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DOI: https://doi.org/10.30795/jfootankle.2022.v16.1633
Original Article
119
J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
Copyright © 2022 - Journal of the Foot&Ankle
AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating
patients treated with modied Broström-Gould and
suture tape augmentation for ankle instability:
a performance analysis
Hugo B. Torrano-Orduña1,4 , Ana C. King-Martinez2, Alberto Cuellar-Avaroma3, V. Jonathan Ramirez-Gomez1,
Rafael Ortega-Orozco1, Diego A. de Zulueta-Ortiz1, Luis A. Gómez-Carlín1
1. Medyarthros Foot and Ankle Clinic, Center for Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy, Jalisco, Mexico.
2. General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
3. Hospital Médica Sur, Jalisco, Mexico.
4. STEP Clinic, Mor, Mexico.
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)
and Karlsson-Peterson scales in patients with lateral ankle instability treated with modified Bröstrom-Gould (MBG) plasty and suture
tape augmentation.
Methods: This retrospective, bicentric, cohort study involved consecutive patients with lateral ankle instability treated with MBG plasty
and suture tape augmentation. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), AOFAS scale, and Karlsson-Peterson scale were used in pre-/postope-
rative assessments.
Results: Fifty-five patients who underwent MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation were included. Mean preoperative and posto-
perative VAS scores were 7.1 ± 1.4 and 1.3 ± 1.6 (p<0.001), respectively. Mean AOFAS scores were 61.3 ± 21.1 and 95.4 ± 8.4, respectively
(p<0.001). Mean Karlsson-Peterson scale scores were 46.8 ± v14.3 and 95.2 ± v7.9 (p<0.001), respectively.
Conclusions: The Karlsson-Peterson scale showed a better performance than the AOFAS scale in the clinical and functional evaluation
of patients with ankle instability treated with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation.
Level of Evidence III; Therapeutic Studies; Comparative Retrospective Study.
Keywords: Ankle joint; Joint instability; Lateral ligament, ankle; Orthopedic procedures.
Study performed at the Medyarthros Foot and Ankle Clinic, Center for Sports
Medicine and Arthroscopy, Jalisco, Mexico.
Correspondence: Hugo B. Torrano-Orduña. STEP Clinic, Av. Domingo Diez, 921,
Cuernavaca, Mor, México, 62253. E- mail: h_torranojr@hotmail.com. Conflicts of
interest: Luis A. Gómez-Carlín: Arhtrex: Personal fees. Source of funding: none.
Date received: May 09, 2022. Date accepted: June 15, 2022. Online: August
31, 2022.
How to cite this article: Torrano-Orduña HB, King-
Martinez AC, Cuellar-Avaroma A, Ramirez-Gomez
VJ, Ortega-Orozco R, Zulueta-Ortiz DA, et al.
AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating
patients treated with modified Broström-
Gould and suture tape augmentation for ankle
instability: a performance analysis.
J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25.
Introduction
The combination of suture tape augmentation and modi-
fied Broström-Gould (MBG) procedure has been found to be
eective in the treatment of lateral ankle instability. This
the rapeutic alternative appears to be better at increasing
mechanical stability of the ankle than MBG alone(1-4). By in-
creasing the strength and stiness of the ankle, it can be pro-
tected from injury-causing inversion and forced flexion. In a
study involving five freshly-frozen cadaveric specimens, the
biomechanics of the ankle and foot were compared using na-
tive and sectioned anterior talofibular ligaments to simulate
instability, which were later reconstructed with a suture tape
that reestablished the physiological ranges of motion of the
ankle and, partially, the dynamic alignment of the foot; the
ligament was found to be protected from elongation during
the healing process(5). Previous studies have shown that seve-
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
120 J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
ral years after a Broström procedure, the performance of the
ankle is decreased by elongation of the repaired ligament(6),
and this can be avoided with suture tape augmentation.
Recently, excellent clinical and functional results were de-
monstrated using the combined procedure, which provides
protection against inversion and forced flexion recurrence
and reduces the revision surgery risk(4).
In a systematic review of scales used to assess the surgical
management of chronic ankle instability in 104 studies(7), 66%
and 43% of studies used the ankle and hindfoot American
Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale(8) and the
Karlsson-Peterson scale(9), respectively.
The accuracy of the AOFAS scale has not been validated
and may show questionable statistical behavior in patients
with lateral ankle instability because it uses a mixed system
that combines medical evaluation and patient responses(10,11).
Subjective patient-reported ankle instability is the most
important diagnostic criterion. Recently, the term “patient-
reported outcome measurements” (PROMs) is being used
to refer to subjective data presented by the patient and has
become the most important tool in patient assessment, sur-
passing objective evaluation in physical examination(11). In
this context, the Karlsson-Peterson scale has demonstrated
a statistically significant correlation between the subjective
and objective parameters of ankle stability and function(9)
that are used in studies to evaluate the clinical outcomes
of patients with ankle instability treated with surgery. The
objective of this study was to compare the performance of
the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in patients with la-
teral ankle instability treated with MBG plasty and suture tape
augmentation.
Methods
A retrospective, bicentric, cohort study was conducted with
consecutive patients with lateral ankle instability treated with
MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation. The protocol was
approved by our Institutional Review Board. The inclusion cri-
terion was subjective patient-reported ankle instability. The
diagnosis of lateral ankle instability was confirmed by ante-
rior drawer test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ex-
clusion criteria were as follows: osteochondral injury, history
of ankle surgery or revision surgery, refusal to participate,
and patients who could not be reached.
Data were obtained from clinical records and through te-
lephone surveys. Variables of the study were sex, age, aec-
ted side, postoperative follow-up time, brand of anchors used
in each center, immobilization duration, and rehabilitation
time. Postoperative complications and patients with recur-
rence of ankle inversion and forced flexion mechanism were
recorded.
Scales
Data on the clinical and functional variables were recorded
using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), AOFAS scale, and Karlsson-
Peterson scale. Scores obtained on the Karlsson-Peterson
scale were classified as excellent (95 points), good (80-94
points), fair (50-79 points), and poor (<50 points)(9,12).
Postoperative Care
A posterior cast was used without weight-bearing for two
weeks, after which the stitches were removed. A CAM-Walker
boot was placed for one week with progressive weight-
bearing at tolerance and use of crutches. At week four, the
boot was removed and accelerated rehabilitation was initia-
ted with emphasis on proprioception, strength, and range of
motion(13). At week six, jogging was prescribed. At week eight,
patient was allowed to return to daily activities.
Statistical Analysis
Data were recorded in Excel® (Microsoft Corporation, Red-
mond, Washington, USA) being presented as frequency, per-
centage, mean, and standard deviation. Scales were analyzed
using the student’s t-test; p≤0.05 was considered significant.
STATA v15.0 software (Stata Corp LLC, Texas, USA) was used.
Results
Fifty-five patients with lateral ankle instability treated with
MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation were included
(Table 1); mean age was 32.3 ± 10.6 years. Diagnoses were
confirmed by MRI; in addition, 25 (45.5%) patients underwent
ankle arthroscopy. All patients reported a subjective sensa-
tion of instability and presented positive evidence on anterior
drawer test. Arthrex anchors (Arthrex, Inc., Naples, Florida,
USA) were used in 41 (74.5%) MBG procedures, and Smith
and Nephew anchors (Smith & Nephew, Inc., Massachusetts,
USA) in 14 (25.5%) MBG procedures.
The mean duration of postoperative immobilization was 2.7
± 1.4 weeks. In mean, early rehabilitation was started at 10.2
± 7.6 weeks; mean time taken to return to daily activity after
surgery was 22.5 ± 11.7 weeks. A patient with depressive di-
Table 1. Description of 55 patients with lateral ankle instability
treated with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation
Description n=55
Age (years)a 32.3 ± 10.6 (16–58)
Sex (male/female) 22 (40%)/33 (60%)
Aected side (left/right) 28 (50.9%)/27 (49.1%)
Postoperative follow-up (months)a 22.4 ± 13.6 (6–55)
Arthrex anchors – MBG 41 (74.5%)
Smith and Nephew anchors – MBG 14 (25.5%)
Postop immobilization duration (weeks)a2.7 ± 1.4 (1-8)
Rehabilitation time (weeks)a 10.2 ± 7.6 (2-24)
Time of return to activityb (weeks)a 22.5 ± 11.7 (3-48)
Ankle inversion mechanism recurrence (yes) 8 (14.5%)
Modified Bröstrom-Gould (MBG).
a Data are presented as mean, with the standard deviation and range in parentheses.
b A patient who presented complex regional pain syndrome was not included.
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
121
J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
sorder presented with complex regional pain syndrome as
a complication of the surgical procedure; her rehabilitation
adherence was intermittent and, at the 64-week follow-up
after surgery, she still had not returned to her daily activities.
In eight (14.5%) of 55 patients, there was ankle inversion
recurrence; initial treatment was symptomatic, with rest,
application of cold compresses, bandaging, and pelvic limb
elevation. After seven days, rehabilitation was continued until
complete recovery.
In table 2, the scores on the VAS, AOFAS, and Karlsson-Pe-
terson scales are presented. The mean preoperative and pos-
toperative VAS scores were 7.1 ± 1.4 and 1.3 ± 1.6 (p<0.001),
respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative
AOFAS scores were 61.3 ± 21.1 and 95.4 ± 8.4 (p<0.001), res-
pectively. On the Karlsson-Peterson scale, the mean preope-
rative and postoperative scores were 46.8 ± 14.3 and 95.2 ±
7.9 (p<0.001), respectively.
The contrast between mean preoperative scores on the
AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales (61.3 ± 21.1 vs. 46.8 ±
14.3) (p<0.001) may be due to the dierences in the parame-
ters of these scales.
Figure 1 shows the preoperative and postoperative scores
on the AOFAS scale by category. In panel A, which presents
the preoperative evaluation, patients showed high scores
in the categories of pain and limitation of physical activity.
Regarding the perception of ankle stability, only 28 (51%)
patients showed instability. In panel B, there was an overall
improvement in all parameters; improvement was significant
in the categories of pain, limitation, and use of support, with
an increase in maximum walking distance on dierent sur-
faces (p<0.05). Likewise, 27 (96%) out of 28 patients with
preoperative perception of instability reported stability in the
postoperative evaluation.
The patient evaluation results using the Karlsson-Peterson
scale are shown in figure 2. In panel A, which presents the
preoperative evaluation, 42 (76%) patients reported pain
while walking, and eight (14.5%) patients reported severe,
constant pain. On the other hand, all patients (n=55, 100%)
reported instability, and in 46 (84%) patients, it was mani-
fested when walking. In addition, 63.6% (n=35) of patients
reported no problem climbing stairs and 76.4% (n=42) of
patients reported diculty in running. In panel B, which pre-
sents the postoperative evaluation, improvement was obser-
ved in all categories; 39 (70.9%) patients showed remission
of pain, while 14 (25.5%) patients experienced it only during
physical activity. It should be noted that in all (n=54, 98%)
except one patient, the perception of ankle instability had di-
sappeared (p<0.001).
In the preoperative evaluation using the AOFAS scale, only
28 patients reported instability perception (Figure 1A). In
contrast, with the Karlsson-Peterson scale, 55 patients repor-
ted instability in at least one parameter (Figure 2A): two pa-
tients reported persistent and severe symptoms that required
the use of support, thirteen and 33 patients perceived insta-
bility when walking on regular surfaces and irregular surfaces,
respectively; and two and five patients perceived instability
only during physical activity in the last 1–2 months and 12–24
months, respectively. On the other hand, 47 (85.5%) patients
reported good alignment (score 10) on the AOFAS scale; the
contrast between the mean preoperative assessment scores
using the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales (61.3 ± 21.1 vs.
46.8 ± 14.3) (p<0.001) may be due to the fact that the para-
meter of alignment is represented on the AOFAS scale but
not on the Karlsson-Peterson scale.
Table 3 shows the postoperative evaluation scores on the
AOFAS scale by category: 41 (74.5%) of 55 patients reported
excellent clinical and functional outcomes; 10 (18.2%) patients
reported good outcomes; and only two (3.6%) patients re-
ported fair outcomes. These results are comparable to those
reported using the Karlsson-Peterson scale, where excellent
clinical and functional outcomes were reported by 41 (74.5%)
patients and good outcomes, by 12 (21.8%) patients; only two
(3.6%) patients reported fair results and none reported poor
outcomes (Table 4).
Postoperative complications included pain in five patients
(9.1%), joint stiness in three (5.5%) patients, and hematoma
in one (1.8%) patient, which needed to be drained; superficial
wound infection was seen in one (1.8%) patient, being suc-
cessfully treated with oral antibiotics for seven days and re-
sulting in complete remission. One patient (1.8%) developed
complex regional pain syndrome.
Discussion
The Karlsson-Peterson scale showed optimal performance
in evaluating the clinical and functional outcomes of MBG
plasty and suture tape augmentation in patients with ankle
instability. Regarding preoperative evaluation, this scale oers
a high precision, as it includes six dierent parameters based
on subjective patient-reported instability, thus allowing the
magnitude of instability to be defined and the clinical and
functional outcomes of the treatment to be evaluated. The
AOFAS scale overestimates the clinical and functional para-
meters of ankle instability by assigning a high score in the
pretreatment assessment.
The AOFAS scale is the most frequently used scale in cli-
nical studies, although its validity and reliability in assessing
ankle instability has not been determined(7); critical weaknesses
Table 2. Results of the VAS, AOFAS, and Karlsson-Peterson scales
in 55 patients with lateral ankle instability treated by MBG plasty
and suture tape augmentation
Scale Preoperative
Evaluationa
Postoperative
Evaluationap-value
VAS 7.1 ± 1.4 1.3 ± 1.6 <0.001
AOFAS 61.3 ± 21.1 95.4 ± 8.4 <0.001
Karlsson-Peterson 46.8 ± 14.3 95.2 ± 7.9 <0.001
Visual Analog Scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS), modified
Bröstrom-Gould (MBG).
a Data are presented as mean, with standard deviation.
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
122 J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
are the little emphasis placed on instability and the high sco-
res for pain, function, and alignment, resulting in unclear re-
sults. It is possible to obtain a high score (greater than 90) in
the absence of pain and with a normal range of motion, even
when the patient has ankle instability(7). In a meta-analysis of
88 studies, mechanical laxity and ligamentous insuciency
were found to be related to the subjective feeling of instabi-
lity, and this was sucient to determine surgical treatment in
16 of the analyzed articles(7). Spennacchio et al.(7) proposed
that the subjective patient perception is critical in determi-
ning the severity of ankle instability and treatment outcomes.
Furthermore, AOFAS expressed its opinion on this matter,
pointing out that it is not advisable to use the AOFAS scale
for clinical and functional assessment of ankle instability(14).
Recent studies have shown lower pretreatment scores on the
Karlsson-Peterson scale than on the AOFAS scale(15,16). Our
results are comparable with those reported by Yeo et al.(17):
they examined 48 patients with ankle instability and, in the
preoperative evaluation, they found mean scores of 68.7 ±
2.1 on the AOFAS scale and 46.8 ± 2.4 on the Karlsson-Pe-
terson scale. Likewise, in a study involving 24 athletes, in the
pretreatment evaluation using the Karlsson-Peterson scale, a
mean score of 43.5 (range, 32 to 55) was obtained(18), which is
similar to that found in the current study. Self-report of ankle
instability is considered enough to determine the need for
surgical management, as observed in 16 articles analyzed in a
meta-analysis(7). The discrepancy between the scores obtai-
ned on the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in the pre-
treatment assessment of ankle instability is related to the fact
that the latter scale includes the most important criterion of
self-reported perception of instability(7).
The Karlsson-Peterson scale shows better performance in
assessing ankle instability than the AOFAS scale, which ove-
restimates the pretreatment severity score; the former uses
a combination of patient responses and physical examina-
tion(11). The main dierences between the scales, which im-
pact the total score in the pretreatment assessment of ankle
instability, are as follows: the AOFAS scale underestimates
ankle instability by assigning it a maximum of eight points;
in contrast, the Karlsson-Peterson scale assigns it up to 25
points. Regarding pain, the former assigns it up to 40 points,
and the latter, 20 points; in addition, the AOFAS scale assigns
the alignment parameter, which is absent in Karlsson-Peter-
son scale, a maximum of 10 points. Our study is the first in the
Figure 1. Preoperative (A) and postoperative (B) scores on the AOFAS scale by category in 55 patients with lateral ankle instability
treated with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation. Overall improvement in all parameters is observed; it was significant in the
categories of pain and activity limitations, with an increase in maximum walking distance and in walking on dierent surfaces (p<0.05).
*Each category relates to the parameters defined on the AOFAS hindfoot scale(13).
A
B
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
123
J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
literature to compare categories and their impact on the to-
tal scores of the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales when
used in the clinical and functional assessment of patients with
ankle instability.
Currently, the use of PROMs that include patient-reported
outcomes in clinical and functional assessment is gaining
popularity(11,14). The main features of PROMs are the consis-
tent findings and good performance in clinical studies; AOFAS
recommends the use of PROMs to assess clinical and func-
tional conditions and treatment outcomes(14). The AOFAS
scale uses a combination of medical evaluation and patient
response and is therefore not considered a PROM-based sca-
le(11); in contrast, there is evidence that the Karlsson-Peter-
son scale can be considered a PROM-based scale(15-19). Like-
wise, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and Foot
and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) scales recommended for
foot and ankle are also considered PROM-based scales(11,20)
and have been used to evaluate MBG plasty and suture tape
augmentation outcomes(1,2,21,22). Furthermore, in a systematic
review, the Karlsson-Peterson, FAAM, and FAOS scales were
preferred for evaluating outcomes of surgical treatment of
ankle instability(7). Recently, automatized question banks
have been designed for a computer application known as the
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Sys-
tem (PROMIS) (National Institutes of Health (NIH))(14). It is a
standardized system used to assess patient-reported clinical
and functional outcomes according to patient responses and
integrates objective function and subjective satisfaction in-
formation, including function and activities of daily living(11).
The results of MBG plasty with suture tape augmentation
are superior to those of standard techniques(3,4,21,23). Suture
tape provides an increased mechanical stability to the ankle
that helps prevent recurrence of injury to the lateral ligaments
and underlying structures, improves functional stability, and
optimizes active rehabilitation(21). Suture tape augmentation
has a positive impact on the patient’s self-perception of ankle
stability(3). In our study, 55 patients with ankle instability who
underwent MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation were
examined; the mean outcome scores at the 22-month follow-up
were 95.4 ± 8.4 and 95.2 ± 7.9 on the AOFAS and Karlsson-
Figure 2. Preoperative (A) and postoperative (B) scores on the Karlsson-Peterson scale by category in 55 patients with lateral ankle
instability treated with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation. In all patients, except for one (n=54, 98%), the perception of ankle
instability disappeared (p<0.001).
*Each category relates to the parameters defined on the Karlsson-Peterson scale(12).
A
B
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
124 J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
Table 3. Results of the AOFAS scale by category in 55 patients
with lateral ankle instability treated with MBG plasty and suture
tape augmentation
Score: category n=55 (%)
91-100: excellent 41 (74.5%)
81-90: good 10 (18.2%)
71-80: fair 2 (3.6%)
61-70: poor 2a (3.6%)
American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS), modified Bröstrom-Gould (MBG).
a A patient presented with a score of 60.
Table 4. Karlsson-Peterson scale results by category in 55 pa-
tients with lateral ankle instability treated with MBG plasty and
suture tape augmentation
Score: categoryan=55 (%)
95-100: excellent 41 (74.5%)
80-94: good 12 (21.8%)
50-79: fair 2 (3.6%)
<50: poor 0 (0%)
a Sefton Classification.
Peterson scales, respectively. Yeo et al.(17) examined 48 pa-
tients divided into two groups who underwent MBG plasty
in open or arthroscopic procedure; the clinical and functional
outcomes on the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales at the
12-month follow-up were evaluated. In the open MBG group
(n=23), mean scores of 89.2 ± 2.3 and 73.5 ± 2.8, respectively,
were reported. We consider that the superior results achie-
ved in our study are related to the benefit oered by the su-
ture tape augmentation, which led to a positive impact on
self-reported stability, resulting in high scores (95.4 ± 8.4 and
95.2 ± 7.9, respectively). Similarity between clinical and func-
tional scores on the AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales can
be explained by the fact that ankle instability and pain were
already resolved with surgical procedure, which had a positive
impact on the patients’ perception. On the other hand, in a
meta-analysis including three studies with 92 patients who
underwent open MBG plasty, the mean score was 90.9 on the
Karlsson-Peterson scale(24); in contrast, we obtained an mean
postoperative score of 95.2 ± 7.9. The dierence between the
scores obtained can be attributed to the benefit of using su-
ture tape augmentation with MBG plasty.
This study has several strengths, such as the large number
of patients included and assessment of ankle instability using
the Karlsson-Peterson scale, which identifies and categorizes
the self-reported ankle instability using PROMs, thus increa-
sing the external validity of data reported in this study. On the
other hand, limitations of the study are related to its retros-
pective design and to the short-term follow-up of the clinical
and functional results of surgical management of ankle insta-
bility with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation.
Conclusions
In our study, the Karlsson-Peterson scale showed a better
performance than the AOFAS scale in the clinical and func-
tional assessment of patients with ankle instability treated
with MBG plasty and suture tape augmentation, which made
our study valuable for using this scale in our regular practice.
The Karlsson-Peterson scale is a specific, reproducible, and
reliable tool that records subjective patient report of clinical
and functional features of ankle instability; in contrast, the
AOFAS scale overestimates clinical and functional outcomes
prior to treatment and underestimates improvement after
surgical management. Further clinical studies are needed to
validate the performance of the Karlsson-Peterson scale as
a PROM-based scale. Modified Bröstrom-Gould plasty with
suture tape augmentation is a beneficial procedure that can
be adopted in surgical centers for the management of ankle
instability.
Author’s contributions: Each author contributed individually and significantly to the development of this article: HBTO *(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
6813-4177) Conceived and planned the activities that led to the study, interpreted the results of the study, participated in the review process, performed the
surgeries, data collection and approved the final version; ACKM *(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9654) Performed the surgeries, data collection and
approved the final version; ACA *(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-954X) Performed the surgeries, data collection and approved the final version; VJRG
*(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7384-7080) participated in the review process and approved the final version; ROO *(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-
2355) Conceived and planned the activities that led to the study, performed the surgeries, data collection and approved the final version; DAZO *(https://
orcid.org/0000-0001-9680-6831) Interpreted the results of the study, participated in the review process and approved the final version; LAGC *(https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-0812-2497) Conceived and planned the activities that led to the study, performed the surgeries, data collection and approved the
final version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. *ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) .
Torrano-Orduña et al. AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scales in evaluating patients treated with modified Broström-Gould and suture tape
augmentation for ankle instability: a performance analysis
125
J Foot Ankle. 2022;16(2):119-25
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