Global Pandemic and Entrepreneurial Intention: How Adversity Leads To Entrepreneurship

Abstract

The COVID-19 global pandemic eruption has thrown schedules, preferences, and current networks into disarray, creating inherent uncertainty about what lies ahead. This adversity brought on by covid 19 global pandemic created a displacement event in an individual life that can trigger sudden behavioral changes in an individual that would necessitate the search for several opportunities for making ends meet. However, individuals’ responses to the occurrence of any particular event are influenced by their judgments of whether the event is negative or positive, as well as whether the occurrence of that event can be used to generate income. Thus this study is intended to explore how adversity leads to entrepreneurship during covid 19 global pandemic. Specifically, what can inspire individuals to start a new venture in today’s world that has been severely impacted by the covid 19 global pandemic? This study collects survey data from popular cities in China and analyzed the data using a structural equation model to empirically explore what determines entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture during a global pandemic. The findings show that possible feasibility and necessity have a strong influence on entrepreneurial intention in starting a new venture.

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https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221123421
SAGE Open
July-September 2022: 1 –13
© The Author(s) 2022
DOI: 10.1177/21582440221123421
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Original Research
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared
the Covid-19 global pandemic recently, after considering its
speed of transmission across the world. Subsequently, poli-
cymakers embraced a temporary economic lockdown as the
only available option to slow the spread of the novel corona-
virus. This has resulted in huge economic and social costs
which by all means are notably unprecedented. The central
idea in undertaking lockdowns is that without resorting to
some form of the lockdown the rate of infections will be
high, thereby overwhelming the health systems, and further
increasing the disease burden and colossal economic loss.
However, the economic damage caused by the lockdown
has been substantial, despite the fact that public health sys-
tems have been less overwhelmed in some countries with
fewer infections. Apart from job losses in the gig economy,
this results in lost income for owners, resulting in the insol-
vency of a large number of businesses and households.
Consequently, to some entrepreneurs, this historic disrup-
tion has triggered a clamorous call for turning the disaster
into an opportunity during the crisis.
Moreover, the magnitude of this global pandemic crisis
has surpassed previous crises yielding an extremely challeng-
ing context to operate the business due to its unprecedented
nature (Ratten, 2020a). There is an increase in the demand
for specific goods and services due to obligatory Health poli-
cies, while the supply chain system is hampered by interna-
tional travel restrictions (Nicola et al., 2020). There are also
difficulties in selling goods and services due to international
travel restrictions and a decline in customer spending result-
ing from an increase in unemployment (Sigala, 2020).
Furthermore, apart from difficulties obtaining certain goods
and services and an increase in financial fragility, people
have been forced to remain indoors and their movement has
been restricted within a specific geographical area, ignoring
the fact that their need for short-term liquidity needs is criti-
cal for their survival. Therefore, people must look for possi-
ble solutions to keep their activities alive while tackling
diverse difficulties and challenges. This means that the cur-
rent global pandemic crisis has caused a shift in people’s
behavior, causing them to be willing to risk their assets and
lives in search of survival ways, including business
1123421SGOXXX10.1177/21582440221123421SAGE OpenUsman and Sun
research-article20222022
1Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
Corresponding Author:
Magaji Abdullahi Usman, School of Business Administration, Northeastern
University, No. 3-11 lane, Wenhua road heping District, Shenyang,
110169, P.R. China.
Email: mabdullahusman03@gmail.com
Global Pandemic and Entrepreneurial
Intention: How Adversity Leads
To Entrepreneurship
Magaji Abdullahi Usman1 and Xinbo Sun1
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic eruption has thrown schedules, preferences, and current networks into disarray, creating
inherent uncertainty about what lies ahead. This adversity brought on by covid 19 global pandemic created a displacement
event in an individual life that can trigger sudden behavioral changes in an individual that would necessitate the search for
several opportunities for making ends meet. However, individuals’ responses to the occurrence of any particular event are
influenced by their judgments of whether the event is negative or positive, as well as whether the occurrence of that event
can be used to generate income. Thus this study is intended to explore how adversity leads to entrepreneurship during covid
19 global pandemic. Specifically, what can inspire individuals to start a new venture in today’s world that has been severely
impacted by the covid 19 global pandemic? This study collects survey data from popular cities in China and analyzed the data
using a structural equation model to empirically explore what determines entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture
during a global pandemic. The findings show that possible feasibility and necessity have a strong influence on entrepreneurial
intention in starting a new venture.
Keywords
entrepreneurial intention, global coronavirus pandemic, behavioral change, new startups, entrepreneurial event model

2 SAGE Open
opportunities search to start a new venture that could provide
income for their day-to-day activities (Cusack & Malmstrom,
2011). This study is determined to explore the motivational
factors that drive an individual entrepreneurial decision to
start a new venture under adverse situations. Specifically, the
exploration of the antecedent of entrepreneurial intention
under this unprecedented situation of the global covid 19
pandemic crisis.
Entrepreneurship is a personal decision based on planned
action (Krueger et al., 2000). Unless an entrepreneurial
intention is developed, an individual may not engage with an
identified opportunity. It is important to note that the influ-
ence of new ventures on the economy and society at large is
determined by the potential causes for starting new busi-
nesses (Estrin et al., 2013a; Williams, 2009). The opportu-
nity-based entrepreneurial intention is associated with
innovation activities, which have prospects of reducing
unemployment and raising production efficiency in the econ-
omy (Stenholm et al., 2013), whereas necessity-based entre-
preneurial intention is frequently associated with global
downtown, unemployment, economic hardship, war, liveli-
hood strategies and global calamities like the ongoing covid
19 global pandemic crisis (Acs & Amorós, 2008; Gries &
Naudé, 2011). Thus this study proposes that adversity or eco-
nomic hardship is a key to changing individual behavior to
start a new venture. However, an individual’s decision to
take action in the face of an adverse event is determined by
his presumption in any given alternative, which combines
desirability and feasibility perceptions, as well as their per-
sonal proclivity to act and make each alternative possible. As
a result, this study considers the perceived future potential of
entrepreneurship (FPT), perceived feasibility of entrepre-
neurship (PFSB), necessity (NEC), fear of failure (FOF), and
resilience to be important factors that influence individual
entrepreneurial actions in a difficult situation. Researchers
have not yet discovered the motivating forces that shape
individual decisions in difficult situations, even though
research in this field is still in its early stages. Thus under-
standing what motivates people to start a new business in a
bad economy is critical for developing policies that will
boost entrepreneurial activity and offer solutions to the cur-
rent situation. Consequently, understanding what drives indi-
viduals’ intention to start a new venture in an adverse
situation is crucial for the development of policies that can
enhance entrepreneurial activities and offer solutions to the
present situation.
Previous studies show that fear of failure has a strong
influence on individual intentions to start a new venture
(Herath & Mahmood, 2014). People deter themselves from
starting a new venture in a tough situation due to fear of fail-
ure. This study is extended to explore the impact of resilience
on mitigating the effect of the fear of failure on entrepreneur-
ial intentions to start a new venture in an adverse situation.
Resilience means the psychological ability of an individual
to bounce back at the time of difficulty or after (Tedeschi &
Calhoun, 2004). It is considered critical for entrepreneurs in
the adverse situation as in this covid 19 global pandemic cri-
sis (Bullough et al., 2014). While resilience is crucial in com-
prehending how to cope during and before crises, the
moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between
fear of failure and entrepreneurial initiatives in the face of
catastrophe remains unsearched.
Despite a growing understanding of how adversity causes
displacement events that trigger a shift in individual thinking
to seek business opportunities through technology and for-
ward-thinking, there are a plethora of studies that investigate
the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in adversity.
Shepherd and Williams (2014), argue that the potential of
entrepreneurship to alleviate the current situation is the fac-
tor responsible for establishing a new venture following a
catastrophic event. Sawada et al. (2011) and Skidmore and
Toya (2002) discovered that the destruction of customs and
networks are the factors that influence entrepreneurial inten-
tion to start a business in a tough situation. the existence of
free tools. The existence of free tools to promote innovation
under those conditions provides a solid foundation for
launching a new venture business. According to Fukushima
(2018), age and experience are important factors in establish-
ing new businesses after disasters. However, unlike the pres-
ent study, these studies focused on individual characteristics
as well as institutional factors as predictive variables of
entrepreneurial intent in adverse situations. These studies
also conducted their research on entrepreneurial antecedents
in adverse situations in the context of relatively continuous
adverse situations rather than abrupt environmental changes
that were global.
Furthermore, the focus of the existing literature on the
covid 19 global pandemic crisis was mainly on the impact of
government policy on covid 19 to support entrepreneurship
(Donthu & Gustafsson, 2020; Ratten, 2021), entrepreneurial
response to innovation, and creativity in the adverse situation
(Ratten, 2020a), and impact of covid 19 on the specific type
of entrepreneurship like small scale business impact (Thukral,
2021), social impact prerequisites (Bacq et al., 2020; Ratten,
2020b), impact on personal and joint-stock businesses (Kraus
et al., 2020), or impact on gender (Ute et al., 2020). So far,
there is a dearth of evidence exploring possible factors that
could influence an individual’s decision to launch a new ven-
ture during or after the global coronavirus pandemic.
Although it is important to understand how entrepreneurial
undertakings can survive the global coronavirus pandemic, a
new perspective on this global coronavirus pandemic should
also be developed as a source of ground-breaking insights
and initiatives.
To better understand the role of entrepreneurship in soci-
ety and fill the identified literature gap, building on the the-
ory of planned behavior and entrepreneurial event, this study
explores the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention
to start up a new venture during or after the covid 19 global
pandemic crisis. First, the theoretical background and a brief

Usman and Sun 3
review of relevant literature on entrepreneurial intention and
the global novel coronavirus are outlined in the process of
developing propositions corresponding to the study’s model.
The methodology is described next, followed by results and
discussion. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications
along with research limitations are presented.
Theoretical Background and Literature
Review
Prior Research on Entrepreneurial Intention
The emergence of entrepreneurial behavior is inseparable
from the unique characteristics of entrepreneurs themselves.
“Intention” is an internal reflection of people’s potential
behavior. It can be described as the ability to predict future
behavior and then exploit this behavior. Entrepreneurial
intention (EIN) has been described as the basis for individual
action in the establishment of a new venture and the corre-
sponding plan before action (Shook et al., 2003).
Entrepreneurial intention has been one of the remarkable
areas of entrepreneurship research (Jarvis, 2016). Existing
literature postulates individual factors such as temperament,
previous experience, social relations, and individual abili-
ties, and contextual factors like environment and organiza-
tion as the main factors associated with the determination of
entrepreneurial intention (Bird, 1988). In the entrepreneurial
intention research field, some of these factors have been
explained in the context of widely used theories such as the
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbern & Ajzen,
1975), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985),
and Theory of an Entrepreneurial Event (TEE) (Shapero &
Sokol, 1982).
The TRA assumes that behavioral intention is the direct
factor that decides behavior, which in turn is influenced by
behavioral attitude and subjective norms. Therefore, “indi-
vidual attitude” defined as the predictor of behavior, and
“subjective norms” defined as social pressure that an indi-
vidual may encounter like other people’s opinions, are the
constructs in TRA that help shape one’s convictions and
behavior (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2015). This shows that indi-
vidual behavior is controlled by the will, and this drawback
of the theory seriously hinders its widespread application.
To expand the scope of application of the TRA, Ajzen
(1985) expanded the theory by increasing the determinant
variables of perceptual behavior and formed the TPB.
According to TPB, intention is the prerequisite for behavior.
TPB holds that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived
control are the determinants of intention, while behavior is
influenced by intention and perceived control. Ajzen consid-
ers “perceived behavioral control” as factors beyond an indi-
vidual’s control that can influence intention and behavior
(Maruping et al., 2017).
On the contrary, Shapero’s (1975) entrepreneurial event
model argues that inertia guides human behavior until it is
interrupted or replaced. It changes with the occurrence of a
single or series of events that negatively disrupt individual
momenta, such as job loss or lockdown (as in this time of the
global pandemic), or positively, such as inheritance and rest.
These events induce a behavioral shift in the sense that the
subject must choose between several solutions (Katz, 2001).
Therefore, there is a pre-existing ideal solution for an indi-
vidual based on his belief in any given alternative, which is
determined by adding the desirability and feasibility percep-
tions, as well as their proclivity to act and make each alterna-
tive possible (Parente & Feola, 2014). According to Shapero
and Sokol (1982), the factors that determine entrepreneurial
intention are the perception of personal desirability and per-
sonal feasibility, along with individual proclivity to act.
Perceived desirability means personal interest (both intra-
personal and extra-personal) in starting a business venture.
Perceived feasibility means the degree of a personal feeling
of being capable of starting a venture. The volitional aspects
of intent are called propensity to act. Therefore, the existence
of perceived desirability and feasibility of a given project can
shape the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and
external factors like the current global pandemic crisis.
While these theories have been employed to study entre-
preneurial intention under other kinds of adverse conditions
(e.g., Bullough et al., 2014; Michael & Jennifer, 2015;
Monllor & Murphy, 2017; Nurdan & Nancy, 2016; Winn &
Kirchgeorg, 2005), the focus of these theories was primarily
on progressive business adaptation to relatively continuous
tough situations like war and earthquake rather than abrupt
environmental changes that were global. Despite the appar-
ent need for entrepreneurial development as a result of
changes associated with the covid 19 global pandemic crisis,
there is a gap in the literature on entrepreneurship research
that incorporates these constructs with the covid 19 global
pandemic crisis. Given the importance of entrepreneurship in
the context of the Covid 19 global pandemic crisis, this study
expands on these theories to consider the perceived feasibil-
ity of entrepreneurship, perceived future potential of entre-
preneurship, necessity, fear of failure, and resilience as
factors that influence entrepreneurial intention during the
crisis.
Novel Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
The novel coronavirus (nCov-2019 or Covid-19) is a new
strain of coronavirus that has never been found in the human
body before. It was named by WHO on January 12, 2020,
after it was discovered in Wuhan, China at the end of the year
2019. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, though a vari-
ant of the new virus, has many unknown factors. However, it
is similar to cases of lung and respiratory tract infections,
such as the plague of three provinces in Northeast China in
1910, the third Spanish influenza in 1914, and SARS in
2003. The novel coronavirus infection is thought to be trans-
mitted from an animal, and the pathogen is identified as

4 SAGE Open
SARS-CoV-2. According to the WHO, the first suspected
patient reported to be infected with the virus through human-
to-human transmission was in January 2020. Since then, the
virus has swept China and other countries around the globe
and became a global pandemic, leading to the mother of all
crises in this century. As of July 29, 2020, there are more than
700,000 confirmed cases and more than 35,000 deaths in the
world (Johns Hopkins University Report, 2020).
The global pandemic has led to social unrest. A mismatch
between demand and supply in all markets has become
increasingly acute, especially in markets for consumable
goods and services because of the need for the social dis-
tance that led to the shutting down of business operations. It
has also led to a change in people’s working styles and living
habits while promoting their self-examination and social
reflection. At the same time, this crisis has led to the emer-
gence of new business opportunities and the reconstruction
of management models, forcing enterprises to rethink the
direction and road ahead in times of uncertainty. According
to Jayaram et al. (2020), if governments, development agen-
cies, and private sectors do not respond with exceptional
speed and agility in the coming weeks, the effect of the
global coronavirus pandemic could be devastating in Africa
and other countries around the globe. As such, exploring the
factors that determine entrepreneurial intention during a
global pandemic is critical for the development of policies
that can enhance economic growth and development.
Conceptual Framing
Since the business operation is based on exchange with its
environment (Scott, 1998), the research context on business
adaptation in adverse conditions is related to the environ-
mental situation in which it operates. Entrepreneurship is
critical in the adverse situation to alter people’s perception of
the crisis by spinning the hostile event into a positive occur-
rence. Unless an entrepreneurial intention is developed, an
individual may not engage with an identified opportunity.
This implies that entrepreneurial intention is a vibrant indi-
cator of future entrepreneurial activity (Krueger et al., 2000).
Over the decades, various entrepreneurial intention models
have emerged (see, Ajzen, 1985; Fishbern & Ajzen, 1975;
Krueger et al., 2000; Shapero & Sokol, 1982). The extant
literature shows that meta-analysis on intention explained
nearly 40% of the variation in actual behavior (Sheeran,
2002). Thus the tendency of an individual to act depends on
the results of the factor that provide a context for a certain
initial condition that may be decided by the idea of starting a
business. Advancing from these theories, this study presup-
poses an entrepreneurial intention to be subjected to a situa-
tion of a given factor as illustrated in Figure 1.
According to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen &
Fishbein, 1980), the development of entrepreneurial inten-
tion is grounded on the perceived feasibility and desirability
of entrepreneurial action (Krueger et al., 2000). While
desirability means how desirable and important a person
finds that opportunity, feasibility refers to how much a per-
son feels qualified to perform entrepreneurial roles under
fundamental conditions of uncertainty (Fitzsimmons &
Douglas, 2011; Parente & Feola, 2014). The disturbances
caused by major events such as the present global pandemic
crisis can be recognized by entrepreneurs as the foundation
for business opportunities (Brück et al., 2011). Advancing
from this theory, perceived feasibility and desirability plus
other antecedents such as necessity, fear of failure, and resil-
ience are considered to have a significant influence on the
level of commitment of an entrepreneur.
The Covid-19 global pandemic’s occurrence and inten-
sity have established stresses and restrictions on the busi-
ness environment. This crisis has affected the most
fundamental environmental sense of organization in ways
that are visible and observable. It has also constrained the
ability of an entrepreneur to operate freely while limiting
resources. For instance, the decline in profits, lower resource
availability, interruptions in supply chains, and new govern-
ment policies among others. These constraints may have a
direct influence on some entrepreneurs’ psychological vari-
ables that explain the variation in entrepreneurial intent and
action (Monllor & Murphy, 2017). For example, perceived
difficulties in selling goods and services due to lockdown
and movement restrictions within a geographical area may
negatively impact the feasibility of a new venture. Scholars
argued that an individual with a proclivity to seize oppor-
tunities could perceive this case as a business opportunity
and form an intention to launch a new venture (Krueger
et al., 2000). This is because the perception of threat
depends on the personal decision of the occurrence of
events or situations as hypothetically destructive or means
of exploring business opportunities (Parente & Feola,
2014). Entrepreneurial action or inaction in the face of the
current global pandemic crisis creates business opportuni-
ties by causing economic and business unbalance (Cowling
et al., 2015). The existence of over-demand for certain
goods and services, such as toilet paper, masks, sanitizers,
and so on, can transform the motivation for action to deliver
new goods and services. The underlying assumption that the
perceived desirability and feasibility of an entrepreneurial
opportunity determined entrepreneurial intention is applied
to this situation, in which the perception of opportunities
presented by the Covid-19 global pandemic crisis is deter-
mined by their importance in reducing or alleviating adver-
sity. Thus the first hypothesis of this study posits as:
H1: Opportunity arising from the Covid 19 global pan-
demic crisis can be perceived as feasible and will increase
entrepreneurial intention if it has the potential of improv-
ing the existing situation.
H2: Opportunity with future potentials arising from covid
19 global pandemic crisis has a positive impact on entre-
preneurial intention.

Usman and Sun 5
Furthermore, this covid-19 global pandemic crisis is
unprecedented in a century marked by changes in govern-
ment economic policy, income declines, shortages of
goods and services due to supply chain disruptions,
increases in the demand for a few products and services,
and serious distortions in the demand and supply behaviors
of other commodities. Personal reactions to the covid 19
global pandemic crisis include among other things, self-
isolation, lockdown, increased emotional difficulties,
restriction of movement, job, and school disengagement,
and low resource availability (Foss, 2020; Ratten, 2021;
Sigala, 2020). People’s activities are primarily focused on
surviving and protecting their own and their families lives.
They have no choice but to work inside their home or
within a specific geographical area to make living for the
sake of survival. This covid-19 global pandemic crisis has
also compelled business organizations to lay off some of
their employees and contend with the remaining employ-
ees who are confined to their homes and specific locations
(Ratten, 2021). Thanks to digital technology for making
everything feasible. It was evident that some entrepreneur-
ial activities in adverse situations are just meant for sur-
vival. The study by Reynolds et al. (2005) and Shane
(2009) found that low availability of employment can lead
to a high rate of self-employment that doesn’t come from
the supportive condition of entrepreneurship.
In addition, a lack of resources and capital hampered eco-
nomic initiatives and living conditions even more amid this
global pandemic crisis (Ute et al., 2020). This intense stress
and pressure produce displacements that reflect a change in
an individual’s actions to pursue an incentive for new behav-
ior (Katz, 1992). Individual action means the allocation of
resources and technology needed for entrepreneurial sur-
vival, whereas individual inaction means doing nothing that
can lead to deteriorating situations. Thus in adversity, indi-
viduals must choose the type of action that must be taken and
the resources needed (Milstein, 2015) to generate a stream of
income and keep on their living activities. Consequently, the
inherent uncertainties of the covid 19 global pandemic crisis
force individuals to transform their motivations into action to
produce goods and services. Necessity can be considered a
significant factor that can determine entrepreneurial inten-
tion, especially in adverse situations (José et al., 2019). Thus,
this study posits its third hypothesis as follows:
H3: Necessity has a positive relationship with entrepre-
neurial intention
Furthermore, in adversity, individuals need to create new
ventures for the sake of survival. However, starting a new
business in an adverse situation entails confronting addi-
tional elements of uncertainty and insecurity. There is no
Figure 1. Research structure.

6 SAGE Open
consensus among scholars regarding entrepreneurial inten-
tion in abrupt environmental settings. While some scholars
believe that certain people are willing to take risks or even
pursue business opportunities for the sake of their lives in
adversity (Bullough et al., 2014; Cusack & Malmstrom,
2011), others are apathetic in their general fear of failure
when starting a new business in any given situation (Amanda
et al., 2014). Therefore, since an adverse event like the cur-
rent global pandemic crisis triggers a regime of uncertainty
that may be highly harmful to entrepreneurial action, people
must develop a fear of failure for starting a new venture.
Holding necessity-based entrepreneurship constant in adver-
sity, this study proposes that the perception of failure and the
underlying uncertainty of the Covid 19 global pandemic cri-
sis have a negative impact on entrepreneurial intentions. It
was evident that due to the current global pandemic crisis,
efficient, decent, and effective business practices may be
jeopardized, leaving people with only a weak legal system
(Ratten, 2021). Thus, the next hypothesis is as follows:
H4: Fear of failure stemming from the inherent uncer-
tainty of the global pandemic crisis reduces entrepreneur-
ial intent.
Resilience is important in adversity, both during and after the
occurrence of negative events (Bullough et al., 2014). It is
defined as the combination of numerous beneficial personal
traits, tendencies, and behavioral patterns (Ayala & Manzano,
2014). Resilience helps people in tough times to move on,
whilst others may be disheartened in their effort to cope with
the difficulties and obstacles they face in business start-ups.
Positive feelings during or after horrific events safeguard
resilient individuals from depression and can even help them
to succeed in a time of adversity (Fredrickson et al., 2003).
Therefore, the fear of failure to start a new venture in a tur-
bulent time will have less impact on highly resilient entrepre-
neurs (Hayward et al., 2010). It was clear that high-resilience
entrepreneurs are more likely to pursue new opportunities on
the ground to re-start a new business venture, even if they
had previously failed to do so (Hayward et al., 2010).
To comprehend resilient outcomes in the face of adver-
sity, a holistic approach to individual differences is required
(Westphal & Bonanno, 2007). Positive responses contrib-
ute to resilience and entrepreneurial action for those who
are capable of acting during this period of the current covid
19 global pandemic crisis (Kuckertz et al., 2020). Thus,
resilient individuals can participate in initiatives that are
explicitly designed to address issues such as unemploy-
ment, the formation of a new supply chain, the provision of
financial support to their families and loved ones, and ways
to accommodate daily routines to mitigate the unprece-
dented uncertainty caused by the Covid 19 global pandemic
crisis. Consequently, this study proposes resilience to miti-
gate the relationship effect between fear of failure and
entrepreneurial intentions stemming from the inherent
uncertainty of the Covid 19 global pandemic crisis. The
next hypothesis posits as:
H5: Resilience moderates the relationship impact between
fear of failure that stem from the covid 19 global pan-
demic crisis and entrepreneurial intention
Methodology
Research Design and Data Collection Techniques
This study aims to address the question of what factors influ-
ence entrepreneurial intention to start a business venture dur-
ing and after the covid 19 global pandemic crisis. A
quantitative research design is employed here based on the
adapted version of the theory of entrepreneurial events to
evaluate the determinants. The study questionnaire consists
of demographic information (including gender, age, and edu-
cation) and six latent constructs in the proposed model mea-
sured based on a 7-point Likert scale. Table 1 describes the
measurement items of the six latent variables.
We posted an online survey questionnaire within the
major economic cities in China, and in May 2020 that lasted
for 3 months on the popular Chinese online questionnaire
platform, www.sojump.com. The cities include Beijing,
Shenzhen, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Guangzhou. To make
the scale conform to the entrepreneurial activities of the cho-
sen study area, the study conducted a preliminary survey in
China before producing the final set of this study survey
questionnaire. The preliminary survey questions were on the
antecedents of entrepreneurial intention during the current
covid 19 global pandemic crisis. Based on the data collected
from the initial survey, this study questionnaire was adjusted
and modified to form the final survey questionnaire. The
respondents cover every individual irrespective of their gen-
der variations. The sample characteristics of this study are
suitable for the present study because the influence of covid-
19 global pandemic affects every living organism in the
country.
Furthermore, as the study explores the behavior of indi-
viduals with self-reported survey items, there may be a con-
sideration regarding common method variance (CMV). The
study minimizes the common method bias in the following
ways. First, the respondent’s privacy was secured. Second, a
pilot study was conducted to reduce ambiguities. Third, cer-
tain questions concerning independent variables and depen-
dent variables were divided (Podsakoff et al., 2003). A total
of 332 valid datasets (90.21% valid response rate) are recov-
ered from the 368 data sets collected.
This study employs the smart PLS 3.2v (Partial least
square) to test the proposed research model. Partial least
square (PLS) regression is a second-generation structural
equation modeling (SEM) technique used with data that
contain correlated predictor variables. In contrast to least
square regression, PLS can fit multiple response variables

Usman and Sun 7
in one model. It is also better than multiple regression
because it does not require that the predictors be fixed,
making PLS more robust to measure uncertainty. In addi-
tion, in the analysis of mediating and moderating variables,
structural equation modeling is preferred since the corre-
sponding paths are verified, and issues such as measuring
errors and feedback are included in the model (Edelman
et al., 2005).
Measurement model validation. The first step in PLS anal-
ysis is the measurement model evaluation. This is used to
evaluate the reliability and validity of each variable’s struc-
ture (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988). This is to show whether
the elements developed in the questionnaire can be used to
measure the entrepreneurial intention model at the time of
the global coronavirus pandemic. Table 2 depicts the result of
the measurement model, which includes the indicator items
used in the model, outer loadings, average variance extracted
(AVE), Cronbach’s alpha (CR), and composite reliability
(CR). Table 2 shows that the outer loadings, Cronbach’s
alpha, and CR values are above .7, and the AVE value of each
construct is above .5, signifying a higher degree of reliability
and validity. The indicator items below .5 are removed and
displayed at the bottom of Table 2.
Table 3 displays the correlation analysis of six variables.
The square root of each variable’s AVE is higher than its con-
structs (Chin, 1998; Fornell & Larcker, 1981), indicating the
subjective independence of every indicator on its latent vari-
able. The Heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlation (HTMT)
of the six constructs is displayed in Table 4. The value of
each construct is less than .85, signifying the reliability of the
data (Hair et al., 2019).
Result Analysis
Sample Characteristics
Table 5 indicates that 52.4% of respondents are males and
47.6% are females. The difference between male and
female respondents is 4.8%. Youth generations aged 26 to
40 years account for 59.6% of respondents, followed by a
higher age range of generations 41 to 55 years for 25.6%.
The proportion of the young generation is 11.1% higher.
Regarding education, those with a technical/secondary
certificate and junior college degree have the highest rates
of participation in this report, at 51.2% and 26.5% respec-
tively. The proportion of those with a bachelor’s degree
and above is just 3.6%.
Table 1. Measurable Items of seven constructs.
Measurable items
ENI1 Understanding my feelings in my ex-organization help me choose business opportunities
ENI2 My former organization concern about my joy or sorrow assisted in the selection of my business opportunities
ENI3 Former organization sympathy with my emotional feelings have helped me choose my business opportunities
ENI4
ENI5
NEC1 Having fair and equal treatment in my organization helped me choose business opportunities
NEC2 Having proportional treatment without any kind of discrimination helped me choose my business opportunities
NEC3 Having equal right in my former organization helped me choose business opportunities
NEC4
FPT1 Provisional opportunities to showcase my talent and conduct an experiments in ex-organization help me in
choosing current business opportunities
FPT2 The support and training received in ex-organization assist me choose my business opportunities
FPT3 My colleagues and management staffs supports assist me choose my business opportunities
FOF1 Existence of best working facilities in my organization help me choose business opportunities
FOF2 Provision of enabling environment to develop skills and knowledge in my ex-organization helped me choose
business opportunities
FOF3 Provisional infrastructure in my ex-organization helped me choose my current opportunities
PFSB1 I can easily figure out effective solution to any hard situation
PFSB2 I have the ability to bounce back from difficulties such as discouragements, frustration, disappointments and rest
PFSB3 I always have the feelings that I can do everything perfect
PFSB4 I have feeling that I am not successful
RSL1 Even in an Industry where I have no personal experience, I can recognize new business opportunities
RSL2 By going on everyday routine activities, I found varieties of ideas concerning potential new venture surround me
RSL3 My contacts or discussion with clients or distributers or potentials and their alike help me in recognizing
business opportunities
RSL4 I do not have any special “Alertness” or “sensitivity” toward new venture opportunities

8 SAGE Open
PLS-Structural Model Analysis
The results of the PLS-SEM analysis for the study model are
shown in Figure 2. Bootstrapping is conducted using 332
responses to 5,000 samples to determine the significance of
the path coefficients. Structural equation modeling is favor-
able in the analysis of moderating variables as the relevant
paths are directly verified and issued, for instance, the mea-
surement error and feedback which are included in the model
(Edelman et al., 2005).
Table 6 depicts the result of the structural path analysis.
The R2 value of the study model stands at .711, higher than
.50, indicating the large explanatory power of the variation in
entrepreneurial intention (ENI) among the determinant fac-
tors necessity (NEC), possible feasibility (PFSB), fear of
failure (FOF), and future potentials (FPT). The p-values of
the path constructs are less than .05, indicating a significant
influence of all the determinant variables on entrepreneurial
intention.
As shown in Figure 2 and Table 6, all the hypotheses for-
mulated in this study are supported. The structural model
path coefficient shows that the NEC coefficient value with
t-statistic is .305 (4.877), and is positive and significant (H1).
It reveals an increase in entrepreneurial intention with a
30.5% rise in necessity. Subsequently, the adversity caused
by the Covid-19 global pandemic such as lockdown, job
losses, and others can trigger an individual behavior to search
for a better solution, which may in turn result in an individual
becoming entrepreneurial. The structural model path coeffi-
cient of PFSB is .411 (7.221) (H2), which is the highest path
coefficient in the model. This implies that an increase in the
perceived feasibility of a given opportunity will lead to a
41.1% increase in entrepreneurial intention to launch a new
venture during the global coronavirus pandemic. Any per-
ceived opportunity that can provide an improved solution to
the pandemic elements being affected will lead to a 41.1%
increase in individual intention to start a new venture.
In addition, The structural model path coefficient of FPT
is .113 (2.642) (H3), indicating the impact of potential future
growth and the development of a new venture business on
the entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture during the
global coronavirus pandemic. It results in an increase of
Table 2. Measurement Variables.
Factor loadings Cronbach’s alpha Composite reliability AVE
Entrepreneurial
intention
EIN1 0.853 .859 0.905 0.704
EIN2 0.856
EIN3 0.835
EIN4 0.810
Fear of failure FOF1 0.902 .771 0.897 0.814
FOF2 0.903
Necessity NEC1 0.854 .788 0.875 0.701
NEC2 0.835
NEC4 0.823
Future potential FPT1 0.853 .787 0.875 0.701
FPT2 0.821
FPT3 0.837
Possible feasibility PSFB1 0.881 .817 0.891 0.732
PSFB2 0.798
PSFB3 0.885
Resilience RSL1 0.780 .829 0.886 0.660
RSL2 0.832
RSL3 0.800
RSL4 0.837
Table 3. Correlation Analysis of the Study Variables.
123456
1 Entrepreneurial intention .839
2 Fear of failure .519 .900
3 Necessity .750 .610 .837
4 Future potentials .641 .560 .597 .837
5 Possible feasibility .776 .640 .709 .680 .856
6 Resilience .734 .640 .781 .689 .718 .813

Usman and Sun 9
11.3% in the entrepreneurial intention to launch a new ven-
ture during the global coronavirus pandemic, with an increase
in the potential for future growth and development of the
perceived opportunities. The path coefficient of the struc-
tural model for the FOF is −.164 (3.126), a negative coeffi-
cient and statistically significant (H4). This negative
coefficient signifies a negative relationship between fear of
failure and entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture at
the time of the covid 19 global pandemic crisis. There is a
fall in the entrepreneurial intention by −16.4% to start a new
venture during the global coronavirus pandemic with an
increase in fear of failure.
The result of this study further shows resilience (RSL) to
moderate the effect of fear of failure on entrepreneurial
intention in starting a new venture (H5) (see Figure 2). Just
like in other normal situations, this study reveals that resil-
ience mitigates the relationship between fear of failure and
entrepreneurial intention at the time of the covid 19 global
pandemic crisis.
Theoretical Contribution
This study is based on the entrepreneurial event model
assumption, which states that in the context of entrepreneur-
ial activities, the occurrence of a significant life event can
cause major changes in entrepreneurial activities (Krueger
et al., 2000). The efficacy of these events is the result of iner-
tia (Shapero & Sokol, 1982), which induces a human behav-
ioral shift as the subject must choose between several
solutions (Katz, 2001). However, the extant literature has not
yet been explicit on how the occurrence of a major environ-
mental event, such as the present global coronavirus pan-
demic, triggers a shift in human behavior as an individual
intends to start a new business venture. This calls for in-
depth research into how adversity caused by the present
global pandemic crisis induces entrepreneurial intention to
start up a new venture. To the best of our knowledge, existing
research does not consider the impact of the environmental
threat issue, such as the global coronavirus pandemic, on
entrepreneurial intent to start up a new venture business, thus
failing to open the black box of this vital issue on entrepre-
neurial activity.
To address the gap mentioned above, the present study
makes two theoretical contributions. First, the study contrib-
utes by effectively explaining how the present covid-19
global pandemic crisis, as the emergence of a new phenom-
enon precipitates major changes in human life that can lead
to entrepreneurial activities. The efficacy of this global pan-
demic crisis induces a change in human behavior in the
search for a way out. Therefore, by conceptualizing the
global coronavirus pandemic as a new phenomenon that
poses tough human life challenges, at the same time inducing
individuals to be entrepreneurial in the process of a search
for a solution, this study contributes to opening the black box
on how tough human life challenges presented by the covid
19 global pandemic crisis can be perceived as an opportunity
to start a new venture. Hence, the existing literature on entre-
preneurial intention can be extended and enriched.
Table 4. Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio of Correlation (HTMT).
123456
1 Entrepreneurial intention
2 Fear of failure .637
3 Necessity .893 .780
4 Future potentials .775 .720 .766
5 Possible feasibility .895 .810 .873 .842
6 Resilience .861 .800 .898 .862 .869
Table 5. Demographic Information (n = 332).
Frequency Percentage
Gender Male 174 52.4
Female 158 47.6
Below 26 years 37 11.1
Age 26–40 years 198 59.6
41–55 years 85 25.6
Above 55 years 12 3.6
Junior high school and below 62 18.7
Education level High school/technical secondary school 170 51.2
Junior college 88 26.5
Bachelor’s degree and above 12 3.6

10 SAGE Open
Secondly, advancing from the theory of the entrepreneur-
ial event, this study contributes to the understanding of the
factors that can determine entrepreneurial intention to start a
new venture at the time of the global coronavirus pandemic.
The new empirical findings of this study are not only limited
to determining the factors responsible for the entrepreneurial
intention or validating the entrepreneurial event theory in an
entrepreneurial setting but also empirically explore the para-
doxical effects of the determinant factors on the entrepre-
neurial intentions of the study model during the global
coronavirus pandemic. All the constructs in the study model
have been found to make a significant contribution to entre-
preneurial intention. This indicates the plausibility of neces-
sity, perceived feasibility of an opportunity, future potentiality
of a given opportunity, fear of failure, and resilience in decid-
ing one’s purpose to be entrepreneurial.
Practical Implications
Besides the theoretical contributions referred to above, this
study also has some key practical implications, especially the
insight into the nature of the opportunities presented by the
global pandemic crisis for new venture start-ups. These can
be useful to academics and the governing body of an econ-
omy, professionals, and development agencies who are inter-
ested in pre-start-up behavior as a source of new venture
creation.
The present study also reveals several pathways that can
encourage an individual to recognize the opportunity pre-
sented by the global coronavirus and pursue entrepreneur-
ship as a new career. Based on this study’s findings, possible
feasibility (PFSB) and necessity (NEC) are found to have
more impact on entrepreneurial intention. This result
Figure 2. Covid-19 and entrepreneurial intention model.
Table 6. The Result of Structural Analysis.
Hypothesis Relationships Beta value Std. dev. T-statistics Sig.
H1 Fear of Failure -> Entrepreneurial Intention −.164 0.052 3.126 **
H2 Necessity -> Entrepreneurial Intention .305 0.063 4.877 **
H3 Future Potentials -> Entrepreneurial Intention .113 0.047 2.382 **
H4 Possible Feasibility -> Entrepreneurial Intention .411 0.057 7.221 ***
H5 Fear of Failure × Resilience -> Entrepreneurial Intention −.067 0.033 2.045 ***
Note. **p < .05. ***p < .01.

Usman and Sun 11
provides essential insight and sheds more light on the
potential avenue for developing an action plan on opportu-
nities that offer improved solutions to the pandemic ele-
ments being affected to support the entrepreneurial agenda
during the pandemic.
Given the economic situation of every single country in
the world today, the findings of this study are expected to
benefit the Chinese government and other emerging econo-
mies in developing policies to facilitate entrepreneurship
during the global coronavirus pandemic. The findings also
contribute to providing local development agencies with vast
opportunities to encourage the creation of new ventures
among those who choose to start up a business. This can lead
to a potential increase in the involvement in entrepreneurial
activities in China and other emerging economies, thereby
leading to an increase in income and boosting the overall
economy of these geographies.
Conclusion
This study empirically explores how the global coronavirus
pandemic has become a source of new venture establish-
ment. The focus of this study is on a new venture in the pre-
start phase. Based on the entrepreneurial event model, this
study proposes factors that can influence entrepreneurial
intention in capturing the opportunities presented by the
global coronavirus pandemic in the start-up phase of the
entrepreneurial process. Based on the survey results, we find
that possible feasibility and necessity have a strong influence
on entrepreneurial intention, while fear of failure and future
potential are also statistically significant. Resilience is found
to moderate the interaction effect between fear of failure and
entrepreneurial intention.
The influential strength of possible feasibility (PFSB) and
necessity (NEC) are found to have more impact on entrepre-
neurial intention. This is in line with the theory of entrepre-
neurial events and the economic market situation during the
global coronavirus pandemic (José et al., 2019; Monllor &
Murphy, 2017). The empirical results show a high tendency
for an individual to establish a new venture if that new ven-
ture has the potential of improving the living condition at the
time of the pandemic. Similarly, necessity is found to have
the second-largest coefficient value in the model, indicating
a strong influence of situational necessity imposed by the
pandemic on entrepreneurial intention. Resilience is found to
moderate the effect of fear of failure on entrepreneurial
intention in perceiving the opportunities presented by the
pandemic.
On the contrary, the study findings further indicate fear of
failure has a negative relationship with entrepreneurial inten-
tion during the pandemic. This result is in line with the theo-
retical literature on fear of failure and entrepreneurship.
Also, future potential (FPT) growth and development of
opportunities posed by the pandemic are found to have a
positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Therefore,
this study shows that the pandemic can be seen as a tough
human life challenge that presents not only harm to the econ-
omy but also some potential opportunities which can induce
an individual to start up a new venture. Based on the empiri-
cal results, fresh evidence prevails for academics, interna-
tional and local development agencies, as well as individuals
who are interested in establishing a new business venture at
the time of the global coronavirus pandemic.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect
to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support
for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This
study was funded by the 111 Project (B16009), the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (71672029, 72172031).
ORCID iD
Magaji Abdullahi Usman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-6904
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