuissimum is similar to those of C. oxysporum but the latter species
does not form such nodose conidiophores on PDA (Bensch et al. 2010, 2012).
References:
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2012. The genus
Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72, pp. 1–401.
Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., StarinkWillemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell
B.A., Shin, H-D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.-J., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2010.
Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Studies in Mycology, 67, pp. 1–94.
Cladosporium tenuissimum: (a) conidiophore in PDA; (b) conidiophore in SNA; (c) conidia
(ramoconidium, secondary ramoconidia, terminal conidia); (d) head-like swollen. Scale bars =
10 µm
54
Ascomycota
Coniochaetales
55
Coniochaeta velutinosa Asgari & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 82: 232 (2006)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae,
Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae, Coniochaeta
Description: Ascoma initials arising as distinct loops or coils from side branches of the
mycelium, soon becoming increasingly coiled and contorted. Perithecia maturing on Leonian’s
agar in 4–5 wk after inoculation, numerous, solitary or aggregated, superficial or rather
submerged, black, globose to oval, 250–410 μm high, 190–320 μm diam, with a globose venter
and a broad short neck, 70–85 μm long; the ostiole covered with blunt, brown to dark brown,
undulate setae measuring 20–27 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Peridium brown to black,
pseudoparenchymatous. Paraphyses numerous, filiform, septate, simple, hyaline, with
refractive septa, as long as or longer than the asci. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, non-amyloid in
Melzer’s reagent, rounded apically, short-stipitate, 70–85 × 8–12 μm. Ascospores obliquely
uniseriate, measuring 10–12.5 × 7.5–11.5 × 6–7 μm, hyaline at first, later becoming brown or
dark brown, smooth, without sheaths, discoid (lenticular), face views broad-elliptical to
circular, side views narrow elliptical with a longitudinal germ slit; non-guttulate; ascospores
exude as a small globose mass at the mouth of ostiole. Colonies slow-growing, reaching 20 mm
diam in 9 d, first white, soon turning yellowish-green to green, with zonate growth and reduced
aerial mycelium; colony reverse with yellowish green pigmentation also diffusing into the agar;
mycelium composed of hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, often anastomosing, 3–4 μm wide
hyphae; chlamydospores abundant after 3 wk, mostly in chains, variable in shape, spherical,
ellipsoidal or cylindrical, hyaline, 6.5–9.5 × 5.5–8.5 μm.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from leaves of Hordeum vulgare L., East Azerbaijan province,
Osku (holotype IRAN 12364F, ex-type culture IRAN 843C = CBS 117678).
Molecular data: IRAN 843C = CBS 117678 (ITS = GU553327, LSU = GU553330).
References:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2006. Two new Coniochaeta species from Iran. Nova Hedwigia, 82,
pp. 227-236.
Zare, R., Asgari, B. and Gams, W., 2010. The species of Coniolariella (Xylariales). Mycologia,
102, pp. 1383–1388.
56
Coniochaeta velutinosa and its anamorph: a–k. teleomorph: (a) ascoma initial (hyphal coils);
(b, c) ascomata; (d, e) setae, f. immature ascus; (g) immature ascospores (hyaline); (h–j) mature
ascospores (black); (k) germ slit. l–s. Anamorph: (m) chlamydospores; (n) conidia formed on
the initial ascoma coil; (l, o–q) conidiophores and conidiogenous loci; (p, q) primary conidia;
(r, s) endoconidia. Scale bars: a, d–s = 10 μm; b = 100 μm; c = 50 μm
57
Ascomycota
Diaporthales
58
Caudospora iranica Mehrabi & Voglmayr, Sydowia: 70: 74 (2018)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Diaporthales, Sydowiellaceae, Caudospora
Description: Pseudostromata 1–3.5 mm diam, immersed in the bark of dead branches (ca. 1.5
cm thick), erumpent, circular to irregular, separate, scattered, sometimes confluent, delimited
from surrounding bark by a black line, the latter visible on the bark surface. Ectostromatic discs
white, convex, circular to oval, tissue between ostiolar necks distinctly grey to dark grey,
powdery. Central column whitish to grey.Ostioles dark, at the same level as the disc surface,
rarely projecting, opening separately. Perithecia 2–7 per stroma, 300–700 μm diam, subglobose
to ovoid, black, monostichous, arranged circinately in brown entostromata, with long ostiolar
necks converging towards the ectostromatic disc. Paraphyses elongate, hyaline, filiform,
septate, evanescent. Asci (170)181–211(230) × 15–18 μm (𝑥 = 196 × 16.7 μm; n = = 420),
cylindrical, with short or obsolete stalks and a conspicuous apical ring, containing eight
uniseriate ascospores. Ascospores (18)21–27(32) × (8)10.5–13(15) μm (𝑥 = 23.7 × 11.7 μm; n
= 42), l/w = (1.6)1.8–2.3(2.5), broadly ellipsoid, two-celled, constricted at the septum, hyaline
or pale yellowish, coarsely verrucose, in SEM with isolated warts 0.4–1 µm diam, with a tubular
gelatinous appendage 10–17 × 1–1.3 μm long at each end and 2–3 (rarely 4) similar median
tubular gelatinous appendages arising from near the septum.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Quercus sp., East Azerbaijan province, Arasbaran
(holotype IRAN 16716F, isotype WU 39950, ex-type culture IRAN 2552 C, ex-isotype culture
CBS 143507).
Molecular data: IRAN 2552C = CBS 143507 (ITS = MG495960, LSU = MG495960, SSU =
MG495960, CAL = MG495951, MS204 = MG495970, RPB1 = MG495979, RPB2 =
MG495988, TEF1 = MG495997, TUB2 = MG496004
Note: Caudospora iranica resembles C. taleola in stroma and ascoma morphology and
ascospore appendages. However, there are pronounced differences between these species in the
ascospore ornamentation.
Reference:
Voglmayr, H. and Mehrabi, M., 2018. Molecular phylogeny and a new Iranian species of
Caudospora (Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales). Sydowia, 70, pp. 67–80.
59
Caudospora iranica (holotype): (a) stromata on dead branch of Quercus sp.; (b) ectostromatic
disc; (c) transverse sections of a pseudostroma; (d) vertical section of a pseudostroma; (e, f)
asci; (g) paraphyses; (h–j) ascospores, showing coarsely verrucose ornamentation; (k) culture
on PDA. Scale bars: a = 3 mm; b = 300 μm, c, d = 1 mm; e–g 30 = μm; h–j 10 = μm
60
Caudospora taleola (Fr.) Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 15(2): 11 (1889)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Sphaeria taleola Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 391 (1823)
Synonyms: Aglaospora taleola (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. Fung. Carpol. (Paris) 2: 168 (1863);
Chorostate taleola (Fr.) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt. 1(2): 212 (1906); Diaporthe taleola (Fr.) Sacc.,
Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4, 4: 112 (1875). Further synonyms are given
by Voglmayr and Mehrabi (2018).
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Diaporthales, Sydowiellaceae, Caudospora
Description: Pseudostromata 1–4 mm diam, immersed in the bark of dead branches (1–3 cm
diam), flat or erumpent, circular to irregular, separate, scattered, sometimes confluent, delimited
from surrounding bark by a black line. Ectostromatic discs white, flat, circular to ovoid, tissue
between ostiolar necks distinctly grey to dark grey, powdery. Central column whitish to
greyOstioles dark, at the same level as the disc surface, rarely projecting, opening separately,
sometimes necks of perithecia united below the disc and discharging through a single ostiole.
Perithecia 2–16 per stroma, 300–700 μm diam, subglobose to ovoid, black, monostichous,
arranged circinately in brown entostromata, with long ostiolar necks converging towards the
ectostromatic disc. Paraphyses elongate, hyaline, filiform, septate, evanescent. Asci (140)145–
180(207) × 10–13 μm (𝑥 = 163 × 12.1 μm; n = 20), cylindrical, with short or obsolete stalks
and a conspicuous apical ring, containing eight uniseriate ascospores. Ascospores (17)20–
28(31) × (6.5)8–10(11) μm (𝑥 = 23.9 × 9 μm; n = 30), l/w = (2.1)2.3–3.0(3.4), ellipsoid, two-
celled, constricted at the septum, hyaline, appearing smooth in light microscopy but distinctly
verrucose in SEM with densely disposed warts 0.1–0.4 µm diam, with a hyaline tubular
gelatinous appendage 6–17 × 1–1.5 μm long at each end and 2–3 (rarely 4) similar median
tubular gelatinous appendages arising from near the septum. Anamorph on natural substrate
acervular, phomopsis-like. Conidiomata ca. 1 mm diam, visible as darker spots in surface view,
showing the same organisation as the teleomorph, i.e. a central whitish stromatic column with
a white ectostromatic disc and a brown pseudostroma delimited from surrounding bark by a
black line, preceding the teleomorph; conidiogenous region in section pale olivaceous green.
Conidiophores branched, hyaline, septate, formed on the upper margin of the central column.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, (6.5)11.5–18.5(26) × (1.4)1.7–2.5(3.5) μm (𝑥 = 14.8 × 2.1 μm;
n = 70), hyaline, smooth. Conidia (15)17–25 (32) × 0.7–1.1(1.6) μm (𝑥 = 21 × 0.9 μm; n = 50),
l/w = (14.8)18.2–29.7(37.2), filiform with variable shape from more or less straight, sigmoid,
falcate, semicircular to circular, unicellular, hyaline, smooth.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Quercus sp., East Azerbaijan province, Arasbaran
(IRAN 16715F, WU 39954, IRAN 2551C).
61
Molecular data: IRAN 2551C =CBS 143507 (ITS = MG495964, LSU = MG495964, SSU =
MG495964, CAL = MG495955, MS204 = MG495974, RPB1 = MG495983, RPB2 =
MG495992, TEF1 = MG496001, TUB2 = MG496008
Note: For comparison with C. iranica (see above Note).
Reference:
Voglmayr, H. and Mehrabi, M., 2018. Molecular phylogeny and a new Iranian species of
Caudospora (Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales). Sydowia, 70, pp. 67–80.
Caudospora taleola (IRAN 16715F): (a) stromata on dead branch of Quercus sp.; (b)
ectostromatic disc; (c) transverse sections of a pseudostroma; (d) vertical section of a
pseudostroma (showing two united necks under ectostromatic disc); (e, f) asci; (g, h)
ascospores; (i) culture on PDA. Scale bars: a = 3 mm; b =300 μm; c, d 1 = mm; e, f = 30 μm;
g, h = 10 μm
62
SEM pictures of ascospores of Caudospora iranica (a, b, e) and C. taleola (c, d, f), showing the
coarsely and finely verrucose ascospore ornamentation in C. iranica and C. taleola,
respectively; the median smooth circular areas in c, d. represent the scars of median gelatinous
appendages. g–m. Anamorph of C. taleola: (g, h) conidiomata in transverse section, showing
the central stromatic column and olive-green conidial masses; (i) conidiomata in vertical
section, showing pseudostromata delimited by a black line, the central stromatic column and
the olive-green conidial masses produced on the stromatic column; (j–l) branched
conidiophores with phialides producing filiform conidia; (in j. with released elongate and
circular conidia); (m) conidia. a, b, e. IRAN 16716F (holotype of C. iranica). c, d, f–m. WU
39951 (neotype of C. taleola). Scale bars: a–d = 5 µm; e, f =1 μm; g = 500 µm; h, i = 200 μm;
j–m =10 μm
63
Microthia havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf., Studies in Mycology 55: 44 (2006)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes,
Diaporthomycetidae, Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae, Microthia
Description: Ascostroma on natural substrate semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange.
Perithecia spherical to ovoid, 82–145 × 57–62 μm, in groups of 2 to 12, surrounded by a host
tissue. Asci fusiform to cylindrical, with 8 ascospores, 20–35 × 4–6 μm. Ascospores hyaline,
ellipsoid to fusoid, 6–7 .5 × 1.5–3 μm. Anamorphic stromata semi-immersed to superficial,
orange, uni- to multilocular, often occurring in the same stroma that contains perithecia, 47–75
× 30–35 μm. Conidiophores cylindrical with long paraphyses between them and 30–60 × 1 μm
in length. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoid, aseptate, 2.5–3 × 1 μm. On PDA after 4 d at
25 °C, 5–18 mm, after 7 d at 25 °C, colonies, white mycelium with and few pycnidium
produced. Pycnidium orange, slimy, subglobose. Conidia yellow, 4–6 × 1–2 μm. On corn meal
after 7 wk at 25 °C, no pigmentation observed.
Host and Distribution: On the barks and Branches of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach,
Guilan province, Fouman (Roudkhan castle) (Gum 1561).
Molecular data: Not available.
Reference:
Mousavi, N., Mousanejad, S. and Khodaparast, S.A., 2020. New or less known ascomycete
species associated with trunk and branches of trees in Guilan province, Iran. Mycologia
Iranica, 7(1), pp. 115–123.
64
Microthia havanensis: (a) stromata containing ascomata on bark; (b) longitudinal section of
conidioma; (c) conidioma paraphyses; (d) asci and ascospores; (e) colony morphology in 90
mm dishes after 2 weeks at 25 °C in the dark on PDA; (f) colony on corn meal after 7 weeks.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b = 40 μm; c, d = 20 μm
65
Ascomycota
Eurotiales
66
Aspergillus aurantiobrunneus (G.A. Atkins, Hindson & A.B. Russell) Raper & Fennell, The
Genus Aspergillus: 511 (1965)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Emericella nidulans var. aurantiobrunnea G.A. Atkins, Hindson & A.B. Russell,
Transactions of the British Mycological Society 41: 504 (1958)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Ascomata ovate to globose, purpleblack, 250–450 μm diam; hülle cells forming
the structure of stromata, globose to ellipsoidal, 18–28 μm diam. Asci 8-spored, globose to
ellipsoidal, 9–11.5 μm diam. Ascospores bright purple-red, lenticular, smoothwalled, 5–6.5 ×
3.5–4.5 μm, with two pleated sinuous and entire equatorial rings, 1–1.3 μm wide. Conidial
heads radiating to nearly globose, dull buff; stipes pale brown, smoothwalled, (55–)75–100(–
130) × 3–4.5 μm. Vesicles globose to subglobose, 9–11(–15) μm diam; biseriate. Metulae
covering almost the entire surface of vesicles, 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3 μm. Phialides 5–6 × 2–2.5 μm.
Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth-walled, 3–3.5 μm. Colonies reaching 6–8 mm diam on
MEA and 5–10 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 °C, dense, plane, forming pale bluish-white crusts of
stromata surrounding the ascomata; reverse dull orange-brown on MEA and dark brown on
CYA.
Host and Distribution: On seed of Hordeum vulgare L., East Azerbaijan province, Ahar
(IRAN 2042C and IRAN 2043C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2042C (ITS = KC473928, BenA = KC473912), IRAN 2043C (ITS =
KC473927, BenA = KC473911).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
67
Aspergillus aurantiobrunneus: (a–d) teleomorph, (e–g) anamorph: (a) stromata containing
ascomata; (b) hülle cells; (c) asci (d) ascospores; (e, f) conidiophores; (g) conidia. Scale bars: a
= 1000 μm; e = 50 μm; b, f = 20 μm; c, d, g =10 μm
68
Aspergillus calidoustus Varga, Houbraken & Samson, Eukaryot. Cell 7(4): 636 (2008)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO),Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Conidial heads small, loosely columnar; stipes brown, smooth-walled, (40–)70–
160(–190) × 3–4.5 μm. Vesicles pyriform or broadly spatulate, 7.5–12 μm diam; biseriate.
Metulae covering the upper half of the vesicles, 5–7 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Phialides 5–7 × 2.3–3 μm.
Conidia globose, coarsely roughened to echinulate, 3.3–4 μm diam. Hülle cells were not formed
on the tested media. Colonies reaching 45 mm diam on MEA and 25 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25
°C, brownish-grey, low, plane, floccose; reverse yellow with olive-brown centre on both media.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare seed, Alborz province, Karaj (IRAN 227C).
Molecular data: IRAN 227C (ITS = KC473932, BenA = KC473909).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
69
Aspergillus calidoustus: (a–f) conidiophores; (g) conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 20 μm; d–g = 10
μm
70
Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier & R. Sartory) Thom & Church, Manual of the Aspergilli: 179
(1926)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Conidial heads radiating to loosely columnar; stipes yellow-brown, thick-walled,
smooth-walled to finely roughened, (650–)1000–1300(–1500) × 5–7.5 μm. Vesicles
subglobose to spatulate, 14–20 × (11.5–)13–18 μm; biseriate. Metulae covering the upper one-
third of the vesicle in small heads, but in large heads the whole vesicle, 5–8 × 2–3 μm. Phialides
6–8 × 1.5–2.5 μm. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth-walled, 2–3 μm diam. Colonies
reaching 25–30 mm diam on MEA and 20–25 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 °C, white to very pale
buff on CYA, but dull pinkish-buff on MEA, velutinous to slightly granular, occasionally
forming sectors of sterile, floccose mycelia; exudate yellow to brown when present; reverse
golden-brown on MEA and uncoloured to yellow-brown on CYA.
Host and Distribution: On Triticum aestivum straw, Ardebil province, Moghan (IRAN
2062C); on Musa sapientum L., Sistan-o-Baluchestan province (IRAN 939C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2062C (ITS = KC473934, BenA = KC473913), IRAN 939C (BenA =
KC473914)
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
71
Aspergillus flavipes: (a–d) conidiophores; (e) conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b = 20 μm; c–d
= 10 μm; e = 5 μm
72
Aspergillus iizukae Sugiy., J. Fac. Sci. Tokyo Univ., Section 3, 9(11): 390 (1967)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Conidial heads radiating to columnar; stipes yellow-brown, thick-walled, smooth-
walled, (500–)600–1000(–1300) × 7–9 μm. Vesicles spatulate, 22–25 × 17–21 μm; biseriate.
Metulae mostly covering the whole vesicles, 4–6 × 1.7–2.5 μm. Phialides 6–7 × 1.5–2 μm.
Conidia globose, smooth-walled, 2.3–3 μm diam. Colonies reaching 25 mm diam on MEA and
20 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 °C, pale buff, velutinous to slightly granular; soluble pigment
orange-brown; exudate yellow; reverse dark reddish-brown on MEA and pale brown on CYA.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare seed, East Azerbaijan province, Kaleibar (IRAN
2063C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2063C (BenA = KC473915).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
73
Aspergillus iizukae: (a–e) conidiophores (f) conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 20 μm;
d, e = 10 μm; f = 5 μm
74
Aspergillus insuetus (Bainier) Thom & Church, Manual of the Aspergilli: 153 (1929)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Conidial heads small, radiating to hemispherical; stipes brown, smooth-walled,
(160–)180–300 × 5–7 μm. Vesicles subglobose to hemispherical, (11.5–)13–22 μm diam;
biseriate. Metulae covering half of the vesicles, 4.5–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Phialides 6–7 × 2.5–3 μm.
Conidia globose, distinctly roughened, tuberculate, 3–3.7 μm. Hülle cells in scattered groups,
straight or slightly curved, 25–60(–80) × 13.5–18(–20) μm. Colonies reaching 40 mm diam on
MEA and 30 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 °C, dark grey at the centre, shading through white, with
sterile, floccose marginal area; reverse orange-brown on MEA and yellowolivaceous on CYA.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare straw, East Azerbaijan province, Sarab (IRAN
2055C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2055C (ITS = KC473933, BenA = KC473908).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
75
Aspergillus insuetus: (a–f) conidiophores; (g) conidia; (h) hülle cells. Scale bars: a–c, h = 20
μm; d–f = 10 μm; g = 5 μm
76
Aspergillus iranicus Arzanlou, Houbraken & Samadi, Mycological Progress 15: 1085 (2016)
M. Arzanlou
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
(arzanlou@tabrizu.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Stipes (375–)550–625(–800) × (2.5–)4–5(–7) µm, smooth, aseptate to
occasionally septate, walls yellow-pigmented, thick walled (1 µm). Foot cell in two forms:
symmetric and asymmetric. Conidial heads radiate on MEA, YES, CZ and radiate to loosely
columnar on CYA. Vesicles (14.5–)20–23(–32) × (7–)11–13(–16) µm, spathulate, wall
thickness less than 1 µm, uncolored. Conidiophores biseriate; the fertile part covering 1/3 to
1/4 upper part of the vesicle, sometime stipe under the vesicle swells, occasionally small
conidiophores with diminutive heads present. Metulae (5–)6–7(–8) × (2–)3(–4) µm, cylindrical,
walls smooth, uncolored. Phialides, 1–3 on each metula, (5–)6–7(–9) × 2–3 µm, cylindrical
tapering to a distinct collulum. Conidia 2–2.5 × 1.8–2.5 µm in diam, globose to subglobose,
smooth walled, hyaline (Fig. 2). Accessory conidia abundant, sessile or on the short, hyaline,
micronematous conidiophores bearing conidia, globose, subglobose, elliptical, clavate,
commonly truncate (4–)5–6(–7) µm. Colony diam (mm): 7 days (d), 25 °C, Czapek Yeast
extract Agar (CYA) 28–32; Czapek Agar (CZ) 24–28; Malt Extract Agar (MEA) 30–34; Yeast
extract sucrose Agar (YES) 23–27; 7 d, 37 °C, CYA 34–38; CZ 37–39; MEA 36–40; YES 36–
40. On CYA 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium white; sclerotia absent; sporulation dense; conidial mass
white, colour of the colony changed to peach after 3 weeks; soluble pigment absent; colonies
felt, centrally velutinuse with 9 sulcae in center and 6 sulcae at the margin; reverse honey with
small part of sulphur yellowin the sector parts. On YES 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium white; sclerotia
absent; sporulation moderate; conidial mass white; soluble pigment absent; exudate sparse,
amber; colony texture velvety, floccose in center; sulcate; reverse pale luteous to luteous. On
CZ 25 7 d: mycelium white in margin to greenish yellow in the center; sclerotia absent;
sporulation moderate in center, conidial mass white; colonies felt, centrally floccose with 8
sulcae in center and 7 sulcae at the margin; soluble pigment absent; greenish yellow exudate
produced after 14 days; reverse citrine. On MEA 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium white; sclerotia absent;
sporulation dense; conidial mass white; soluble pigment absent; exudate absent; colonies
velutinous to lightly floccose; sulcate; reverse pale luteous.
Host and Distribution: On soil, West Azerbaijan, Urmia, Aspear Island (holotype CBS H-
22338, ex-type culture CCTU 756 = CBS 139561 = IBT 32596 = DTO 203-D7); Jade Darya
(seaside), Urmia, (CCTU 750 = CBS 139560 = IBT 32595 = DTO 203-D1).
Molecular data: CCTU 750 = DTO 203-D1 = CBS 139560 = IBT 32595 (BenA = KP987044,
CaM = KP987059, RPB2 = KP987033, ITS = KP987076). CCTU 756T = DTO 203-D7 = CBS
139561 = IBT 32596 (BenA = KP987045, CaM = KP987060, RPB2 = KP987034, ITS =
KP987077)
Note: Aspergillus iranicus is phylogenetically related to A. carneus, A. niveus, A. allahabadii
and A. neoindicus; however, it can be differentiated from these species by a combination of
cultural and micro-morphological characteristics. Aspergillus neoindicus produces yellow-
77
green mycelial tufts and the mycelium of A. iranicus is white. Furthermore, the conidial color
en masse of A. iranicus is in shades of yellow and this feature is not shared with A. niveus
(white) and A. carneus (vinaceous fawn). Aspergillus iranicus produces accessory conidia
which were also reported in A. terreus, A. carneus, A. niveus and A. alabamensis.
Reference:
Arzanlou, M., Samadi, R., Frisvad, J.C., Houbraken, J. and Ghosta, Y., 2016. Two novel
Aspergillus species from hypersaline soils of The National Park of Lake Urmia,
Iran. Mycological Progress, 15(10), pp. 1081–1092.
78
Aspergillus iranicus CCTU 756: colonies after 7 days at 25 °C: (a, e) CYA; (b, f) MEA; (c, g)
CZ; (d, h) YES. (i) details of colony on MEA; (j) exudate; (k, l) conidial heads; (m, n) accessory
conidia; (o) conidia; (p, q) conidiophores. Scale bars = 10 μm
79
Aspergillus kassunensis Baghd., Nov. sist. Niz. Rast., 5: 113 (1968)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Conidial heads poorly developed, small, loosely radiating, formed on short stalks
from aerial hyphae; stipes uncoloured, smooth-walled, 15–35 × 2.5–4 μm. Vesicles variable in
shape, ranging from globose to flattened or dome-shaped, 3–6 μm diam; biseriate. Metulae
covering only the upper third to half of the vesicles, 4–6 × 2–3 μm. Phialides 4–6 × 2–2.5 μm.
Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth-walled, 2–3 μm. Hülle cells abundant, scattered through
the mycelial felt, globose, 27–34 μm diam. Colonies reaching 20 mm diam on MEA and 10
mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 ºC, floccose, consisting of tough basal felt, raised and irregularly
wrinkled in central area, white at first, soon becoming pale grey with the development of a
limited number of inconspicuous conidial heads on aerial mycelium; reverse pale greybrown
on MEA and orange-brown on CYA.
Host and Distribution: On soil, Fars province, Shiraz (IRAN 1280C).
Molecular data: IRAN 1280C (BenA = KC473910).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
80
Aspergillus kassunensis: (a–e) conidiophores; (f, g) conidia; (h) hülle cells. Scale bars: h = 20
μm; a–g = 10 μm
81
Aspergillus osmophilus Asgari & Zare, Mycoscience 55: 58 (2014)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Ascomata maturing in 3–4 wk, solitary or aggregated, yellow, globose to
subglobose, 160–320 µm diam. Peridium membranaceous, thin, onelayered, consisting of
thick-walled, polygonal, pseudoparenchymatous cells, 18–35 µm diam. Asci 8-spored, globose
to subglobose, evanescent, 17–21 µm diam. Ascospores hyaline to pale olive-yellow in mass,
lenticular, 8.5–10 × 6.8–8 µm, with a distinct furrow and two pronounced, broad, rounded and
regular equatorial crests, convex walls covered with lobate-reticulate echines. Conidiophores
smooth-walled, hyaline, (180–)300–950(–1400) × 8–12 µm. Vesicles globose to spathulate,
25–45 mm diam. Phialides flaskshaped, with a short, but distinct neck, (6.5–)8–12 × 5–6.5 µm,
covering at least the upper two-third of the vesicles. Conidia hyaline at first, soon turning green,
spinulose (aculeate), of various shapes and dimensions, mostly globose, subglobose, ovoid or
ellipsoidal, 5–7.5 µm diam, partly elongate-ellipsoidal or cylindrical, sometimes slightly
constricted, (7–) 8.5–15(–16.5) × 4.5–7 µm, without distinctive connectives. Diminutive
conidial heads occasionally produced. Colony growth on CZ and MEA very restricted, reaching
3–4 mm diam in 7 days at 25°C, irregular, velvety, slightly wrinkled, with inconspicuous
mycelium, white to pale orange-red; reverse uncolored on CZ and pale orange-red on MEA.
No ascomata or conidial heads were produced on both media. Colonies on CZ20S slow-
growing, reaching 7 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, loosely flocculent, consisting of a limited number
of ascomata mainly obscured by an overgrowth of hyaline mycelium soon turning pale orange,
with irregular margins; reverse pale reddish-brown. Conidial heads absent. Colonies on M40Y
reaching 23 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, spreading irregularly, velutinous, consisting of abundant
ascomata densely overgrown by aerial hyphae encrusted with pale orange-red granules; reverse
orange; exudates yellow. Conidial heads absent. Colonies on CZ70S growing more rapidly than
on other media, reaching 42 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, pale orangebrown, velutinous, consisting
of a dense felt of numerous, mainly aggregated ascomata obscured by an overgrowth of slightly
pigmented aerial mycelium from which a few conidiophores arise; reverse pale reddish-brown.
Conidial heads sparsely produced in very old cultures of CZ70S, small, bluegreen, uniseriate,
loosely columnar to radiate.
Host and Distribution: On Triticum aestivum leaf, East Azerbaijan province, Marand
(holotype IRAN 16110F, ex-type cultureIRAN 2090C = CBS 134258).
Molecular data: IRAN 2090C = CBS 134258 (ITS = KC473921, BenA = KC473924, CaM =
KC473918)
82
Note: Aspergillus osmophilus resembles A. xerophilus, teleomorph known as Eurotium
xerophilum Samson & Mouch., by its strong osmophily and surface with ornamentation of
ascospores. However, A. xerophilus is distinguished from A. osmophilus by possessing smaller
conidia, ascospores, and fruiting bodies.
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S. 2013. Aspergillus osmophilus sp. nov.,
and a new teleomorph for A. proliferans. Mycoscience, 55, pp. 53–62.
83
Aspergillus osmophilus: cultures incubated for 10 days at 25 °C (a) CZ20S; (b) M40Y; (c)
CZ70S; (d) ascomata; (e) peridium; (f) asci; (g) ascospores; (h) SEM of ascospores; (i, j)
conidiophores; (k, l) conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 µm; e, I = 20 µm; f, g, j–l = 10 µm; h = 5 µm
84
Aspergillus proliferans G. Sm., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 26: 24 (1943)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Ascomata solitary or mainly clustered at the agar surface and less commonly from
aerial hyphae within a felt of orange-red encrusted hyphae, maturing within 2 wk, yellow to
orange, globose to subglobose, 100–200 µm diam. Peridium membranaceous, thin, one-layered,
consisting of thin-walled, polygonal or irregularly-shaped, pseudoparenchymatous cells, 12–23
µm diam. Asci 8-spored, globose to subglobose, evanescent, 9.5–13 mm diam. Ascospores
hyaline, lenticular, 5–6 × 3.7–4.6 µm, with a shallow or distinct furrow and finely roughened
to irregular equatorial crests, convex wall delicately roughened (tuberculate or finely reticulate).
The surface ornamentation is hardly visible under light microscope. Conidial heads pale grey-
green, uniseriate, loosely columnar or radiate, but usually without definite shape owing to the
proliferation of phialides and the irregular branching of the sub-vesicular area and
conidiophores. Conidiophores smooth-walled, hyaline, simple or 2–4 times branched especially
in the upper one-third, 150–600(–1000) × (4–)6–10(–14) µm. Vesicles subglobose to
spathulate, 15–35 µm diam, sometimes irregularly branched in sub-vesicular area. Phialides
normally flask-shaped, with a short and distinct neck, 8–12.5 × 4–6 µm; sometimes elongated,
septate and producing small secondary heads resembling heads of monoverticillate penicillia,
or with the upper portion strongly swollen, almost suggesting very large, thick-walled conidia,
up to 20 µm diam. Conidia globose to subglobose, in shades of green, spinulose (aculeate), 5–
8(–9.5) µm diam, mostly with a short but distinct connective. Colonies on CZ slow-growing,
reaching 12–13 mm diam in 7 d at 2°C5 °C, largely submerged at first, then turning floccose
with orange-red to brown-yellow aerial mycelium, producing a few abortive ascomata and a
few atypical, grey-green conidial heads; reverse brown with tinges of red. Colonies on MEA
slow-growing, reaching 11–17 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, plane or somewhat raised at the center,
velutinous to floccose, containingnumerous sterile mycelial masses, occasionally deeply sulcate
at the margin; reverse yellow to pale yellow-brown. No ascomata or conidial heads produced.
Colonies on CZ20S spreading broadly, reaching 32–38 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, plane or raised,
granular or loosely floccose, consisting of a thin mycelial felt producing abundant ascomata of
granular appearance, loosely overgrown by orange-red hyphae from which a few, scattered
conidial heads arise; colonies in some strains consisting of fasciculate hyaline hyphae
producing conidial heads in the manner of loose divergent synnemata; reverse reddish-brown.
Diminutive conidial heads commonly produced. Colonies on M40Y spreading rapidly and
broadly, reaching 55–62 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C, predominantly in orange-red shades due to
pigmented mycelium, with abundant ascomata evenly scattered over the whole surface and dull
greygreen conidial heads in the localized area; reverse deep orange with tinges of red. Colonies
on CZ70S fast-growing, reaching 46–48 mm diam in 7 d at 2°C5 °C, forming abundant
85
ascomata with granular appearance, loosely overgrown by pale orange-red hyphae from which
abundant conidial heads arise; colony appearance occasionally influenced by a dense felt of
white mycelium producing abundant synnema-like bodies; reverse hyaline to white, but yellow
to orange at the position of ascomata.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare seed, East Azerbaijan province, Shabestar
(teleotype IRAN 16111F; ex-teleotype culture IRAN 2088C = CBS 134256); on Hordeum
vulgare seed, East Azerbaijan province, Shabestar (IRAN 2089C = IRAN 16112F = CBS
134257).
Molecular data: IRAN 2088C = CBS 134256 (ITS = KC473922, BenA = KC473925, CaM=
KC473919), IRAN 2089C = CBS 134257 (ITS = KC473923, BenA = KC473926, CaM=
KC473920)
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S., 2013. Aspergillus osmophilus sp. nov.,
and a new teleomorph for A. proliferans. Mycoscience, 55, pp. 53–62.
86
Aspergillus proliferans: cultures incubated for 10 days at 25°C (a) CZ20S; (b) M40Y; (c)
CZ70S. (d) ascomata; (e) peridium; (f) asci; (g) ascospores; (h) SEM of ascospores; (i–k)
conidiophores; (l, m) conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 µm; e, i–k = 20 µm; f, g, l, m = 10 µm; h = 5
µm
87
Aspergillus quadrilineatus Thom & Raper, Mycologia 31: 660 (1939)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Ascomata developing separately throughout the colony, globose to subglobose,
partially embedded in the mycelial felt, appearing pale brown due to surrounding hülle cells,
200–300 μm diam; hülle cells globose, 15–18.5 μm diam. Asci 8-spored, globose to ellipsoidal,
9.5–12 μm diam. Ascospores red, lenticular, regularly ornamented with colourful projections,
4.5–5.5 × 3.5–4 μm, with four equatorial crests (less than 1 μm wide), two of these very obvious
and the other two quite indistinct. Conidial heads radiating to columnar; stipes dull brown,
sinuous, smooth-walled, mostly covered with colourful projections, (25–)60–100 × 3–4 μm.
Vesicles pyriform, 8–11.5 μm diam; biseriate. Metulae covering only the upper third to half of
the vesicles, 5–6.5 × 2–3 μm. Phialides 4–6 × 2–3 μm. Conidia globose, finely roughened (2.5–
)3–3.5 μm. Colonies reaching 45 mm diam on MEA and 50 mm on CYA in 7 d at 25 ºC, dull
green, plane, spreading, slightly wrinkled, velutinous with fimbriate margins; mycelium white,
inconspicuous; reverse dull brownish yellow on MEA and orange-brown on CYA.
Host and Distribution: On Arachis hypogaea seed, Kerman province, Jiroft (IRAN 235C).
Molecular data: IRAN 235C (ITS = KC473929, BenA (β-tubulin) = KC473907).
Reference:
Asgari, B., Zare, R., Zamanizadeh, H.R. and Rezaee, S. 2012. Systematics of Aspergillus
species of subgenus Nidulantes in Iran. Rostaniha, 13, pp. 126–151.
88
Aspergillus quadrilineatus: a–e. teleomorph, f–h. anamorph: (a) ascomata surrounded by hülle
cells; (b) hülle cells; (c) asci; (d, e) ascospores; (f, g) conidiophores; (h) conidia. Scale bars: a
= 1000 μm; b, f = 20 μm; c–e, g = 10 μm; h = 5 μm
89
Aspergillus urmiensis Arzanlou, Houbraken & Samadi, Mycological Progress 15: 1089 (2016)
M. Arzanlou
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
(arzanlou@tabrizu.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus
Description: Stipes mostly hyaline close to the vesicle and light brown to brown closer to the
base, (350–)700–850(–1330) × (5–)8–10(–12) µm, smooth walled, wall thickening 1 µm,
aseptate, rarely have one septum, foot cell in two forms of symmetric or asymmetric, amber
(47). Conidial heads radiate; vesicles (17–)20–23(–30) × (16–)19–22(–30) µm, subglobose to
globose, wall thickness less than 0.8 µm, uncolored. Conidiophores biseriate or uniseriate;
Metulae (4–)5–6(–7.5) × (1.5–)2–3(–4) µm, wedge shaped, walls smooth, uncolored, covering
4/5 upper part of the vesicle. Phialides 2–5 on each metula, (2–)5–7(–8) × (1–)1.5–2(–3) µm,
cylindrical, with distinct collulum. Conidia 2–3 µm, globose, smooth walled, hyaline (Fig. 3).
Accessory conidia present in relatively small numbers, sessile or on the short, hyaline,
micronematous conidiophores bearing conidia, globose, subglobose, clavate, commonly
truncate (4–)5–6(–7) µm. No ascomata, ascospores or Hülle cells observed. Colony diam (mm):
7 d, 25 °C, CYA 28–32; CZ 20–24; MEA 23–27; YES 21–24; 7 d, 37 °C, CYA 21–23; CZ 16–
20; MEA 17–19; YES 18–20. On CYA 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium white; sporulation strong; conidial
mass ochreoussclerotia absent; soluble pigment luteous; exudate after 21 d produced; umber
colored; colony texture floccose in center to felt in margin; sulcate with low umbonate in center;
reverse sienna and one umber line present in middle of colony. On YES 25 °C, 7 d: submerged
mycelium at the margin of colony ochreous; aerial white mycelium appeared after 28 d;
sporulation strong; conidial mass ochreous; sclerotia absent; soluble pigment luteous; exudate
absent; colony texture lanose in center to feltin margin; sulcate with umbonate in center; reverse
luteous in center pale luteous in margin of colony. On CZ 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium white;
sporulation strong, conidial mass ochreous; sclerotia absent; colony texture lanose; sulcate with
lightly umbonate in center; soluble pigment slightly produced, luteous; exudate absent; reverse
orange. On MEA 25 °C, 7 d: mycelium ochreous; sporulation strong; conidial mass ochreous;
sclerotia absent; orange uncolored exudate after 14 d frequently produced; colony texture
lanose; sulcate; reverse luteous.
Host and Distribution: On soil, West Azerbaijan, Urmia, Jade Darya (seaside), 2011 (holotype
CBS H-22671, ex-type culture CCTU 742 = CBS 139558 = IBT 32593 = DTO 203-C2); on
soil, ; 2011, CCTU 734 = CBS 139557 = DTO 203-B3; CCTU 743 = CBS 139766 = IBT 32598
= DTO 203-C3.
Molecular data: CCTU 734 = DTO 203-B3 = CBS 139557 = IBT 32597 (BenA = KP987039,
CaM = KP987055, RPB2 = KP987029, ITS = KP987072). CCTU 742T DTO 203-
C2 = CBS 139558 = IBT 32593 (BenA = KP987041, CaM= KP987056, RPB2
=KP987030, ITS = KP987073). CCTU 743 DTO 203-C3 = CBS 139766 = IBT 32598 (BenA
= KP987042, CaM = KP987057, RPB2 = KP987031, ITS = KP987074)
90
Note: Aspergillus urmiensis is phylogenetically most closely related to A. templicola. The
former species produces globose vesicles, and those of A. templicola are predominantly
elongate. Aspergillus urmiensis can be differentiated from A. luppii, A. movilensis, A.
polyporicola and A. spelaeus by by a faster growth rate on CYA incubated at 37 °C. This new
species can be differentiated from A. ardalensis based on the diam of the vesicles (A. ardalensis,
18.5 µm; A. urmiensis, 22 µm). A. neoflavipes produces bright yellow colonies on CYA and
MEA, and has teleomorph; both features are not observed in A. urmiensis. A. micronesiensis
and A. iizukae generally produce Hülle cells and these structures were not detected in A.
urmiensis (Hubka et al. 2015, Visagie et al. 2014).
Reference:
Arzanlou, M., Samadi, R., Frisvad, J.C., Houbraken, J. and Ghosta, Y., 2016. Two novel
Aspergillus species from hypersaline soils of The National Park of Lake Urmia, Iran.
Mycological Progress, 15, pp. 1081–1092.
91
Aspergillus urmiensis CCTU 742: colonies after 7 d at 25 °C (a, b) CYA; (c, d) CZ; (e, f) MEA;
(g, h) YES. Colonies after 14 d at 25 °C (i, j) OA. Conidial heads; (k) CYA; (l) MEA. (m)
conidiophores; (n, o) accessory conidia; (p) conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm
92
Ascomycota
Hypocreales
93
Pseudonectria buxi (DC.) Seifert, Gräfenhan & Schroers, in Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68:
107 (2011)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae
Hypocreales, Nectriaceae, Pseudonectria
Description: Sporodochia nonstromatic, variable in size, 25–150 × 25–175 µm, pink-red, with
hyaline septate setae, 80–180 × 3–5.5 µm, distributed on recently decayed leaves and easily
removed from the surface, conidia ellipsoid with rounded end, 7–14 × 2–3 µm, hyaline, aseptate
and smooth (Fig 1). Colonies on PDA, 8–9 mm in diam after 5 d, with scattered white mycelium,
became pale due to the production of slimy conidia. Conidiophores simple, as single
monophialides or in sporodochia.
Host and Distribution: On Buxus sempervirens L., Guilan province, Rasht (GUM1592), IRAN
3645C.
Molecular data: IRAN 3645C (ITS = MW349710)
Reference:
Mousavi, S.A., Mousanejad, S., Rouhibakhsh, A. and Khodaparast, S.A., 2020. New record of
boxwood volutella blight fungal agents in Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(2), pp. 181–186.
94
Pseudonectria buxi: (a) sporodochia on leaf surface; (b) a close-up of a sporodochia bearing setae
on leaf surface; (c) sporodochia with setae; (d) colony on PDA after 10 days; (e) conidia. Scale bars:
c = 100 μm; e = 10 μm
95
Sarocladium subulatum A. Giraldo, Gené & Guarro, in Giraldo, Gené, Sutton, Madrid, de
Hoog, Cano, Decock, Crous & Guarro, Persoonia 34: 20 (2014)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae
Hypocreales, Nectriaceae, Sarocladium
Description: Colonies on OA at 25 °C attaining 20–22 mm diam in 14 d, yellowish-white,
powdery, flat, margin diffuse; reverse dark. On PDA colonies reaching 16–17 mm diam in 14 d at
25 °C, yellowish-white, margin lobulated; reverse honey. Vegetative hyphae: septate, hyaline,
smooth, 1.5–2.5 μm wide. Conidiophores: erect, simple, hyaline, smooth. Phialides: arising
directly from vegetative hyphae, straight or slightly flexuous, subulate, 17.5–35 μm long, 2–2.5
μm wide at the base, adelophialides sometimes present on OA. Conidia: unicellular, fusiform, 4–
9 × 1–2 μm, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, sometimes arranged in chains with shorter length.
Chlamydospores and sexual morphs were not observed.
Host and Distribution: On merged rotten leaves, Guilan province, Anzali lagoon, Anzali (IRAN
3324C).
Molecular data: IRAN 3324C (SSU = MK400436, ITS = MH367057, LSU = MH367075, tub2
= MK400692, tef1 = MK400705).
Referene:
Rezakhani, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Masigol, H., Roja-Jimenez, K., Grossart, H.P. and Bakhshi, M.,
2019. A preliminary report of aquatic hyphomycetes isolated from Anzali lagoon (Gilan
province, North of Iran). Rostaniha, 20(2), pp. 123–143.
96
Sarocladium subulatum: (a) colony on OA after 14 days at 25 °C; (b) colony on PDA after 14 days
at 25 °C; (c-e) phialides arising directly from hyphae; (f) Conidia; (g) Conidia in chain. Scale bars
= 10 μm
97
Thyronectria austroamericana (Speg.) Seeler, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 21: 405 (1940)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae
Hypocreales, Nectriaceae, Thyronectria
Description: Ascomata and pycnidia formed on same or discrete stroma. Stromata variable in size,
average ca. 35 ×3 × 30 μm, partly immersed, reaction to KOH and Lactic Acid (LA) negative.
Perithecia are subglobose to globose, aggregated in groups of 4–160, 20–48 × 20–33 μm, dark
brown to black, shining apical region, not collapsing or rarely cupulate when dry. Ascinarrowly
clavate, 57.6–68.4 ×7 × 7.2–12 μm, 8-spored, ascospores subglobose to ellipsoidal, muriform, light
yellow, (11)12–19 7–10(11–12) μm. Pycnidial stromata erumpent through epidermis or
developing in stroma with ascomata, orange to peach. Pycnidia dimorphic, superficial and
immersed in stroma, Superficial pycnidia multilocular, brown. immersed pycnidia multilocular,
irregular multiple chambers with shared walls, solitary or aggregated in groups of 2–4.
Conidiophores 2–5 times branched, 8–13.5 × 1–2 μm. Sterile hyphae mixed with phialides and
acicular, straight or slightly curved, unbranched, sometimes 1–2 branched, aseptate, 20–45 ×1 ×
1–1.5 μm. Conidia light yellow, ellipsoidal to obovate, aseptate, 2–3 ×1 × 1–1.5 μm. On PDA after
7 d at 25 °C, colonies 35–45 mm. Colony surface with radial growth and sometimes wavy, peach.
Sporulation on SNA rare. Conidiophores abundant, unbranched, 12.5–31 ×1 × 1–2 μm. Conidia
hyaline, KOH +, LA- oblong or ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, rounded at both ends, not
germinating and budding on media, 2–3(–4) ×4 × 4.5–13.5(–17) μm.
Host and Distribution: On the branches and barks of Gleditsia caspia Desf. (=
Gleditsia caspica Desf. ), Guilan province, Fouman (Alian) (GUM 1544), IRAN 2953C.
Molecular data: IRAN 2953C (ITS = MW325661).
Reference:
Mousavi, N., Mousanejad, S. and Khodaparast, S.A., 2020. New or less known ascomycete species
associated with trunk and branches of trees in Guilan province, Iran. Mycologia
Iranica, 7(1), pp. 115–123.
98
Thyronectria austroamericana: (a) teleomorph on natural substrata; (b) cross section of superficial
pycnidia; (c) asci; (d) ascospores; (e) colony morphology in 90 mm dishes after 2 weeks at 22 °C
on PDA; (f) conidia on SNA media. Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b–f = 20 μm
99
Volutella citrinella (Cooke & Massee) Seifert, in Gräfenhan, Schroers, Nirenberg & Seifert, Stud.
Mycol. 68: 110 (2011)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae
Hypocreales, Nectriaceae, Volutella
Description: Colonies on PDA at 25 °C attaining 20–23 mm diam in 7 d, olivaceous at first then
turning into white, conidial mass was produced on surface. Synnemata: lightly colored, 300–1450
μm tall and 25–50 μm wide. Marginal hyphae: verrucose near capitulum. Conidiogenous cells:
phialidic, 13–25 × 1.5–2 μm. Conidia: ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoidal, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, conidial
mass yellow-white, no aerial mycelium or chlamydospore were produced on PDA.
Host and Distribution: On merged rotten leaves, Guilan province, Anzali lagoon, Anzali (IRAN
3327C).
Molecular data: IRAN 3327C (SSU = MK400429, ITS = MH367055, LSU = MH367073, tef1 =
MK410643).
Reference:
Rezakhani, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Masigol, H., Roja-Jimenez, K., Grossart, H.P. and Bakhshi, M.,
2019. A preliminary report of aquatic hyphomycetes isolated from Anzali lagoon (Gilan
province, North of Iran). Rostaniha, 20(2), pp. 123–143.
100
Volutella citrinella: (a) colony on MEA after 20 days at 25 °C; (b) colony on PDA after seven
days at 25 °C; (c) synnema; (d–e) conidiophores and phialides; (f) conidia. Scale bars: c = 40 μm;
d–f = 10 μm
101
Ascomycota
Kirschsteiniotheliales
102
Kirschsteiniothelia arasbaranica Mehrabi, R. Hemmati & Asgari, Cryptogamie Mycologie 38
(1): 18 (2017)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae,
Kirschsteiniotheliales, Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Kirschsteiniothelia
Description: Saprobic on dead branch. Teleomorph: Ascomata 189–380 μm high × 350–480 μm
diam, superficial with the base remaining slightly immersed in the substrate, subglobose to
globose, scattered or loosely clustered in small groups, black, inside white, with apex papilla or
plane. Peridium 50–80 μm thick, comprising several layers of cells of textura angularis; inner
layer cells hyaline, outer layer cells pale brown to dark. Hamathecium comprising numerous
filiform pseudoparaphyses 2–2.7 mm wide, hyaline, branched, embedded in a gelatinous matrix.
Asci 120–180 × 30–40 μm, cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, occasionally 4- or 6-spored, bitunicate,
fissitunicate, with a short stalk up to 10 μm long, apically rounded, with an apical ocular chamber
5–8 μm wide. Ascospores arranged 2- to 4-seriate in the lower 2/3 and 1-seriate in the upper 1/3
of asci, (30–)34–42(–44) × (12–)13–16(–18) μm (𝑥 = 36.6 × 15.2, n = 40), brown to dark brown
at maturity, narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal with rounded apex, thick-walled, verrucose to finely
spinulose, covered with a mucilaginous sheath, 1-septate, septum deeply constricted and
submedian, the upper cell distinctly larger than the lower cell, each cell containing a distinct large
guttule. Anamorph undetermined. Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24–48 h. Colonies on
PDA dense, reaching 5 mm diam in 7 d at 25 °C and 20–23 mm diam within a month, first grayish
blue (45,,,,b), surface covered with a white mat of aerial hyphae, becoming dark brick (7,k) with
white margin at 3 mo, composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth or verruculose hyphae
up to 6 μm wide and hyaline to pale brown hyphal elements at the periphery, with abundant
anastomosis, up to 4 μm wide; reverse at first dark bluish green with hyaline margin, then
becoming black at 3 months. No conidiogenous structures observed.
Host and Distribution: On dead branch of Quercus petraea, East Azerbaijan province, Arasbaran
forests (holotype IRAN 16767F, ex-type culture IRAN 2508C); Ibid. (isotype IRAN 16768F, ex-
isotype culture IRAN 2509C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2508C (ITS = KX621983, LSU = KX621984, SSU = KX621985), IRAN
2509C (ITS = KX621986, LSU = KX621987, SSU = KX621988).
Note: Kirschsteiniothelia arasbaranica is close to K. dolioloides and to K. thujina in ascospore
size and septation, and in lacking an anamorph. However, it can be distinguished from these by
having wider asci and ellipsoidal ascospores with rounded apex, covered by a distinct
mucilaginous sheath.
103
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R. and Asgari, B., 2017. Kirschsteiniothelia arasbaranica sp. nov., and
an emendation of the Kirschsteiniotheliaceae. Cryptogamie Mycologie, 38(1), pp. 13–25.
Hawksworth, D.L., 1985. Kirschsteiniothelia, a new genus for the Microthelia incrustans group
(Dothideales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 91, pp. 181–202.
Kirschsteiniothelia arasbaranica (holotype): (a–d) ascomata on dead branch of Quercus petraea;
(e, f) section through ascomata; (g) section through peridium, comprising several layers of cells of
textura angularis; (h) pseudoparaphyses; (i–l) asci; m. apical inner layer of an ascus with small
ocular chamber; (n–u) ascospores; (v) culture on PDA incubated for 2 wk at 25°C. Scale bars: a–
d = 200 μm; e, f = 100 μm; g, i–l, n, o = 20 μm; h, m, p–u = 10 μm
104
Ascomycota
Magnaporthales
105
Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 105(4): 1025 (2013)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Helminthosporium sigmoideum Cavara, Mat. Lomb.:15. 1889; Nakataea sigmoidea
(Cavara) Hara, as “sigmoideum”, Nippongaikingaku: 318. 1936. nom. nud.; Nakataea sigmoidea
(Cavara) Hara, as “sigmoideum”, The diseases of the rice-plant 2nd ed.: 185. 1939; Leptosphaeria
salvinii Catt., Arch. Labor. Bot. Critt. Univ. Pavia 2, 3: 126. 1879; Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.)
R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster, Mycologia 64: 110. 1972, Sclerotium oryzae Catt., Arch. Triennale
Lab. Bot. Crittog. 1: 10. 1877
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Magnaporthaceae, Nakataea
Description: Conidiophores solitary, erect, branched, brown to pale brown, smooth, 130–460 μm.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, pale brown, smooth, denticles. Conidia
solitary, falcate to sigmoid, smooth, 3-septate, 45–76 × 10–15 µm, widest in the middle, end cells
hyaline, median cells medium brown. Sclerotia spherical, black, on the host and in culture.
Colonies grown on PDA after 1 wk at 23–25 °C grey to pale grey.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Oryza sativa, Guilan province.
Molecular data: UTFC-MO1 (ITS = KP144444); UTFC-MO2 (ITS = KP144445).
Note: The genus Nakataea has some similarity to Pyricularia in general morphology, but differs
in having falcate conidia with darker median cells (Luo & Zhang 2013, Klaubauf et al., 2014).
References:
Klaubauf, S., Tharreau, D., Fournier, E., Groenewald, J. Z., Crous, P. W., De Vries, R. P., &
Lebrun, M. H. 2014. Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae).
Studies in Mycology, 79, pp. 85–120.
Luo, J. and Zhang, N., 2013. Magnaporthiopsis, a new genus in Magnaporthaceae (Ascomycota).
Mycologia, 105, pp. 1019–1029.
106
Nakataea oryzae: (a–c) conidiophores solitary, erect, branched, unbranched; (d–e) conidiogenous
cells; (f–g) conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
107
Pseudopyricularia cyperi Klaubauf, M.-H. Lebrun & Crous, Studies in Mycology 79: 110
(2014)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pseudopyricularia
Description: Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight or curved to geniculate, branched, medium
brown, smooth, 40–100 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, pale
brown, smooth, forming a rachis with several protruding, flat-tipped denticles. Conidia solitary,
obclavate, medium brown, smooth to finely roughened, 2-septate, 22–29 × 5–6 µm; hilum truncate,
slightly protruding, unthickened, not darkened. Colonies grown on PDA after 1 wk at 23–25 °C
white, reaching 40 mm diam.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Cyperus sp. Mazandaran province, Amol (UTFC-
PO8, UTFC-PO16, UTFC-O17).
Molecular data: UTFC-PO8 (Cy2k) (ITS = KP144446), UTFC-PO16 (cy4-1) (ITS = MF768983),
UTFC-O17 (cy2k1) (ITS = MF768984).
Note: Morphology of the specimens examined in this study was concordant with the protologue
description of Pseudopyricularia cyperi (Klaubauf & al. 2014). This species is morphologically
similar to P. higginsii (Luttr.) Klaubauf et al., which differs by its longer and slightly wider conidia
[17.5–36.5 × 5.3–6.5 μm (Luttrell 1955), 20–36 × 5–6 μm (Ellis 1976)]. This is the first report of
P. cyperi from Iran.
References:
Klaubauf, S., Tharreau, D., Fournier, E., Groenewald, J. Z., Crous, P. W., De Vries, R. P., &
Lebrun, M. H. 2014. Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae).
Studies in Mycology, 79, pp. 85–120.
Pordel, A., Amirmijani, A. and Javan-Nikkhah, M., 2019. Pseudopyricularia cyperi; a new record
for Iran. Mycotaxon, 134, pp. 447–455.
Ellis, M.B., 1976. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew,
Surrey, England.
108
Pseudopyricularia cyperi: (a–c) conidiophores solitary, erect, branched, unbranched; (d–f)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
109
Pseudopyricularia hyrcaniana Pordel & Jav.-Nikkh., Mycological Progress 16 (7): 731 (2017)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir; jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pseudopyricularia
Description: Conidiophores scattered, solitary, erect, pale brown to brown, swollen at the base,
wall somewhat thickened, macronematous, mononematous, typically unbranched, sometimes
branched, straight, consisting of 2–3(–5) cells, 65–125(–140) × 4–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells
integrated, terminal, intercalary, sympodial, cylindrical, geniculate, denticulate; denticles
cylindrical, thin-walled, pale brown, 3–4 µm long. Conidia solitary, dry, obclavate, hyaline, (17–
)20–29(–31) × (5–)6–8 µm, smooth, 1-septate, hilum often protuberant. Teleomorph
undetermined. Colonies on OA transparent, olivaceous buff, reaching 50 mm diam after 1 wk at
23–25 °C; on PDA with grey olivaceous surface and olivaceous grey reverse, reaching 40 mm
diam after 1 wk at 23–25 °C. Mycelium on SNA, WA-sterile barley seed, and WA-sterile rice leaf
consisting of smooth, hyaline, branched, septate hyphae.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Cyperus alternifolius, Golestan province, Gorgan
region (IRAN2758C, IRAN 2759C, IRAN 2760C).
Molecular Data: IRAN2758C (ITS = KP144447, LSU = KP144452, RPB1 = KY457270, CAL =
KY457260); IRAN 2759C (ITS = KP144448, LSU = KY457266, RPB1 = KY457271, CAL =
KY457261); IRAN 2760C (ITS = KM207211, LSU = KY457267, RPB1 = KY457272, CAL =
KY457262).
Notes: This species is similar to Pyricularia caffera, Py. didyma, Py. juncicola, Py. vandalurensis,
and Dactylaria madrasensis in having 1-septate conidia. However, the conidia of
Pseudopyricularia hyrcaniana are larger than those of Py. vandalurensis, and Py. juncicola. It
differs from Dactylaria madrasensis in conidial shape and shape of conidiogenous cells and from
Py. didyma and Py. caffera in conidial shape. Pseudopyricularia hyrcaniana differs from Ps.
cyperi, Ps. kyllingae, and Ps. higginsii in conidial septation.
Reference:
Pordel, A., Khodaparast, S.A., McKenzie, E.H.C. and Javan-Nikkhah, M., 2017. Two new species
of Pseudopyricularia from Iran. Mycological Progress, 16, pp. 729–736.
110
Pseudopyricularia hyrcaniana: (a) conidiophores solitary, erect, unbranched; (b) branched
conidiophore; (c) conidiogenous cell; (d–k) conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
111
Pseudopyricularia iraniana Pordel & Jav.-Nikkh., Mycological Progress 16(7): 732 (2017)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pseudopyricularia
Description: Conidiophores solitary, erect, pale brown to brown, swollen and thick at the base,
macronematous, mononematous, sometimes with additional branches typically without septa,
rarely consisting of 2 or 3 cells, 87–140(–170) × 5–6 µm. Conidiogenous cells sympodial,
cylindrical, geniculate, denticulate; each denticle tapered, thin-walled, long, narrow, pale brown,
3–4 µm long. Conidia solitary, dry, fusiform or cylindrical, hyaline, (20–)22–30 × 5–8 µm,
smooth, 2-septate, hilum often protuberant. Teleomorph undetermined. Colonies on OA
transparent, pale grey, reaching 40 mm diam after 1 wk at 23–25 °C; on PDA, surface grey
olivaceous, reverse greyish sepia, reaching 40 mm diam after 1 wk at 23–25 °C. Mycelium on
SNA, WA-sterile barley seed, and WA-sterile rice leaf consisting of smooth, hyaline, branched,
septate hyphae.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Juncus sp. Golestan province, Kordkuy region
(UTFC-PO12, IRAN 2761C, IRAN 2762C).
Molecular Data: UTFC-PO12 (ITS = KM207210, LSU = KP144454, CAL = KY457263). IRAN
2761C; (ITS = KY457258, LSU = KY457268, RPB1 = KY457273, CAL = KY457264); IRAN
2762C (ITS = KY465726, LSU = KY457269, RPB1 = KY457274, CAL = KY457265).
Note: This species is similar to Pyricularia caffera and Pseudopyricularia hyrcaniana in conidial
size but its conidia are 2-septate and fusiform. The conidia are similar in size to those of
Pyricularia angulata but differ in shape (Ellis 1971, 1976; Matsushima 1993). Conidial shapes
encountered in P. iraniana and characters related to conidial secession differ from patterns
observed in Pyricularia because conidia are fusiform and cylindrical and they show no cut-off.
This species differs from Pseudopyricularia cyperi, Ps. kyllingae, and Ps. higginsii in conidial
shape.
Reference:
Pordel, A., Khodaparast, S.A., McKenzie, E.H.C. and Javan-Nikkhah, M., 2017. Two new species
of Pseudopyricularia from Iran. Mycological Progress, 16, pp. 729–736.
112
Pseudopyricularia iraniana: (a–e) conidiophores solitary, erect; (f) branched conidiophore; (g–k)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
113
Pseudopyricularia persiana G. Ghorbani, Pordel & Jav.-Nikkh., Persoonia 41: 399 (2018)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pseudopyricularia
Description: Mycelium on SNA, and OA, consisting of smooth, hyaline, branched, septate
hyphae. Conidiophores scattered, solitary, erect, pale brown, swollen at the base, macronematous,
mononematous, typically unbranched, sometimes branched, straight, typically consisting of
without or four cells 137–332(–380) × 5–7 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal,
intercalary, sympodial, cylindrical, geniculate, denticulate; denticles cylindrical, thin-walled, pale
brown. Conidia solitary, dry, obclavate, hyaline, (30–)36–52(–65) × 10–13 µm, 2-septate (rarely
3-septate), hilum often protuberant, conidia produce secondary conidiophore. Teleomorph
undetermined. Colonies on OA transparent, buff, reaching 42 mm diam after 1 wk at 23–25 °C;
on PDA transparent, white, and straw reverse, reaching 26 mm diam after 1 wk at 23–25 °C.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Cyperus sp., Guilan province, Lasht-e Nesha
(UTFC-PO20, UTFC-PO21, UTFC-PO22).
Molecular Data: UTFC-PO20 (ITS = MH780926, LSU = MH780974, RPB1 = MH699975, CAL
= MH699978); UTFC-PO21 (ITS = MH699979, RPB1 = MH699976), UTFC-PO22; (ITS =
MH699980, RPB1 = MH699977).
Notes: This species is similar to Ps. higginsii, Ps. cyperi, Ps. iraniana Ps. kyllingae, and Ps.
hagahagae in having 2-septate conidia (Klaubauf et al. 2014, Pordel et al. 2017). However, the
conidia and conidiophores of Pseudopyricularia persiana are larger than those of Ps. higginsii,
Ps. cyperi, Ps. kyllingae, and Ps. hagahagae and having 3-septate. It differs from Ps. iraniana in
conidial shape and size.
Reference:
Crous, P.W., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Wingfield, M.J. , Carnegie5, A.J., Hernández-Restrepo, M.,
Lombard, L., Roux, J. et al., 2018. Fungal planet description sheets: 785–867. Persoonia,
41, pp. 238–417.
114
Pseudopyricularia persiana: (a–d) conidiophores solitary erect, unbranched, branched; (e–i)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
115
Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(6): 20 (1880)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Synonym: Ceratosphaeria grisea T.T. Hebert, Phytopathology 61(1): 86. 1971, Magnaporthe
grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr, Mycologia 69(5): 954. 1977
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pyricularia
Description: Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight or curved to geniculate, unbranched, pale
brown, smooth, 70–175 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, pale
brown, smooth, denticles. Conidia solitary, obpyriform, brown, smooth, 2-septate, 26–31 × 6–8
µm; hilum protuberant. Colonies grown on PDA after 1 wk at 23–25 °C grey, reaching 50 mm
diam.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Digitaria sp. Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan
provinces.
Molecular data: UTFC-PO6 (ITS = KP144438)
Note: This species is morphologically similar to Pyricularia oryzae Cavara which differs by its
shorter and slightly wider conidia (16–25 × 7–10 μm).
References:
Klaubauf, S., Tharreau, D., Fournier, E., Groenewald, J. Z., Crous, P. W., De Vries, R. P., &
Lebrun, M. H. 2014. Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae).
Studies in Mycology, 79, pp. 85–120.
Pordel, A., Javan-Nikkhah, M. and Khodaparast, S.A., 2015. Revision of Pyricularia oryzae and
occurrence of new hosts for the pathogen Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 52, pp.
67–83.
116
Pyricularia grisea: (a–c) conidiophores solitary, erect, branched, unbranched; (d–f) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
117
Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, Fungi Longobardiae exsiccati sive Mycetum specimina in
Longobardia collecta, exsiccata et speciebus novis vel criticis, iconibus illustrata Pug. I: no. 49
(1891)
A. Pordel
Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran (a_pordel@ut.ac.ir)
M. Javan-Nikkhah
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj
31587-77871, Iran (jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir)
Synonym: Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, Mycologia 94(4): 692. 2002
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Magnaporthales,
Pyriculariaceae, Pyricularia
Description: Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight or curved to geniculate, unbranched, pale
brown, smooth, 100–250 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, pale
brown, smooth, denticles. Conidia solitary, obpyriform, medium brown, smooth, 2-septate, 16–25
× 7–10 µm; hilum protuberant. Colonies grown on PDA after 1 wk at 23–25 °C grey, reaching 50
mm diam.
Host and Distribution: On infected leaves of Oryza sativa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Zea mays,
Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca, Setaria italica, Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum distichum, Eleusine
indica, Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces.
Molecular data: IR0125 (ITS = MH188319, RPB1 = MH188330, CAL = MH188335); IR0129
(ITS = KP144439, RPB1 = MH188331, CAL = MH188345); IR0148 (ITS = MH188322, RPB1
= MH188334, CAL = MH188346).
Note: This species is morphologically similar to Pyricularia grisea Sacc. which differs by its
longer and slightly wider conidia (26–31 × 6–8 μm).
References:
Klaubauf, S., Tharreau, D., Fournier, E., Groenewald, J. Z., Crous, P. W., De Vries, R. P., &
Lebrun, M. H. 2014. Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae).
Studies in Mycology, 79, pp. 85–120.
Pordel, A., Javan-Nikkhah, M. and Khodaparast, S.A., 2015. Revision of Pyricularia oryzae and
occurrence of new hosts for the pathogen Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 52, pp.
67–83.
118
Pyricularia oryzae: (a) conidia; (b) conidiophores solitary, erect, branched, unbranched. Scale bars
= 10 µm
119
Ascomycota
Mycosphaerellales
120
Cercospora althaeina Sacc., Michelia 1: 269 (1878)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, angular to irregular, mostly vein-limited, olivaceous-brown,
sometimes grey-brown with dark brown margin, center becoming pale grey with black dots (=
stroma with conidiophores). Caespituli amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous. Mycelium internal.
Stromata well-developed, emerging through stomatal openings or erumpent through the cuticle.
Conidiophores in divergent fascicles (6–18), pale olivaceous-brown at the base, paler upwards,
2–8-septate, straight to mildly curved, (50–)130–170(–250) × 3.5–6 µm, conically narrowed at
the apex; loci conspicuous, apical or on shoulders formed by geniculation, 1.5–2 µm. Conidia
solitary, obclavate-cylindrical to filiform, not acicular, straight to mildly curved, hyaline, 4–12-
septate, obtuse at the apex, subtruncate or obconically truncate at the base, (40–)70–95(–145)
× 3–5 µm.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. , Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU
1001) (CCTU 1026) (CCTU 1152), Guilan province, Sowme'eh Sara (CCTU 1028); on leaves
of Malva sylvestris, Talesh (CCTU 1071) (CCTU 1222), East Azerbaijan province, Kaleibar
(CCTU 1194 = IRAN 2674C) (CCTU 1249); on leaves of Malva sp., Mazandaran, Amol,
36°28'31.21'' N, 52°27'56.69'' E (IRAN 3920C, IRAN 17716F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1001 (ITS = KJ886392, TEF = KJ886231, ACT = KJ885909, CAL =
KJ885748, HIS = KJ886070); CCTU 1026 (ITS = KJ886393, TEF = KJ886232, ACT =
KJ885910, CAL = KJ885749, HIS = KJ886071); CCTU 1028 (ITS = KJ886394, TEF =
KJ886233, ACT = KJ885911, CAL = KJ885750, HIS = KJ886072); CCTU 1071 (ITS =
KJ886395, TEF = KJ886234, ACT = KJ885912, CAL = KJ885751, HIS = KJ886073); CCTU
1152 (ITS = KJ886396, TEF = KJ886235, ACT = KJ885913, CAL = KJ885752, HIS =
KJ886074); CCTU 1194 = IRAN 2674C (ITS = KJ886397, TEF = KJ886236, ACT =
KJ885914, CAL = KJ885753, HIS = KJ886075); CCTU 1224 (ITS = KJ886398, TEF =
KJ886237, ACT = KJ885915, CAL = KJ885754, HIS = KJ886076); CCTU 1249 (ITS =
KJ886399, TEF = KJ886238, ACT = KJ885916, CAL = KJ885755, HIS = KJ886077), IRAN
3920C (TEF = MT843584, ACT = MT843607, CAL = MT843631, HIS = MT843658, GAPDH
= MT843686).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Groenewald, J.Z., Nakashima, C., Nishikawa, J., Shin, H.D., Park, J.H., Jama, A.N.,
Groenewald, M., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Species concepts in Cercospora:
spotting the weeds among the roses. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 115–170.
121
Cercospora althaeina: (a, b) leaf spots; (c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–g) conidia. Scale bars
= 10 µm
122
Cercospora apii Fresen., emend. Groenewald et al., Phytopathology 95: 954 (2005)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, distinct, circular to subcircular, 1–9 mm diam, white-
grey in centre, surrounded by a dark purple-brown border. Mycelium internal. Caespituli
amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in moderately dense fascicles (4–15), arising
from the upper cells of a well-developed brown stroma, to 50 μm wide; conidiophores brown,
becoming pale brown towards the apex, 1–6-septate, straight to variously curved, unbranched,
uniform in wide, (45–)80–95(–125) × 4–5.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, lateral or
terminal, unbranched, brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, 20–40 × 3.5–5 μm, multi-
local; loci thickened, darkened, refractive, apical or lateral, 2–3.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary,
smooth, obclavate-cylindrical to acicular, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, distinctly 3–9(–
15)-septate, apex subacute or subobtusely rounded, base subtruncate to obconically truncate,
(30–)65–80(–115) × 3–5 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 2–3.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Cynanchum acutum L., Ardabil province, Moghan
(CCTU 1069) (CCTU 1086 = IRAN 2655C = CBS 136037) (CCTU 1215) (CCTU 1219).
Molecular data: CCTU 1069 (ITS = KJ886410, TEF = KJ886249, ACT = KJ885927, CAL =
KJ885764, HIS = KJ886086); CCTU 1086 = IRAN 2655C = CBS 136037 (ITS = KJ886411,
TEF = KJ886250, ACT = KJ885928, CAL = KJ885765, HIS = KJ886087); CCTU 1215 (ITS
= KJ886412, TEF = KJ886251, ACT = KJ885929, CAL = KJ885766, HIS = KJ886088); CCTU
1219 (ITS = KJ886413, TEF = KJ886252, ACT = KJ885930, CAL = KJ885767, HIS =
KJ886089).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2018. Novel
primers improve species delimitation in Cercospora. IMA fungus, 9, pp. 299–332.
123
Cercospora apii: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–h) conidia. Scale bars = 10
µm
124
Cercospora beticola Sacc., emend. Groenewald et al., Phytopathology 95: 954 (2005)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, distinct, circular to subcircular, 1–7 mm diam, white-
grey, with grey dots (stroma with conidiophores), surrounded by distinct brown border.
Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in loose to
dense fascicles, emerging through stomatal openings or erumpent through the cuticle, arising
from the upper cells of a moderately to well-developed brown stroma, to 110 μm diam;
conidiophores brown, becoming paler towards apex, 2–8-septate, thick walled, straight to
geniculate-sinuous, unbranched, uniform in width, (30–)80–110(–185) × 4–5(–6) μm.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or lateral, unbranched, brown, smooth, proliferating
sympodially, 10–30 × 3.5–5.5 μm, mostly multi-local, sometimes mono-local; loci apical or
formed on shoulders caused by geniculation, thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–2 μm diam.
Conidia solitary, subcylindrical, fliform to acicular, straight to variously curved, hyaline, 3–
15(–29)-septate, apex subacute to acute, base truncate to subtruncate, (40–)90–140(–300) × 2–
5 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Beta vulgaris L., Guilan province, Talesh, Khotbe sara
(CCTU 1135), Ardabil province, Moghan, 39°30'08.27''N, 48°02'38.62''E (IRAN 3923C, IRAN
17720F), Mazandaran province, Kelardasht, Goharkela, 36°28'59.04''N, 51°14'58.68''E (IRAN
3924C, IRAN 17721F), Mazandaran province, Marzanabad, Foshkour, 36°21'29.2" N
51°11'43.0" E (P 656 R2, IRAN 17722F); on leaves of Plantago lanceolata L., Zanjan province,
Tarom, Mamalan (CCTU 1108), Ardabil province, Moghan (CCTU 1089 = CPC 24911); on
leaves of Chenopodium sp., Ardabil province, Moghan (CCTU 1057 = IRAN 2651C) (CCTU
1065) (CCTU 1087); on leaves of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Ardabil province, Moghan (CCTU
1088 = CBS 138582), on leaves of Raphanus sativus, Khuzestan province, Shush-Dezful,
32°15'14.5" N 48°22'46.9" E (IRAN 3925C, IRAN 17723F)
Molecular data: CCTU 1135 (ITS = KJ886432, TEF = KJ886271, ACT = KJ885949, CAL =
KJ885788, HIS = KJ886110); CCTU 1108 (ITS = KJ886430, TEF = KJ886269, ACT =
KJ885947, CAL = KJ885786, HIS = KJ886108); CCTU 1089 = CPC 24911 (ITS = KJ886429,
TEF = KJ886268, ACT = KJ885946, CAL = KJ885785, HIS = KJ886107); CCTU 1057 =
IRAN 2651C (ITS = KJ886424, TEF = KJ886263, ACT = KJ885941, CAL = KJ885780, HIS
= KJ886102); CCTU 1065 (ITS = KJ886425, TEF = KJ886264, ACT = KJ885942, CAL =
KJ885781, HIS = KJ886103); CCTU 1087 (ITS = KJ886427, TEF = KJ886266, ACT =
KJ885944, CAL = KJ885783, HIS = KJ886105); CCTU 1088 = CBS 138582 (ITS =
KJ886428, TEF = KJ886267, ACT = KJ885945, CAL = KJ885784, HIS = KJ886106); IRAN
3923C (CAL = MT843636, HIS = MT843663, GAPDH = MT843691); IRAN 3924C (ACT =
MT843610, CAL = MT843635, HIS = MT843662, GAPDH = MT843690) ; IRAN 3925C
(TEF = MT843587; ACT = MT843612, CAL = MT843638, HIS = MT843665, GAPDH =
MT843693).
125
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2018. Novel
primers improve species delimitation in Cercospora. IMA fungus, 9, pp. 299–332.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Cercospora beticola: (a) leaf spots; (b) fasciculate conidiophores; (c–g) conidia. Scale bars =
10 µm
126
Cercospora chenopodii Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 92 (1863)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com) Organization (AREEO),
Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, distinct, circular to subcircular, 2–6 mm diam, pale
brown with black dots (stroma with conidiophores), definite margin, surrounded by a dark pink
border. Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in dense
fascicles (5–35), arising from the upper cells of a moderately developed brown stroma, up to
70 µm wide; conidiophores medium brown, becoming pale brown towards the apex, 2–8-
septate, straight to variously curved, unbranched, (40–)62–72(–90) × 4–6 μm, width of
conidiogenous cells immediately behind the fertile region is often narrower. Conidiogenous
cells intercalary and terminal, unbranched, pale brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, 20–
50 4 × 4–6 μm, mostly mono-local, sometimes multi-local; loci thickened, darkened,
protuberant, refractive, apical or lateral, 2–3.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, smooth,
subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, distinctly (0–)2–4(–5)-septate, apex obtuse,
base obconically truncate, sometimes constricted at the septa, (20–)27–32(–40) × 5–6(–7) μm;
hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 2–4 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Chenopodium album L., Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU
1033); Guilan province, Bandar-e Anzali (CCTU 1060 = IRAN 2652C); Guilan province,
Langroud (CCTU 1157); Guilan province, Lahijan (CCTU 1163).
Molecular data: CCTU 1033 (ITS = KJ886437, TEF = KJ886276, ACT = KJ885954, CAL =
KJ885793, HIS = KJ886115); CCTU 1060 = IRAN 2652C (ITS = KJ886438, TEF = KJ886277,
ACT = KJ885955, CAL = KJ885794, HIS = KJ886116); CCTU 1157 (ITS = KJ886439, TEF
= KJ886278, ACT = KJ885956, CAL = KJ885795, HIS = KJ886117); CCTU 1163 (ITS =
KJ886440, TEF = KJ886279, ACT = KJ885957, CAL = KJ885796, HIS = KJ886118).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Groenewald, J.Z., Nakashima, C., Nishikawa, J., Shin, H.D., Park, J.H., Jama, A.N.,
Groenewald, M., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Species concepts in Cercospora:
spotting the weeds among the roses. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 115–170.
127
Cercospora chenopodii: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–g) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
128
Cercospora convolvulicola M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari, Crous & U. Braun, Persoonia
34: 77 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spotscircular to subcircular, 2–8 mm, grey-brown to brown, not surrounded
by margin of different colour. Myceliuminternal. Caespituliamphigenous, brown.
Conidiophores straight or sinuously geniculate, in dense fascicles, arising from the upper cells
of a well-developed, intraepidermal and substomatal, brown stroma, up to 40 µm diam;
conidiophores pale brown to brown, simple, rarely branched, moderately thick-walled, irregular
in width, attenuated at the upper portion, often constricted at septa and proliferating point, 35–
50(–70) × (3–)4–6 μm, 2–5-septate. Conidio genous cells intercalary and terminal, proliferating
sympodially, 10–20 × 3–5.5 μm, multi-local; loci distinctly thickened, apical, lateral or formed
on the shoulders caused by geniculation, sometimes circumspersed, protuberant, 1.5–2.5 μm.
Conidia solitary, hyaline, subcylindrical to obclavate, straight or slightly curved, truncate to
somewhat obconically truncate at the base, subacute or subobtusely rounded at the apex, 35–
50(–65) × (2.5–)3.5–4.5 μm, 3–8-septate, guttulate; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–
2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Convolvulus arvensisL., Ardabil province, Moghan
(holotype IRAN 16454F, ex-type culture CCTU 1083 = CBS 136126) (CCTU 1083.2).
Molecular data: CCTU 1083 = CBS 136126 (ITS = KJ886441, TEF = KJ886280, ACT =
KJ885958, CAL = KJ885797, HIS = KJ886119); CCTU 1083.2 (ITS = KJ886442, TEF =
KJ886281, ACT = KJ885959, CAL = KJ885798, HIS = KJ886120).
Note: Cercospora convolvulicola differs morphologically from C. ipomoea (otherspecies
known from Convolvulus arvensis), by having dense conidiophores and shorter, guttulate,
subcylindrical to obclavate conidia (Bakhshi et al. 2015).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
129
Cercospora convolvulicola: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–j) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
130
Cercospora conyzae-canadensis M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari, Crous & U. Braun,
Persoonia 34: 77 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, 1–4 mm diam, grey to pale brown with dark
brown margins. Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated
in loose fascicles (3–15), arising from a weakly developed, intraepidermal and substomatal,
dark brown stroma, up to 30 µm diam; conidiophores brown to dark brown, 2–6-septate, straight
to geniculate-sinuous due to sympodial proliferation, simple, thick-walled, uniform in width,
often constricted at the proliferating point, (57–)97–112(–140) × 4.5–5.5 μm. Conidiogenous
cells intercalary and terminal, pale brown to brown, proliferating sympodially, 20–40 × 4–5.5
μm, multi-local; loci distinctly thickened, darkened and somewhat refractive, apical or formed
on shoulders caused by sympodial proliferation, 2–3.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, filiform to
obclavate-cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, (32–)60–94(–170) × 3.5–5.5 μm, (3–
)7–12(–17)-septate, with subobtusely rounded apices and truncate to obconically truncate
bases; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Guilan province,
Talesh (holotype IRAN 16455F, culture ex-type CCTU 1119 = CBS 135978) (CCTU 1008),
Zanjan province, Tarom (IRAN 2657C = CCTU 1105), Mazandaran province, Sangdeh,
36°08'05.72''N, 53°12'49.12''E (IRAN 3927C, IRAN 17725F), Amol, Baudeh, 36°34'52.46''N,
52°20'59.88''E (IRAN 3928C, IRAN 17726F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1119 = CBS 135978 (ITS = KJ886445, TEF = KJ886284, ACT =
KJ885962, CAL = KJ885801, HIS = KJ886123); CCTU 1008 (ITS = KJ886443, TEF =
KJ886282, ACT = KJ885960, CAL = KJ885799, HIS = KJ886121); IRAN 2657C = CCTU
1105 (ITS = KJ886444, TEF = KJ886283, ACT = KJ885961, CAL = KJ885800, HIS =
KJ886122); IRAN 3927C (GAPDH = MT843695); IRAN 3928C (GAPDH = MT843696).
Note: Three species of Cercospora, including C. bidentis, C. erigeronicola and C. nilghirensis,
have been reported from Conyza. Cercospora conyzae-canadensisis morphologically
distinguished from those species by its moderately developed stroma, loose fascicles and dark
brown conidiophores. Cercospora erigeronicola is distinct in having shorter and narrower, 0–
3-septate conidia, 15–45 × 2–3.5 µm. Cercospora conyzae-canadensis is morphologically
close to C. nilghirensis in conidial shape and size. However, C. nilghirensis, described from
India on Conyza ambigua, lacks stromata and has numerous longer conidiophores that are
densely fasciculate. Cercospora conyzae-canadensis appears to be specific to Conyza
Canadensis (Bakhshi et al. 2015).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
131
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Cercospora conyzae-canadensis: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–h) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
132
Cercospora cylindracea M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari, Crous & U. Braun, Persoonia 34:
78 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, circular to subcircular, sometimes angular, pale brown, with
broad brown margin, sometimes appearing as an eye spot, 1–7 mm diam. Mycelium internal.
Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores in divergent fascicles (4–25), arising from the
upper cells of a moderately to well-developed, intraepidermal and substomatal, brown stroma,
up to 30 µm diam; conidiophores pale brown to brown, thick-walled, 1–6-septate, straight,
sinuous to distinctly geniculate, flexuous, (35–)55–65(–90) × 4–5.5 μm, irregular in wide,
conically narrowed at the apex. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, unbranched, pale
brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, 15–30 × 3.5–5 μm, multi-local; loci thickened,
darkened, refractive, protuberant, apical, lateral or circumspersed, 1.5–2.5 μm diam. Conidia
solitary, subcylindrical to cylindrical, straight to mildly curved, hyaline, distinctly 1–10-septate,
obtuse at the apex, subtruncate at the base, (30–)45–60(–90) × 3.5–5.5 μm; hila thickened,
darkened, refractive, 1.5–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Lactuca serriola L., Ardabil province, Moghan (holotype
IRAN 16468F, culture ex-type CCTU 1081 = CBS 138580 = IRAN 2654C) (CCTU 1207),
West Azerbaijan province, Khoy (CCTU 1044 = CBS 136021) (CCTU 1049) (CCTU 1183)
(CCTU 1189); on leaves of Cichorium intybus L., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy (CCTU
1016), Zanjan, Tarom (CCTU 1114), Mazandaran province, Galugah-Sefidchah (IRAN
3929C, IRAN 17727F), North Khorasan province, Eshghabad, Raz, 37°41'47.6" N 56°55'08.7"
E (IRAN 3930C, IRAN 17728F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1016 (ITS = KJ886446, TEF = KJ886285, ACT = KJ885963, CAL =
KJ885802, HIS = KJ886124); CCTU 1044 = CBS 136021 (ITS = KJ886447, TEF = KJ886286,
ACT = KJ885964, CAL = KJ885803, HIS = KJ886125); CCTU 1049 (ITS = KJ886448, TEF
= KJ886287, ACT = KJ885965, CAL = KJ885804, HIS = KJ886126); CCTU 1081 = CBS
138580 = IRAN 2654C (ITS = KJ886449, TEF = KJ886288, ACT = KJ885966, CAL =
KJ885805, HIS = KJ886127); CCTU 1114 (ITS = KJ886450, TEF = KJ886289, ACT =
KJ885967, CAL = KJ885806, HIS = KJ886128); CCTU 1183 (ITS = KJ886451, TEF =
KJ886290, ACT = KJ885968, CAL = KJ885807, HIS = KJ886129); CCTU 1189 (ITS =
KJ886452, TEF = KJ886291, ACT = KJ885969, CAL = KJ885808, HIS = KJ886130); CCTU
1207 (ITS = KJ886453, TEF = KJ886292, ACT = KJ885970, CAL = KJ885809, HIS =
KJ886131); IRAN 3929C (TEF = MT843589; ACT = MT843614, CAL = MT843640, HIS =
MT843667, GAPDH = MT843697); IRAN 3930C (ITS = MT804379; TEF = MT843590; ACT
= MT843615, CAL = MT843641, HIS = MT843668, GAPDH = MT843698).
Note: Three species of Cercospora including C. apii, C. lactuca-sativae and C. cichorii, are
known from Lactuca serriola and Cichorium intybus. Cercospora cylindraceais separated in
the combined gene tree from C. apii and C. lactucae-sativae (Bakhshi et al. 2015). Cercospora
cylindracea differs from C. cichorii and C. lactucae-sativae by its cylindrical to subcylindrical
133
conidia. Furthermore, the conidiogenous loci in C. lactucae-sativae are broader, 2.5–3.5 µm,
than in C. cylindracea (Bakhshi et al. 2015).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Cercospora cylindracea: (a, b) leaf spots; (c–e) fasciculate conidiophores; (f–k) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
134
Cercospora iranica M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari, Crous & U. Braun, Persoonia 34: 79
(2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, 1–7 mm, first appearing as red-brown spots,
later centre becoming grey with red-brown borders on upper and lower surface. Mycelium
internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in moderately dense
fascicles (8–20), arising from a well-developed, erumpent, dark brown stroma, up to 40 μm
diam; conidiophores brown, becoming pale brown towards the apex, 2–6-septate, straight to
geniculate-sinuous due to sympodial proliferation, simple, uniform in width, sometimes
constricted at the proliferating point, (30–)62–71(–90) × 4–5.5(–6) μm. Conidiogenous cells
intercalary and terminal, pale brown to brown, proliferating sympodially, 15–35 × 4–5 μm,
multi-local; loci distinctly thickened, darkened and somewhat refractive, apical, lateral or
formed on shoulders caused by geniculation, 2–3.5μm diam. Conidia solitary, obclavate when
smaller, longer ones filiform to acicular, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, (27–)52–67(–95)
× 2–4 μm, (3–)7–10(–14)-septate, with subobtusely rounded apices and truncate or long
obconically truncate bases; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–2 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Vicia faba L., Guilan province, Astara (holotype IRAN
16466F, culture ex-type CCTU 1137 = CBS 136124) (CCTU 1137.2); on leaves of Hydrangea
sp., Mazandaran province, Ramsar (CCTU 1196 = CBS 136123); on leaves of Bidens tripartita,
Guilan province, Siahkal, 37°11'58.61'' N, 49°55'20.78'' E (IRAN 3948C, IRAN 17745F).
Molecular data: CBS 136124 (ITS = KJ886513, TEF = KJ886352, ACT = KJ886030, CAL
= KJ885869, HIS = KJ886191); CCTU 1137.2 (ITS = KJ886514, TEF = KJ886353, ACT =
KJ886031, CAL = KJ885870, HIS = KJ886192); CBS 136123 (ITS = KJ886515, TEF =
KJ886354, ACT = KJ886032, CAL = KJ885871, HIS = KJ886193); IRAN 3948C (TEF =
MT843592; ACT = MT843619, CAL = MT843647, HIS = MT843672, GAPDH =
MT843714).
Note: Cercospora zonata, the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot of faba beans (Kimber
2011) is morphologically quite distinct from C. iranica in having much broader (3–6 µm)
obclavate-cylindrical conidia with short obconical base and larger hila, 2–2.5 µm wide (various
collections examined, including topotype material of C. zonata: on Vicia faba, Portugal, May
1884, F. Moller, Rabenh., Fung. Eur. Exs. 3294, B, HAL). Caespituli that arise from a well-
developed, erumpent stroma on the leaf surface is a unique morphological character of this
species on Vicia faba (Bakhshi et al. 2015).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
135
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Kimber, R.B.E., 2011. Epidemiology and management of cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora
zonata) of faba beans (Vicia faba) (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Adelaide).
Cercospora iranica: (a) leaf spots; (b) fasciculate conidiophores; (c–h) conidia. Scale bars = 10
µm
136
Cercospora pseudochenopodii M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, Persoonia 34: 81
(2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, circular to irregular, 5–12 mm diam, pale brown, with
concentric rings on adaxial and abaxial surface (stroma with conidiophores), indefinite margin,
not surrounded by a border of different color. Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous,
brown. Conidiophores aggregated in dense fascicles (8–40), emerging through stomatal
openings or erumpent through the cuticle, arising from the upper cells of a moderately
developed brown stroma, up to 60 µm wide; conidiophores pale brown to brown, 2–5-septate,
thick-walled, mainly straight, sometimes geniculate in upper part, unbranched, almost uniform
in width, (32–)39–45(–60) × (3.5–)4.5–5(–6.5) μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, unbranched,
pale brown, smooth, tapering to flat-tipped apical loci, proliferating sympodially, 10–30 3 ×
3.5–6.5 μm, mostly mono-local, sometimes multi-local; loci apical or formed on shoulders
caused by geniculation, thickened, darkened, protuberant, somewhat refractive, 2–4 μm diam.
Conidia solitary, guttulate, cylindrical to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, (0–
)2–4(–5)-septate, apex obtuse, base obconically truncate, (25–)37–44.5(–70) × (4–)5–5.5(–7)
μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 2–4 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Chenopodium sp., Zanjan province, Tarom (holotype
IRAN 16467F, ex-type culture CCTU 1038 = CBS 136022 = IRAN 2649C), West Azerbaijan
province, Khoy (CCTU 1045); on leaves of C. album L., West Azerbaijan, Khoy (CCTU 1176).
Molecular data: CBS 136022 (ITS = KJ886516, TEF = KJ886355, ACT = KJ886033, CAL =
KJ885872, HIS = KJ886194); CCTU 1045 (ITS = KJ886517, TEF = KJ886356, ACT =
KJ886034, CAL = KJ885873, HIS = KJ886195); CCTU 1176 (ITS = KJ886518, TEF =
KJ886357, ACT = KJ886035, CAL = KJ885874, HIS = KJ886196).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
137
Cercospora pseudochenopodii: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–h) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
138
Cercospora rumicis Pavgi & U.P. Singh, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 23: 191 (1964)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots circular to subcircular, with grey center and purple-brown margin, 2–
8 mm diam. Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores in divergent
fascicles, arising from the upper cells of a moderately to well-developed, intraepidermal and
substomatal, brown stroma; conidiophores pale brown to brown, 1–6-septate, straight, sinuous
to distinctly geniculate, (40–)58–70 × 4– 5 μm, irregular in width, constricted at the parts of
proliferation or at the septa. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, unbranched, pale
brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, multi-local; loci thickened, darkened, refractive,
apical or formed on the shoulders caused by geniculation. Conidia solitary, subcylindrical to
filiform, straight to mildly curved, hyaline, distinctly 2–15-septate, subobtuse at the apex,
truncate at the base, (37–)80–110(–160) × 2.5–5 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–
2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Urtica dioica L., Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU 1121);
on leaves of Rumex crispus L., Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU 1123) (CCTU 1129 = IRAN
2662C); on leaves of Rumex sp., Mazandaran province, Amol, Najarmahalleh, 36°26'39.88''N,
52°27'11.02''E, (IRAN 3953C, IRAN 17750F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1121 (ITS = KJ886520, TEF = KJ886359, ACT = KJ886037, CAL =
KJ885876, HIS = KJ886198); CCTU 1123 (ITS = KJ886521, TEF = KJ886360, ACT =
KJ886038, CAL = KJ885877, HIS = KJ886199); CCTU 1129 = IRAN 2662C (ITS =
KJ886522, TEF = KJ886361, ACT = KJ886039, CAL = KJ885878, HIS = KJ886200); IRAN
3953C (GAPDH = MT843718).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia–Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Groenewald, J.Z., Nakashima, C., Nishikawa, J., Shin, H.D., Park, J.H., Jama, A.N.,
Groenewald, M., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Species concepts in Cercospora:
spotting the weeds among the roses. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 115–170.
139
Cercospora rumicis: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–f) conidia. Scale bars =
10 µm
140
Cercospora solani Thüm., Hedwigia 19: 135 (1880)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, subcircular to irregular, 8–27 mm diam, with grey to
black dots (stroma with conidiophores) and dark grey margins. Mycelium internal. Caespituli
amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in moderately dense fascicles (6–20), arising
from a well-developed, intraepidermal and substomatal, brown stromata, 10–55 μm diam;
conidiophores pale brown to brown, 2–6-septate, straight to geniculate-sinuous due to
sympodial proliferation, simple, rarely branched, almost uniform in width, often constricted at
the proliferating point, (45–)64–75(–100) × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells intercalary and
terminal, pale brown to brown, tapering to flat-tipped apical loci, proliferating sympodially,
20–35 × 4–5 μm, multi-local; loci distinctly thickened, darkened and somewhat refractive,
apical or formed on shoulders caused by geniculation, 2–3.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary,
subcylindrical or somewhat narrowed towards the tip, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, thin-
walled, (26–)48–59(–92) × (3.5–)4.5–5.5 μm, distinctly (2–)3–7(–8)-septate, with subobtusely
rounded apices and truncate bases; hila distinctly thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–2.5 μm
diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Solanum nigrum L., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy
(CCTU 1043 = CBS 136038) (CCTU 1050).
Molecular data: CBS 136038 (ITS = KJ886523, TEF = KJ886362, ACT = KJ886040, CAL =
KJ885879, HIS = KJ886201); CCTU 1050 (ITS = KJ886524, TEF = KJ886363, ACT =
KJ886041, CAL = KJ885880, HIS = KJ886202).
Note: Ten species of Cercospora have been reported from Solanum, including C. apii, C.
canescens, C. lanugiflori, C. physalidis, C. puyana, C. sciadophila, C. solanacea, C. solani, C.
solanigena and C. solani-nigri. Cercospora solani is phylogenetically distinct from C. apii, C.
canescens and C. physalidis (Bakhshi et al. 2015). Among the other candidate species, the status
of C. lanugiflorii, C. sciadophila and C. solanigena are uncertain, as their type collections are
lacking (Crous & Braun 2003); symptoms of C. puyana are different, and C. solanacea has
been reduced to synonymy with Pseudocercospora trichophila var. punctata (Braun & Urtiaga
2013). Cercospora solani-nigri is also a Pseudocercospora and heterotypic synonym of P.
atromarginalis (type material examined by U. Braun: on Solanum nigrum, India, Poona, 18
Dec. 1957, P.P. Chiddarwar, BPI 441404). The description of C. solani in Chupp (1954) is
misleading. It is unclear on which collections Chupp’s (1954) description was based. The name
C. solani has often been confusingly applied. However, type material of C. solani has been
examined by U. Braun (on Solanum nigrum, Portugal, Coimbra, Jan. 1879, F. Moller, Thüm.,
Mycoth. Univ. 2070, HAL) and was shown to be a true Cercospora s. str. characterised by
cylindrical to subacicular (somewhat apically attenuated) conidia. The type of C. solani agrees
well with the present material from Iran (Bakhshi et al. 2015).
141
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Braun, U. and Urtiaga, R., 2013. New species and new records of cercosporoid hyphomycetes
from Cuba and Venezuela (Part 2). Mycosphere, 4(2), pp. 176–216.
Chupp, C., 1954. A monograph of the fungus genus Cercospora. Ithaca, New York.
Crous, P.W. and Braun, U., 2003. Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in
Cercospora and Passalora. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS).
Cercospora solani: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–h) conidia. Scale bars =
10 µm
142
Cercospora sorghicola M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, Persoonia 34: 81 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, initially dark purple spots that enlarge over time into
linear-oblong lesions with dark purple centre and dark red-purple margins, 5–35 mm long.
Mycelium internal. Caespituli amphigenous, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in loose or
dense fascicles (5–40), arising from the upper cells of a well-developed, intraepidermal and
substomatal, brown stroma, up to 50 µm diam; conidiophores pale brown to brown, paler
towards the apex, simple, unbranched, 1–8-septate, straight or flexuous caused by sympodial
proliferation, almost uniform in width, sometimes conical at the apex, (45–)70–80(–100) × 4–
5.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, unbranched, pale brown, smooth,
proliferating sympodially, 20–40 × 3.5–5.5 μm, multi-local; loci thickened, darkened,
refractive, protuberant, apical, lateral, 2–4 μm diam. Conidia solitary, smooth, acicular,
cylindro-obclavate to obclavate, straight or curved, successively tapering towards the apex,
hyaline, (3–)8–13(–17)-septate, apex subacute to subobtuse, base truncate to obconically
truncate, (21–)80–100(–150) × 3–4(–5) μm; hila distinctly thickened, darkened, refractive, 1.5–
2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Guilan province, Kiashahr
(holotype IRAN 16457F, ex-type culture CCTU 1173 = CBS 136448 = IRAN 2672C); on
leaves of Chenopodium sp., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy (CCTU 1173.2).
Molecular data: CBS 136448 (ITS = KJ886525, TEF = KJ886364, ACT = KJ886042, CAL =
KJ885881, HIS = KJ886203); CCTU 1173.2 (ITS = KJ886526, TEF = KJ886365, ACT =
KJ886043, CAL = KJ885882, HIS = KJ886204).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015.Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
143
Cercospora sorghicola: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–i) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
144
Cercospora violae Sacc., Nuovo Giron. Bot. Ital. 8: 187 (1876)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots circular to irregular, mostly vein-limited, dark brown, with concentric
rings (= stroma with conidiophores), 2–8 mm diam. Mycelium internal. Caespituli
amphigenous. Stromata lacking to moderately developed, dark brown, intraepidermal and
substomatal. Conidiophores in moderately dense fascicles, irregular in width, slightly
attenuated at the upper portion, straight or mildly sinuous-geniculate, straight, simple, rarely
branched, pale brown to brown, short conically truncate at the apex, wider at the base, 45–70(–
90) × 3.5–4.5 µm, 2–12-septate. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, rarely intercalary,
proliferating sympodially, multilocal; loci distinct, thickened, apical or formed on shoulders
caused by geniculation, 2–3.5 µm diam. Conidia solitary, hyaline, subcylindrical to obclavate
or acicular, straight to slightly curved, truncate at the base, subobtuse at the apex, 44–95(–132)
× 2.5–3.5 µm, 3–14-septate, smooth.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Viola sp., Mazandaran province, Nowshahr, Sisangan
(CCTU 1025 = IRAN 2646C); on leaves of Viola sp., Golestan province, Gorgan, Shastkola,
36°46'59.0" N, 54°21'58.0" E (IRAN 3963C, IRAN 17759F) (IRAN 3964C, IRAN 17760F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1025 = IRAN 2646C (ITS = KJ886543, TEF = KJ886382, ACT =
KJ886060, CAL = KJ885899, HIS = KJ886221); IRAN 3963C (GAPDH = MT843729); IRAN
3964C (GAPDH = MT843730).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Groenewald, J.Z., Nakashima, C., Nishikawa, J., Shin, H.D., Park, J.H., Jama, A.N.,
Groenewald, M., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Species concepts in Cercospora:
spotting the weeds among the roses. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 115–170.
145
Cercospora viola: (a, b) leaf spots; (c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–f) conidia. Scale bars = 10
µm
146
Cercospora zebrina Pass., Hedwigia 16: 124 (1877)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Cercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, circular to irregular, brown to dark grey, without definite
borders. Caespituli amphigenous. Mycelium internal. Stromata well-developed, intraepidermal
or substomatal. Conidiophores in moderately dense fascicles (4–18), brown at the base, paler
upwards, 1–6-septate, straight to mildly curved, (30–)50–65(–98) × 3.5–5 µm. Conidiogenous
cells mostly terminal, pale brown, proliferating sympodially, uni-local to multi-local; loci
conspicuous, thickened, darkened, refractive, apical, 2–3 µm. Conidia solitary, rarely catenate,
cylindrical to obclavate-subcylindrical, straight to mildly curved, hyaline, 3–14-septate, obtuse
at the apex, subtruncate or obconically truncate at the base, (30–)50–85(–135) × 3–5 µm.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Medicago sp., Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU 1012 =
CBS 136129); on leaves of Alhagi maurorum Medik., Zanjan, Tarom (CCTU 1039), Golestan
province, Agh-ghala-Incheboroun, Agh-Ghabr, 37°00'42.6"N, 54°23'43.1"E (IRAN 3969C,
IRAN 17765F); on leaves of Medicago sativa L., Zanjan province, Tarom (CCTU 1110 =
IRAN 2658C), West Azerbaijan province, Khoy (CCTU 1180), East Azerbaijan province,
Marand (CCTU 1225), Golestan province, Gorgan, 36°50'26.2" N 54°27'25.0" E (IRAN
3965C, IRAN 17761F), North Khorasan province, Ashkhaneh, 37°35'13.2" N, 56°52'13.7" E
(IRAN 3966C, IRAN 17762F), Mazandaran province, Galugah-Sefidchah, 36°41'50.38'' N,
53°47'58.84'' E (IRAN 3967C, IRAN 17763F); on leaves of Trifolium repens L., West
Azerbaijan, Khoy (CCTU 1181); on leaves of Vicia sp., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy
(CCTU 1185); on leaves of Vitis vinifera L., East Azerbaijan province, Kaleibar (CCTU 1239
= CBS 135977); on leaves of Oxalis sp., Golestan province, Gorgan, Ghorogh Forest Park
(IRAN 3968C, IRAN 17764F).
Molecular data: CCTU 1012 = CBS 136129 (ITS = KJ886544, TEF = KJ886383, ACT =
KJ886061, CAL = KJ885900, HIS = KJ886222); CCTU 1039 (ITS = KJ886545, TEF =
KJ886384, ACT = KJ886062, CAL = KJ885901, HIS = KJ886223); CCTU 1110 = IRAN
2658C (ITS = KJ886546, TEF = KJ886385, ACT = KJ886063, CAL = KJ885902, HIS =
KJ886224); CCTU 1180 (ITS = KJ886547, TEF = KJ886386, ACT = KJ886064, CAL =
KJ885903, HIS = KJ886225); CCTU 1181 (ITS = KJ886548, TEF = KJ886387, ACT =
KJ886065, CAL = KJ885904, HIS = KJ886226); CCTU 1185 (ITS = KJ886549, TEF =
KJ886388, ACT = KJ886066, CAL = KJ885905, HIS = KJ886227); CCTU 1225 (ITS =
KJ886550, TEF = KJ886389, ACT = KJ886067, CAL = KJ885906, HIS = KJ886228); CCTU
1239 = CBS 135977 (ITS = KJ886551, TEF = KJ886390, ACT = KJ886068, CAL =
KJ885907, HIS = KJ886229); IRAN 3965C (TEF = MT843602; ACT = MT843628, CAL =
MT843654, HIS = MT843681, GAPDH = MT843731); IRAN 3966C (TEF = MT843603;
CAL = MT843655, HIS = MT843682, GAPDH = MT843732); IRAN 3967C (ITS =
MT804384; TEF = MT843604; ACT = MT843629, CAL = MT843656, HIS = MT843683,
GAPDH = MT843733); IRAN 3968C (TEF = MT843605; ACT = MT843630, CAL =
MT843657, HIS = MT843684, GAPDH = MT843734); IRAN 3969C (ITS = MT804385, TEF
= MT843606, HIS = MT843685, GAPDH = MT843735).
147
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W.,
2015. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from
Iran. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34(1), pp. 65–86.
Bakhshi, M. and Zare, R., 2020. Development of new primers based on gapdh gene for
Cercospora species and new host and fungus records for Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 7(1),
pp. 63–82.
Groenewald, J.Z., Nakashima, C., Nishikawa, J., Shin, H.D., Park, J.H., Jama, A.N.,
Groenewald, M., Braun, U. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Species concepts in Cercospora:
spotting the weeds among the roses. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 115–170.
Cercospora zebrina: (a, e, i) leaf spots; (b, f, j) fasciculate conidiophores; (c, d, g, h, k) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
148
Neocercospora ammicola M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, Phytotaxa 213: 28
(2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Neocercospora
Description: in planta: Foliicolous and caulicolous, phytopathogenic. Leaf spots amphigenous,
circular to subcircular, 1–4 mm diam, brown, with raised, dark brown border. Mycelium
internal. Stromata substomatal, weakly to moderately developed, brown, 5–18 µm diam.
Caespituli amphigenous, punctiform, brown. Conidiophores aggregated in loose to moderately
dense fascicles (1–12), arising from the upper cells of substomatal to intraepidermal brown
stromata, up to 18 μm wide and 27 μm high, emerging through stomata or erumpent;
conidiophores aseptate, reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells unbranched, pale
brown to brown, smooth, subcylindrical to cone-shaped, wider at the base, gradually becoming
narrower towards the apex, occasionallygeniculate-sinuous, (10–)14.5–17(–25) × 2.5–3.5(–4)
μm, unilocal and multilocal, sympodial, subdenticulate; loci, conspicuous, thickened, darkened,
somewhat refractive, apical or formed on shoulders caused by geniculation, 1–2.5 μm diam.
Conidia solitary or catenate, in unbranched chains, hyaline, smooth, guttulate or not,
cylindrical, subcylindrical to obclavate-cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 1–10-septate,
(15–)35–50(–110) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4) μm, apex obtuse, base obconically truncate or truncate
with slight basal taper to hilum, 1–2 μm diam, flattened, moderately thickened, darkened and
somewhat refractive. In vitro on MEA: Mycelia consisting of hyaline, branched, septate,
smooth hyphae, 2–6 μm diam, guttulate, gradually becoming pale to medium brown and
somewhat verruculose at fertile regions. Conidiophores solitary or in loose fascicles,
unbranched, pale brown, becoming darker towards the apex, semi-macronematous to
macronematous, up to 85 μm tall, (3–)3.5–4(–5) μm wide, 0–6-septate, septa 10–20 μm apart
(but not observed in planta), often reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
integrated, terminal or lateral or terminal on hyphae when 1-celled, medium brown to brown,
(15–)20–25(–35) × 3–3.5(–4.5) μm, uni- and multilocal, sympodial, subdenticulate; loci
moderately conspicuous, slightly thickened and darkened, somewhat refractive, apical or
formed on shoulders caused by geniculation, 1–2.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary or catenate, in
unbranched chains, hyaline, smooth, guttulate or not, cylindrical to subcylindrical, straight to
gently curved, indistinctly 1–9-septate, (25–)45–60(–95) × (2–)2.5–3(–4) μm; apex obtuse or
subobtuse, base obconically truncate or truncate with slight basal taper to hilum; hila flattened,
with marginal thickening along the rim, somewhat refractive, 1–2 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Ammi majus L., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy,
Firouragh (holotype IRAN 16461F, ex-type culture CCTU 1186 = CBS 136450) (CCTU 1187).
Molecular data: CCTU 1186 = CBS 136450 (ITS = KR232407, TEF = KR232409, ACT =
KR232411, HIS = KR232413); CCTU 1187 (ITS = KR232408, TEF = KR232410, ACT =
KR232412, HIS = KR232414).
149
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2015. Is
morphology in Cercospora a reliable reflection of generic affinity. Phytotaxa, 213(1),
pp. 022–034.
Neocercospora ammicola (in vivo): (a) leaf spots; (b–f) fasciculate conidiophores; (g–m)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
150
Neocercospora ammicola (in vitro): (a) colony on MEA; (b–f) conidiophores; (g–l) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
151
Passalora fraxinicola (D. Ershad) U. Braun & Crous
D. Ershad
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Passalora
Description: Leaf spots very variable in shape and size, 2 to10 mm long, on upper surface
center grayish, border light brown, on lower surface light green but due to fructification
appearing black. Fruiting amphigenous, but chiefly hypophyllous, visible as numerous black
pustules (Fig. 1). Stroma globose, subglobose to elongate, black, 60-80 µm long. Fascicles very
dense. Conidiophores pale brown, sometimes septate, not branched, mildly geniculate, with
spore scars, about 27–30 (–36) µm long and up to 5 µm width. Conidia hyaline, cylindro-
obclavate, straight sometimes slightly curved, often one up to 3 septate, tip rounded, base nearly
obconically truncate, 36.6 (20–50) × 5.5 (4–6) µm (Fig. 2).
Note: Ershad (2000) described and named the fungus as Cercospora fraxinicola D. Ershad on
Fraxinus rotundifolia Miller, collected from Kelardasht. however, later on, Crous & U. Braun
(2003) transferred this species to the genus Passalora as Passalora fraxinicola (D. Ershad) U.
Braun & Crous, due to having conspicuous conidiogenous loci and colorless, also short and
broad conidia with few septa. They mentioned that, this species is close to Passalora fraxini
(DC.: Fr.) Arex, but differs in having shorter conidiophores and colorless, more subcylindrical
conidia with obtuse, rounded apices.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Fraxinus rotundifolia Miller., Mazandaran province,
Kelardasht (holotype IRAN 10583 F).
References:
Crous P.W. and Braun, U. 2003 Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in
Cercospora and Passalora. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelculture, Utrecht, The
Netherlands. 571 pp.
Ershad, D. 2000. Two new species of mitosporic fungi. Rostaniha 1(1-4): 1-9 (in Persian) & 1–
5 (in English).
152
Passalora fraxinicola: Leaf spots of Passalora fraxinicola on upper (right) and lower (left)
surfaces of Fraxinus rotundifolia.
Passalora fraxinicola: (a) conidiophores; (b) conidia. Scale bar = 10 µm
153
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (G.F. Atk.) Deighton, Mycol. Pap. 140: 139 (1976)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, subcircular to irregular, 2–12 mm diam, olivaceous-
green. Mycelium internal. Caespituli predominantly hypophyllous. Stromata well-developed,
substomatal to intraepidermal, semi-immersed, 15–30 μm diam. Conidiophores arranged in
moderately dense fascicles, arising from stromata, through stomata or erumpent through the
cuticle, medium brown, smooth, 1–6-septate, unbranched, straight to curved, subcylindrical,
regular in wide, (15–)45–60 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, medium brown, smooth,
proliferating sympodially, (8–)10–15(–25) × 3.5–4(–5) μm, loci neither thickened nor
darkened. Conidia solitary, pale brown, subcylindrical to obclavate, apex obtuse to subobtuse,
base obconically truncate, straight to gently curved, 1–8-septate, (18–)42–55(–85) × 3–4.5 μm;
hila neither thickened nor darkened or refractive, 1–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Solanum nigrum L., Ardabil province, Moghan (CCTU
1052) (CCTU 1056 = CBS 136112) (CCTU 1091), Mazandaran province, Ramsar, Kotra
(CCTU 1193).
Molecular data: CCTU 1052 (ITS = KM452850, TEF = KM452872, ACT = KM452827, HIS
= KM452846, TUB = KM452891, RPB2 = KM452869); CCTU 1056 = CBS 136112 (ITS =
KM452851, TEF = KM452873, ACT = KM452828, HIS = KM452847, TUB = KM452892,
RPB2 = KM452870); CCTU 1091 (ITS = KM452852, TEF = KM452874, ACT = KM452829,
HIS = KM452848, TUB = KM452893, RPB2 = KM452871); CCTU 1193 (ITS = KM452853,
TEF = KM452875, ACT = KM452830, HIS = KM452849, TUB = KM452894).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014.Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
Crous, P.W., Braun, U., Hunter, G.C., Wingfield, M.J., Verkley, G.J.M., Shin, H.D.,
Nakashima, C. and Groenewald, J.Z., 2013. Phylogenetic lineages in
Pseudocercospora. Studies in Mycology, 75, pp. 37–114.
154
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–g)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
155
Pseudocercospora mazandaranensis M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, Phytotaxa
184: 253 (2014)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, irregular to angular, 5–50 mm diam, distinct, grey-
brown, predominantly occurring at leaf margin or close to leaf tip, but smaller spots are
scattered over the whole leaf lamina, border definite, raised, with dark purple-brown to dark
brown border. Mycelium internal. Caespituli sporodochial, predominantly hypophyllous,
evenly distributed over the leaf spot, punctiform, olivaceous-brown on leaves, floccose.
Stromata well-developed, erumpent to superficial, globular, medium brown to brown, 40–110
μm diam. Conidiophores medium brown, becoming paler toward the apex, aggregated in dense
sporodochial fascicles, smooth to granular, 0–6-septate, branched, straight to curved,
subcylindrical, (20–)42–52(–75) × 3–4(–5) μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, pale
brown, smooth, 10–35 × 3–3.5(–5) μm, proliferating sympodially, loci unthickened, nor
darkened, 1–2.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, pale brown to medium brown, guttulate,
subcylindrical to obclavate, apex subobtuse to subacute, base obconically truncate to truncate,
straight to curved, 1–8-septate, (17–)36–46(–65) × 2–3.5 μm; hila not thickened nor darkened,
1–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Nerium oleander L., Mazandaran province, Tonekabon
(holotype IRAN 16462F, ex-type culture CCTU 1102 = CBS 136115), Guilan province, Rasht
(CCTU 1146).
Molecular data: CCTU 1102 = CBS 136115 (ITS = KM452854, TEF = KM452876, ACT =
KM452831); CCTU 1146 (ITS = KM452855, TEF = KM452877, ACT = KM452832).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014. Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
156
Pseudocercospora mazandaranensis: (a, b) leaf spots; (c, d) fasciculate conidiophores; (e–i)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
157
Pseudocercospora norchiensis Crous, Fungal Diversity 26: 172 (2007)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots amphigenous, subcircular to circular, 2–7 mm diam, with brown centre
and dark purple margins. Mycelium internal. Caespituli epiphyllous. Stromata well-developed,
substomatal to intraepidermal, semi-immersed to superficial, 25–60 μm diam. Conidiophores
arranged in moderately dense fascicles, arising from stromata, through stomata or erumpent
through the cuticle, brown, smooth, 1–6-septate, unbranched, straight to curved, subcylindrical,
regular in wide, (15–)50–70 × 3–4(–5) μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, brown, smooth,
proliferating sympodially, (8–)10–16(–22) × 3–4(–5) μm, loci neither thickened nor darkened.
Conidia solitary, pale brown, subcylindrical to obclavate, apex subobtuse to subacute, base
obconically truncate, straight to gently curved, 1–8-septate, (18–)42–55(–85) × 3–4.5 μm; hila
neither thickened nor darkened or refractive, 1–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Rubus sp., Guilan province, Talesh, Dulbin (CCTU 1009)
(CCTU 1032), Guilan province, Rezvanshahr, Paresar (CCTU 1019).
Molecular data: CCTU 1009 (ITS = KM452856, TEF = KM452878, ACT = KM452833);
CCTU 1019 (ITS = KM452857, TEF = KM452879, ACT = KM452834); CCTU 1032 (ITS =
KM452858, TEF = KM452880, ACT = KM452835).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014. Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
158
Pseudocercospora norchiensis: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–g) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
159
Pseudocercospora punicae (Henn.) Deighton, Mycol. Pap. 140: 151 (1976)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Synonym: Cercospora punicae Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 165. 1906
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, raised, amphigenous, irregular to subcircular, 1–8 mm diam,
dark brown to black, sometimes with diffuse border, spots with colonies at first appearing as
small irregular black spots, later coalescing up to 30 mm diam. Mycelium internal. Caespituli
punctiform, amphigenous, scattered over the lesion surface, dark olivaceous-brown on leaves.
Stromata well-developed, erumpent to semi-superficial, globular, pale to medium brown, 25–
100 μm diam. Conidiophores medium brown, aggregated in dense sporodochial fascicles,
arising from the upper cells of stromata, smooth, 0–1-septate, (10–)18–24(–35) × 2–2.5(–3.5)
μm, predominantly reduced to conidiogenous cells, straight to curved, subcylindrical to
ampulliform (when reduced to conidiogenous cells), unbranched. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
or conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, pale brown, smooth, proliferating
sympodially or inconspicuously proliferating percurrently, loci inconspicuous neither
thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, pale brown, guttulate, subcylindrical to obclavate,
apex subobtuse to subacute, base truncate, straight to curved, 2–11-septate, (25–)60–75(–125)
× 2–3.5 μm; hila not thickened nor darkened, 1–2 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves and fruits of wild-grown cultivar of Punica granatum L.,
Guilan province, Talesh, Dulbin (CCTU 1125 = CBS 136111), Guilan province, Talesh,
Kishunben (CCTU 1169).
Molecular data: CCTU 1125 = CBS 136111 (ITS = KM452859, TEF = KM452881, ACT =
KM452836); CCTU 1169 (ITS = KM452860, TEF = KM452882, ACT = KM452837).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014. Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
160
Pseudocercospora punicae: (a–c) leaf and fruit spots; (d–f) fasciculate conidiophores; (g–i)
conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
161
Pseudocercospora sophoricola M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, Phytotaxa 184:
256 (2014)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, amphigenous, circular to subcircular, 1–6 mm diam, pale
brown in center, with raised, dark brown to black border. Mycelium internal. Caespituli
predominantly hypophyllous, dark brown on leaves. Stromata moderately developed,
substomatal to intraepidermal, semi-immersed, globular, 10–30 μm diam. Conidiophores
medium brown, arranged in moderately dense fascicles, smooth, unbranched, straight,
doliiform or lageniform to short cylindrical, 0–1-septate, (8–)13–16(–22) × (3–)4.5–5(–6) μm,
predominantly reduced to conidiogenous cells, apex subtruncate. Conidiogenous cells medium
brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, tapering to flat-tipped apical loci, loci unthickened
to slightly thickened and somewhat darkened, 1–3 μm diam. Conidia solitary, medium to dark
brown, guttulate, thick-walled, sometimes constricted at septa, subcylindrical to obclavate, apex
obtuse to subobtuse, base obconically truncate, straight to gently curved, conspicuously 1–8-
septate, (20–)50–70(–110) × (2.5–)3.5–4(–5) μm; hila unthickened to slightly thickened and
somewhat darkened and refractive, 1–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Sophora alopecuroides L., Zanjan province, Tarom,
Guilankeshe (holotype IRAN 16463F, ex-type culture CCTU 1037 = CBS 136020) (CCTU
1037.2).
Molecular data: CCTU 1037 = CBS 136020 (ITS = KM452861, TEF = KM452883, ACT =
KM452838); CCTU 1037.2 (ITS = KM452862, TEF = KM452884, ACT = KM452839).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014. Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
162
Pseudocercospora sophoricola: (a) leaf spots; (b–e) fasciculate conidiophores; (f–l) conidia.
Scale bars = 10 µm
163
Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 20:
438 (1910)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora
Description: Leaf spots distinct, amphigenous, circular to subcircular, 2–15 mm diam, with
black circle in the center, surrounded by brown circle and black border (appearing as eye-spot).
Mycelium internal. Caespituli epiphyllous. Stromata well-developed, substomatal to
intraepidermal, semi-immersed to superficial, 35–70 μm diam. Conidiophores synnematous,
arising from stromata, through stomata or erumpent through the cuticle, brown, smooth,
unbranched, straight to curved, subcylindrical, regular in wide, (95–)155–195(–245) × 4–5.5
μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, brown, smooth, proliferating sympodially, (12–)15–20(–30)
× 3.5–5 μm, loci neither thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, brown, obclavate, apex
subobtuse, base obconically truncate, straight to gently curved, 2–7-septate, (28–)40–55(–75)
× 3–4.5 μm; hila neither thickened nor darkened or refractive, 1–2.5 μm diam.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Vitis sp., Guilan province, Sowme'eh Sara, Bahambar
(CCTU 1076).
Molecular data: CCTU 1076 (ITS = KM452868, TEF = KM452890, ACT = KM452845).
References:
Bakhshi, M., Arzanlou, M., Babai-Ahari, A., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2014. Multi-
gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa, 184(5), pp. 245–264.
Crous, P.W. and Braun, U., 2003. Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in
Cercospora and Passalora. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS).
164
Pseudocercospora vitis: (a) leaf spots; (b, c) fasciculate conidiophores; (d–g) conidia. Scale
bars = 10 µm
165
Ramularia glennii Videira & Crous, Persoonia 34: 57 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Ramularia
Description: On SNA, Mycelium consisting of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline, 1–2 μm
diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells thin-walled,
smooth, hyaline, terminal and lateral, (6.5–)11–15(–24) × 1–2 μm, sympodially proliferating
with 1–3 apical loci almost flat or protuberant, cylindrical; scars thickened, darkened, refractive,
0.5–1.5 μm diam. Conidia in general hyaline, thin-walled, smooth to finely verruculose.
Ramoconidia subcylindrical to clavate or oval, 0–1-septate, (6–)8–10(–18) × (2.5–)3–4 μm.
Intercalary conidia aseptate, fusiform or oval, (5–)6–8(–11) × 2–3 μm, in branched chains of
up to 8. Terminal conidia, hyaline, smooth to finely verruculose, aseptate, obovoid, (3–)5–8 ×
1.5–3 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 0.5–1 μm diam. On MEA surface folded,
radially striated, white, undulate feathery and concave margin, reverse iron-grey, reaching 25
mm after 2 wk at 25 °C. On OA surface flat, smooth, entire margin, white, fluffy aerial
mycelium, 5 mm halo around the colony, reaching 20 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C. On SNA surface
flat, smooth, ochraceous white, flat aerial mycelium, entire edge, reverse white-grey, reaching
17 mm after 2 wk 25 °C.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Acalypha australis L., Guilan province, Talesh (CCTU
1131 = CBS 135976); on leaves of Ficus carica L., Talesh (CCTU 1235); on leaves of Platanus
sp., East Azerbaijan province, Kaleibar (CCTU 1248).
Molecular data: CBS 135976 (ITS = KY967375, TEF = KY967387, ACT = KY967381,
GAPDH = KY967393, RPB2 = KY967396, HIS = KY967398); CCTU 1235 (ITS = KY967376,
TEF = KY967388, ACT = KY967382, HIS = KY967399); CCTU 1248 (ITS = KY967377,
TEF = KY967389, ACT = KY967383, HIS = KY967400).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M. and Arzanlou, M., 2017. Multigene phylogeny reveals a new species and novel
records and hosts in the genus Ramularia from Iran. Mycological progress, 16(7), pp.
703–712.
166
Ramularia glennii: (a) culture on MEA; (b) culture on OA; (c) culture on SNA; (d–j) hypha,
conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
167
Ramularia mali Videira & Crous, Persoonia 34: 59 (2015)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Ramularia
Description: On SNA, Mycelium consisting of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline, 1–2 μm
diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells thin-walled,
smooth or slightly verruculose, hyaline, terminal and lateral, (6–)12–15(–19) × (1–)1.5(–2) μm,
sympodially proliferating with 1–3 apical loci, flattened or protuberant cylindrical; loci
thickened, darkened, refractive, 0.5–1 μm diam. Conidia in general hyaline, thin-walled,
smooth to finely verruculose. Ramoconidia subcylindrical to fusoid, 0(–1)-septate, (5.5–)7–
10(–17) × 2–3 μm, with 1–2(–3) apical loci. Intercalary conidia aseptate, fusoid or ovoid, 5–
7(–8) × 2(–3) μm, in branched chains of up to 6. Terminal conidia aseptate, obovoid, (3.5–)4
(–6) × (1–)1.5 (–2.5) μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 0.5–1 μm diam. On MEA surface
dirty white with a greenish grey tinge, folded, undulate and concave margin, radially striated
with entire margin, reverse iron-grey, reaching 22 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C. On OA surface flat,
smooth, entire margin, white, fluffy aerial mycelium, 4 mm halo around the colony, reaching
19 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C. On SNA surface flat, smooth, ochraceous white, flat aerial
mycelium, entire edge, reverse white-grey, reaching 15 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Vitis vinifera L., East Azerbaijan province, Kaleibar
(CCTU 1184 = CBS 136116); on leaves of Prunus cerasus L., West Azerbaijan province, Khoy,
Firouragh (CCTU 1104).
Molecular data: CCTU 1184 = CBS 136116 (ITS = KY967378, TEF = KY967390, ACT =
KY967384, GAPDH = KY967394, HIS = KY967401); CCTU 1104 (ITS = KY967379, TEF =
KY967391, ACT = KY967385, GAPDH = KY967395, HIS = KY967402).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M. and Arzanlou, M., 2017. Multigene phylogeny reveals a new species and novel
records and hosts in the genus Ramularia from Iran. Mycological progress, 16(7), pp.
703–712.
168
Ramularia mali: (a) culture on MEA; (b) culture on OA; (c) culture on SNA; (d–g) hypha,
conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
169
Ramularia taleshina M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou & Crous, Mycological Progress 16: 710 (2017)
M. Bakhshi
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (mounesbakhshi@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Ramularia
Description: On SNA, Mycelium consisting of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline, 1–2 μm
diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells thin-walled,
smooth or slightly verruculose, hyaline, terminal and lateral, (6–)13–16(–20) × (1–)2(–2.5) μm,
sympodial proliferation with 1–3 apical loci, flattened or protuberant cylindrical; loci thickened,
darkened, refractive, 0.5–1 μm diam. Conidia in general hyaline, thin-walled, smooth to finely
verruculose. Ramoconidia subcylindrical oval or ellipsoid, 0(–2)-septate, (8–)12–18(–23) × 2–
3.5 μm, with 1–2(–3) apical loci. Intercalary conidia aseptate, oval or ellipsoid, 5–10(–13) ×
2.5–3(–3.5) μm, in branched chains of up to 8. Terminal conidia aseptate, obovoid, (3–)5(–7)
× (1.5–)2–3 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 0.5–1 μm diam. On MEA surface dirty
white with a greenish grey tinge, folded, radially striated with entire margin, reverse iron-grey,
reaching 22 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C. On OA surface flat, smooth, entire edge, buff, central area
sporulating abundantly and outer ring sparse in mycelium, reaching 20 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C.
On SNA surface flat, smooth, ochraceous white, flat aerial mycelium, entire edge, reverse
white-grey, reaching 15 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C.
Host and Distribution: On leaves of Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey., Guilan province, Talesh
(holotype IRAN 16880F, ex-type culture CCTU 1097 = CBS 135975).
Molecular data: CBS 135975 (ITS = KY967380, TEF = KY967392, ACT = KY967386, RPB2
= KY967397, HIS = KY967403).
Reference:
Bakhshi, M. and Arzanlou, M., 2017. Multigene phylogeny reveals a new species and novel
records and hosts in the genus Ramularia from Iran. Mycological progress, 16(7), pp.
703–712.
170
Ramularia taleshina: (a) culture on MEA; (b) culture on OA; (c) culture on SNA; (d–j) hypha,
conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm
171
Ramularia uredinicola Khodap. & U. Braun, Mycotaxon 91: 358 (2005)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Ramularia
Description: Caespituli confined to uredosori of Melampsora sp., punctiform to effuse, at first
whitish, with a pale reddish or pink tinge with age. Mycelium superficial and immersed, hyphae
septate, sparingly branched, 1.5-3.0 μm wide, smooth to faintly rough-walled, thin-walled,
hyaline. Stromata lacking. Conidiophores in small to moderately large, loose to moderately
dense fascicles, arising from hyphae immersed in uredosori, or occasionally solitary, arising
from superficial hyphae, erect, straight, subcylindrical to geniculate-sinuous, unbranched or
branched, (10-)20-80(-120) × 2-4 μm, septate, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, old conidiophores
sometimes with a pale reddish tinge. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 10-25 μm long,
sympodial, cicatrized. Conidiogenous loci conspicuous, 1.0-1.5 μm wide, somewhat thickened
and darkened. Conidia catenate, in simple or branched chains, ellipsoid-ovoid, fusiform,
subcylindrical, 4-15(-21) × 2-4(-5) μm, 0-1-septate, hyaline, old conidia sometimes with a pale
reddish or olivaceous tinge, thin-walled, smooth to rough-walled, ends rounded to attenuated,
with 1-4 conspicuous hila, 1.0-1.5 μm wide, somewhat thickened and darkened, conidial
secession schizolytic. Colonies on PDA at first whitish, but turning pink with age. Teleomorph
unknown.
Host and Distribution: On uredosori of Melampsora sp. (Uredinales), on Salix babylonica L.
(Salicaceae), Guilan province, Sumaehsara; IRAN 12316 F, HAL 1820 (F), GUM 272, CPC:
11852, CBS 141120.
Molecular data: CBS 141120, ex-holotype (LSU = KX287224, ITS = KX287521, actA =
KX287806, Tef1a = KX288084, gapdh = KX288365, rpb2 = KX288684, his3 = KX288974,
tub2 = KX289228).
References:
Khodaparast, A. and Braun, U., 2005. Ramularia uredinicola-A new species from
Iran. Mycotaxon, 91, pp. 357–360.
Videira, S.I.R., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U., Shin, H.D. and Crous, P.W., 2016. All that glitters
is not Ramularia. Studies in Mycology, 83, pp. 49–163.
172
Ramularia uredinicola (a) conidiophores; (b) conidia; (c) section through an infected
uredosorus. Scale bar = 10 μm
173
Ascomycota
Myrmecridiales
174
Myrmecridium schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, in Arzanlou, Groenewald,
Gams, Braun, Shin & furedinicolaCrous, Stud. Mycol. 58: 84 (2007)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Myrmecridiales,
Myrmecridiaceae, Myrmecridium
Description: Colonies on OA at 25 °C reaching 20 mm diam in 14 d, orange at the center and
white in margin; reverse salmon; on SNA colonies reaching 40 mm diam at 25 °C in 14 d, dark
green at the center and white in margin; reverse the same. Conidiophores: unbranched, straight,
thick-walled, septate, up to 187.5 μm long, 2.5– 3.75 μm wide, with 2–5 additional septa.
Conidiogenous cells: cylindrical, variable in length, subhyaline to pale brown, forming a
straight rachis with scattered, pimple shaped denticles less than one μm long, pigmented.
Conidia: solitary, subhyaline, thin-walled, obovoid, 5–10 × 2–4 μm; hilum pigmented.
Host and Distribution: On merged rotten leaves, Guilan province, Anzali lagoon, Anzali
(IRAN 3647C).
Molecular data: IRAN 3647C (SSU = MK400437, ITS = MH367060, LSU = MH367078,
tef1 = MK400706).
Reference:
Rezakhani, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Masigol, H., Roja-Jimenez, K., Grossart, H.P. and Bakhshi,
M., 2019. A preliminary report of aquatic hyphomycetes isolated from Anzali lagoon
(Gilan province, North of Iran). Rostaniha, 20(2), pp. 123–143.
175
Myrmecridium schulzeri: (a) colony on OA after 14 days at 25 °C; (B) colony on SNA after 14
days at 25 °C; (C–D) rachis with scattered and pimple-shaped denticles; (E) conidia. Scale bars
= 10 μm
176
Ascomycota
Orbiliales
177
Arthrobotrys oligosporus Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 1: 18 (1850)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Orbiliomycetes,
Orbiliomycetidae, Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae, Arthrobotrys
Description: Colonies on PDA at 25 °C attaining 70–73 mm diam in 14 d, white to cream,
aerial mycelium extensive, margins regular, moderate sporulation; reverse cream. Mycelia:
1.25–3.75 μm wide, hyaline, septate and branched. Conidiophores arising singly from
mycelium, unbranched, 150–412 × 3.75–7.5 μm. Conidiophore tip and nodular areas: swollen,
5–12.5 μm, bearing 5–25 conidia on wart like sterigmata in a tight capitate head. Conidia: 25–
30 × 12.5–15 μm, two-celled, the distal cell usually 1.5–2 times longer than the proximal cells.
Host and Distribution: On merged rotten leaves, Guilan province, Anzali lagoon, Anzali
(IRAN 3331C).
Molecular data: IRAN 3331C (SSU = MK400439, ITS = MH367064, LSU = MH367082)
Reference:
Rezakhani, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Masigol, H., Roja-Jimenez, K., Grossart, H.P. and Bakhshi,
M., 2019. A preliminary report of aquatic hyphomycetes isolated from Anzali lagoon
(Gilan province, North of Iran). Rostaniha, 20(2), pp. 123–143.
Arthrobotrys oligosporus: (a) colony on PDA after 14 days at 25 °C; (b) denticles on
conidiogenous cell; (c) conidia on conidiophore; (d) conidia. Scale bars = 20 μm
178
Ascomycota
Patellariales
179
Rhytidhysteron hysterinum (Dufour) Samuels & E. Müll., Sydowia 32(1-6): 286 (1980)
S. A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Triblidium hysterinum Dufour [as 'Tryblidium'] 1828; Eutryblidiella
hysterina (Dufour) Petr. Sydowia 13(1–6): 242 (1959)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Patellariales, Patellariaceae, Rhytidhysteron
Description: Ascomata hysteriform, closed at first, later opening to become apothecioid with
incurved, margins laterallystriate, gregarious, with KOH extractable pigment, 1.7–3 × 0.8–1.4
mm wide, 0.7–1.2 mm high. Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored, 108–136.8 × 12–16.8 μm.
Ascospores ellipsoid with rounded end, smooth, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, thick
walled, 19.2–28.8 × 7.2–12 μm.
Host and Distribution: On dead twigs and decaying wood of Buxus sempervirens, Guilan
province, Fuman, Ghalehroodkhan (49º9′54.74981″ S, 37º18′16.58509″ W) (GUM 1546).
Molecular data: Not available
References:
Boehm, E.W.A., Mugambi, G.K., Miller, A.N., Huhndorf, S.M., Marincowitz, S., Spatafora,
J.W. and Schoch, C.L., 2009. A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Hysteriaceae,
Mytilinidiaceae and Gloniaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes) with keys to
world species. Studies in Mycology, 64, pp. 49–83.
Mousavi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Mousanejad, S. and Rouhibakhsh, A., 2018. First report of
Eutryblidiella hysterina from Iran. Mycologia Iranica, 5(2), pp. 103–104.
Soto-Medina, E. and Lücking, R., 2017. A new species of Rhytidhysteron (Ascomycota:
Patellariaceae) from Colombia, with a provisional working key to known species in the
world. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y
Naturales, 41(158), pp. 59–63.
Thambugala, K.M., Hyde, K.D., Eungwanichayapant, P.D., Romero, A.I. and Liu, Z.Y., 2016.
Additions to the Genus Rhytidhysteron in Hysteriaceae. Cryptogamie Mycologie, 37,
pp. 99–116.
180
Rhytidhysteron hysterinum: (a) ascoma on wood; (b) ascospore; (c) vertical section through
ascoma. Scale bars: a = 1000 µm; b =10 µm; c = 100 µm
181
Ascomycota
Pleosporales
182
Preussia persica Asgari & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 90: 539 (2010)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae,
Pleosporales, Sporormiaceae, Preussia
Description: Ascomata scattered or aggregated, immersed to semi-immersed, globose to sub-
globose, dark brown, covered with anastomosing hyphae, which are generally hyaline, at the
base dark reddish-brown, indistinctly or distinctly septate, simple or branched, especially at the
base, up to 65–100 μm long and 2–4 μm wide at the base, gradually tapering to 1–1.5 μm at the
tip, with 1–3 long (rarely short, up to 60 μm long), bare, straight or slightly curved necks, 100–
140 μm high and 40–55 mm diam, sometimes with a broader tip up to 54–68 μm wide. When
the ascomata possess more than one neck, they are apical or placed opposite to each other.
Ascoma dimensions vary from 95–105 μm high and 80–90 μm diam. When single-necked, to
120–160 μm diam in those with 2–3 necks. Peridium translucent, pseudoparenchymatous, 9.5–
12 μm thick, consisting of 3–4 layers of large, greyish brown, angular (Textura angularis),
thick-walled and pigmented cells in the outer part, measuring 8.5–13 μm diam, and 2–3 layers
of thin-walled, hyaline, isodiametric or rounded cells (T. extura globulosa) in the inner part,
measuring 6–8.5 μm diam. Pseudoparaphyses scarce, filiform, septate, unbranched, mostly
equalling the asci in length, disappearing at maturity. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 75–90 × 13.5–
15.5 μm, with an equal width over the whole length when young and slightly broader below the
middle when mature, clearly contracted into a short, 3–5 μm long stipe. Ascospores arranged
obliquely, bi- or tri-seriate throughout the asci, 4-celled, 28–31 × 5–6 μm, transversely septate,
deeply constricted at the septa, with readily separable cells, straight or slightly curved, mostly
containing a distinct large guttule when mounted in water, hyaline at first, soon turning pale
green to olivaceous-brown, yellowish brown and finally dark brown at maturity; germ-slits
nearly parallel with a kink near the middle; gelatinous sheath narrow and inconspicuous. End-
cells 7.5–8.5 × 4.5–5 μm, narrowly rounded; mid-cells 7.5–8.2 × 4.7–5.7 μm, nearly equal in
size and shape, only slightly broader than the end-cells. Ascospores rarely lacking two or all
septa, e.g. halfascospores then measuring 13–15 × 5–5.5 μm. Colonies moderately fast-
growing, reaching 80 mm diam in 7 d, grey, floccose, reverse greenish grey; mycelium compact
with very low aerial growth.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from dead barley leaves, East Azerbaijan province, Sarab
(holotype IRAN 12397F, ex-type culture CBS 117680 = IRAN 844C).
Molecular data: IRAN 844C = CBS 117680 (ITS = GQ292750, LSU = GQ292752)
183
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2010. Two new species of Preussia from Iran. Nova Hedwigia, 90(3–
4), pp. 533–548.
Preussia persica: (a–d) ascomata; (e) outer surface view of peridium; (f) inner surface view of
peridium (focused from outside); (d, g–i) hairs on ascoma surface; (j, k) asci; (l, m) whole
ascospores; (n) part-ascospores including mid-cells and end-cells; (o) germ-slits; (p) half-
scospores. Scale bars: a–d = 50 μm; k = 20 μm; e–j, l–p = 10 μm
184
Preussia polymorpha Asgari & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 90: 539 (2010)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae,
Pleosporales, Sporormiaceae, Preussia
Description: Ascomata scattered, semi-immersed to superficial, ovoid to pyriform, 280–350 ×
220–240 μm diam (including the neck), smooth, glabrous, dark brown to black with a short and
papilliform neck. Peridium dark grey, slightly coriaceous and opaque, pseudoparenchymatous
in surface view, 12–16 μm thick, consisting of relatively thick-walled, nearly isodiametric or
rounded cells (textura globulosa), 7.5–10.5 μm diam. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, filiform,
septate, generally longer than the asci, biguttulate, 2.5–3 μm wide, disappearing at maturity.
Asci 8-spored, non-amyloid, of 2 types: (I) subcylindrical, 95–120 × 18–23 μm, gradually
narrowing into a short stout, up to 5.5–11.5 μm long stipe, (II) clavate, 110–150 × 30–35 μm,
with a short, up to 9.5–11.5 μm long stipe; cylindrical-clavate asci, is another less common and
abnormal type of asci that was observed besides the other two types. Ascospores with a broad
gelatinous sheath, bi- or tri-seriate in the upper 2/3 of the subcylindrical asci (tri-seriate above
and bi-seriate below), or almost completely filling the clavate asci (tri-seriate above and uni- to
bi-seriate below), 4-celled, transversely septate, with broad and deep constrictions at the septa,
segments not readily separable, hyaline at first, then turning yellowish-brown and olivaceous-
brown, and finally dark-brown to black at maturity, with a parallel to oblique (rarely diagonal)
germ-slit extending over the entire length of each segment; ascospores of 2 types: (I) in
subcylindrical and clavate asci, cylindrical, 45–50 × 13–15 μm, end-cells broadly rounded,
measuring 11.5–12.5 × 13–13.5 μm, and mid-cells globose, depressed, slightly broader than the
end-cells, measuring 11–11.5 × 14–14.5 μm; and (II) in clavate asci, cylindrical, 45–50(–58) ×
10.5–12.5 μm, with more irregular part-cells, the end-cells broadly conical, measuring 12–14(–
15.5) × 9.5–11 μm and mid-cells oblong, measuring 11.5–12(–14.5) × 11–12.5 μm. Another
type of fusiform-cylindrical ascospores, 35–43 × 8.5–10 μm, with end-cells conspicuously
narrowed (ovoidconical), measuring 9.5–11.5 × 6–8 μm, and mid-cells oblong, slightly wider
than the end-cells, measuring 9–10 × 8.5–10 μm was rarely observed in clavate asci. Colonies
slow-growing, reaching 20 mm diam in 7 d, woolly, whitish to grey, reverse grey at first,
becoming vinaceous with age; mycelium with low aerial growth.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from dead barley leaves from East Azerbaijan province, Osku
(holotype IRAN 12398F, ex-type culture CBS 117679 = IRAN 845C).
Molecular data: IRAN 845C = CBS 117679 (ITS = GQ292749, LSU = GQ292751)
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2010. Two new species of Preussia from Iran. Nova Hedwigia, 90(3–
4), pp. 533–548.
185
Preussia polymorpha: A–L. teleomorph: (a) ascoma; (b) outer surface view of peridium; (c) (d)
subcylindrical asci (type I); (e) clavate asci (type II); (f) cylindrical-clavate ascus; (g–i)
ascospores with broadly rounded ends (type I); (j, k) ascospores with ovoid-conical ends; (l)
ascospores with more irregular part cells and broadly conical ends (type II). m–q. Anamorph:
conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: A = 50 μm; c–f = 20 μm; b, g–l = 10 μm; m–q =5 μm
186
Ascomycota
Sordariales
187
Chaetomium grande Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 874 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 13–20 d, olivaceous grey or yellowish green in
reflected light, globose, subglobose to ovoid, 200–400 µm diam, with narrowly rounded base
and broad ostiole, 80–130 µm diam, firmly attached to the substrate with tightly arranged
mycelium. Peridium yellowish brown or dark brown, of textura angularis or t. irregularis.
Ascomatal hairs dark brown, occasionally with green or yellow projections in the basal parts,
partly long (up to 900 µm), undulate or hypha-like, simple, with narrowly pointed tip, partly
short, irregularly branched, sinuous, with blunt ends, verrucose (ornaments cupulate or
globular), 3–5 µm wide at the base, 2–3 µm in the middle part. Asci fasciculate, clavate or
broadly cylindrical, eight-spored, shortstalked, 55–100(–120) × 25–40 µm. Ascospores exuded
as small, subglobose to irregularly shaped mass, arranged biseriately in the ascus, dark brown
or reddish brown, thick-walled, broadly ellipsoidal or spherical, 16–21 × 14.5–18 × 11.5–14
µm, with two rounded, sometimes slightly protuberant, polar germ pores; immature ascospores
containing several small guttules, mature ascospores with a single large guttule. Anamorph
undetermined. Colonies 25–(42)–50 mm diam on MEA in 7 d at 25 °C, dirty white; reverse
ranging from pale brownish or olivaceous white to dark yellow.
Host and Distribution: On Triticum aestivum leaf, West Azerbaijan province, Naghadeh
(holotype IRAN 14608F, extype culture IRAN 1064C = CBS 126780). On T. aestivum leaf and
straw, Naghadeh (IRAN 1063C, IRAN 1658C, IRAN 1659C, IRAN 1664C, IRAN 1210C); on
T. aestivum straw, West Azerbaijan province, Miandoab (IRAN 1205C, IRAN 1211C = CBS
126665); on T. aestivum stem, East Azerbaijan province, Bonab (IRAN 1077C); on T. aestivum
seed, Hadishahr (IRAN 1666C); on T. aestivum straw, Ardabil, Bilesavar (IRAN 1662C, IRAN
1209C, IRAN 1207C, IRAN 1663C, IRAN 1208C = CBS 126781); on T. aestivum straw,
Ardabil province, Moghan (IRAN 1660C, IRAN 1661C, and IRAN 1206C = CBS 126664); on
T. aestivum seed, Ardabil province, Parsabad (IRAN 1665C).
Molecular data: IRAN 1064C = CBS 126780 (ITS = HM365253, LSU = HM365253, BenA
= HM365273).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
188
Chaetomium grande: a–e. ascomata: (a, b) high focus on hairs and ascospore masses; (f–h)
ascomatal hairs; (i–k) outer surface of peridium; (l, m) asci (n–p) ascospores. All mounts were
prepared in lactic acid except l, m in lactic acid-cotton blue and f, h–k, p in water. All figures
illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1064C) except c, i, m, p (IRAN 1206C); d (IRAN 1211C)
and h, n (IRAN 1208C). Scale bars: a–d = 200 µm; e = 100 µm; l, m = 20 µm; f–k, n–p = 10
µm
189
Chaetomium interruptum Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 874 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 20–23 d, yellowish green or yellowish brown in
reflected light, ovoid, 250–400 µm high, 200–350 µm diam, with narrowly rounded base, and
distinct, broad ostiole, 65–150 µm diam, sometimes with hypha-like ostiolar projections.
Peridium dark brown, of textura intricata or t. angularis. Rhizoids poorly developed, dark
brown, (400–)600–750 µm long, 2.5–3.5 µm wide. Ascomatal hairs simple, brown, flexuous,
undulate or hypha-like, distinctly septate, with numerous, large, deep yellowish orange
projections, verrucose (ornaments annulate or globular), sometimes with large vesicular
swellings, 350–550(–800) µm long, 4–7.5 µm wide near the base, 3–4.5 µm in the middle part.
Asci fasciculate, clavate or slightly fusiform, eight-spored, long-stalked, (40–)50–85 × 15–17(–
18.5) µm. Ascospores exuded as long cirrhi, arranged biseriately in the ascus, dark olivaceous
brown, broadly ellipsoidal to nearly spherical, somewhat irregularly shaped, 10–12.3 × 9–11.3
× 7–9 µm, with an apical or slightly subapical, indistinct germ pore; containing several small
guttules. Anamorph undetermined. Colonies 15–(24)–34 mm diam on MEA in 7 d at 25 °C,
white, floccose; reverse olivaceous or yellowish brown.
Host and Distribution: On Triticum aestivum seed, East Azerbaijan province, Hadishahr
(holotype IRAN 14607F, ex-type culture IRAN 1278C = CBS 126660); on Hordeum vulgare
leaf, East Azerbaijan province, Sarab (IRAN 1072C = CBS 126662); on H. vulgare leaf,
Shindabad (IRAN 1058C and IRAN 1057C); on T. aestivum leaf, West Azerbaijan, Salmas
(IRAN 1073C = CBS 126661, and IRAN 1657C = CBS 126779).
Molecular data: IRAN 1278C = CBS 126660 (ITS = HM365246, LSU = HM365246, BenA
= HM365277), IRAN 1072C = CBS 126662 (ITS = HM365244, LSU = HM365244, BenA =
HM365275), IRAN 1073C = CBS 126661 (ITS = HM365245, LSU = HM365245, BenA =
HM365276)
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R. 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
190
Chaetomium interruptum: a–da: (a, b) masses of ascospores; (c) high focus on hairs; (e) hypha-
like ostiolar projections; (f–i) ascomatal hairs; (j, k) outer surface of peridium; (l, m) asci;
(n–p) ascospores. All mounts were prepared in lactic acid except l, m in lactic acid-cotton blue
and g–k, p in water. All figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1278C) except e, f, g, h, m,
o (IRAN 1072C) and l (IRAN 1073C). Scale bars: a–c = 500 µm, d = 200 µm; f = 100 µm; e,
l, m = 20 µm; g–k, n–p = 10 µm
191
Chaetomium iranianum Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 877 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 13 d, pale grey in reflected light, globose to
subglobose, 110–145 µm diam, with broadly rounded base and wide ostiole, 50–85 µm diam.
Peridium pale brown, of textura intricata or indistinct t. angularis. Ascomatal hairs straight
below, spirally and loosely coiled in the upper part, reddish brown, unbranched, distinctly
septate, finely verrucose (ornaments lacerate), 300–550 µm long, 2–3 µm wide in the middle
part. Asci fasciculate, fusiform or clavate, eight-spored, short-stalked, 25–35 × 9.5–12 µm.
Ascospores arranged biseriately in the ascus, pale greyish brown, inequilaterally fusiform or
navicular (convex on one side and flat on the other side), often irregular, 10–11 × 5.5–6.5 µm,
with a subapical, occasionally apical germ pore. Anamorph undetermined. Colonies 40 mm
diam on MEA in 7 d at 25 °C, floccose, ivory-white, at the margin pale yellow; reverse pale
yellowish brown.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare leaf, East Azerbaijan province, Sarab (holotype
IRAN 14609F, ex-type culture IRAN 861C = CBS 126670).
Molecular data: IRAN 861C = CBS 126670 (ITS = HM365257, LSU = HM365257, BenA =
HM365297).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
192
Chaetomium iranianum: (a, c) ascomata; (b, d–g) ascomatal hairs; (h, i) outer surface of
peridium; (j, k) asci (l) ascospores. All mounts were prepared in lactic acid except j, k in lactic
acidcotton blue and e–i in water. All figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 861C). Scale
bars: a = 200 µm; b–d = 100 µm; e–l = 10 µm
193
Chaetomium rectangulare Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 872 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 13 d, solitary or occasionally aggregated, dark grey-
green or black in reflected light, globose to subglobose, 300–450 µm diam, with broadly
rounded base and narrow, indistinct ostiole. Peridium dark brown or grey, of textura intricata
or t. epidermoidea. Rhizoids well developed, dark olivebrown, 450–750 µm long, 2–4 µm wide.
Ascomatal hairs brownish black, paler at the apices, seta-like, straight, regularly and
dichotomously branched dis distally (mostly at right angle), sharply pointed at the apices,
indistinctly septate, verrucose (ornaments cupulate, annulate or occasionally lacerate), up to
500–800 µm long, 4–7 µm wide in the middle part. Asci fasciculate, clavate or fusiform, eight-
spored, long-stalked, 50–75(–85) × 11–14(–15.5) µm. Ascospores exuded as subglobose to
elongated cirrhi, arranged biseriately in the ascus, dark olivaceousbrown, thick-walled,
limoniform or sometimes ellipsoidal, indistinctly apiculate at the ends, flattened, 9–11.5 × 6.5–
8.5 × 5.5–6.5 µm, with a indistinct, apical germ pore; immature ascospores containing several,
small guttules, and mature ones with one or occasionally two large guttules. Phialides mainly
produced on ascomatal initials, macronematous, hyaline or pale brown, straight or sinuous, one-
celled, occasionally with a septumnear the base, variable length, 5–25(–40) µm long, 2.5–4.5
µm wide at the base, gradually tapering to 1–2.5 µm at the apex. Conidia produced solitarily or
in short chains of 2–3 conidia on phialides, hyaline, smooth-walled, ovate or cylindrical, with
truncated base and rounded apex, 3–5(–7) × 2–3 µm. Colonies 44–(46)–48 mm diam on MEA
in 7 d at 25 C, white to pale greenish white, floccose, soon appearing dark green to black due
to the formation of abundant ascomata; reverse ranging from white to pale brownish white or
pale yellowish green.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare leaf, West Azerbaijan province, Salmas
(holotype IRAN 14606F, ex-type culture IRAN 1641C = CBS 126778), on H. vulgare stem,
East Azerbaijan province, Shabestar (IRAN 855C = CBS 126658); on Triticum aestivum seed,
East Azerbaijan province, Hadishahr (IRAN 1639C = CBS 126659).
Molecular data: IRAN 1641C = CBS 126778 (ITS = HM365239, LSU = HM365239, BenA
= HM365285), IRAN 1639C = CBS 126659 (ITS = HM365240, LSU = HM365240, BenA =
HM365286).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
194
Chaetomium rectangulare: a–n. teleomorph, o, p. Anamorph. a–c. Ascomata: (a) aggregated
ascomata and masses of ascospores; (b) solitary ascoma and mass of ascospores; (d, e)
ascomatal hairs; (f) rhizoids; (g) outer surface of peridium; (h–j) asci (k–n) ascospores; (o, p)
phialides and conidia. All mounts were prepared in lactic acid except h–j, o, p in lactic acid-
cotton blue and e, g, m, n in water. All figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1641C)
except a, j, m (IRAN 1639C) and f, i, o (IRAN 855C). Scale bars: a–c = 400 µm; d, h–j = 20
µm; e–g, k–p = 10 µm
195
Chaetomium truncatulum Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 877 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 20 d, olivaceous grey in reflected light, globose to
subglobose, 120–150 µm diam, with narrow ostiole, 40–54 µm diam. Peridium pale brown, of
textura intricata or indistinct t. angularis. Ascomatal hairs greenish brown, spirally and tightly
coiled over the length, simple, distinctly septate, verrucose or spiny (ornaments cupulate or
annulate), 150–250 µm long, 2–3 µm wide in the middle part. Asci fasciculate, fusiform, eight-
spored, short-stalked, 35–45 × 12–13 µm. Ascospores arranged biseriately in the ascus, dark
olivaceous-brown, fusiform, 11.5–13.5 × 5.7–7 µm, with an apical or oblique, broad and
distinct germ pore surrounded by a thickened wall, appearing truncated at one end. Anamorph
undetermined. Colonies 26 mm diam on MEA in 7 d at 25 °C, ivory-white, floccose; reverse
pale brown.
Host and Distribution: On Heterodera schachtii cysts, West Azerbaijan province, Orumieh
(holotype IRAN 14610F, ex-type culture IRAN 918C = CBS 126782).
Molecular data: IRAN 918C = CBS 126782 (ITS = HM365263, LSU = HM365263, BenA =
HM365298).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
196
Chaetomium truncatulum: (a, b) ascomata; (c, d) ascomatal hairs; (e, f) outer surface of
peridium; (g) asci; (h) ascospores. All mounts were prepared in lactic acid except g in lactic
acid-cotton blue and d–f in water. All figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 918C). Scale
bars: a, b = 100 µm; c = 50 µm; d–h = 10 µm
197
Chaetomium undulatulum Asgari & Zare, Mycologia 103: 870 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae, Chaetomium
Description: Ascomata maturing within 20–22 d, dark green or grey-green in reflected light,
globose, subglobose to ovoid, 230–280 µm high, 185–250 µm diam, with narrowly rounded
base and wide ostiole, 60–100 µm diam. Peridium pale brown, of textura intricata or t.
epidermoidea. Rhizoids well-developed, dark brown, 300–600 µm long, 2.5–3.5 µm wide.
Ascomatal hairs olive-brown, flexuous, wavy or loosely coiled in the upper part, simple,
distinctly septate, minutely verrucose (ornaments cupulate or annulate), coarser near the base,
300–600 µm long, 3.5–5.5 µm wide near the base, 2–3 µm in the middle part. Asci clavate or
clavate-cylindrical, eight-spored, long-stalked, 60–75 × 13–16 µm. Ascospores exuded as
somewhat elongated cirrhi, arranged biseriately in the ascus, dark brown, thick-walled,
limoniform, distinctly biapiculate or umbonate, bilaterally flattened, 12–13.5 × 8–10 × 6–7.5
µm, with an apical germ pore; containing several small guttules. Anamorph undetermined.
Colonies 42–(55)–68 mm diam on MEA in 7 d at 25 °C, floccose or felt-like, ivory-white;
reverse buff or pale olivaceous brown.
Host and Distribution: On Hordeum vulgare leaf, East Azerbaijan province, Bonab (holotype
IRAN 14605F, ex-type culture IRAN 857C = CBS 126775); on Triticum aestivum leaf, West
Azerbaijan province, Miandoab (IRAN 1071C = CBS 126776).
Molecular data: IRAN 857C = CBS 126775 (ITS = HM365251, LSU = HM365251, BenA =
HM365279), IRAN 1071C = CBS 126776 (ITS = HM365250, LSU = HM365250, BenA =
HM365278).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including
six new species. Mycologia, 103, pp. 863–882.
198
Chaetomium undulatulum: a–e. ascomata: (a, b) masses of ascospores; (f, g) ascomatal hairs;
(h, i) rhizoids, j, k. outer surface of peridium; (l) asci (m–o) ascospores. Mounts of d, e, g, h,
m, n were prepared in lactic acid and those of f, i, j, k, l, o in water. All figures illustrate the ex-
type culture (IRAN 857C) except b, c, d, h, k, m (IRAN 1071C). Scale bars: a, b, d, e = 200
µm; c = 500 µm, g l = 20 µm; f, h–k, m–o = 10 µm
199
Ascomycota
Xylariales
200
Coniocessia anandra Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Prog. 10: 205 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Coniocessiaceae, Coniocessia
Description: Ascomata formed abundantly in 10 d and maturing in 22 d, pyriform to ovoid,
solitary, superficial, 150–180 μm high, 100–140 μm diam, translucent at first, semi-translucent
at maturity, with one or occasionally two distinct broad ostioles, (16–)30–42 μm high, (40–)50–
70 μm diam; hypha-like ostiolar projections, measuring 9–15 × 2.5–3 μm. Peridium 7–9 μm
thick, pseudoparenchymatous, consisting of several layers of relatively thin-walled, irregularly
shaped cells, 7.5–12 μm diam; outer layer with textura intricata. Paraphyses scarce, filiform,
septate, simple, slightly constricted at the septa, as long as the asci, 2.5–3.5 μm wide. Asci
cylindrical to rather clavate-cylindrical, 4-spored, with rounded to flattened apex, short-
stipitate, 50–70 × 13–15.5 μm. Ascospores exuded as a black, shiny, globose to elongated mass;
in the ascus obliquely uniseriate, hyaline to pale green at first, turning dark olivaceous-grey and
finally dull brown or dark greyish brown, thick-walled, occasionally inaequilaterally flattened,
variable in shape, ranging from elongateellipsoidal or fusiform, attenuated or rounded at one or
both ends to broadly ovate, measuring 18–22 × 11.5–14 × 9.5–11 μm; immature ascospores
containing a small, indistinct, dull green guttule when mounted in water; germ-slit straight,
extending over the whole length of the ascospore. Anamorph undetermined. Colonies on MEA
reaching 22 mm diam in 14 d at 24 °C, pale olivaceous-brown, with scanty aerial mycelium,
appearing zonate due to the production of ascomata, slightly sulcate; reverse buff.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from wheat seeds, West Azerbaijan province, Miandoab
(holotype IRAN 14375F, ex-type culture CBS 125766 = IRAN 1468C)
Molecular data: IRAN 1468C = CBS 125766 (ITS = GU553338, LSU = GU553349).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Coniocessia
(Xylariales). Mycological Progress, 10(2):189–206.
201
Coniocessia anandra: (a) masses of ascospores; (b, c) ascomata; 2 ostioles in c); (d) outer
surface of peridium; (e) paraphyses; (f, g) asci; (h–l) ascospores in (h, i) germ-slits visible.
Mounts of (b, c, i, k, l) were prepared in lactic acid, those of (d–h, j) in water. All figures
illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1468C). Scale bars: a 100 μm; b, c = 50 μm; d–l = 10 μm
202
Coniocessia cruciformis Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10: 200 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Coniocessiaceae, Coniocessia
Description: Ascomata formed abundantly within 10 d and maturing within 20–22 d,
subglobose to pyriform, translucent at first, then becoming dark brown to semi-translucent,
140–180 μm high, 115–170 μm diam, with distinct ostiole, 15–35 μm high, 30–55 μm diam;
hypha-like ostiolar projections measuring (7.5–)12–15(–17) × 2–3.5 μm. Peridium 7–9.5 μm
thick, pseudoparenchymatous, consisting of several layers of thinwalled, irregularly-shaped
cells, 6.5–15(–17.5) μm diam, outer layer with textura intricata. Paraphyses numerous, filiform,
septate, simple to branched, slightly constricted at the septa, as long as the asci, 3–5 μm wide.
Asci cylindrical, 4-spored, short-stipitate, 55–70(–85) × 12–15 μm, rounded or flattened at the
apex. Ascospores exuded as a black, shiny, mostly elongated mass; in the ascus obliquely
uniseriate, hyaline to pale green at first, soon turning olivaceous-green and finally dark brown,
relatively thickwalled, bilaterally flattened, elongate-ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform, with
slightly apiculate ends and strongly thickened longitudinal rim, appearing rather cruciform in
side view, measuring 16.5–21 × 10.5–13 × 9–11.5 μm, with visibly irregular incrustations on
the surface; immature ascospores containing a distinct, large, greenish brown guttule when
mounted in water; germ-slit straight, extending over the whole length of the ascospores.
Conidiophores abundant, micronematous to semi-macronematous, simple, hyaline, unbranched
to rather irregularly branched, geniculate, smooth-walled to slightly verruculose, (100–)140–
300(–350) × 2–3.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated or rather often discrete, formed
terminally or all along the conidiophore, proliferating, polyblastic, with hardly visible denticles,
(5–)11–25 × 2–4 μm, sometimes with slightly swollen tip, up to 4.5–6.5 μm wide. Conidia
remaining attached to the conidiogenous locus for a long time, abundant, hyaline, subglobose
to pyriform, smooth-walled to finely verruculose, 6–8 × 5–7 μm, with rounded apex, and
attenuated and truncated base, with a small basal projection. Colonies on MEA reaching 22–
(26)–28 mm diam in 14 d at 24 °C, ivory-white; aerial mycelium at first scanty, soon becoming
floccose to funiculose due to the copious formation of conidia, later appearing zonate with the
production of ascomata, slightly sulcate; reverse ranging from hyaline to pale buff.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from wheat straw, Ardabil province, Bilesavar (holotype
IRAN 14374F, ex-type culture CBS 125769 = IRAN 1475C).
Molecular data: IRAN 1475C = CBS 125769 (ITS = GU553336, LSU = GU553347).
203
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Coniocessia
(Xylariales). Mycological Progress, 10(2): 189–206.
Coniocessia cruciformis: a–o. teleomorph, p–y. Anamorph. (a, b) masses of ascospores; (c, d)
ascomata; (e) hypha-like ostiolar projections; (f) outer surface of peridium; (g) inner surfaces
of peridium; (h, i) asci; (j–n) ascospores and germ-slits; (o) paraphyses; (p) abundant
conidiophores around ascomata; (q–w) conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; (x, y) conidia.
Mounts of (c, d, j, l, m) were prepared in lactic acid, those of (e–i, k, o, r–t, v–y) in water. All
figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1475C) except (a, d, k, s, y) (IRAN 1472C) and (j,
q, r, u) (IRAN 1474C). Scale bars: a, b, p = 100 μm; c, d, q, u = 50 μm; e–o,
r–t, v–y = 10 μm
204
Coniocessia minima Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10: 202 (2011)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Coniocessiaceae, Coniocessia
Description: Ascomata formed abundantly within 10 d and maturing in 2 wk, globose to
subglobose, solitary, superficial, 110–135 μm diam, dark greyish brown, opaque, with indistinct
ostioles, 7–12 μm high, 27–40 μm diam; hypha-like ostiolar projections, measuring 9–11 × 2.5–
3.5 μm. Peridium 6–8.5 μm thick, consisting of several layers of thick-walled, very irregularly
shaped cells, 4.5–8 μm diam, outer layer with textura intricata. Paraphyses numerous, filiform,
septate, simple to rarely branched, as long as the asci, 2.5–3.5 μm wide. Asci cylindrical to
clavate-cylindrical, 4-spored, with rounded to flattened apex, short-stipitate, (48–)53–60 × 13–
15.5(–17.5) μm. Ascospores exuded as a black, shiny, mostly globose mass; in the ascus
obliquely uniseriate, hyaline to pale green at first, then turning dark olivaceous-grey and finally
dull brown or dark greyish brown, thick-walled, mostly inaequilaterally flattened, elongate-
ellipsoidal or fusiform with attenuated or rounded ends, measuring 17.5–21.5 × 11–13 × 9–11
μm; immature ascospores containing a large, distinct, dark green guttule when mounted in
water; germ-slit straight, slightly protuberant, extending over the whole length of the
ascospores. Conidiophores abundant, macronematous to semi-macronematous, septate,
hyaline, smooth-walled to verrucose, branched, (40–)75–145(–170) × 1.5–3 μm.
Conidiogenous cells terminal, discrete, polyblastic, denticulate, proliferating, sometimes
branched at right angles, (11.5–)15–20(–30) × 2.5–4 μm, mostly with broad, swollen tip
(bulbose to club-shaped), up to 6–8.5 μm wide. Conidia easily detached, abundant, globose to
subglobose, hyaline, smooth-walled, 5–6.5 μm diam, with rounded apex and slightly attenuated
base, with indistinct basal projection. Colonies on MEA reaching 16 mm diam in 14 d at 24 °C,
dirty white, with scanty aerial mycelium, becoming distinctly floccose and funiculose in older
colonies with the formation of conidia, slightly sulcate; reverse sulcate, pale brown.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from wheat seeds, Ardabil province, Parsabad (holotype
IRAN 14376F, ex-type culture CBS 125765 = IRAN 1470C).
Molecular data: IRAN 1470C = CBS 125765 (ITS = GU553334, LSU = GU553345).
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Coniocessia
(Xylariales). Mycological Progress, 10(2): 189–206.
205
Coniocessia minima: a–l. teleomorph, m–o. Anamorph. (a) masses of ascospores; (b) ascomata;
(c) hypha-like ostiolar projections; (d, e) outer surface of peridium; (f) paraphyses; (g, h) asci;
(i–l) ascospores in (j) germ-slits visible; (m, n) conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; (o)
conidia. Mounts of (b, i, j) were prepared in lactic acid, those of (c–h, k, l, n, o) in water. All
figures illustrate the ex-type culture (IRAN 1470C). Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b, m = 50 μm; c–
l, n, o = 10 μm
206
Coniocessia nodulisporioides (D. Hawksw.) Dania García, Stchigel, D. Hawksw. & Guarro,
Mycol Res 110: 1285 (2006)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Coniochaeta nodulisporioides D. Hawksw., Norw J Bot 25: 15 (1978)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Coniocessiaceae, Coniocessia
Description: Ascomata formed within 1 wk and maturing in 20–22 d, globose, subglobose to
slightly pyriform, solitary, superficial, 100–150 μm diam, translucent at first, later becoming
semi-translucent, with more or less distinct ostiole, 9–18 μm high, 30–45 μm wide; hypha-like
ostiolar projections, measuring 7–12 × 2–3 μm. Peridium 8.5–13 μm thick,
pseudoparenchymatous, consisting of several layers of slightly thick-walled, irregularly shaped
cells, 6–13 μm diam, outer layer with textura intricata. Paraphyses numerous, filiform, septate,
hyaline, simple or rarely branched, as long as the asci, 3–4.5 μm wide. Asci cylindrical to
subcylindrical, 4-spored, short-stipitate, with rounded ends, 50–70 × 14–17 μm. Ascospores
exuded as a black, shiny, globose to subglobose mass; arranged uniseriately in the ascus,
hyaline to pale green at first, soon turning olivaceousbrown and finally dark greyish brown,
thick-walled, bilaterally flattened, broadly ellipsoidal with slightly apiculate or umbonate ends
and a slightly thickened longitudinal rim, appearing slightly hexagonal in side view, measuring
15–19 × 12–15 × 10–12 μm, with slightly visible irregular incrustations on the surface;
immature ascospores containing a distinct, large, greenish brown guttule when mounted in
water; germ-slit straight, protuberant, extending over the whole length of the ascospores.
Conidiophores scarce or abundant, semi-macronematous, septate, hyaline, simple or sometimes
irregularly branched, smooth-walled to verruculose, variable in length, up to (60–)100–200 μm
long and 2–3.5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, sometimes discrete,
polyblastic, denticulate, mostly proliferating densely at the apex, (7–)12–25 × 2–4 μm. Conidia
mostly remaining attached to the conidiogenous locus for a long time (giving a grape-like
appearance), subglobose to pyriform, hyaline, smooth-walled or slightly verruculose, 5–7 × 4–
6 μm, with rounded apex, attenuated and truncated base, mostly with a distinct basal projecton.
Colonies on MEA reaching 12–(17)–18 mm diam in 14 d at 24 °C, white or brownish white,
with scanty aerial mycelium, sometimes becoming floccose to funiculose with the formation of
conidia; reverse ranging from buff or pale apricot to dark reddish-brown; sometimes reddish
brown pigments diffusing into the agar.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from soil, Jordan (holotype IMI 204247, ex-type culture CBS
281.77 = IRAN 1616C); isolated from seed of Hordeum vulgare, Ahar (IRAN 1471C = CBS
126675); isolated from straw of Triticum aestivum, Salmas (IRAN 1473C = CBS 125776)
isolated from Seed of Hordeum vulgare, Ahar (IRAN 1466C = CBS 125778); isolated from
207
seed of Triticum aestivum, Miandoab (IRAN 1469C = CBS 125777); isolated from seed of
Hordeum vulgare, Ahar (IRAN 1467C = CBS 125779).
Molecular data: IRAN 1616C = CBS 281.77 (ITS = GU553333, LSU = AJ875224), IRAN
1471C = CBS 126675 (ITS = GU553341), IRAN 1473C = CBS 125776 (ITS = GU553342),
IRAN 1466C = CBS 125778 (ITS = GU553343, LSU = GU553351), IRAN 1469C = CBS
125777 (ITS = GU553340), IRAN 1467C = CBS 125779 (ITS = GU553339, LSU =
GU553350)
Reference:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2011. A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Coniocessia
(Xylariales). Mycological Progress, 10(2): 189–206.
208
Coniocessia nodulisporioides: a–n. teleomorph, o–s. Anamorph. (a) masses of ascospores; (b)
ascomata; (c, d) hypha-like ostiolar projections; (e) outer surface of peridium, f. inner surface
of peridium; (g) paraphyses; (h) immature ascus; (i, j) mature asci; (k–n) ascospores, in (n)
germ-slits visible; (o–r) conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; (s) conidia. Mounts of (b–d, k,
l) were prepared in lactic acid, those of (e, f, g–j, m, n, q–s) in water. (p, r, s) (ex-type culture,
CBS 281.77), (a, c, l, m) (IRAN 1466C), (b, d, j, k, n) (IRAN 1471C), (o, q) (IRAN 1467C), e,
f, h, i (IRAN 1469C), g (IRAN 1473C). Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b = 50 μm; o, p = 20 μm; c–n,
q–s = 10 μm
209
Coniolariella ershadii (Zare, Asgari & W. Gams) Zare, Asgari & W. Gams, Mycologia 102:
1383 (2010)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Coniochaeta ershadii Zare, Asgari & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 84:177 (2007)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Coniolariella
Description: Ascoma initials arising as interwoven hyphae, soon becoming contorted.
Perithecia produced abundantly in the second week, maturing in 4–6 wk, solitary or aggregated,
superficial, black, globose to subglobose, 200–500 μm diam, with a nearly globose venter and
a very short neck; covered with dark stiff setae that are thick-walled and blunt-ended, with
smooth or rough surface, simple or distinctly branched, mostly swollen near the base, measuring
44–46 × 4.2–4.6 μm. Peridium irregularly pseudoparenchymatous, dark brown, with cells 6–12
μm. Paraphyses numerous, filiform, septate, simple, hyaline, 8–9.5 μm wide at the base,
tapering to 2.5–4 μm near the apex, with a pointed tip, mostly longer than the asci. Asci
cylindrical, 8-spored, with non-amyloid undifferentiated apex, with a short stout stipe,
measuring 110–150 × 10.5–12 μm. Ascospores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline at first but soon
turning pale green to greenish brown and finally dark brown or black, smooth, without a sheath,
ellipsoid-fusoid, mostly with rotational symmetry, measuring 16–18 × 9.5–10.5 μm, with a
distinctive protrusion at one or both ends reaching up to 1.7–2.5 μm, containing a large guttule
when mounted in water; germ slits straight, extending over the whole length of the ascospores;
ascospores exuded as a large globose mass at the mouth of the ostiole. Conidiogenous cells,
produced predominantly on hyphal coils and also on aerial hyphae, simple, hyaline, variable in
length, measuring 4–24 × 2–2.3 μm, monoblastic or polyblastic, usually producing 2–3
conidiogenous denticles bearing single blastoconidia; phialides absent; Conidia rarely formed
on aerial hyphae, remaining attached to the conidiogenous locus for a long time, smooth,
subhyaline, oblong, regularly cylindrical, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, with
rounded apex and distinctly attenuated base (0.5–1.2 μm long), with truncated basal scar,
measuring 8–11 × 2–3 μm. Colonies reaching 90 mm diam in 9 d on Leonian agar, at first white,
then becoming dark brown, reverse uncoloured; mycelium with low aerial growth, composed
of hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, often anastomosing, 2.3–2.7 μm wide hyphae; numerous
octahedral crystals present in the culture; chlamydospores absent.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from dead twigs of Pistacia vera, Tehran province, Varamin
(holotype IRAN 1841F, ex-type culture IRAN 972 C = CBS 119785).
Molecular data: IRAN 972 C = CBS 119785 (ITS = GU553328, LSU = GU553331).
210
References:
Zare, R., Asgari, B. and Gams, W., 2010. The species of Coniolariella (Xylariales). Mycologia,
102, pp. 1383–1388.
Asgari, B., Zare, R. and Gams, W., 2007. Coniochaeta ershadii, a new species from Iran, and
a key to well-documented Coniochaeta species. Nova Hedwigia, 84, pp. 175–187.
Coniolariella ershadii and its nodulisporium-like anamorph: a–j. teleomorph: (a) ascomata
viewed from above exuding ascospore masses; (b, c) peridium of irregular structure; (d, e) setae
(f–h) asci; (i–j) ascospores. k–u. Anamorph: (k–q) conidiogenous cells; (r, s) crystals (t, u)
conidia
211
Coniolariella gamsii (Asgari & Zare) Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro, Mycol. Res. 110: 1285
(2006)
B. Asgari
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (bita_asgari@yahoo.com)
R. Zare
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and
Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran (simplicillium@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Coniochaeta gamsii Asgari & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 82:228 (2006)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Coniolariella
Description: Ascoma initials arising as interwoven hyphae, soon becoming contorted.
Perithecia produced abundantly in the second week, maturing in 3–4 wk, solitary or aggregated,
superficial, black, globose to subglobose, 500–800 μm diam, with a nearly globose venter and
a broad short neck (40–90 μm long); perithecia covered with a loosely appressed layer of
flexuous, hyaline hyphae, but no dark stiff setae. Peridium blackish, opaque,
pseudoparenchymatous, consisting of several cell layers, the outermost layer comprises large,
swollen, pseudoparenchymatous, darkly pigmented cells, while the innermost layer contains
small, flattened hyaline cells forming a typical pseudoparenchyma. The intermediate layers
consist of smaller, less pigmented and more compressed cells. Paraphyses numerous, filiform,
septate, simple, hyaline, broad at the base, tapering towards the apex, with slightly inflated or
pointed tip, mostly longer than the asci. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, non-amyloid in Melzer’s
reagent, with a short stout stipe, 110–130 × 12–14 μm. Ascospores 8, obliquely uniseriate,
measuring 16–19 × 6–11 μm, hyaline at first but soon turning pale green, greyish green to
greenish brown and finally dark brown or black, smooth, without sheaths, ellipsoid-fusoid with
a protrusion at both ends, sometimes more distinct on one end; containing a distinct large
guttule; germ slit straight, extending from one end to the other; ascospores exuded as a large
globose mass at the mouth of the ostiole. Colonies fast-growing, reaching 90 mm diam in 9 d,
first white, then becoming dark brown, reverse uncoloured; pigmentation usually restricted to
the central part of the colony, later extending towards the margins; mycelium compact with low
aerial growth, composed of hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, often anastomosing, 2.5–4 μm
wide hyphae; chlamydospores absent.
Host and Distribution: Isolated from barley leaves, East Azerbaijan province, Bonab
(holotype IRAN 12363F, ex-type culture CBS 114379 = IRAN 842C), Unknown host, East
Azerbaijan province, Bonab (CBS 117677).
Molecular data: IRAN 842C = CBS 114379 (ITS = GU553325, LSU = GU553329), IRAN
907C = CBS 117677 (ITS = GU553326)
212
References:
Asgari, B. and Zare, R., 2006. Two new Coniochaeta species from Iran. Nova Hedwigia, 82,
pp. 227–236.
Zare, R., Asgari, B. and Gams, W., 2010. The species of Coniolariella (Xylariales). Mycologia,
102, pp. 1383–1388.
Coniolariella gamsii and its Nodulisporium-like anamorph: a–j. Teleomorph: (a) ascoma and
ostiole, view from top; (b) ascoma, longitudinal section; (c) outermost layers of ascoma; (d)
innermost layers of ascoma; (e, f) asci; (g) paraphyses; (h) ascospore mass at the ostiole; (i)
germ slit; (j) ascospores. k–r. Anamorph: (k–n) conidiophores and conidiogenous loci; (o–r)
conidia. Scale bars: a, h = 100 μm; b = 50 μm; e–g 20 μm; c, d, i–r = 10 μm
213
Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis Glawe, Mycologia 76(1): 166 (1984)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Cryptosphaeria
Description: Stromata poorly developed, with perithecia scattered or gregarious and embedded
in bark, circular to ovoid, with sulcate ostioles, 300–700 μm diam. Asci eight-spored, clavate
to spindle-shaped, long-stipitate, 150–220 × 10–13 μm (p. sp. 55–110). Ascospores brown,
oblong to allantoid, (10–)12–16(–18) × 3.5–4.7 μm. On host tissue, conidiomata immersed in
bark, scattered, circular to irregular, 0.3–3 mm diam, flat to subconical, multichambered,
emptying into common ostiole, yellow inside, surrounded by a black line, with orange stratum
of spores. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple or branched, 15–50(30.6) × 1–1.7 μm long.
Conidia allantoid, with a flattened base and hyaline, 5.5–8(–8.7) × 1.4–2 μm (mean = 7.1 × 1.6
μm). Colonies on PDA were circular to irregular, white to grey, cottony, reverse of colonies
yellow at the margin and olivaceous black in the centre after 2 wk in the dark at 24 °C, covering
60 mm of Petri plate after 8 d.
Host and Distribution: On Populus nigra L., Zanjan province (IRAN 2512C, IRAN 16718F,
IRAN 2426C, IRAN 2514C), Esfahan province (IRAN 2511C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2512C (ITS = KX828172, TUB = KY242617), IRAN 2426C (ITS =
KU162943, TUB = KY242618), IRAN 2511C (ITS = KU726248, TUB = KY242615), IRAN
2514C (ITS = KU726249, TUB = KY242616).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R. and Trouillas, F.P., 2017. First report of Cryptosphaeria
pullmanensis as causal agent of Cryptosphaeria canker of Populus nigra in Iran. Forest
Pathology, 47(3), p. e12339.
Trouillas, F.P., Hand, F.P., Inderbitzin, P. and Gubler, W.D., 2015. The genus Cryptosphaeria
in the western United States: taxonomy, multilocus phylogeny and a new species, C.
multicontinentalis. Mycologia, 107, pp. 1304–1313.
214
Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis from Populus nigra: (a) symptom of canker on bark with
anamorph; (b) transverse section through the perithecia; (c) transverse section through the
conidiomata; (d) asci with ascospores; (e) conidia; (f–h) symptoms developed in the
pathogenicity test on P. nigra 5 months after inoculation of C. pullmanensis isolates IRAN
2513C (i) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: b, c = 500 μm; d = 20 μm; e = 5 μm
215
Cryptovalsa ampelina (Nitschke) Fuckel, Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde
23-24: 212 (1870)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Valsa ampelina Nitschke, Pyrenomycetes Germanici 1, p. 156. (1867)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Cryptovalsa
Description: Stromata immersed in bark, poorly developed, dotted at the surface with visible
black zone on the bark surface, circular to ovoid, 0.3–1.5(0.5) mm diam, containing 1–6
perithecia arranged at different depth in the bark, 280–630 μm diam, delimited by distinct black
zone, discs dark brown to grey, 0.1–0.3 mm diam, ostioles at the same level as the discs or
slightly above, dark brown, 28–70 μm diam, perithecia dark brown, circinately arranged,
globoid to subgloboid, surrounded by yellow to grey entostroma. Paraphyses absent. Asci
elongate, subcylindrical to clavate, long-stipitate, (60–)80–120(–140) 6 × 6–9(–10) μm,
polyspored. Ascospores allantoid, rounded at the apex, subhyaline to yellowish brown, aseptate,
(6–)8–10(–12) × 1.8–3 μm. Colonies white on PDA, cottony, with diffuse margins, covering
85 mm of Petri plate after 7 d at 24 °C, reverse later (> 20 d) turning dark, beginning from the
center of the colony.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Juglansregia L., Kermanshah province, Paveh
(IRAN 16599F, IRAN 2281C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2281C (ITS = KJ767718, TUB= KY352426).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2015. A new species and a new
record of Diatrypaceae from Iran. Mycosphere, 6, pp. 60–68.
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of Diatrypaceae
associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal Diversity, 49,
pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
216
Cryptovalsa ampelina from Juglans regia: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark with visible black
zone on the bark surface; (b) transverse section through the ascoma shows globose perithecia
surrounded in entostroma and ascoma delimited by black zone; (c) ascus with ascocpores; (d)
allantoid ascospores; (e) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 500 μm; c, d
= 10 μm
217
Cryptovalsa rabenhorstii (Nitschke) Sacc., Syll. fung. 1: 190 (1882)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Synonym: Valsa ampelina Nitschke, Pyrenomycetes Germanici 1. 156 (1867)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Cryptovalsa
Description: Saprobic on decaying wood. Teleomorph: Stromata in the bark of dead branches
(2 cm diam), effuse, covered by the epidermis which is not discolored. Perithecia buried in the
inner bark, black and shin inside, either scattered in groups of 5–25 perithecia or rarely in larger
groups, circinately or linear arranged, 400–600 μm diam, delimited by a black zone in the host
tissues, ostioles mostly sheltered around a white to yellowish ectostroma, ostioles poorly
emerging. Asci clavate, long and slender pedicellate, polysporous, 115–175(–200) × 13–20 μm.
Ascospores hyaline when immature turning yellowish to light-brown at maturity, sub-allaintoid
to cylindrical, smooth, aseptate (12−)13−15(−16) × (2.5−)3−4(−5) μm. Anamorph: immersed
in bark, pycnidia interspersed amongst stromata, rare, 0.5–2 mm diam, subconical, delimited
by a black zone in the host tissues, hymenium labyrinthiform, light yellow, surface white to
grey, powdery, with yellow stratum of spores. Conidia filiform and arcuate, 17–22(–25) × 0.8–
1 μm.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Citrus sp., Mazandaran province, Sari (IRAN
16683F, IRAN 2346C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2346C (ITS = KR605649, TUB= KY352428).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of Diatrypaceae
associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal Diversity, 49,
pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
218
Cryptovalsa rabenhorstii from Citrus sp.: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) longitudinal
section through the stroma shows ostioles and perithecia; (c, d) Anamorph; (e) ascus with
ascocpores; (f) ascospores; (g) conidia; (h) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm;
b–d = 500 μm; e–g = 20 μm
219
Daldinia caldariorum Henn., Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz
Brandenburg 40: 158 (1898)
M. J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran (javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Daldinia gollani Henn., Hedwigia 40: 339 (1901); Daldinia cognata Har. & Pat.,
J. Bot., Paris 17: 15 (1903); Daldinia corrugata Pat. & Har., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 22: 120
(1906); Hypoxylon hibisci Henn., Hedwigia 47: 259 (1908); Daldinia hibiscus (Henn.) Lloyd,
Mycol. Writ. 6(Letter 61): 901 (1919); Daldinia platensis Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser.
3 12: 345 (1909); Daldinia aparaphysata Saccas, J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 1: 190 (1954)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Daldinia
Description: Stroma depressed-spherical, short stipitate, 0.8 × 1.4 cm; surface smooth, sepia
in age; with KOH-extractable pigments livid purple or vinaceous purple; tissue beneath
perithecial layer composed of concentric zones, darker zones dark brown, 0.12–0.38 mm thick,
lighter zones whitish or pale brown, 0.12–0.64 mm thick. Perithecia obovoid, cylindrical, 0.5–
0.7 × 0.3–0.45 mm, with inconspicuous ostioles. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus,
0.5–1 × 1.5–2 µm long, stipe up to 135 µm, and the spore-bearing portion measuring 49–65 ×
6.5–9 µm. Ascospore smooth, pale to dark brown, ellipsoidal, with broadly rounded ends, 7–9
× 3–4 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length; perispore indehiscent in 10% KOH.
Host and Distribution: On branches of Morus alba L., Guilan province, Siahkal, Ziaratgah
forest (GUM 1113).
Molecular data: Not available.
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D. and San Martin, F., 1997. A revision of the genus Daldinia. Mycotaxon,
61, pp. 243–293.
Pourmoghaddam, M. J., Khodaparast, S. A., and Pedramfar, H., 2014. The genus Daldinia in
Guilan province (N Iran). Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 122-132.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A mycological colour chart Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew,
UK.
Stadler, M., Læssøe, T., Fournier, J., Decock, C., Schmieschek, B., Tichy, H.V. and Peršoh, D.,
2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Studies in Mycology, 77, pp.
1–143.
220
Daldinia caldariorum: (a) stroma on host in vivo; (b) stroma in longitudinal section internal
concentric zones, locules and perithecial layer; (c) perithecial layer; (d) stromatal surface with
stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (e) asci with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodin regent;
(f) ascospores in 10% KOH; (g) ascospores in water with germ slit. Scale bars: B = 0.6 mm,
C 1 mm, E = 20 µm, F, G = 10 µm
E
221
Daldinia childiae J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Mycotaxon 72: 512 (1999)
M. J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran (javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Synonym: Daldinia concentrica sensu auct. NZ; fide NZfungi (2008)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Daldinia
Description: Stromata spherical, depressed-spherical to turbinate, sessile or shortly stipitate,
0.5–2 × 0.5–2.5 cm; surface smooth, livid red, dark brick, sepia, brown vinaceous or greyish
sepia in age; with orange brown or reddish brown granules immediately below surface and
KOH-extractable pigments amber or cinnamon; tissue beneath perithecial layer composed of
concentric zones, darker zones dark brown to black, 0.12–0.51 mm thick, lighter zones brown
to cream, 0.15–1 mm thick. Perithecia obovoid to lanceolate, 0.71–1.4 × 0.23–0.64 mm, with
inconspicuous or slightly papillate ostioles. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–
1.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, long stipe up to 174 µm and, the spore-bearing portion measuring 60–104
µm × 8–13 µm. Ascospores brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly
rounded ends, 11–16(–17) × 5–7(–8) µm, with straight germ slit spore-length; perispore
dehiscent in 10% KOH. Conidiophores laterally or terminally, hyaline, verruculose to
verrucose, branched, branches short to medium, di- or trichotomously branched, 3 µm wide.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, hyaline, with up to 4 loci, not crowded at the apex, 11–23 ×
2.5–4 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, subglobose to ellipsoid or fusiform, with more or less
flattened base, 6–9(–10) × 3–5 µm. Colonies on OA reaching 90 mm diam in 4 wk, first white,
felty and zonate, then becomingHoney with concentric zones. Hyphae superficial, smooth to
finely verruculose, up to 2.5 µm wide.
Hosts and Distributions: On fallen wood of Carpinus betulus L., Guilan province, Masal
forest (GUM 1114); on fallen wood of Alnus subcordata C.A. Mey., Guilan province, Shaft,
Emamzadeh Ebrahim forest (GUM 1115); on dead branches of Parrotia persica C.A. Mey.,
Guilan province, Siahkal, Deilaman forest (GUM 1116); on dead branches of unknown tree,
Guilan province, Roudsar, Rahimabad (Sefidab) forest (GUM 1117); on dead parts of branches
of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach,Guilan province, Kelachai, Siahkalroud forest (GUM
1118); on fallen wood of unknown,Guilan province, Chaboksar, Sarvelat forest (GUM 1119);
on dead branches of Prunussp., Guilan province, Amlash, Bolourdokan forest (GUM 1120); on
dead branches of unknown tree, Guilan province, Lahijan, Kohbijar forest (GUM 1121); on
fallen wood of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Guilan, Langaroud, Parashkoh forest (GUM 1122);
on fallen wood of Quercus sp., Langaroud, Liseroud forest (GUM 1123); on trunk and branches
ofBuxus sempervirens L., Guilan province, Siahkal, Lonak forest (GUM 1124); on fallen wood
of Gleditschia caspica Desf., Guilan province, Kelachai, Vajargah forest (GUM 1125); on dead
branches of unknown tree, Guilan province, Siahkal, Deilaman forest (GUM 1126); on trunk
of Morus albaL., Langaroud, Komle forest (GUM 1127); on dead branches of unknown, Guilan
province, Langaroud, Khorma forest (GUM 1128); on different kinds of forest trees,Guilan
province, Gisom Kolab forests (IRAN 947F); on Acer sp., Guilan province, Asalem(IRAN
955F); on wood, Guilan province, Khalkhal, Asalam (IRAN 11215F); on wood, East
222
Azarbaijan, Arasbaran Forest (IRAN 11933F); on Wood, Mazandaran, Nowshahr,
Kheirudkenar (IRAN 5746F); on wood, Golestan, Gorgan, Baran-Kuh forest (IRAN 13383F);
on wood, Esfahan, Najafabad (IRAN 10582F); on Fagusorientalis Lipsky, Mazandaran,
Kheirudkenar (IRAN 15742F); on wood, Mazandaran, Amol, Zardman (IRAN 14699F); on
DiospyroskakiL., Guilan province, Siahkal forest (IRAN 8115F); on Fagus sp., Guilan
province, Lahijan, Siahkal (IRAN 9286F); on Fagus sp., Mazandaran, Sangdeh, Dehmian
Forest (IRAN 949F); Guilan province, Asalem forest (IRAN 950F); fallen stumps of Quercus
sp., Mazandaran, Ramsar, Dalikhani forests (IRAN 946F); decorticated trunk, Mazandaran,
Ramsar, Cibon forests Khoshkedaran (IRAN 948F); on rotten trunk, Golestan, Gorgan,
Shamooshak Forest (IRAN 954F); on fallen wood, Guilan province, Rasht, Emamzadeh-
Hashem, Baragol Forest (IRAN 9285F); on rotten trunk of Fagus sp., Mazandaran, Tonekabon,
Porehsar (IRAN 6775F); dried wood, Golestan, Gorgan, Khanbebin, Shirabad forests (IRAN
951F); dried wood, Golestan, Gorgan, Zengo forests (IRAN 952F); on Diospyros kaki,
Mazandaran, Amol, Mahmoudabad (IRAN 953F); on Wood, Mazandaran, Firuzkola (IRAN
14348F); on wood Mazandaran, Amol to Babol, Baliran (IRAN 14349F); dn wood,
Mazandaran, Noor, Chamestan (IRAN 14955F); wn wood, Mazandaran, Sangdeh, Flourd
(IRAN 14956F); wn wood Mazandaran, Tonekabon, Liresar (IRAN 14700F).
Molecular data: Not available.
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D. and San Martin, F., 1997. A revision of the genus Daldinia. Mycotaxon,
61, pp. 243–293.
Pourmoghaddam, M. J., Khodaparast, S. A., and Pedramfar, H., 2014. The genus Daldinia in
Guilan province (N Iran). Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 122-132.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A mycological colour chart Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew,
UK.
Stadler, M., Læssøe, T., Fournier, J., Decock, C., Schmieschek, B., Tichy, H.V. and Peršoh, D.,
2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Studies in Mycology, 77, pp.
1–143.
223
a
b
c
deD
f
g
Daldinia childiae: (a) stromata on hast in vivo; (b) stromatal habit; (c) stroma in
longitudinal section showing internal concentric zones and perithecial layer; (d)
stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (e) ascus with apical ring
bluing in Melzer’s iodin regent; (f) ascospores in 10% KOH, showing dehiscing
perispore; (g) ascospores in water with germ slit. Scale bars: b = 10 mm; b = 1 mm;
e = 20 µm; f, g = 10 µm
224
Daldinia gelatinoides Lar. N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego
Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (Sankt-Peterburg): 177
(1998)
M. J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran (javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Daldinia
Description: Stroma turbinate, stipitate, stout stipe, 1–2.4 × 0.8–2.7 cm; surface smooth, sepia
in age; with KOH-extractable pigments vinaceous purple; tissue beneath perithecial layer is not
composed of alternating zones but consists of a hollow cavity, with remnants of zonate tissue
at base of stroma. Perithecia obovoid to lanceolate, 0.7–1.15 × 0.38–0.64 mm, with
inconspicuous ostioles. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1.5 × 2–3.5 µm, long
stipe up to 117 µm, and the spore-bearing portion measuring 62.4–78 µm × 10.4–13 µm.
Ascospores dark brown to black, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with broadly to narrowly rounded
ends, (11–)12–13(–14) × (5.5–)6–7 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length; perispore
indehiscent in 10% KOH.
Host and Distribution: On branches of Morus alba, Guilan province, Siahkal, Ziaratgah forest
(GUM 1129).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: This species is similar to D. vernicosa in having the same spore morphology and
indehiscent perispore. However, it is distinguished from the latter species by an Entonaema-
like habit of its stromata that are highly gelatinous, almost entirely hollow inside and filled with
liquid when fresh (Stadler et al. 2014).
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D. and San Martin, F., 1997. A revision of the genus Daldinia. Mycotaxon,
61, pp. 243–293.
Pourmoghaddam, M. J., Khodaparast, S. A., and Pedramfar, H., 2014. The genus Daldinia in
Guilan province (N Iran). Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 122-132.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A mycological colour chart Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew,
UK.
Stadler, M., Læssøe, T., Fournier, J., Decock, C., Schmieschek, B., Tichy, H.V. and Peršoh, D.,
2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Studies in Mycology, 77, pp.
1–143.
225
a
b
c d e
f
g
Daldinia gelatinoides: (a) stromata on host in vivo; (b) stroma in longitudinal section
showing hollow interior, perithecial layer and remnants of internal concentric zones at
base; (c) perithecial layer; (d) stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH;
(e) asci with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodin regent ;(f) ascospores in 10% KOH
with germ slit; (g) ascospores in water. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, c = 0.5 mm; e = 20 µm;
f, g = 10 µm
226
Daldinia pyrenaica M. Stadler &Wollw., Mycotaxon 80: 180 (2001)
M. J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran (javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Daldinia
Description: Stromata hemispherical to depressed-spherical, sessile, 0.7–1.1 × 1.2–1.5 cm,
surface smooth, dark brick in age; with KOH-extractable pigments amber, cinnamon or honey;
tissue beneath perithecial layer composed of alternating concentric zones, darker zones dark
brown to black, 0.12–0.51 mm thick, lighter zones light brown, 0.25–0.76 mm thick. Perithecia
lanceolate to obovoid 0.76–1.3 × 0.25–0.58 mm, with inconspicuous or slightly papillate
ostioles. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.75–1.5 × 2.5–4 µm, long stipe up to
182 µm, and the spore-bearing portion measuring 83–91 µm × with 9–13 µm wide. Ascospores
brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 12–17 × 6–8(–9) µm, with straight
germ slit spore-length, perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH.
Hosts and Distributions: On dead branches of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Guilan province,
Siahkal, Lonak forest (GUM 1131); on dead branches of Buxus sempervirens, Guilan province,
Langaroud, Khorma forest (GUM 1132).
Molecular data: Not available.
Note: This species resembles to Daldinia Childiae by having darker and lighter concentric
zones, released pigments in KOH 10%, dehiscent perispore, the shape of ascospores. However,
stroma in D. childiaeare distinctly stipitate and ascospores are slightly smaller than those of D.
pyrenaica (Stadler et al. 2014). Daldinia pyrenaica is a new record to the Iranian mycobiota.
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D. and San Martin, F., 1997. A revision of the genus Daldinia. Mycotaxon,
61, pp. 243–293.
Pourmoghaddam, M. J., Khodaparast, S. A., and Pedramfar, H., 2014. The genus Daldinia in
Guilan province (N Iran). Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 122-132.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A mycological colour chart Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew,
UK.
Stadler, M., Læssøe, T., Fournier, J., Decock, C., Schmieschek, B., Tichy, H.V. and Peršoh, D.,
2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Studies in Mycology, 77, pp.
1–143.
227
b
a
e
c
d
f
g
Daldinia pyrenaica: (a) stromatal habit; (b) stroma in longitudinal section showing internal
concentric zones and perithecial layer; (c) perithecial layer; (d) stromatal surface, with
stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (e) asci with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodin regent;
(f) ascospores in 10% KOH, showing dehiscing perispore; (g) ascospores in water with
germ slit. Scale bars: a = 5 mm; b = 0.5 cm; c = 1mm; e = 20 µm; f, g = 10 µm
228
Daldinia vernicosa Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 198 (1863)
M. J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran (javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Sphaeria vernicosa Schwein., J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 5: 9 (1825); Daldinia
vernicosa Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1 (fasc. 4): 198 (1863) f. vernicosa;
Hypoxylon vernicosum (Ces. & De Not.) Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
10(No. 46): 384 (1868); Hemisphaeria vernicosa (Ces. & De Not.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl.
(Leipzig) 3(2): 482 (1898)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Daldinia
Description: Stromata turbinate or peltate, usually stipitate, 1.3–1.8 × 1.3–3.5 cm; surface
smooth or wrinkled, sepia or fuscous black in age; with KOH-extractable pigments dark livid;
tissue beneath perithecial layer composed of concentric zones, darker zones dark brown to
black, 0.17–0.38 mm thick, lighter zones white, gelatinous, disintegrating and becoming
loculate when dry, 0.33–1.2 mm thick. Perithecia obovoid to lanceolate, 0.76–1 × 0.28–0.71
mm, with inconspicuous or slightly papillate ostioles. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical
apparatus, 0.5–1.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, long stipe up to 208 µm, and the spore-bearing portion
measuring 65–93 × 9–13 µm wide. Ascospores dark brown to black, ellipsoid–inequilateral,
with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, 11–14(–15) × 6–8 µm, with straight germ slit spore-
length; perispore indehiscent in 10% KOH.
Host and Distribution: On trunk and branches of Ficus sp., Guilan province, Siahkal,
Ziaratgah forest (GUM 1133); oOn trunk and branches of Parrotia persica, Siahkal, Ziaratgah
forest (GUM 1134); on trunk and branches of Ulmus sp., Guilan province, Langaroud, Komle
forest (GUM 1135).
Molecular data: Not available.
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D. and San Martin, F., 1997. A revision of the genus Daldinia. Mycotaxon,
61, pp. 243–293.
Pourmoghaddam, M. J., Khodaparast, S. A., and Pedramfar, H., 2014. The genus Daldinia in
Guilan province (N Iran). Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 122-132.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A mycological colour chart Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew,
UK.
Stadler, M., Læssøe, T., Fournier, J., Decock, C., Schmieschek, B., Tichy, H.V. and Peršoh, D.,
2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Studies in Mycology, 77, pp.
1–143.
229
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Daldinia vernicosa: (a–b) stromata on host in vivo; (c) perithecial layer; (d) stroma in
longitudinal section showing loculate interior, internal concentric zones and perithecial
layer; (e) stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (f) asci with apical
ring bluing in Melzer’s iodin regent; (g) ascospores in 10% KOH and germ slits; (h)
ascospores in water with germ slits. Scale bars: c = 0.5 mm; d = 1 mm; e = 20 µm;
g,h = 10 µm
230
Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 385 (1849)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Sphaeria disciformis Hoffm., Veg. Crypt. 1: 15 (1787)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Diatrype
Description: Saprobic on decaying wood with bark. Teleomorph: Stromata erumpent from
bark of dead branches (8 mm diam), disc-shaped, 1.5–2 mm diam, flat or slightly convex, dark
at the surface, whitish inside, base sunk to the wood and circumscribed by a black line. Ostioles
dark, at the same level as the discs surface, sulcate. Perithecia 10–23 (or more) in a stroma,
dark, globoid to subgloboid, 300–600 μm diam. Paraphyses elongate, filiform. Asci elongate,
clavate, 45–70(–90) × 3.5–5(–6) μm, octospori, ascospore allantoids, hyaline, aseptate, 5–7 ×
1–1.7 μm. Anamorph undetermined.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Alnus sp., Guilan province, Rasht (IRAN 16680F,
IRAN 2347C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2347C (ITS = KR605644, TUB = KY352434).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
231
Diatrype disciformis from Alnus sp.: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) transverse section
through the ascoma shows globoseperithecia surrounded in white entostroma; (c) ascus with
ascocpores; (d) ascospores; (e) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 2 mm; b = 1 mm;
c, d = 10 μm
232
Diatrypella iranensis Mehrabi & Hemmati, Mycosphere 6 (1): 64 (2015)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Diatrypella
Description: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead branches (3 mm diam), erumpent, circular
to ovoid, surface black, finely rugose due to the ostioles of the perithecia, 2–5(2.9) mm diam,
delimited by a black zone in the host tissues, with groups of 4–57 perithecia, arranged on a
unique layer in the bark, circular to ovoid, 280–650 μm diam, ostioles dark brown, at the same
level of the stroma surface or slightly above, 28–100 μm diam, perithecia dark brown,
circinately arranged, crowded, globoid to subgloboid, surrounded by whitish yellow
entostroma. Paraphyses elongate, filiform, septate. Asci elongate, subcylindrical to clavate,
long-stipitate, (55–)70–110(–130) × 6–9(–10) μm, polyspored; Ascospores allantoids,
subhyaline, yellowish in mass, aseptate, (5–)6–7(–8) × 1–1.3(–1.5) μm. Colonies white on
PDA, cottony, reverse of colonies pale yellow, covering 85 mm of Petri plate after 8 d at 24
°C.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Quercus brantii Lindl., Kohkiluyeh & Buyer
Ahmad province, Sisakht (holotype IRAN 16600 Fex-type culture, IRAN 2280C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2344C (ITS = KM245033, TUB = KY352429).
Note: Diatrypella iranensis resembles in many aspects earlier description of D. quercina and
D. pulvinata. However, the spores of D. quercina are longer than those of the new species. In
addition, D. quercina differs from the new species by marked curvature of the ascospores and
wider asci. The new species also differs from D. pulvinata on the basis of stromatal morphology
and ascus size.
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2015. A new species and a new
record of Diatrypaceae from Iran. Mycosphere, 6, pp. 60–68.
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43-55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203-–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
233
Diatrypella iranensis from Quercus brantii: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) longitudinal
section through the stroma shows ostioles and perithecia surrounded in whitish yellow
entostroma and ascoma delimited by black zone; (c) ascus with ascocpores; (d) allantoid
ascospores; (e) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 5 mm; b = 500 μm; c, d = 10 μm
234
Diatrypella macrospora Mehrabi, R. Hemmati, L.N. Vasilyeva & F.P. Trouillas, Phytotaxa
252 (1): 47 (2016)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Diatrypella
Description: Saprobic on oak branch. Teleomorph: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead
branches (2 cm diam), 1.5–2.5 mm diam, discrete, erumpent, circular, surface black, delimited
by a black zone in the host tissues, with groups of 3–10 perithecia, white to yellow to light
brown entostroma, Perithecia 400–700 μm diam, usually not compressed, hyaline to black
(with age), circinately arranged, monostichous, shining inside, globoid. Necks of the perithecia
about 200–500 μm above the periderm, converge together, black. Ostioles black, opening
separately. Paraphyses elongate, filiform, septate. Asci elongate, sporiferous parts 110–150(–
160) × 10–15 μm, basal part filiform, up to 80 mm long, narrow when young and more or less
cylindrical when mature, with obtuse apex, poly spore. Ascospores (10–)12–20(–23) × 1.7–3
(–3.7) μm (av. = 15.8 × 2.3 μm, n = 39), allantoid, subhyaline, yellowish in mass, thinwalled,
smooth, aseptate, usually with two oil droplets. Anamorph undetermined.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Quercus brantii Lindl. (Fagaceae) Kohkiluyeh
& Buyer Ahmad province, Sisakht (holotype IRAN 16679F, ex-type culture IRAN 2344C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2344C (ITS = KR605648, TUB = KY352430).
Note: Differs from other Diatrypella species by the size of ascospores.
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
235
Diatrypella macrospora from Quercus brantii: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark (inset: close-
up of perithecia necks in lateral view); (b) longitudinal section through the stroma shows
ostioles and perithecia; (c, d) anamorph; (e) ascus with ascocpores; (f) ascospores; (g) conidia;
(h) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 μm, e–g = 20 μm
236
Eutypella citrincola Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 6: 245 (1898)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Eutypella
Description: Saprobic on dead branch. Teleomorph: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead
branches (1 cm diam), in pustules scattered; 6–25 perithecial arranged in a stromata, rarely
single, delineated with black line, 0.5–1.5 mm diam, stromatal aggregations widely effused
over branches; perithecia surrounded by white, powdery entostroma, sometimes compressed
with others, black, circinately arranged, 300–500 μm diam, ostioles raising and piercing the
periderm, rarly with elongated clusters of perithecial necks, about 100–300 μm long, 3–6
sulcate. Paraphyses elongate, filiform. Asci octospori, clavate, 50–80(–90) × 6–8 μm.
Ascospores allantoid, sometimes semicircular, with an oil droplet at each end, subhyaline,
yellow in mass, aseptate, 7–11(–12) × 1.7–2.3 μm. Anamorph: Conidia observed on the surface
of Petri plate in light yellow mass, filiform, (11−)13–20(−23) × 1–1.2 μm.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of probably Salix sp., Guilan province, Masal
(IRAN 16682F, IRAN 2349C)
Molecular data: IRAN 2349C (ITS = KR605647, TUB = KY352439).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
237
Eutypella citrincola from possible Salix sp.: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark (inset: close-up
of sulcateostioles); (b) longitudinal section through the ascoma shows globose perithecia
surrounded in white entostroma; (c) ascus with ascocpores; (d) ascospores; (e) conidia; (f)
Colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 500 μm; c–e = 10 μm
238
Hypoxylon eurasiaticum Pourmoghaddam, Krisai-Greilhuber & Khodap. Journal of
Fungi: 7(2): 131 (2021)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae, Hypoxylon
Description: Stromata superficial, hemispherical, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, up
to 12 cm long × 0.2–2 cm wide, with inconspicuous to slightly conspicuous perithecial
mounds, surface vinaceaous (57, according to Rayner colour chart) or dark vinaceaous (82),
brown vinaceous (84); dullorange to orange-brown granules beneath the surface and dark dull
granules betweenthe perithecia, with amber (47) to honey (64), isabelline (65), olivaceous (48)
or hazel (88) KOH-extractable pigments. Perithecia obovoid to spherical, 0.15–0.4 mm high 0
× 0.1 mm–0.3 mm wide. Ostioles umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci with amyloid, discoidapical
apparatus, 0.5–1.5 µm high × 2.5–3.5 µm wide, stipe up to 60 µm, and sporebearing portion
70–90 × 7–10 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid,
inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 9–12.5 × 4–6 µm, with more sigmoid to less straight
germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH, conspicuous coil-like
ornamentation in SEM; epispore smooth. Colonies on OA covering 9 cm of Petri plate in 2 wk,
at first white, becoming straw (46) from outwards, cottony; finally, attaining umber (9) or
ochraceous (44). Conidiogenous structure branching virgariella-like as defined by Ju & Rogers
(1996). Conidiophores hyaline, smooth to finely roughened. Conidiogenous cells hyaline,
smooth to finely roughened, 15–23 × 2–3 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth to ellipsoid, 4–6 × 2–
4 µm.
Host and Distribution: On fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Shaft (GUM 1597; ex-
holotype MUCL 57720); on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Langaroud (GUM 1598;
culture MUCL 57721); on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Siahkal (GUM 1600; culture
MUCL 57722); on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Masouleh forest (GUM 988; culture
MUCL 57723).
Molecular data: GUM 1597 = MUCL 57720 (ITS = MW367851, RPB2 = MW373852, TUB2 =
MW373861); GUM 1598 = MUCL 57721 (ITS = MW367852, RPB2 = MW373853, TUB2 =
MW373862); GUM 1600 = MUCL 57722 (ITS = MW367853, RPB2 = MW373854, TUB2 =
MW373863); GUM 988 = MUCL 57723 (ITS = MW367854, RPB2 = MW373855, TUB2 =
MW373864).
References:
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
and British Mycological Society.
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D., 1996. A Revision of the Genus Hypoxylon; Mycologia Memoir 20;
APS Press: St. Paul, MN, USA, p. 365.
239
Lambert, C., Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Cedeño-Sanchez, M., Surup, F., Khodaparast, S.A.,
Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H., Stradal, T.E.B., Stadler, M, 2021. Resolution of
the Hypoxylon fuscum Complex (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales) and Discovery and
Biological Characterization of Two of Its Prominent Secondary Metabolites. Journal
of Fungi, 7, 131.
Hypoxylon eurasiaticum (holotype GUM 1597): (a) stromatal habit; (b,c) close-up view of
stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (d) ascospore under SEM; (e) stroma
in section showing perithecia and ostioles; (f) immature ascus in water; (g) mature ascus in
water; (h) ascus in Melzer’s reagent; (i) ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore; (j)
ascospore in water, with sigmoid germ-slit. Scale bars: a,b = 5 mm; c = 0.5 mm; d = 2 µm;
e = 0.5 mm; f–h = 20 µm; i,j = 10 µm
240
Culture and anamorphic structures of Hypoxylon eurasiaticum (GUM 1597) on OA. (a,b)
surface of colony after 1 and 8 weeks of incubation (left to right, respectively); (c–f) general
view of anamorph structure with virgariella-like branching patterns, conidiogenous cells,
immature and mature conidia. Scale bars = 20 µm
241
Hypoxylon guilanense Pourmoghaddam & C. Lambert. Mycokeys: 66: 112 (2020)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae, Hypoxylon
Description: Stromata superficial, hemispherical to pulvinate, up to 2 cm long × 0.1–0.7 cm
wide, with conspicuous perithecial mounds, surface sienna (8), umber (9) to buff (45); scarlet
(5) to orange (7) granules beneath the surface and between the perithecia, with orange (7) KOH-
extractable pigments. Perithecia spherical to obovoid, 0.33–0.66 high × 0.3–0.55 mm wide.
Ostioles umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci not seen. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to
dark brown, ellipsoid, inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 12–15 × 5–6 µm, with straight
germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH, conspicuous coil-like
ornamentation in SEM; epispore smooth. Colonies on OA covering 9 cm of Petri plate in 4 wk,
at first white, becoming buff (45), cottony, slightly zonate with diffuse margins; finally,
becoming honey (64). Anamorph not produced in culture.
Host and Distribution: On fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Guilan province, Saravan
forest (GUM 989; ex-holotype MUCL 57726).
Molecular data: GUM 989 = MUCL 57726 (ITS = MT214997, LSU = MT214992, RPB2 =
MT212235, TUB2 = MT212239).
References:
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
and British Mycological Society.
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D., 1996. A Revision of the Genus Hypoxylon; Mycologia Memoir number
20; APS Press: St. Paul, MN, USA, p. 365.
Stadler, M., Fournier, J., Granmo, A., Beltrán-Tejera, E., 2008. The “red Hypoxylons” of the
temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere. North American Fungi, 3, 1–73.
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Lambert, C., Surup, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I.,
Voglmayr, H., Stadler, M., 2020 Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon
rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against
the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys, 66,
105–133.
242
Hypoxylon guilanense (Holotype GUM 989): (a) stromatal habit; (b) close-up view of stromatal
surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (c,h,i) ascospores in water, with germ-slits;
(d,e) ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore; (f,g) ascospore under SEM; (j,k)
culture on 9 cm OA plates after 1 and 3 wk of incubation (left to right). Scale bars a = 2.5 mm;
b = 1 mm; c–e = 10 µm; f, g = 2 µm; h,i = 10 µm
243
Hypoxylon pseudofuscum Pourmoghaddam, Krisai-Greilhuber & Khodap. Journal of Fungi:
7(2): 131 (2021)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae, Hypoxylon
Description: Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, up to 6 cm long
× 1–3 cm wide, with inconspicuous to slightly conspicuous perithecial mounds, surface
rust (39), brick (59), vinaceaous (57) or dark vinaceaous (82), brown vinaceous (84); dull
orange to orange-brown granules beneath the surface and dark dull granules between the
perithecia, with amber (47), isabelline (65), olivaceous (48) or hazel (88) KOH-extractable
pigments. Perithecia spherical to obovoid, 0.19–0.36 high × 0.12–0.28 mm wide. Ostioles
umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1.5 µm high×
2–3.5 µm wide, stipe up to 55 µm, and spore-bearing portion 65–85 × 6–10 µm. Ascospores
smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid, inequilateral with narrowly rounded
ends, 11–16 × 4.5–7.3 µm, with sigmoid to less frequently straight germ slit spore-length
on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH; epispore smooth. Colonies on OA covering
9 cm of Petri plate in 2 wk, at first white, cottony, becoming pale luteous (46) from outwards
with concentric zones; finally, attaining amber (47). Anamorph not observed.
Host and Distribution: On fallen branch of Alnus sp., Guilan province forest, Gisoom forest
(GUM 987).
References:
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
and British Mycological Society.
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D., 1996. A Revision of the Genus Hypoxylon; Mycologia Memoir number
20; APS Press: St. Paul, MN, USA, p. 365.
Lambert, C., Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Cedeño-Sanchez, M., Surup, F., Khodaparast, S.A.,
Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H., Stradal, T.E.B., Stadler, M, 2021. Resolution of
the Hypoxylon fuscum Complex (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales), and Discovery and
Biological Characterization of Two of Its Prominent Secondary Metabolites. Journal
of Fungi, 7, 131.
244
Hypoxylon pseudofuscum (Holotype): (a,b) stromatal habit; (c) close-up view of stromatal
surface; (d,e) stroma in section showing perithecia and ostioles; (f) mature and immature ascus
in water; (g) mature and immature asci tips in Melzer’s reagent; (h) ascospores in 10% KOH
with dehiscent perispore; (i) ascospores in water, with sigmoid germ-slit. Scale bars a = 1 cm;
b = 2.5 mm; c–e = 1 mm; f = 20 µm; g–i = 10 µm
245
Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. II, p. 384 (1849)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae, Hypoxylon
Description: Stromata superficial, effused-pulvinate, up to 8 cm long × 0.3–0.2 cm wide; with
inconspicuous to conspicuous perithecial mounds, surface red (2) to brick (59); scarlet (5) to
orange (7) granules beneath the surface and between the perithecia, with orange (7) to scarlet
(5) KOH-extractable pigments. Perithecia spherical to obovoid, 0.2–0.5 high × 0.15–0.45 mm
wide. Ostioles umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid
apical apparatus, 0.5–1 µm high × 1.5–2.5 µm wide, stipe up to 180 µm long and spore-bearing
portion 40–80 × 6.5–10 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid,
inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 9–12 (–13) × 4–6 µm, with straight germ slit
sporelength on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH; epispore smooth.
Host and Distribution: On fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Guilan province, Siahkal
(GUM 1586; MUCL 57727); on fallen trunk of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Shaft, (GUM 1583);
on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Langaroud (GUM 1584); on fallen branch of
Populus sp., Gisoum forest (GUM 1585).
Molecular data: GUM 1586 = MUCL 57727 (ITS = MT214998, LSU = MT214993, RPB2 =
MT212236, TUB2 = MT212240).
References:
Ju, Y.M., Rogers, J.D., 1996. A Revision of the Genus Hypoxylon; Mycologia Memoir 20;
APS Press: St. Paul, MN, USA, p. 365.
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Lambert, C., Surup, F., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I.,
Voglmayr, H., Stadler, M., 2020 Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon
rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against
the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys, 66,
105–133.
Rayner, R.W., 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
and British Mycological Society.
Stadler, M., Fournier, J., Granmo, A., Beltrán-Tejera, E., 2008. The “red Hypoxylons” of the
temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere. North American Fungi, 3, 1–73.
246
Hypoxylon rubiginosum (GUM 1586): (a,b) stromatal habit; (c) close-up view of stromatal
surface; (d) close-up view of stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOH; (e)
ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore; (f) mature and immature asci in water; (g)
immature ascus in water; (h) mature ascus in water; (i) ascus in Melzer’s reagent; (j) ascospores
in water; (k) ascus tip in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: a =2 cm; b = 1 cm; c = 4 mm; d = 2 mm;
e = 10 µm; f–I = 20 µm; j, k = 10 µm
247
Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.: Fr.) P. Martin, J. S. African Bot. 36: 80 (1970)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Kretzschmaria
Description: Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, densely aggregated, up to
7.5 cm long × 2–5.2 cm wide × 2.8–4.5 mm thick, with broad attachment to substrate and
narrow connective, sloped margins; surface black to blackish brown, with inconspicuous
perithecial mounds, often with reticulate cracks, carbonaceous immediately beneath surface;
tissue between and beneath perithecia brown to dark brown. Perithecia spherical to obovoid,
1–1.8 mm wide × 1–2 mm high, ostioles papillate. Asci with amyloid, urn-shaped apical
apparatus, 4–6 µm high × 2.5–4 µm wide, stipe up to 250 µm long, spore-bearing part 100–
150 × 10–14 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, fusoid-inequilateral,
25–34 × 5.5–8(–9) µm, with straight germ-slit much less than spore-length on flattened side;
perispore indehiscent in 10% KOH. Anamorph undetermined. On 2% OA reaching 90 mm
diam in 5 wk, first whitish, felty and zonate, then becoming grey from centre outwards with
concentric zones.
Host and Distribution: On dead trunk of Fagus orientalis, Guilan province, Siahkal,
Deilaman forest, 36°53ʹ11.27” N, 49°54ʹ31.67” E, 1432 m elev. (GUM1547 consisting of a
dried specimen ex-type culture IRAN 6030C).
Molecular data: GUM1547 (ITS = MH084755, ACT = MH056202)
Notes: Kretzschmaria deusta belongs to the ustulinoid taxa and can be distinguished from other
ustulinoid Kretzschmaria species by smaller ascospores, except for K. zonata (Rogers & Ju
1998). They (Rogers & Ju, 1998) also believed that, K. deusta is a fungus of the Northern
temperate regions. Up to now, there are indeed no reliable reports of this species from tropical
(1998), except for slight differences in ascospore size (25–34 × 5.5–8 (–9) vs. 27–35 × 7–9 µm).
References:
Hladki, A.I. and Romero, A.I., 2001. The genus Kretzschmaria from Tucuman,
Argentina. Mycotaxon, 79, pp. 481–496.
Hsieh, H.M., Ju, Y.M. and Rogers, J.D., 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely
related genera. Mycologia, 97(4), pp. 844–865.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H. and Stadler,
M., 2018. Two new species and one new record of Kretzschmaria (Ascomycota,
Xylariales) from Iran. Mycosphere, 9(6), pp. 1197–1208.
Rogers, J.D. and Ju, Y., 1998. The genus Kretzschmaria. Mycotaxon, 68, pp. 345–393.
248
Rogers, J.D. and Ju, Y.M., 2004. Kretzschmaria varians sp. nov., Xylaria coremiifera sp. nov.
and Xylaria umbonata sp. nov. from Costa Rica. Mycological Progress, 3(1), pp. 37–
40.
Kretzschmaria deusta: (a) close-up view of stromatal surface; (b) close-up view of ostiolar
discs; (c) stroma in vertical section showing perithecia; (d) asci; (e) asci, showing apical
apparatus in Melzer’s reagent; (f) apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent; (g) ascospores in water,
showing germ slits; (h) culture on OA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 0.4 mm; c = 0.4 mm; d–e =
20 µm; f–g = 10 µm
249
Kretzschmaria hedjaroudei Pourmoghaddam & Khodap, Mycosphere 9(6): 1202 (2018)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Kretzschmaria
Description: Stromata superficial, pulvinate, discrete, sessile, up to 2 cm long × 1–1.4 cm wide
× 2.28–2.54 mm thick, attachment to substrate with strong connective, steep margins; surface
black to dark brown, with inconspicuous perithecial mounds and cracks, carbonaceous
immediately beneath surface; tissue between and beneath perithecia black to dark brown.
Perithecia obovoid to cylindrical, 0.75–1.15 mm wide × 1.15–1.8 mm high, ostioles coarsely
papillate. Asci with amyloid, urn-shaped apical apparatus, 6–8 µm high × 3–5 µm wide, stipe
up to 200 µm long, spore-bearing part 90–140 × 12–14 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular,
brown to dark brown, fusoid to ellipsoid, inequilateral, with narrowly or broadly rounded ends,
24–30 × 5–7 µm, with straight germ slit much less than spore-length on flattened side; perispore
indehiscent in 10% KOH. Anamorph undetermined. On 2% OA reaching 90 mm diam in 4 wk,
first whitish, felty and zonate, then becoming grey from center outwards with concentric zones.
Host and Distribution: On wood or bark of a dead branch, Mazandaran province, Tonekabon,
Dohezar forest, 36°47ʹ21.02” N, 50° 52ʹ34.07” E, 1 m elev. (type GUM1549, ex-type culture
IRAN 3061C = STMA 18005).
Molecular data: GUM1549 (ITS = MH084757, ACT = MH056204).
Notes: Kretzschmaria hedjaroudei is closely related to K. deusta; however, it can be easily
distinguished by its stromatal shape, smaller diam and steep margins of stromata, coarsely
papillate ostioles, smaller ascospores (24–30 × 5–7 vs. 27–35 × 7–9 µm) and larger apical
apparatus (6–8 × 3–5 vs. 4–6 × 3–4 µm) (Rogers & Ju, 1998). It is also similar to K. parvistroma
according to the shape of stromata, which according to Mugambi et al. (2009) differs by much
larger ascospores (34–)37–38(–39) × (10–)12–13 µm.
Reference:
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H. and Stadler,
M., 2018. Two new species and one new record of Kretzschmaria (Ascomycota,
Xylariales) from Iran. Mycosphere, 9(6), pp. 1197–1208.
250
Kretzschmaria hedjaroudei (holotype): (a) stromata habit; (b) close-up view of stromata
surface; (c) close-up view of ostiolar discs; (d) stroma in vertical section showing perithecia;
(e) asci; (f) asci, showing apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent; (g) apical apparatus in Melzer’s
reagent; (h–i) ascospores in water, showing germ slits; (j) culture on OA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm,
b = 0.4 mm, c = 0.2 mm, d = 0.5 mm, e–f = 20 µm, g–i = 10 µm
251
Kretzschmaria iranica Pourmoghaddam & Khodap, Mycosphere 9(6): 1202 (2018)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran,
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Kretzschmaria
Description: Strromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, densely aggregated, up to
8.5 cm long × 2–4 cm wide × 1.8–3.45 mm thick, with broad attachment to substrate and narrow
connective, margins steep; surface brown to dark brown, with inconspicuous perithecial
mounds, often with reticulate cracks, carbonaceous immediately beneath surface; tissue
between and beneath perithecia brown to dark brown. Perithecia obovoid to lanceolate, 0.6–
0.9 mm wide × 0.75–1.15 mm high, ostioles finely papillate. Asci with amyloid, urn-shaped
apical apparatus, 7–10 µm high × 4.5–7 µm wide, stipe up to 150 µm long, spore-bearing part
80–130 × 10–15 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, dark to blackish brown, fusoid to
ellipsoid, inequilateral, with narrowly or broadly rounded ends, 29–40 × 8–12(–13) µm, with
straight germ-slit slightly less than spore-length on flattened side; perispore indehiscent in 10%
KOH.
Host and Distribution: On fallen wood of Alnus subcordata, Guilan province, Fouman,
Ghalerodkhan forest, 37°04ʹ05.02” N, 49°14ʹ40.08” E, 480 m elev. (holotype GUM1551); on
dead trunk of Quercus sp., Guilan province, Fouman, Ghalerodkhan forest, 37°04ʹ10.26” N,
49°14ʹ40.18” E, 551 m elev. (GUM1552). on dead trunk of Pterocarya fraxinifolia,
Mazandaran province, Tonekabon, Dohezar forest, 36°47ʹ21.02” N, 50° 52ʹ34.07” E, 1 m elev.
(GUM1550)
Molecular data: GUM1551 (ITS = MH084759, ACT = MH056206), GUM1552 (ITS =
MH084760, ACT = MH056207), GUM1550 (ITS = MH084758, ACT = MH056205).
Notes: Kretzschmaria iranica has morphological similarities to K. pavimentosa, but differs by
a larger apical apparatus (7–10 × 4.5–7 vs. 6–9 × 4.5–6 µm), smaller ascospores (29–40 × 8–
12(–13) vs. 35–54(–56) × 7.5–11 µm) and in the length of germ-slit, which is similar to K.
deusta.
Reference:
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H. and Stadler,
M., 2018. Two new species and one new record of Kretzschmaria (Ascomycota,
Xylariales) from Iran. Mycosphere, 9(6), pp. 1197–1208.
252
Kretzschmaria iranica (holotype): (a) stromatal habit; (b) close-up view of stromata surface;
(c) close-up view of ostiolar discs; (d) stroma in vertical section showing perithecia; (e) asci,
showing apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent; (f) apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent; (g)
ascospores in water, showing germ slits; (h) ascospores in 10% KOH, showing indehiscent
perispore. Scale bars: b = 2 mm; c = 0.3 mm; d = 0.4 mm; e = 20 µm; f–h = 10 µm
253
Kretzschmaria zonata (Lév.) P. Martin, J. S. African Bot. 42: 75 (1976)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(javad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
S.A. Khodaparast
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(khodaparast@guilan.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Kretzschmaria
Description: Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, densely aggregated, up to
8.5 cm long × 2–3.5 cm wide × 1.8–2.54 mm thick, with broad attachment to substrate and
narrow connective, sloped margins; surface brown to dark brown, with inconspicuous
perithecial mounds, often with reticulate cracks, carbonaceous immediately beneath surface;
tissue between and beneath perithecia brown to dark brown. Perithecia with very variable
shapes, 0.6–0.75 mm diam × 0.5–0.9 mm high, ostioles papillate. Asci with amyloid, urn-
shaped apical apparatus, 7–9 µm high × 5–7 µm wide, stipe up to 150 µm long, spore-bearing
part 80–130 × 11–13 µm. Ascospore smooth, unicellular, dark to blackish brown, fusoid to
ellipsoid, inequilateral, 30–35(–40) × 8–11 µm, with straight germ-slit slightly shorter than
spore-length on flattened side; perispore indehiscent in 10% KOH.
Host and Distribution: On fallen wood of Parrotia persica, Guilan province, Talesh, Gisom
forest, 37°37ʹ30.95” N, 48°58ʹ15.11” E, 471 m (GUM1548, consisting of a dried specimen).
Molecular data: GUM1548 (ITS = MH084756, ACT = MH056203).
Notes: Kretzschmaria zonata is similar to K. deusta in having the same stromatal morphology
and an indehiscent perispore in 10% KOH. However, it differs by darker and wider ascospores
with a slightly longer germ slit (Rogers & Ju 1998). The characters of the Iranian specimen are
in accordance with K. zonata as defined by Rogers & Ju (1998), except that the ascospores
were slightly longer [30–35(40–) × 8–11 vs. 21–34 × 8.5–12 µm].
Reference:
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Khodaparast, S.A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Voglmayr, H. and Stadler,
M., 2018. Two new species and one new record of Kretzschmaria (Ascomycota,
Xylariales) from Iran. Mycosphere, 9(6), pp. 1197–1208.
254
Kretzschmaria zonata: (a) close-up view of stromatal surface; (b) close-up view of ostiolar
discs; (c) stroma in vertical section showing perithecia; (d) apical apparatus in Melzer’s
reagent; (e) asci; (f–g) ascospores in water, showing germ slits. Scale bars: a = 2 mm; b = 0.2
mm; c = 0.4 mm; d, f, g = 10 µm; e = 20 µm
255
Lopadostoma dryophilum (G.H. Otth) Jaklitsch, J. Fourn. & Voglmayr, Persoonia 32: 61
(2014)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Basionym: Phaeosperma dryophilum G.H. Otth, Mitt. Naturf.Ges. Bern Nr. 654–683: 42.
(1868)
Synonyms: Sphaeria (Diatrype) dryophila Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 22: 269 (1859)
[non Sphaeria dryophila Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Ser. 2, 4, 2: 226 (1832)];
Anthostoma dryophilum (Curr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 308. (1882). Further synonyms are given
by Jaklitsch et al. (2014).
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Lopadostomataceae, Lopadostoma
Description: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead branches (1.5 cm diam), pustulate,
erumpent, 2–3.5 mm diam, often with slightly projecting black ostioles, delimited by a black
zone in the host tissues, the latter 100–200 μm thick, with groups of 8–20 perithecia. Ostioles
dark, opening separately in the disc. Perithecia dark, circinately arranged, globoid to
subgloboid, monostichous, 300–800 μm diam, surrounded by brownish entostroma. Asci
narrow cylindric, containing (6–)8 uniseriate ascospores, (74–)90–110 × 7–8 μm, with stalks
up to 30 μm long. Ascospores (–9)10–15(–16.5) × 3.4–4.7 μm, narrowly ellipsoid or narrowly
fusiform, aseptate, dark brown to nearly black, with straight, circumferential germ slit and 2
large and sometimes several small guttules.
Host and Distribution: On dead branch of Quercus sp., East Azerbaijan province, Aghoyeh
(IRAN 16685F).
Molecular data: IRAN 16685F (ITS = KR999998).
References:
Mehrabi, M and Hemmati, R., 2015. Two new records of Lopadostoma for mycobiota of
Iran.Mycologia Iranica, 2(1), pp. 59–64.
Jaklitsch, W.M., Fournier, J., Rogers, J.D. and Voglmayr, H., 2014. Phylogenetic and
taxonomic revision of Lopadostoma. Persoonia, 32, pp. 52–82.
256
Lopadostoma dryophilum: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) ectostromatic discs; (c)
transverse section through the ascoma; (d) longitudinal section through the stroma; (e–f) asci;
(g) ascospores; (h) ascospore with straight spore-length germ slit. Scale bars: a = 3 mm; b–d =
1 mm; e–h = 10 μm
257
Lopadostoma fagi Jaklitsch, J. Fourn. & Voglmayr, Persoonia 32: 63 (2014)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Lopadostomataceae, Lopadostoma
Description: Stromata densely immersed in the bark of dead branches (1.5 cm diam),
pustulate, covered by the epidermis which is not discolored, 1–1.5 mm diam, slightly erumpent
with tiny, black, rounded or slightly elliptical ectostomatic disc, with groups of 3–7 perithecia.
Ostioles dark, converging toward the disc; tissue between the ostioles blackish, opening
separately in the disc. Perithecia dark, circinately arranged, globoid to subgloboid,
monostichous, 300–800 μm diam, tissue surrounding perithecia yellowish brown. Asci
cylindric, containing 8 uniseriate ascospores, 60–70 × 5–6 μm, with stalks up to 34 μm long.
Ascospores 7–10.5(–11.3) × 3–4 μm, oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, aseptate, brown to nearly
black, smooth, with straight, circumferential germ slit and 2 large guttules.
Host and Distribution: On dead branch of Faqus sp., Ardabil province, Khalkhal (IRAN
16686F).
Molecular data: IRAN 16686F (ITS = KR999997)
References:
Mehrabi, M and Hemmati, R., 2015. Two new records of Lopadostoma for mycobiota of
Iran.Mycologia Iranica, 2(1), pp. 59–64.
Jaklitsch, W.M., Fournier, J., Rogers, J.D. and Voglmayr, H., 2014. Phylogenetic and
taxonomic revision of Lopadostoma. Persoonia, 32, pp. 52–82.
258
Lopadostoma fagi: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) ectostromatic discs; (c) transverse
section through the ascoma; (d) longitudinal section through the stroma; (e–f) asci; (g)
ascospores; (h) ascospore showing germ slit. Scale bars: a = 3 mm; b–d = 1 mm; e–h = 10 μm
259
Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) Carmarán & A.I. Romero, in Carmarán, Romero &
Giussani, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 23: 84 (2006)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Synonyms: Sphaeria scoparia Schwein., Schr. naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 37 (1822). Further
synonyms are given in Mycologica Helvetica 2: 285–648 (1987).
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Peroneutypa
Description: Saprobic on decaying wood. Teleomorph: Stromata in the bark or wood of dead
branches (1.5 cm diam), numerous, densely aggregated, erumpent from bark, 0.5–2 mm diam,
surrounded by a thin, black stratum, with a black line on horizontal section. Perithecia 5–25 in
a stroma, globose, about 300–600 μm diam, black inside, with elongated clusters of perithecial
beaks, about 0.2–1 mm long. Paraphyses elongate, filiform. Asci clavate, crowded, 20–33(–
40) × 3.5–4(–4.7) μm. Ascospores allantoid, minute, strongly curved, hyaline, 3–4.5 × 1 μm,
with a oil droplet in each end. Anamorph: Conidia observed on the surface of Petri plate,
infrequent, filiform, (9–)10–14(–16) × 1–1.5 μm.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Gledischia sp., Guilan province, Rezvanshahr
(IRAN 16684F, IRAN 2345C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2345C (ITS = KR605646, TUB = KY352452).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016. Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203–223.
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336.
260
Peroneutypa scoparia from Gledischia sp.: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) longitudinal
section through the stroma shows ostiolar necks and perithecia; (c) ascus with ascocpores; (d)
ascosporese; (e) conidia; (f) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 500 μm;
c–e = 10 μm
261
Quaternaria quaternata (Pers.) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2 (4): 451
(1897)
M. Mehrabi
Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Shirvan, Iran (mehrabimhd@yahoo.com)
Synonyms: Sphaeria quaternata Pers. in Observ. mycol. (Lipsiae) 1: 64 (1796); Eutypella
quaternata (Pers.) Rappaz in Mycol. helv. 2(3): 502 (1987)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Diatrypaceae, Quaternaria
Description: Saprobic on decaying wood. Teleomorph: Stromata densely immersed in the bark
of dead branches (1.5 cm diam), dotted at the surface with tiny black ectostroma; 2–6
perithecial arranged in a stromata in the bark, circular, 1–2 mm diam, stromatal aggregations
widely effused over branches; perithecia black, circinately arranged, 300–600 μm diam.
Paraphyses elongate, filiform. Asci octospori, almost cylindrical or slightly clavate, (70–)90–
130(–155) × 6–7.5 μm. Ascospores uni or biseriate, allantoid, dilute brown (8–)9–13(–14) ×
2–3 μm. Anamorph undetermined.
Host and Distribution: On dead branches of Fagus sp., Guilan province, Rasht (IRAN
16681F, IRAN 2348C).
Molecular data: IRAN 2348C (ITS = KR605645, TUB = KY352464).
References:
Mehrabi, M., Hemmati, R., Vasilyeva, L.N. and Trouillas, F.P., 2016.Diatrypella macrospora
sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran. Phytotaxa, 252, pp. 43–55.
Trouillas, F.P., Pitt, W.M., Sosnowski, M.R., Huang, R., Peduto, F., Loschiavo, A., Savocchia,
S., Scott, E.S. and Gubler, W.D., 2011. Taxonomy and DNA phylogeny of
Diatrypaceae associated with Vitis vinifera and other woody plants in Australia. Fungal
Diversity, 49, pp. 203–223
Trouillas, F.P., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Gubler, W.D., 2010. Diversity of diatrypaceous fungi
associated with grapevine canker diseases in California. Mycologia, 102, pp. 319–336
262
Quaternaria quaternata from Fagus sp.: (a) habit of ascostromata on bark; (b) longitudinal
section through the stroma shows ostioles and perithecia; (c) ascus with ascocpores; (d)
ascosporese; (e) colony morphology on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 500 μm; c, d = 10 μm
263
Rosellinia corticium (Schwein.: Fr) Sacc., Syll. F. 1: 253 (1882)
M.J. Pourmoghaddam
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan province, Rasht, Iran
(jJavad.pormoghadam@gmail.com)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Rosellinia
Description: Stromata superficial, semiglobose, sessile, solitary, 880–1800 µm high × 760–
1750 µm wide, dark brown, embedded in a well developed persistent subiculum. Ostioles finely
papillate. Ectostroma 25–55 µm thick, black. Entostroma not seen. Perithecia 760–1500 µm
high × 890–1500 µm wide, usually separate from the stromatal wall. Asci with amyloid, urn-
shaped apical apparatus, 8–15 µm high × 4–6 µm upper width × 5–8 µm lower width, spore-
bearing part 140–190 × 10–16 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown,
ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly or broadly rounded ends, 24–35 × 8–12 µm, with straight
or diagonal or sigmoid germslit as long as spore, one or sometimes both end with semiglobose
cellular appendage, whole spore surrounded by a slimy sheath, up to 3 µm at the ends. Colonies
on OA covering 9 cm of Petri plate in 7 d, at first white, becoming light green from outwards,
aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, slightly zonate; finally, attaining dark green to dark brown
after 60 d. Anamorph geniculosporium (Petrini, 2013). Conidiophores variables in length,
hyaline to light brown. Conidiogenous cells up to 43 × 3–4 µm, with intercalary conidiogenous
regions, hyaline to light brown. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoid to elongated ellipsoid with truncate
base, 4.5–8 × 3–5 µm.
Host and Distribution: On fallen branch of Gleditschia caspica, Bolur Dokan forest (GUM
1642; culture MUCL 57712); on fallen branch of Populus alba, Sarvelat forest, (GUM 1643;
culture MUCL 57713); on fallen branch of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Astara (GUM 1644; culture
MUCL 57714); on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, Chalus, (GUM 1645; culture
MUCL 57715); on fallen branch of Gleditschia caspica, Masuleh (GUM 1636; culture IRAN
3731C); on fallen branch of Parrotia persica, Dohezar forest (GUM 1645; culture IRAN
3732C).
Molecular data: GUM 1642 = MUCL 57712 (ITS = OL635178, LSU = OL635169, RPB2 =
OL657204, TUB2 = OL657213); GUM 1643 = MUCL 57713 (ITS = OL635179, LSU =
OL635170, RPB2 = OL657205, TUB2 = OL657214); GUM 1644 = MUCL 57714 (ITS =
OL635180, LSU = OL635171, RPB2 = OL657206, TUB2 = OL657215); GUM 1646 = MUCL
57715 (ITS = OL635181, LSU = OL635172, RPB2 = OL657207, TUB2 = OL657216); GUM
1636 = IRAN 3731C (ITS = OL635182, LSU = OL635173, RPB2 = OL657208, TUB2 =
OL657217); GUM 1645 = IRAN 3732C (ITS = OL635183, LSU = OL635174, RPB2 =
OL657209, TUB2 = OL657218).
264
References:
Petrini, L.E., 2013. Rosellinia-A World Monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, Vol. 205. J.
Cramer: Stuttgart, DE.
Pourmoghaddam, M.J. 2020. Taxonomy and multigene phylogeny of Rosellinia, Daldinia and
Hypoxylon sensu lato in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Ph.D. Thesis. University
of Rasht, Iran.
Pourmoghaddam, M.J., Ekiz, G., Lambert, C., Surup, F., Primahana, G., Wittstein, K.,
Khodaparast, S.A., Voglmayr, H., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Stradal, T.E.B., and Stadler,
M., 2022. Studies on the secondary metabolism of strains of Rosellinia and
Dematophora from Iran (Xylariaceae). Mycological Progress, 21 (8):1-14.
Wittstein, K., Cordsmeier, A., Lambert, C., Wendt, L., Sir, E.B., Weber, J., Wurzler, N.,
Petrini, L.E., Stadler, M., 2020. Identification of Rosellinia species as producers of
cyclodepsipeptide PF1022A and resurrection of the genus Dematophora as inferred
from polythetic taxonomy. Studies in Mycology, 96, 1–16.
265
Rosellinia corticium. (a,b) stromatal habit; (c,d) close-up view of stromatal surface; (e) close-
up view of stroma surface showing ostiole; (f) stroma in horizontal section showing perithecia
and ectostroma; (g) immature ascus in Melzer’s reagent; (h) mature ascus in water; (i) mature
ascus in Melzer’s reagent; (j) ascus apical plug in water; (k) ascus apical plug in Melzer’s
reagent; (l) immature and mature ascospors surrounded by slimy sheath; (m,q) ascospore
surrounded by slimy sheath with cellular appendage at one end; (n) ascospore showing sigmoid
germ slit; (o) ascospore with cellular appendage at both end; (p) ascospores showing spiral and
straight germ slit. Scale bars: c = 1.5 mm; d = 1 mm; e = 0.5 µm; f = 1 mm; g–i = 20 µm; j–q
= 10 µm
266
Xylaria arbuscula Sacc., Michelia 1(2): 249 (1878)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Xylaria biceps Speg.in An. Soc. Cient. Argentina 12, 110 (1881); Xylaria biceps
Speg. var. botryose Rehm in Hedwigia 28, 300 (1889); Xylaria mellisii Cooke in Grevillea 11,
85 (1883); Xylaria botrys Pat. in Journal de Botanique 4, 63 (1890); Xylaria pattersonii Massee
in Kew Bull., 2 (1910); Hypoxylon mellisii Berk. (1875); Hypoxylon mellissii Berk., St. Helena:
379 (1875); Xylosphaera mellisii (Berk.) Dennis (1958)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary to gregarious, unbranched or branched near apex, (3.4–)4.2–54
mm high × 1.3–2.5(–3.5) mm broad, with very short to long stipe, fertile portion cylindrical
with acute sterile apices; stromatal surface black to brownish black with light brown to black
peeling outer layer; perithecia completely immersed, 300–550 μm diam; ostioles slightly
papillate to inconspicuous. Asci 8-spored, 125–180 μm long × (5.5–)6.3–7(–10) μm broad, the
spore-bearing part 70–90 μm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent
(amyloid), inverted hat shape, (3–)3.5–4 × 2–3(–3.5) μm. Ascospores 12–16(–17) × 5–6 μm,
inequilateral, young spores occasionally apiculate at one end, brown, with straight ½–¾ spore-
length germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On unknown decaying wood, Guilan province, Shaft (GUM
1033),Guilan province, Rasht (GUM 1034); on decaying wood of Alnus sp., Guilan province,
Lahijan (GUM 1035); on rotten trunk of Quercus sp., Guilan province, Shaft (GUM 1159).
Molecular data: GUM 1159 (ITS = MF682323).
Note: Xylaria arbuscula is a complex species and it may evolve more than one taxon. It has
been recorded on large variety of hosts. Xylaria arbuscula differs from X. multiplex mainly in
ascospore and germ slit lengths and not having caespitosestromata. Molecular study may
elucidate description of this species.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Rogers, J.D. and Ju, Y.M., 2012. The Xylariaceae of the Hawaiian Islands. North American
Fungi, 7, pp. 1–35.
San Martin Gonzalez, F. and Rogers, J.D., 1989. A preliminary account of Xylaria of
Mexico. Mycotaxon, 34(2), pp. 283–373.
.
267
Xylaria arbuscula: (a, b) stromata on wood; (c, d) stromatal surface, with distinctive peeling
outer layer; (e) ascospores; (f) asci with apical ring bluing in Melzer's reagent. Scale bars = 10
µm
268
Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 1: 126
(1851)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Hypoxylon cubense Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 13: 345
(1840); Xylosphaera cubensis (Mont.) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13(1): 103 (1958); Xylosphaera
papyrifera subsp. cubensis (Mont.) Dennis, Bulletin du JardinBotanique de l'État à Bruxelles
31: 122 (1961); Xylaria papyrifera subsp. cubensis (Mont.) D. Hawksw., Transactions of the
British Mycological Society 61(1): 200 (1973)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary, cylindric-clavate, usually unbranched, 15–50(–65) mm high ×
(3.7–)4–11(–12.5) mm broad, with short or long stipe from a pannose base, fertile portion
copper-colored to blackish brown, becoming hollow at maturity, with rounded fertile apices,
stromatal surface smooth except for ostioles or tiny cracks; perithecia completely immersed,
500 μm diam; ostioles more or less finely papillate. Asci 8-spored, stipitate, 88–133 μm long ×
7 μm broad, the spore-bearing part 60 μm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine
reagent, cylindrical, 3 × 2 μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, smooth, (7–)8–9.5(–
11) × 4–5(–6) μm, mostly without germ-slit or rarely with straight nearly spore-length germ-
slit. Anamorph: Synnemata produced separately from the teleomorph on wood. Synnemata
flabellate, pinkish colored, with dense layer of sparsely branched conidiophores. Conidia
produced sympodially on conidiogenous cells, pinkish in mass, one-celled, 4.5–6 × 2–2.5 µm,
hyaline, obovate to ellipsoidal with flattened base at one end.
Host and Distribution: On unknown decaying wood, Guilan province, Rasht (GUM 1037);
Mazandaran province, Kelardasht (GUM 1041); Guilan province, Astara (GUM 1046); Guilan
province, Roodsar (GUM 1050); Lahijan (GUM 1051); on decaying wood of Quercus sp.,
Guilan province, Rasht (GUM 1036); on decaying wood of Diospyrus lotus, Kelardasht (GUM
1038, 1039, 1040); on decaying wood of Parrotia persica, Rasht (GUM 1047, 1048); on
decaying wood of Gleditschia caspica, Mazandaran province, Chaloos (GUM 1049).
Molecular data: GUM 1039 (ITS = MF682324); GUM 1041 (ITS = MF682325); GUM 1075
(ITS = MF682326); GUM 1051 (ITS = MF682327).
Note: Xylaria cubensis is mainly chracterized by its smooth, copper-colored stromata with
rounded fertile apices and small ascospres mostly without germ-slit. Based on color and size of
stromata and ascospore, this species has been divided into two types, A and B. Xylaria cubensis
differs from X. pannosa Lloyd, the closest species, by having hollow stromatal flesh at or prior
to maturity.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
269
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Rogers, J.D. and Ju, Y.M., 2012. The Xylariaceae of the Hawaiian Islands. North American
Fungi, 7, pp. 1–35.
San Martin Gonzalez, F. and Rogers, J.D., 1989. A preliminary account of Xylaria of
Mexico. Mycotaxon, 34(2), pp. 283–373.
.
Xylaria cubensis: (a–d) stromata; (e, f) smooth surface of mature and young stromata,
respectively; (g) fertile tip of stromata; (h) ascospores; (i) ascus apical ring bluing in Melzer's
reagent; (j) anamorph and teleomorph on wood; (k, l) conidia and conidiophores, respectively.
Scale bars = 10 µm
270
Xylaria filiformis (Alb. &Schwein.) Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 382 (1849)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Sphaeria filiformis Alb. & Schwein., Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiaesuperioris:
2, t. 3:5 (1805); Hypoxylon filiforme (Alb. &Schwein.) Rabenh., Deutschlands Kryptogamen
flora 1: 223 (1844); Xylosphaer afiliformis (Alb. &Schwein.) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13(1): 103
(1958);
Podosordaria filiformis (Alb. &Schwein.) P.M.D. Martin, South African Journal of Botany
42(1): 79 (1976)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary, filiform, mostly unbranched but occasionally two stromata
arising from a common base, 58–72 mm long × 1(–2) mm diam; perithecia intercalary, solitary,
with distinct perithecial contours, (400–)560–670 μm diam; ostioles papillate; stromatal surface
roughened with peritecial counters, dark brown to black. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 130–155
μm long × 5.5–6.2 μm broad, the spore-bearing part 80–102 μm long, with apical ring bluing
in Melzer’s iodine reagent, inverted hat shaped, 2.8–3 × 1.8–2 μm. Ascospores uniseriate with
overlapping ends, (12.5–)13–16(–21) × (4.5–)5(–5.5) μm, inequilateral, flat on one side and
round on the other, light brown, with straight spore-length germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On herbaceous stem of undetermined plant, Guilan province, Fouman
(GUM 1052).
Molecular data: GUM 1052 (ITS = KP218907).
Note: Xylaria filiformis mostly occurs on decaying leaves of dicotyledonous trees and less often
on other herbaceous debris.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Rogers, J.D. and Samuels, G.J., 1986. Ascomycetes of New Zealand 8. Xylaria. New Zealand
Journal of Botany, 24(4), pp. 615-–650.
271
Xylaria filiformis: (a) stromata; (b) naked perithecia; (c) stipe of stromata; (d) ascospores; (e)
ascus apical ring bluing in Melzer's reagent; (f, g) front and reverse sides of colony on OA
after 16 days at 20±0.5 °C in 12/12 h D/L regime; respectively. Scale bars = 10 µm
272
Xylaria flabelliformis (Schwein.) Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany
10: 381 (1869) [MB#143461]
S.A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran (hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonym: Xylaria fusca Lloyd., Xylaria pannosa Lloyd.
Classification: Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes,
Xylariomycetidae, Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary, usually unbranched, rarely branched from fertile part, clavate,
occasionally cylindrical to ellipsoid, with rounded fertile apices, (10–)15–55 mm high × (3.5–
)4–9(–11.5) mm diam., with short to long stipe arising from pannose base, copper-colored to
blackish brown, internally white, not becoming hollow; stromatal surface smooth except for
tiny cracks and ostioles; perithecia completely immersed, 400–600 μm diam; ostioles papillate
to hemispherical; asci 120–175 μm long × 5.5–7 μm broad, the spore-bearing part 50–70(–95)
μm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent, rectangular, (1.5–)2–2.5 × 2 μm
broad; ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, (7.5–)8–9(–10) × 4–5(–5.5) μm, mostly
without germ-slit or very rarely with straight nearly spore-length germ-slit. Anamorphic state
of this species is similar to those described herein for X. cubensis.
Host and Distribution: on undetermined decaying wood, Guilan, Astara (GUM 1062, 1063,
GUM 1064, 1065, 1066); Guilan, Lahijan (GUM 1068, 1080, 1081); Guilan, Rasht (GUM
1072, 1079); Golestan, Kordkoy (GUM 1076); Guilan, Roodsar (GUM 1078); on decaying
wood of Castanea sativa, Guilan, Shaft (GUM1061); on decaying wood of Acer velutinum,
Guilan, Lahijan (GUM 1067); on decaying wood of Alnussp., Guilan, Rasht (GUM 1069);on
decaying wood of Mespilus germanica, Guilan, Rasht (GUM 1070, 1071); on wood of Parrotia
persica, Guilan, Rasht (GUM 1073, 1074, 1075); on wood of Gleditschia caspica, Guilan,
Fouman (GUM 1077).
Molecular data: GUM 1061 (ITS = MF682328); GUM 1063 (ITS =MF682329); GUM 1081
(ITS =MF682331).
Note: This species previously reported from Iran as X. pannosa (Hashemi et al., 2014).
However, according to Ju et al. (2016) Xylaria pannosa is synonym of X. flabelliformis.
Xylaria flabelliformis is morphologically close to X. cubensis. However, this species
distinguished from the X. cubensis, by having solid stromatal flesh at or prior to maturity
(Rogers & Ju, 2012). Moreover, X. flabelliformis has longer (7.8–10.2 × 3.4–4.7 μm),
inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends and a short, inconspicuous germ slit (Fournier et al.,
2019). The BLAST search of ITS sequences showed that X. flabelliformis (MZ854248.1) is
the closest taxon to Iranian isolates. Morphological characteristics of Iranian isolates are very
close to X. flabelliformis described by Fournier et al., (2019).
References
Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Courtecuisse, R., 2019. The genus Xylaria sensu lato (Xylariaceae)
in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) II. Taxa with robust upright
stromata. Ascomycetes.org 11(3) Doi: 10.25664/art-0263
273
Ju, Y.M., Hsieh, H.M. and Dominick, S., 2016. The Xylaria names proposed by CG Lloyd.
North American Fungi, 11(1), pp.1-31.
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp.153-166.
Lloyd, C.G. 1918. Mycological Writings 5: Xylaria Notes No. 1. 1-16.
Rogers, J.D. and Ju, Y.M., 2012. The Xylariaceae of the Hawaiian Islands. North American
Fungi, 7, pp.1-35.
Xylaria flabelliformis: (a–e) stromata on wood; (f, g) close-up of stromatal surface; (h) ascospores; (i)
ascus apical rings bluing in Melzer's reagent; (j) anamorphic and teleomorphic states on wood; (k, l)
conidia and conidiophores, respectively. Scale bars = 10 µm
274
Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev., Flora Edinensis: 355 (1824)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Sphaeria hypoxylon (L.) Pers., Observ. Mycol. 1: 20 (1796); Xylosphaera
hypoxylon (L.) Dumort., Comment. bot.: 91 (1822); Clavaria hypoxylon L., Species Plantarum:
1182 (1753); Sphaeria hypoxylon (L.) Sowerby, Coloured Figures of English Fungi 1: t. 55
(1797); Xylosphaera hypoxylon (L.) Dumort., Commentationes botanicae: 91 (1822)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary, ubconical, often branched and flattened toward the apex, 35
mm high × 6 mm diam, at first white, becoming dull black, internally white; perithecia
immersed; ostiolespapillate. Asci 8-spored, stipitate, 150–182 μm long × 5.5–6.5 μm broad, the
spore-bearing part 75–80 μm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent,
rectangular to urn shape, (2.5–)3(–3.5) × (2–)2.5 μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-
inequilateral, (9.5–)10–12.5(–13) × 4.5–5(–5.5) μm, with straight nearly spore-length germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On undetermined decaying wood, Guilan province, Lahijan (GUM
1053).
Molecular data: GUM 1053 (ITS = MF682345).
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Persoh, D., Melcher, M., Graf, K., Fournier, J., Stadler, M. and Rambold, G., 2009. Molecular
and morphological evidence for the delimitation of Xylaria
hypoxylon. Mycologia, 101(2), pp. 256–268.
Stadler, M., Hawksworth, D.L. and Fournier, J., 2014. The application of the name Xylaria
hypoxylon, based on Clavaria hypoxylon of Linnaeus. IMA Fungus, 5(1), pp. 57–66.
275
Xylaria hypoxylon: (a,b) mature and young stromata on wood, respectively; (c) ascospores; (d)
ascus apical ring bluing in Melzer's reagent. Scale bars = 10 µm
276
Xylaria longipes Nitschke, Pyrenomycetes Germanici 1: 14 (1867)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonym: Xylosphaera longipes (Nitschke) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13(1): 104 (1958)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata cylindrical to clavate with fertile apex mostly unbranched but
occasionally up to two stromata arising from a common base, dull blackish brown with light
brown polygonal scales, (13.5–)21–55 mm high × (2–)3.5–7(–10) mm broad; stromatal surface
roughened by polygonal scales; perithecia completely immersed, 460–660 μm diam; ostioles
slightly papillate to indistinct. Asci stipitate, 148–193 μm long × 6–10 μm broad, the spore-
bearing part 52–80(–92) μm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent,
rectangular to inverted hat shape, (2–)2.5–3 × (2–)2.5–3μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-
inequilateral, (11.5–)12–14.5(–16) × (4.5–)5–6(–7) μm, with spiraling germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On undetermined fallen wood, Guilan province, Rasht (GUM 1054,
GUM 1055), Golestan province, Gorgan (GUM 1057, 1058); on fallen wood of Parrotia
persica, Mazandaran province, Noor (GUM 1056).
Molecular data: GUM 1057 (ITS = MF682344).
Note: Xylaria longipes has been mostly reported in association with Acer spp. in northeastern
USA and Europe. Having ascospores with spiraling germ-slit make the species to be unique
among Xylaria species reported from Iran until now.
Reference:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
San Martin Gonzalez, F. and Rogers, J.D., 1989. A preliminary account of Xylaria of
Mexico. Mycotaxon, 34(2), pp. 283–373.
277
Xylaria longipes: (a–d) stromata on wood; (e) close-up of stromatal surface with distinctive
brown and polygonal plaques; (f) ascospores; (g) ascus apical ring bluing in Melzer's reagent.
Scale bars = 10 µm
278
Xylaria longissima Hashemi, Khodaparast, Zare & Elahinia, Mycologia Iranica 2(1): 2 (2015)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata caespitose, 55–71 mm long, fertile portion 6–8 × 1–1.5 mm diam, with
very long (30–45 mm long) setiform and branched sterile apices; stipe pubescent, 17–20 × 1
mm diam; stromatal surface roughened from evidently to slightly perithecial elevations, with
light brown peeling outer layer splitting in longitudinal bands; ostioles slightly papillate. Asci
cylindrical, 8-spored, 165–180 × 6–7 μm, the spore bearing part 90–100 μm, with apical ring
bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent, rectangular, (3–)3.5–4(–4.5) × 2.5 μm. Ascospores (15–)16–
18(–20) × 5–6 μm, inequilateral to navicular, with straight spore-length germ-slit.
Culture characteristics: Colony growth on OA was 32±6.9, 53.2±10.1 and 76.8±9.1 mm after
10, 16 and 25 d at 20±0.5 °C and 12/12 h light/dark regime, respectively. Colony at first was
white with gray center, and then turned to vinaceous buff with dark concentric rings which
produced dark, branched and setiform stromata with white tip.
Host and Distribution: On the wood of unknown dicotyledonous plant, Guilan province, Rasht
(holotype IRAN 16581F, ex-type culture IRAN 2268C = GUM 1170); Guilan province, Shaft
(IRAN 16582F, IRAN 2269C).
Molecular data: IRAN 16581F = IRAN 2268C (ITS = KP218905); IRAN 16582F = IRAN
2269C (ITS = KP218906); GUM 1170 (ITS = MF682343).
Note: Xylaria longissima is characterized by very long setiform sterile apices, more or less
conspicuous perithecia, light brown peeling outer layer and 16–18 × 5–6 μm ascospores with
straight spore-length germ-slit. Morphologically, X. longissima is somewhat close to X.
filiformis, X. theissenii var. macrospora, X. juruensis and X. arbuscula. Based on a BLAST
search using ITS sequences, the closest taxa to X. longissima were X. bambusicola and X.
grammica with 95% homology. Differences of X. longissima from above mentioned species
have been discussed in Hashemi et al. (2015).
Reference:
Hashemi, S.A., Zare, R., Khodaparast, S.A. and Elahinia, S.A., 2015. A new Xylaria species
from Iran. MycologiaIranica, 2(1), pp. 1–10.
279
Xylaria longissima (holotype): (a) stromata on wood in natural conditions; (b) stromata with
very long, setiform and branched sterile apices; (c) close-up of surface of stromata with brown
peeling outer layer; (d) pubescent stipe; (e) ascospores and rectangular ascus apical ring bluing
in Melzer's reagent; (f) close-up of ascospores with straight spore-length to nearly spore-length
germ-slit; (g) colony on OA after 21 d at 20±0.5 °C in 12/12 h D/L regime; (h) close-up of
stromata produced on OA. Scale bars = 10 µm
280
Xylaria multiplex (Kunze ex Fr.) Fr., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 1:
127 (1851)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Xylaria caespitulosa Ces.Mycetum in itinereborneensi p. 15, 1879; Xylosphaera
multiplex (Kunze ex Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13(1): 105 (1958)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary or branched, 1–2(–5) fertile parts on each stipe, cylindrical with
acute sterile apices, (9–)16–25(–29) mm high × (1.3–)1.5–3 mm broad, caespitose, stipe 6–10
mm long, fertile portion dull blackish brown; perithecia completely immersed, 300–500 μm
diam; ostioles papillate. Asci 8-spored, 125–150 μm long × 6–7 μm broad, the spore-bearing
part 70–77 μm long; with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent, quadrate to inverted hat
shape, 2 × 1.5–2 μm. Ascospores 10–13(–14) × (4–)5(–6) μm, inequilateral with rounded
apices, light brown with straight spore length germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On undetermined decaying wood, Guilan province, Rasht (GUM
1059); on fallen wood of Quercus sp. (GUM 1060); on fallen wood of Parrotia persica (GUM
1167); on rotten root of Parrotia persica (GUM 1168).
Molecular data: GUM 1167 (ITS = MF682346); GUM 1168 (ITS = MF682347).
Note: Xylaria multiplex is mainly differentiated from X. arbuscula by shorter ascospores with
germ-slit extending over the whole length.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
San Martin Gonzalez, F. and Rogers, J.D., 1989. A preliminary account of Xylaria of
Mexico. Mycotaxon, 34(2), pp. 283–373.
281
Xylaria multiplex: (a) stromata on wood; (b) longitudinal section of stromata; (c) stromatal
surface with distinctive papillate ostioles; (d) ascospores and asci with apical ring bluing in
Melzer's reagent. Scale bar = 10 µm
282
Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev., Flora Edinensis: 355 (1824)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Sphaeria polymorpha Pers., Commentatio de Fungis Clavae formibus: 17 (1797);
Hypoxylon polymorphum (Pers.) Gray, A natural arrangement of British plants 1: 512 (1821);
Xylosphaera polymorpha (Pers.) Dumort., Commentationes botanicae: 92 (1822); Hypoxylon
polymorphum var. polymorphum (Pers.) Mont.: 13 (1840)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata unbranched to branched, extremely variable in shape and size,
cylindrical, cylindric-clavate, irregular to rarely ellipsoid, with rounded fertile apices, stipe
short, rarely long, (6.5–)13–92(–113) mm high × (2.5–)3–18.4(–24) mm broad; stromatal
surface roughened with wrinkles, blackish brown to fuscous black; ostioles more or less
papillate to hemispheric; perithecia completely immersed, 500–900 μm diam. Asci 8-spored,
180–230(–250) μm long × 65–8(–10) μm broad, the spore-bearing parts (80–)90–135(–140)
μm, with ascus apical rings bluing in Melzer's iodine reagent, urn-shaped to rectangular to
inverted hat shape, (4–)4.5–7(–8) × (3.5–)4–5 μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral to
navicular, with rounded to acute ends, (17.5–)18–24(–26) × (5.5–)6–8(–9) μm, with straight to
slightly oblique germ-slits about ½ spore-length.
Host and Distribution: On undetermined decaying wood, Guilan province, Fouman
(GUM1083, 1084, 1087, 1090, 1091, 1107); Rasht (GUM1086, 1098); Guilan province,
Roodsar (GUM 1100, 1101, 1102, 1104); on wood of Fraxinussp., Guilan province, Fouman
(GUM1082, 1085); on wood of Alnus sp., Mazandaran, Noor (GUM1088, 1097); Guilan
province, Shaft (GUM1093, 1094, 1095); on wood of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Guilan province,
Shaft (GUM1089); Guilan province, Roodsar (GUM1099); on wood of Quercus sp.,Guilan
province, Shaft (GUM1092, 1096); Guilan province, Rasht (GUM 1112); on wood of
Diospyrus lotus, Guilan province, Roodsar (GUM1103); on wood of Parrotia persica, Guilan
province, Rasht (GUM 1105, 1110, 1111); on wood of Platanus sp., Guilan province, Fouman
(GUM1106); on wood of Zelkova sp., Guilan province, Lahijan (GUM1108, 1109).
Molecular data: GUM 1171 (ITS = MF682332); GUM 1172 (ITS = MF682333); GUM 1088
(ITS = MF682334); GUM 1173 (ITS = MF682335); GUM 1089 (ITS = MF682336); GUM
1174 (ITS = MF682337); GUM 1093 (ITS = MF682338); GUM 1099 (ITS = MF682339);
GUM 1103 (ITS = MF682340); GUM 1105 (ITS = MF682341); GUM 1106 (ITS =
MF682342).
Note: Xylaria polymorpha, mainly characterized by extremely variable stromata in shape and
size (polymorph stromata). It is the most frequently reported species from temperate regions of
the world and is considered as a complex species.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
283
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Rogers, J.D. and Callan, B.E., 1986. Xylaria polymorpha and its allies in continental United
States. Mycologia, 78(3), pp. 391–400.
Xylaria polymorpha: (a) stromata; (b) close-up of rough stromatal surface; (c) ascospores; (d)
ascus apical ring bluing in Melzer's reagent. Scale bars = 10 µm
284
Xylaria cf. striata Pat. (1887)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata gregarious on soil, several arising from common base, 44–120 mm long,
fertile portion cylindrical, 9–18(–22) × (2–)2.5–3(–4) mm diam, with acute sterile apices; stipe
root-like, 70–100 mm long, stromatal surface more or less roughened from whitish to pale
peeling outer layer and minute wrinkles; perithecia almost immersed, 0.38–0.56 mm diam;
ostioles papillate to slightly papillate. Asci degenerated and not seen; apical ring bluing in
Melzer’s iodine reagent, rectangular, 3–3.5(–4) × 2(–3) μm. Ascospores (13–)15–19(–22.5) ×
5–7(–9) μm, fusiform to ellipsoid, often apiculate at one end when produced on stromata under
natural conditions but not apiculate when produced on stromata under laboratory conditions,
with straight about 1/3 of spore-length. Anamorph undetermined. Colony growth on fresh OA
12±3.2 mm after 10 d at 20±0.5 °C in 12 h dark/12 h fluorescent light regime. Colonies covering
9 cm of Petri plate in 6–7 wk, at first white then becoming blackish brown at center, margins
regular, zonate, with blackish brown furrows with dark and unbranched mature stromata with
buff tip. Reverse side with dark furrows and zones.
Host and Distribution: On soil, Guilan province, Lahijan (GUM 1150).
Molecular data: GUM 1150 (ITS = KP218908).
Note: Although, the deeply buried stipe in the soil suggests that the stromata comes from the
immersed plant material, no plant material were found at least in 20 cm depth of the soil at
sampling site. Ascospores of X. striata have always been described as lacking apiculate ends,
while spores of the Iranian specimen are often apiculate at one or rarely two ends when
produced on stromata under natural conditions. They are, however, not apiculated when
produced on stromata in culture. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences showed that X.cf.
striata was close to X. striata (GU300089) with high bootstrap support value.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hsieh, H.M., Lin, C.R., Fang, M.J., Rogers, J.D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. and Ju, Y.M., 2010.
Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily
Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the
subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54(3), pp. 957–969.
Martin, F.S., Lavin, P., Esqueda-Valle, M. and Perez-Silva, E., 1999. Additions to the known
Xylariaceae (Hymenoascomycetes, Xylariales) of Sonora, Mexico. Mycotaxon, 70, pp.
77–82.
285
Xylaria cf. striata: (a) gregarious stromata on soil; (b) stromata with long rooting base; (c)
close-up of stromatal surface with whitish to buff color peeling outer layer; (d) stromata
produced on OA with drops of ascospores logged from mature perithecia; (e) mostly
papillateascospores produced on stromata from natural conditions; (f) not apiculatedascospores
produced on stromata in OA; (g) rectangular apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent; (h,
i) front and reverse sides of colony on OA after 44 days at 20±0.5 °C in 12/12 h D/L regime,
respectively. Scale bars = 10 µm
286
Xylaria xylarioides (Speg.) Hladki& A.I. Romero, Fungal Diversity 42: 86 (2010)
A. Hashemi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(hashemi@shahed.ac.ir)
Synonyms: Hypoxylon xylarioides Speg., Anales de la SociedadCientífica Argentina 9 (4): 179
(1880); Kretzschmaria xylarioides (Speg.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: XXIX (1883)
Classification: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Xylariales, Xylariaceae, Xylaria
Description: Stromata solitary or in small groups, 2–8.3 × (0.7–)1.1–1.5(–1.8) mm, fertile
region cylindrical, subglobose to conical, 1.4–2.9(–3.2) × (0.7–)1.1–1.5(–1.8) mm, with acute
sterile apices, stromatal surface, dark, roughened with perithecial contours, with brown peeling
outer layer. Stipe short (0.1–)0.4–1.7(–5.4) 0 × 0.2–0.7 mm. Perithecia 0.56–0.67 mm diam.
Ostioles inconspicuous to minutely papillate. Asci 8-spored, 173–183(–203) × 7.5 μm, the
spore-bearing part 117–127 μm, with apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent, rectangular,
(5–)6 × (2.5–)2.8–3 μm. Ascospores (16.5–)18–21(–21.5) × 6.5–8(–9.5) μm, brown, ellipsoid
inequilateral, with straight nearly spore-length germ-slit.
Host and Distribution: On wood of unknown dicotyledonous plant, Guilan province, Astara
(GUM 1151).
Molecular data: GUM 1151 (ITS = KP218909).
Note: Xylaria xylarioides has been recently segregated from X. apiculata. Xylaria xylarioides
differs from X. apiculate mainly in stromatal surface, ascospore size and shape. Xylaria
apiculate has smooth stromatal surface with completely immersed perithecia, larger ascospores,
(16.0–)20–24.5(–30) × (5.0–)6.7–8.0(–9.0) μm with occasionally an inconspicuous cellular
appendage on one end while X. xylarioideshas roughened stromatal surface with conspicuous
perithecial outlines, 17–21 × 6.5–9 μm and not appendiculate ascospores.
References:
Hashemi, S.A., Khodaparast, S.A., Zare, R. and Elahinia, S.A., 2014. Contribution to the
identification of Xylaria species in Iran. Rostaniha, 15(2), pp. 153–166.
Hladki, A.I. and Romero, A.I., 2010. A preliminary account of Xylaria in the Tucuman
Province, Argentina, with a key to the known species from the Northern
Provinces. Fungal Diversity, 42(1), pp. 79–96.
287
Xylaria xylarioides: (a) stromata on wood; (b, c) close-up of stromatal surface with perithecial
counters and with short to very short stipe; (d) ascospores; (e) ascus apical ring bluing in
Melzer’s iodine reagent. Scale bars = 10 µm
288
Index of species and related Phylla, classes and orders
Taxon Order Phyllum/Class Page
Aspergillus aurantiobrunneus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 66
A. calidoustus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 68
A. flavipes Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 70
A. iizukae Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 72
A. insuetus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 74
A. iranicus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 76
A. kassunensis Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 79
A. osmophilus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 81
A. proliferans Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 84
A. quadrilineatus Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 87
A. urmiensis Eurotiales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 89
Arthrobotrys oligosporus
Orbiliales Ascomycota: Orbiliomycetes 177
Barriopsis iraniana Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 9
Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 36
C. halotolerans Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 38
C. herbarum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 40
C. macrocarpum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 42
C. oxysporum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 44
C. perangustum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 46
C. pseudocladosporioides Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 48
C. sphaerospermum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 50
C. tenuissimum Cladosporiales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 52
Caudospora iranica Diaporthales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 58
Ca. taleola Diaporthales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 61
Cercospora althaeina Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 120
Ce. apii Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 122
Ce. beticola Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 124
Ce. chenopodii Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 126
Ce. convolvulicola Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 128
Ce. conyzae-canadensis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 130
Ce. cylindracea Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 132
Ce. iranica Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 134
Ce. pseudochenopodii Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 136
Ce. rumicis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 138
Ce. solani Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 140
Ce. sorghicola Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 142
Ce. violae Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 144
Ce. zebrina Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 146
Chaetomium grande Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 187
Ch. interruptum Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 189
Ch. iranianum Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 191
Ch. rectangulare Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 193
Ch. truncatulum Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 195
Ch. undulatulum Sordariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 197
Coniocessia anandra Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 200
Co. cruciformis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 202
Co. minima Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 204
Co. nodulisporioides Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 206
Conidiocarpus guilanensis
Capnodiales
Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes
26
Coniochaeta velutinosa Coniochaetales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 55
289
Table continued
Taxon Order Phyllum/Class Page
Coniolariella ershadii Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 209
Con. gamsii Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 211
Cryptovalsa ampelina Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 215
Cr. rabenhorstii Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 217
Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 213
Daldinia caldariorum Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 219
Da. childiae Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 221
Da. gelatinoides Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 224
Da. pyrenaica Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 226
Da. vernicosa Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 228
Diatrype disciformis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 230
Diatrypella iranensis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 232
Di. macrospora Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 234
Eutypella citricola Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 236
Hypoxylon eurasiaticum Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 238
H. guilanense Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 241
H. pseudofuscum Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 243
H. rubiginosum Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 245
Kretzschmaria deusta Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 247
K. hedjaroudei Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 249
K. iranica Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 251
K. zonata Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 253
Kirschsteiniothelia arasbaranica Kirschsteiniotheliales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 102
Knufia perfecta Chaetothyriales Ascomycota: Eurotiomycetes 32
Lopadostoma dryophilum Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 255
L. fagi Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 257
Lasiodiplodia citricola Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 11
L. gilanensis Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 13
L. hormozganensis Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 15
L. iraniensis Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 17
L. pseudotheobromae Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 19
L. theobromae Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 21
Microthia havanensis
Diaporthales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 63
Myrmecridium schulzeri
Myrmecridiales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 174
Nakataea oryzae
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 105
Neocercospora ammicola Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 148
Passalora fraxinicola
Mycosphaerellales
Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes
151
Peroneutypa scoparia Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 259
Pestalotiopsis nattrassii Amphisphaeriales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 2
Phaeobotryon cupressi Botryosphaeriales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 23
Preussia persica Pleosporales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 182
Pr. polymorpha Pleosporales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 184
Pseudopyricularia cyperi
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 107
Ps. hyrcaniana
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 109
Ps. iraniana
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 111
Ps. persiana
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 113
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 153
Pse. mazandaranensis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 155
Pse. norchiensis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 157
Pse. punicae Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 159
Pse. sophoricola Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 161
Pse. vitis Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 163
290
Table continued
Taxon Order Phyllum/Class Page
Pseudonectria buxi
Hypocreales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 93
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae Amphisphaeriales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 4
Pyricularia grisea
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 115
Py
.
oryzae
Magnaporthales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 117
Quaternaria quaternata Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 261
Ramularia glennii Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 165
R. mali Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 167
R. taleshina Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 169
R.
uredinicola
Mycosphaerellales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 171
Rhytidhysteron hysterinum
Patellariales Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes 179
Rosellinia corticium
Xylariales
Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes
263
Sarocladium subulatum
Hypocreales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 95
Scorias spongiosa
Capnodiales
Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes
28
Seimatosporium vitis Amphisphaeriales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 6
Thyronectria austroamericana
Hypocreales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 97
Volutella citrinella
Hypocreales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 99
Xylaria arbuscula Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 266
X. cubensis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 268
X. filiformis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 270
X. flabelliformis Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 272
X. hypoxylon Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 274
X. longipes Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 276
X. longissima Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 278
X. multiplex
Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 280
X. polymorpha Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 282
X. cf. striata Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 284
X. xylarioides Xylariales Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes 286
291
[
1974 -1353
ﻚﺑﺎﺷ
:
4
ـ
292
ـ
153
ـ
600
ـ
978
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ :
،ﺮﺒﻛاﺪﻴﺳ ،ﺖﺳﺮﭘاﺪﺧ
1346 -
Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar
, 1967 -
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋروآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ
روآﺪﻳﺪﭘ مﺎﻧ و ناﻮﻨﻋ :
Color atlas of Iranian fungi[Book] / seyed Akbar Khodaparast, Bita
Asgari, Mounes Bakhshi ; scientific literary editor Saeed hirzadian.
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
ﺮﺸﻧ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ :
ﺖﺷر
:نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،1401 =2022م.
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣيﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
يﺮﻫﺎﻇ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ :
ج
:.رﻮﺼﻣ)ﻲﮕﻧر( ؛22 ×29 س م.
ﻚﺑﺎﺷ
ﻚﺑﺎﺷﻚﺑﺎﺷ
ﻚﺑﺎﺷ :
978-600-153-292-
4
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿوﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو :
ﺎﭙﻴﻓ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ :
نﺎﺑز
:ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧا.
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ
ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ :
ﻲﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
:چرﺎﻗ ﻲﮕﻧر ﺲﻠﻃا ناﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ.
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧاوآ :
ﺮﻟﺎﻛ
...
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣعﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ :
چرﺎﻗ
ﺎﻫ -- ناﺮﻳا -- ﺲﻠﻃا ﺎﻫ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣعﻮﺿﻮﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ :
Fungi -- Iran--
Atlases
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺎﺘﻴﺑ ،يﺮﮕﺴﻋ
1358 -
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا
هدوﺰﻓاهدوﺰﻓا
هدوﺰﻓا :
Asgari
،Bita ، 1979 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺲﻧﻮﻣ ،ﻲﺸﺨﺑ
1365 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
Bakhshi, Mounes
, 1986 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
،ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ،نﺎﻳدازﺮﻴﺷ
1338 - رﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻳو ،
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
Shirzadian, Saeed
, 1959 -
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷهدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺳﺎﻨﺷ :
نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
يﺪﻨﺑ هدر يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
يﺪﻨﺑ هدرهﺮﮕﻨﻛ
هﺮﮕﻨﻛهﺮﮕﻨﻛ
هﺮﮕﻨﻛ :
QK609 / ﻒﻟا 9 خ4 1401
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدرﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر
ﻲﻳﻮﻳد يﺪﻨﺑ هدر :
579/50955
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑﺎﺘﻛ هرﺎﻤﺷ :
8899743
ﺮﺸﻧ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
بﺎﺘﻛ مﺎﻧ
نﺎﮔﺪﻧروآدﺮﮔ
:
:
چرﺎﻗ ﻲﮕﻧر ﺲﻠﻃا
ناﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ
ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺲﻧﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻛد ،يﺮﮕﺴﻋ ﺎﺘﻴﺑ ﺮﺘﻛد ،ﺖﺳﺮﭘاﺪﺧ ﺮﺒﻛاﺪﻴﺳ ﺮﺘﻛد
رﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻳو
و ﻲﻤﻠﻋ
ﻲﺑدا
:
نﺎﻳدازﺮﻴﺷ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﺮﺘﻛد
پﺎـﭼ ﺖﺑﻮﻧ
:
،لوا
140
1
ﺮـﺷﺎﻧ
:
ﺮﺸﻧ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
نﻼـﻴﮔ هﺎﮕـﺸﻧاد
نﺎﮔرﺎﻤـﺷ
:
1000
ﺪﻠـﺟ
*
پﺎﭼ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺗ وًﺎﻓﺮﺻ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ردﺮﺸﻧ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد.
*
چرﺎﻗ ﻲﮕﻧر ﺲﻠﻃا ناﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ
ج1
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳوﺪﺗ )يروآدﺮﮔ هﻮﻴﺷ(:
ﺖﺳﺮﭘاﺪﺧ ﺮﺒﻛا ﺪﻴﺳ ﺮﺘﻛد
دﺎﺘﺳانﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يزروﺎﺸﻛ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد
ﻲﻫﺎﺷوﺮﺴﺧ يﺮﮕﺴﻋ ﺎﺘﻴﺑ ﺮﺘﻛد
رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘرﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ
جﺰﻛ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺲﻧﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻛد
رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣرﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ
ﺮﺸﻧ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ نﻼﻴﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
1401
