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Two new species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) and new host/ geographical records

September 2022
Phytotaxa 564(1):008–038

September 2022
564(1):008–038

DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.564.1.2

Authors:

Achala Rathnayaka

Mae Fah Luang University

Thilini Chethana Kandawatte

Mae Fah Luang University

Alan John Lander Phillips

University of Lisbon

E. B. G. Jones

King Saud University

Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest family in Botryosphaeriales, consisting of 22 genera. The family is worldwide in distribution and occurs on a wide variety of plant hosts. Botryosphaeriaceae includes endophytic, saprobic, and plant pathogenic species associated with canker and die-back diseases, most common on woody plants. The present study establishes two novel species of Dothiorella and new host and geographical records for species of Botryosphaeria, Dothiorella, Neodeightonia, and Sphaeropsis. Taxa were identified based on morphology coupled with phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1-α and β-tub sequences. The taxa are described and illustrated.

Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on combined dataset of ITS, tef1-α and β-tub. The tree is rooted to Barriopsis stevensiana (CBS 174.26) and B. tectonae (MFLUCC 12-0381). Tree topology is similar to previous study conducted by Dissanayake et al. (2021). Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.90 are noted at the nodes. Strain numbers are noted after the species names. Strains isolated in this study are presented in red and type strains are in bold.

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Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on combined dataset of ITS, LSU, SSU, and tef1-α. The tree is rooted to Diplodia mutila (CBS 112553) and D. rosulata (CBS 116470). Tree topology is similar to previous study conducted by Phukhamsakda et al. (2022). Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.90 are noted at the nodes. Strain numbers are noted after the species names. Strains isolated in this study are presented in red and type strains are in bold.

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Taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis and their GenBank accession numbers. Sequences of new taxon generated in this study are in bold and ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*).

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(Continued)

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Base pair differences of Dothiorella obovata with adjoining sister clade (without gaps).

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Content uploaded by Achala Rathnayaka

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Phytotaxa



 Article PHYTOTAXA





8 Accepted by Eric McKenzie: 1 Sept. 2022; published: 14 Sept. 2022



Two new species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) and new host/

geographical records

          



1 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.

2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.

3 Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.

4 Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016

Lisbon, Portugal.

5 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia.



rathnayakaachala@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-2715



tchethi@yahoo.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-9269



alan.jl.phillips@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-9784



torperadgj@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-5471

*Corresponding author:



tchethi@yahoo.com

Abstract

BotryosphaeriaceaeBotryosphaeriales, 

Botryosphaeriaceae 

     

Dothiorella BotryosphaeriaDothiorella Neodeighto-

nia Sphaeropsis

tefβ-tub

Keywords:  Dothideomycetes

Introduction

Botryosphaeriaceae  Botryosphaeria     et al.

Botryosphaeriaceaeet al.

Botryosphaeriaceae

       et al.   et al.     

BotryosphaeriaceaeBotryosphaeriales et al. 

et al. 

Botryosphaeriaceae

  

       

et al. 

et al. 

et al. 

Botryosphaeriaceae

et al. 

Botryosphaeriaceae            

                 

  et al. et al. et al. et al.  



BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 9

et al. et al. BotryosphaeriaDiplodiaDothiorellaLasiodiplodia

Neofusicoccum

   et al. et al.  

et al.  Botryosphaeriaceae   et

al.   Diplodia sapinea 

Pinus et al.

Botryosphaeriaceae

                  

Botryosphaeriaceae 



Botryosphaeriaceae

Materials and methods

Specimen collection, morphological studies and isolation



              

 et al.           

           







 et al. 

   

              

     

             

et al. 

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

               

                





tefβ-tubet al.

tefβ-tubet al.

et al.

   











Phylogenetic analyses





    et al.

et al.et al.et al.

tefβ-tub

 et al. 

et al.

ET AL.

10 • Phytotaxa









 

et al.         

et al.



                  





TABLE 1. 



Species Strain no. GenBank accession numbers

SSU LSU ITS tef1-α β-tub

Barriopsis

stevensiana

    

B. tectonae      

Botryosphaeria

agaves

    

B. agaves      

B. corticis     

B. corticis      

B. dothidea      

B. fabicerciana      

B. fabicerciana      

B. fabicerciana     

B. fabicerciana NCYUCC 19-0405  ON707691 ON720569 ON677459

B. fabicerciana     

B. ramosa      

B. ramosa      

B. ramosa      

B. scharifii     

B. scharifii      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea     

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea      

B. dothidea     

B. kuwatsukai      

B. kuwatsukai      

B. qingyuanensis      

B. qingyuanensis     

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BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 11

TABLE 1. 

Species Strain no. GenBank accession numbers

SSU LSU ITS tef1-α β-tub

Diplodia mutila      

D. rosulata     

Dothiorella acacicola     

D. acericola      

D. albiziae MFLUCC 22-

0057*

ON751764 ON751762 ON799588 ON799590

D. albiziae MFLU 22-0093 

ON707683 N/A ON677453

D. alpina      

D. brevicollis    

D. capri-amiss      

D. casuarini      

D. citricola      

D. diospyricola      

D. dulcispinae      

D. dulcispinae     

D. iranica     

D. lampangensis      

D. longicollis      

D. magnoliae      

D. mangifericola     

D. mangifericola      

D. moneti     

D. obovata MFLUCC 22-

0058*

ON751765 ON751763 ON799589 ON799591

D. obovata MFLU 22-0094 ON707692 ON707682 N/A ON677452

D. plurivora      

D. pretoriensis     

D. prunicola      

D. rhamni     

D. sarmentorum     

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum     

D. sarmentorum      

D. sarmentorum MFLUCC 22-0060 ON707693 ON707684 ON720570 ON677454

D. santali     

D. striata      

D. striata     

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ET AL.

12 • Phytotaxa

TABLE 1. 

Species Strain no. GenBank accession numbers

SSU LSU ITS tef1-α β-tub

D. tectonae      

D. thailandica     

D. thripsita      

D. uruguayensis     

D. vinea-gemmae     

D. viticola     

D. viticola      

D. viticola      

D. viticola MFLUCC 22-0059 ON707694 ON707685 ON720571 ON677455

D. yunnana      

Macrophomina

phaseolina

     

M. phaseolina      

Neodeightonia

arengae

    

N. arengae      

N. arengae      

N. arengae      

N. arengae NCYUCC 19-0419 ON667852 ON707695 ON707689  

N. licuriensis     

N. microspora      

N. microspora      

N. palmicola     

N. palmicola      

N. phoenicum      

N. phoenicum      

N. phoenicum      

N. phoenicum MFLUCC 22-0061  ON707696 ON707690  

N. rattanica      

N. rattanica      

N. rattanicola      

N. subglobosa      

Neofusicoccum

luteum

    

N. luteum     

Sphaeropsis citrigena      

S. citrigena     

S. eucalypticola     

S. eucalypticola      

S. eucalypticola      

S. eucalypticola      

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BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 13

TABLE 1. 

Species Strain no. GenBank accession numbers

SSU LSU ITS tef1-α β-tub

S. eucalypticola MFLU 22-0095  ON707687 ON720567 ON677457

S. eucalypticola NCYUCC 19-0423  ON707688 ON720568 ON677458

S. linhaiensis     

S. linhaiensis      

S. linhaiensis HKAS 10-2383  ON707686 ON720566 ON677456

S. porosa     

S. visci      

S. visci      



Results

Phylogenetic analyses

Dothiorella   tef β-tubNeofusicoccum

luteum

tefβ-tub

 

     



      





Dothiorella 

 Sphaeropsistefβ-tubBarriopsis stevensiana

   B tectonae            

       tef  β-tub        







  



Sphaeropsis

 Neodeightonia tefDiplodia

mutilaD rosulata 

tef





 

   



Neodeightonia

 Botryosphaeria tef  β-tub     

 Botryosphaeria   Macrophomina phaseolina 



tefβ-tub







ET AL.

14 • Phytotaxa

    



Botryosphaeria fabicerciana

FIGURE 1.         tef  β-tub    

Neofusicoccum luteum   et al. 





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 15

FIGURE 2.tefβ-tubBarriopsis

stevensianaBtectonaeet

al.



FIGURE 3.         tef   

Diplodia mutila Drosulataet

al.

ET AL.

16 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 4.tefβ-tubMacrophomina

phaseolinaet al.





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 17

Taxonomy

Dothiorella

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Dothiorella     D pyrenophora        

et al.et al.

et al.Dothiorella 

et al.et al.

 et al.



Dothiorella obovata sp. nov.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Etymology

Holotype

SaprobicPavonia odorata Sexual morph: Ascomata x

    Peridium

 textura angularis Hamathecium

 Asci x 

 

 Ascosporesx 

    

 Asexual morph

Culture characteristics





Material examined         Pavonia odorata

Malvaceaeholotype



NotesDothiorella obovata       Dothiorella    

            

Dothiorella            tef  β-tub

D. obovata D. brevicollisDdiospyricolaD. lampangensisD. longicollis

D.

brevicollisDdiospyricola D. lampangensisD. longicollis, D. obovata

D. obovata. 

D. brevicollisD diospyricola D. lampangensisD. longicollis D. obovata   

 D. obovata 

Dothiorella

TABLE 2. Dothiorella obovata

Species Strain no. ITS LSU tef1-α β-tub

Dothiorella brevicollis     

D. diospyricola     

D. lampangensis     

D. longicollis     



ET AL.

18 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 5.Dothiorella obovata Pavonia odorata

 





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 19

Dothiorella albiziae sp. nov.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

EtymologyAlbizia lebbeck

Holotype

Saprobic   Albizia lebbeck   Sexual morph  Asexual morph 

Conidiomata x 

          Conidiomata wall  

 textura angularis 

          textura angularis Conidiophores  

Conidiogenous cells    x      

Conidia x





Culture characteristics:





Material examinedAlbizia lebbeckFabaceae

 holotype

Notestefβ-tub

D. thailandica    

DalbiziaeD. thailandica

    et al.   D. thailandica 

     

  et al.D. albiziae 



DalbiziaeD. thailandicatef

β-tubDalbiziae

Dothiorella sarmentorum(

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Saprobic  Humulus lupulusSexual morph   et al.Asexual morph 

Conidiomatax

Conidiomata wall

textura angularisConidiophores

Conidiogenous cells x

Conidia x 









Material examinedHumulus lupulus

Cannabaceae new host record)



Known hosts and distributionDothiorella sarmentorum

      Malus Menispermum Prunus Pyrus Ulmus   et al. 

et al.D. sarmentorum



Notes Dothiorella sarmentorum

  Menispermum canadense    et al.      

               

textura angularis              

      

ET AL.

20 • Phytotaxa

et al.

Dsarmentorum 



D. sarmentorum

et al.

D. sarmentorum

FIGURE 6. Dothiorellaalbiziae  Albizia lebbeck





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 21



FIGURE 7Dothiorella sarmentorum Humulus lupulus . Humulus

lupulus 



ET AL.

22 • Phytotaxa

Dothiorella viticola 

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Saprobic    Morus  Sexual morph   et al.  Asexual morph 

Conidiomata x  

         Ostiole   

Conidiomata walltextura angularis

Conidiophores  Conidiogenous cells  x

              

Conidia x

     





Material examinedMorus

Moraceaenew host record



Known hosts and distributionDothiorella viticola      

Citrus et al.Populus cathayana

et al.  Poniciana gilliesii et al.Prunus persica P. salicina

et al. Vitis viniferaet al. et al. 

et al. 

Notes   Dothiorella viticola 

Vitis vinifera   et al.   





x



xet al.

Dviticola



DviticolaMorus

Sphaeropsis 

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Sphaeropsis S. visci  

Sphaeropsis 

et al.

Sphaeropsis linhaiensis et al.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Sphaeropsis guizhouensiset al.

Saprobic   Cinnamomum camphoraSexual morph: Ascomata  

x  

Ostiole Peridium

 textura angularis Hamathecium 

Asci  x     

  Ascospores

x   

  

 Asexual morph: 

et al.

BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 23

FIGURE 8.Dothiorella viticola Morus .

         



ET AL.

24 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 9. Sphaeropsis linhaiensis Cinnamomum camphora 





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 25

Material examined:   

Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae

new host record

Known hosts and distributionCitrus unshiu    et al.      

et al.Cinnamomum camphora  

Notestefβ-tub   

Sphaeropsis linhaiensis           

Sphaeropsis linhaiensis   et al.    



S. guizhouensis

S.linhaiensis S. guizhouensisS.linhaiensis





Cinnamomum camphora

Sphaeropsis eucalypticola et al.



Sphaeropsis chromolaenicolaet al.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

SaprobicFicus ampelas Tamarindus indicaSexual morphAscostromata

 

 Peridium            textura angularis Hamathecium

 Asci x

 

Ascosporesx

  

       

Asexual morph

Culture characteristics





Material examined:  

Tamarindus indicaFabaceae        new host record 

        Ficus ampelas Moraceae    

new host and geographical record

Known hosts and distributionChromolaena odorata Eucalyptus Tectona grandisTamarindus indica

et al.et al.et al.Ficus ampelas

Notes         Sphaeropsis eucalypticola

       

                

       

            

               

et al.xx

xxet al.

    Tamarindus indica

 Ficus ampelas           

S. eucalypticola et al.Sphaeropsis

chromolaenicola     Sphaeropsis.         

Schromolaenicola S. eucalypticola

 

     S chromolaenicola     S. eucalypticola   

SchromolaenicolaS. eucalypticola

ET AL.

26 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 10.Sphaeropsis eucalypticola Tamarindus indica





BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 27



FIGURE 11.Sphaeropsis eucalypticola Ficus ampelas 

  



ET AL.

28 • Phytotaxa

Neodeightonia 

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Neodeightonia       N. subglobosa     

 Neodeightonia  Botryosphaeriaet al. 

   Botryosphaeria         Neodeightonia  

Botryosphaeriaceae



Neodeightonia

 et al.    et al.   et al.   Neodeightonia     



Neodeightonia arengae et al.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Neodeightonia pinangaeet al.

SaprobicArenga tremulaSexual morphAscomata x 

Ostiole 

Peridium  textura angularis

textura prismatica Hamathecium

 Asci  x 

           Ascospores

x 

        

Asexual morphet al.





Material examined:       Arenga tremula Arecaceae 

new host record

Known hosts and distributionArenga tremula    et al.  Pinanga tashiroi  

et al.Arenga tremula 

Notestef



Narengae

et al.



N. arengaeN. pinangae

  et al.   

 

N. pinangaeN. arengae

     

Arenga tremula

Neodeightonia phoenicumet al.

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Saprobic  Phoenix reclinataSexual morphAsexual morph: 

Conidiomata        x            

Conidiomata wall

textura angularis

        textura angularis Conidiophores    

Conidiogenous cells x

    Conidia     x          



BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 29

FIGURE 12.Neodeightonia arengae    Arenga tremula      







ET AL.

30 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 13. Neodeightonia phoenicum      Phoenix reclinata        

       

      



BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 31





Material examinedPhoenix

reclinata Arecaceae       new host andgeographical record),



Known hosts and distributionPhoenix canariensiset al.et al.P. dactylifera

et al.et al.Phoenixet al.P.

reclinata

Notes           Neodeightonia

phoenicumPhoenixet al.



x

xet al.

tefN. phoenicum

 

N. phoenicum Phoenix reclinata 



Botryosphaeria

Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

BotryosphaeriaB. dothidea Botryosphaeria

             

   

et al.et al.et al.

  et al. 



et al.

et al.

Botryosphaeria fabicerciana



Index Fungorum numberFacesoffungi number

Saprobic     Prunus serrulata Sexual morph Ascomata      

x                   

Peridium

textura angularis  textura

angularisHamathecium

Asci x 

Ascosporesx



 Asexual morphet al.

Culture characteristics





Material examined:Prunus serrulataRosaceae 

new host record

Known hosts and distributionAvicennia marina     et al.  Camellia sinensis

 et al.  Carya cathayensis    et al.  Caryota   Entada  

et al.Eucalyptuset al.Mangifera indicaet al.

et al. et al.et al. et al.

Morus nigraet al.Syzygium cordatumet al.Prunus serrulata



ET AL.

32 • Phytotaxa

FIGURE 14.Botryosphaeria fabicerciana Prunus serrulate 

   



BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 33

NotesBotryosphaeria fabicerciana

   

tefβ-tubB.

fabicercianaEucalyptuset al.

et al.

et

al.B.

fabicercianaPrunus serrulata

Discussion

 Botryosphaeriaceae            





           Dothiorella

 Dothideomycetes  et

al.et al.Sphaeropsis  

SeucalypticolaNeodeightonia arengae  N. phoenicum

    N. arengae  N

phoenicum   Botryosphaeriafabicerciana

Neodeightoniaphoenicum

N.phoenicum



Sphaeropsis  Neodeightonia Sphaeropsis guizhouensis 

   

et al.tef

S.linhaiensis    et al.         

S. guizhouensisS.linhaiensis 

                 

S. guizhouensis S.linhaiensisSphaeropsis

linhaiensis S guizhouensis S.linhaiensis



Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola     et al.        

Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae

   Tamarindus

indica Fabaceae   et al.

               tef  β-tub

    S. chromolaenicola

    S. eucalypticola  

S. chromolaenicola

et al.S. chromolaenicolaS.

eucalypticola

 et al.  Neodeightonia pinangae       

   Pinanga tashiroi   

  tefet al.

Narengaeet al.





N. pinangae Narengaeet al.Narengae 

et al.N. pinangae

              Botryosphaeriaceae  

          

Sphaeropsis

Neodeightonia 

ET AL.

34 • Phytotaxa

Acknowledgments



  





   









References

Spencermartinsia viticolaNeofusicoccum australeN. parvum

Plant Disease

 

 Studies in Mycology



 

Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes.

 

Botryosphaeriaceae Australasian Plant Pathology 

 

                

Bioinformatics

 

   Mycologia



 



Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana

   Botryosphaeriaceae

EucalyptusPlant Pathology

Botryosphaeriaceae 

Phytopathologia Mediterranea

 

  

Fungal Diversity

 



BotryosphaeriaceaeStudies in Mycology

 

        Botryosphaeriaceae     Prunus    

Diplodia africanaLasiodiplodia plurivora Mycologia

 

BotryosphaeriaInternational Journal of Phytopathology



 

                   

Botryosphaeria             Studies in Mycology 



BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 35

Dothiorella

Mycosphere

 

Botryosphaeriales

Journal of Fungi

 



BotryosphaeriaceaeFrontiers in Microbiology

 

           

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

 

       Nucleic

Acids Symposium Series

 

Botryosphaeria

Mycobiology 

 

                  

Botryosphaeriaceae Mycologia 

 

          



   

        



          

       





Fungal Diversity

 



Briefings in Bioinformatics

 

 Botryosphaeriaceae

NeodeightoniaN. rattanicaN. rattanicolaCalamusMycosphere 

 

       Diplodia  

Diplodia olivarumFungal Diversity

PhoenixNeodeightonia

phoenicumHorticultural Reviews

 

      

 

BotryosphaerialesFungal Diversity

 

Botryosphaeria viticolaDothiorella

Mycologia

 

                 

Chromolaena

odorataFungal Diversity

 

ET AL.

36 • Phytotaxa

            Botryosphaeriaceae   Proteaceae

Persoonia 

 

Botryosphaeria, Neofusicoccum,

NeoscytalidiumPseudofusicoccumFungal Diversity

 

                Botryosphaeriaceae    

Fungal Biology 

 

 



 

BotryosphaeriaceaeEucalyptusAcacia Pinus

Fungal Diversity

Botryosphaeriaceae 

     European Journal of Plant Pathology



 



Botryosphaeriaceae

Fungal Biology

 

 Botryosphaeriaceae Syzygium cordatum

EucalyptusPlant Pathology

 

Botryosphaeria  Dothiorella

Mycologia 

 

Botryosphaeriales

Fungal Diversity

 

Botryosphaeriaceae

Studies in Mycology

 



BotryosphaeriaceaePersoonia

 



       

Fungal Diversity

 

SphaeropsidalesMycological Papers

   Botryosphaeriaceae     

 Australasian Plant Pathology 

 



BotryosphaeriaceaeCamellia

sinensis BotryosphaeriaceaeChiang Mai Journal of Sciences 



        Gliocladium    

Mycological Research

 

                  

Fungal Diversity

BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Phytotaxa • 37

 



Systematic Biology



 

             

Michelia

                  

Mycologia

 



       

               

Mycosphere

 

              

             

        Botryosphaeria fabicerciana   

Morus nigraNatural Product Research

 

Botryosphaeriaceae  

Fungal Biology Reviews 

 



BotryosphaerialesStudies in Mycology

 

         Bioinformatics 



 

PseudosphaerialesAnnales Mycologici

               

CryptococcusJournal of Bacteriology

 

 Corya cathayensis Journal of

Zhejiang A&F University



Dothiorella casuarinaeBotryosphaeriaceaeMycologia

 



InPCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications



         



       

    





Mycosphere

 



BotryosphaerialesDatabase

 

Botryosphaeriaceae

Persoonia

ET AL.

38 • Phytotaxa

 

  Neodeightonia arengae

Arenga tremulaArecaceaePhytotaxa

 

            Dothiorella viticola  Populus cathayana     

Mycotaxon

 

Botryosphaeriales

Persoonia

 

Botryosphaeriaceae

Plant Disease

 

Botryosphaeriaceae on palms—a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal

Article

Nov 2023

The Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest family in Botryosphaeriales and currently comprises 22 genera of important endophytes, saprobes and plant pathogens. Most botryosphaeriaceous species have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on a wide range of woody hosts. Nonetheless, in many hosts, including palms (Arecaceae), the complex of associated Botryosphaeriaceae taxa is as yet unknown. The present study aimed to identify the botryosphaeriaceous species associated with foliar lesions of ornamental palms in Lisbon, Portugal. Twenty-nine Botryosphaeriaceae taxa were isolated from seven different palm species and identified based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Six genera were detected: Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Neodeightonia, Neofusicoccum and Sardiniella. A new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, is introduced. Three botryosphaeriaceous species are reduced to synonymy. Thirteen new plant host-fungus associations are reported, while four new geographical records are noted for Portugal. A synopsis of accepted and phylogenetically validated Botryosphaeriaceae taxa reported from palms worldwide is presented. A total of 31 botryosphaeriaceous species have been currently reported from Arecaceae hosts, and many of them are associated with disease symptoms. This illustrates that more systematic studies are needed to examine the complex of Botryosphaeriaceae taxa associated with palms and determine their potential pathogenicity.

Citation: Morpho-Phylogenetic Evidence Reveals Novel Species and New Records of Botryosphaeriaceae in China and Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
J. Fungi

Species in the Botryosphaeriaceae are common plant pathogens, endophytes, and saprobes found on a variety of mainly woody hosts. Botryosphaeriaceae is a high-profile fungal family whose genera have been subjected to continuous revisions in recent years. Surveys conducted during 2019 and 2020 on several decaying woody hosts (from dead arial twigs, branches, stems, bark, and seed pods) in China and Thailand revealed a high diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. Identification of 16 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates was carried out based on both morphological characteristics and phylo-genetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and tub2 sequence data. Four novel species (Dothiorella ovata, Do. rosacearum, Do. septata, and Lasiodiplodia delonicis) and seven previously known species (Botryosphaeria fujianensis, Diplodia mutila, Di. seriata, L. crassispora, L. mahajangana, Macrophomina euphorbiicola and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola) were identified while new hosts and geographical records were reported. This study indicates that the fungal family Botryosphaeriaceae seems to be common and widespread on a broad range of hosts in China and Thailand.

Botryosphaerialean fungi associated with woody oil plants cultivated in Sichuan Province, China

Article

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May 2023

Woody oil plants are important economic trees which are widely cultivated and distributed throughout China. Surveys conducted during 2020 and 2021 on several woody oil plantations from five regions of Sichuan Province, China, revealed a high diversity of Botryosphaerialean fungi. The identification of 50 botryosphaeriaceous isolates was carried out based on both morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene ( tef1 ) and β-tubulin gene ( tub2 ). This allowed the identification of twelve previously known Botryosphaeriales species: Aplosporella prunicola , A. ginkgonis , Barriopsis tectonae , Botryosphaeria dothidea , Bo. fabicerciana , Diplodia mutila , Di. seriata , Dothiorella sarmentorum , Neofusicoccum parvum , Sardiniella guizhouensis , Sphaeropsis citrigena , and Sp. guizhouensis , and four novel species belonging to the genera Diplodia and Dothiorella , viz. Di. acerigena , Di. pistaciicola , Do. camelliae and Do. zanthoxyli . The dominant species isolated across the surveyed regions were Botryosphaeria dothidea , Sardiniella guizhouensis and Diplodia mutila , representing 20%, 14% and 12% of the total isolates, respectively. In addition, most isolates were obtained from Pistacia chinensis (14 isolates), followed by Camellia oleifera (10 isolates). The present study enhances the understanding of Botryosphaeriales species diversity on woody oil plants in Sichuan Province, China.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of ascomycetes associated with selected economically important monocotyledons in China and Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis, Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.

Current status of Botryosphaeriaceae species in Italy: Impacts on agricultural crops and forest ecosystems

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2023
PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR

Many fungi belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are well-known as causal agents of diseases in economically and ecologically important agricultural crops and forest trees. In Italy, the high diffusion of Botryosphaeriaceae infections observed over the last decade, has shown the importance of this group of fungi, which are becoming limiting factors for plant production in agricultural systems, nurseries and natural and urban landscapes. Global warming and stress factors such as occasional extreme climatic events can affect the susceptibility of host plants, as well as fungus behaviour, increasing the risk of future infections. Available reports of Botryosphaeriaceae in Italy have been examined, focusing on wood and fruit pathogens, resulting in a list of ten genera and 57 species. Diplodia is the most widespread genus in Italy with 76 records on 44 hosts, while at species level, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata show the widest host ranges and many records. The ability of the pathogens to remain latent on asymptomatic plants, and uncontrolled trade of plant materials among countries, facilitate the dissemination and potential introduction of new Botryosphaeriaceae species. Preventive detection and adequate control strategies are always needed to limit the potential damage caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. This review had particular emphasis on host-pathogen associations, disease symptoms, geographic distribution, metabolite production, and accurate pathogen identification.

Palm Fungi and Their Key Role in Biodiversity Surveys: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023
J. Fungi

Over the past three decades, a wealth of studies has shown that palm trees (Arecaceae) are a diverse habitat with intense fungal colonisation, making them an important substratum to explore fungal diversity. Palm trees are perennial, monocotyledonous plants mainly restricted to the tropics that include economically important crops and highly valued ornamental plants worldwide. The extensive research conducted in Southeast Asia and Australasia indicates that palm fungi are undoubtedly a taxonomically diverse assemblage from which a remarkable number of new species is continuously being reported. Despite this wealth of data, no recent comprehensive review on palm fungi exists to date. In this regard, we present here a historical account and discussion of the research on the palm fungi to reflect on their importance as a diverse and understudied assemblage. The taxonomic structure of palm fungi is also outlined, along with comments on the need for further studies to place them within modern DNA sequence-based classifications. Palm trees can be considered model plants for studying fungal biodiversity and, therefore, the key role of palm fungi in biodiversity surveys is discussed. The close association and intrinsic relationship between palm hosts and palm fungi, coupled with a high fungal diversity, suggest that the diversity of palm fungi is still far from being fully understood. The figures suggested in the literature for the diversity of palm fungi have been revisited and updated here. As a result, it is estimated that there are about 76,000 species of palm fungi worldwide, of which more than 2500 are currently known. This review emphasises that research on palm fungi may provide answers to a number of current fungal biodiversity challenges.

Ascomycetes from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.

Dothiorella saprophytica sp. nov.: a new Dothiorella sexual morph from Thailand

Article

Sep 2023

Dothiorella has cosmopolitan species and a wide range of hosts as endophytes, saprobes, and pathogens. Many species have been introduced solely based on their host association, resulting in misidentification. This study describes a novel species, Dothiorella saprophytica sp. nov., a sexual morph of Dothiorella, from Chiang Mai, Thailand using multi-locus phylogeny (ITS + tef1-α + β-tub) and morphological characters. Detailed morphology and multi-locus phylogeny are provided to give more insights into the diversity and taxonomy of this genus. Dothiorella saprophytica is characterized by its sexual morph with pseudothecial and immersed ascomata, peridium textura angularis, hyaline, thin-walled, unbranched, and septate pseudoparaphyses, clavate and bitunicate asci, and ovoid to sub-clavate, 0–1-septate ascospores. Introducing new fungal species, such as D. saprophytica sp. nov., adds to our understanding of biodiversity and the ecology of fungi and provides opportunities for further research.

Lasiodiplodia: Generic revision by providing molecular markers, geographical distribution and haplotype diversity

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023

Lasiodiplodia (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales) has a global distribution and occurs on a wide range of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous, and gymnospermous hosts. Most Lasiodiplodia species are pathogens that cause various diseases, such as stem cankers, stem and branch gummosis, shoot blight, and fruit rot. In addition, Lasiodiplodia species occur as endophytes and saprobes. This study presents one of the most reliable molecular markers for Lasiodiplodia. The combination of four loci, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the partial translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α), beta-tubulin (tub2), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), provided a more reliable resolution for this genus at the species level. Geographical studies showed that Lasiodiplodia species are distributed in tropical and temperate regions, but not in the polar regions. Among its species, L. theobromae has a worldwide distribution on a wide range of hosts, including economically important crops. Combining the morphology and molecular phylogeny is necessary for accurate taxonomic identification of Lasiodiplodia species and is being used in this study. Multigene phylogenetic analyses were performed based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses using combined ITS, Mycosphere 14(1): 1254-1339 (2023) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/14 1255 tef1-α, tub2, and rpb2 sequence data. In addition, the main morphological characteristics of holotype specimens of Lasiodiplodia species are provided. The current study introduced 25 new host and geographical records of saprobic Lasiodiplodia species from Taiwan province, China and Thailand. Based on the herbarium study, two Lasiodiplodia species, L. avicenniarum and L. krabiensis are synonymized under L. brasiliensis. Our analyses revelaed that Lasiodiplodia theobromae as the most common species in this genus, which occurs in a wide range of hosts in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study has led to the expansion of the taxonomic framework of Lasiodiplodia by revealing new host and geographical records. Furthermore, the haplotype networks generated using ITS, tef1-α, tub2, and rpb2 sequence data for 520 isolates of L. theobromae from 44 host families and 35 countries display that none of the L. theobromae isolates grouped according to their host family or country, suggesting that L. theobromae is a less genetically diverse, globally distributed species.

Over the footprints of Italian mycology with emphasis on plant-associated Ascomycota

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

plant-associated Italian Ascomycota

The numbers of fungi: contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022
FUNGAL DIVERS

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches. There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species, but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000, a tiny fraction of the total. In this paper, we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions, and introduce new species in each genus. To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species, we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery. We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification. The genera are Apiospora, Bambusicola, Beltrania, Capronia, Distoseptispora, Endocalyx, Neocatenulostroma, Neodeightonia, Paraconiothyrium, Peroneutypa, Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa. We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS (barcode) sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE. We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.

Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

This paper provides an updated classification of the Kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi) and fungus-like taxa. Five-hundred and twenty-three (535) notes are provided for newly introduced taxa and for changes that have been made since the previous outline. In the discussion, the latest taxonomic changes in Basidiomycota are provided and the classification of Mycosphaerellales are broadly discussed. Genera listed in Mycosphaerellaceae have been confirmed by DNA sequence analyses, while doubtful genera (DNA sequences being unavailable but traditionally accommodated in Mycosphaerellaceae) are listed in the discussion. Problematic genera in Glomeromycota are also discussed based on phylogenetic results.

Neodeightonia arengae sp. nov., Botryosphaeriaceous taxa on Arenga tremula (Arecaceae) from Guangdong, China

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Microfungi associated with palm are a significant fungal group with a unique ecological niche and a broad distribution in tropical regions. Even though many fungal species have been reported from palm hosts, studies on fungi from Arenga tremula are considerably few. In this study, we isolated a saprobic Botryosphaeriaceae species on A. tremula, collected from Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), small subunit nuclear rRNA gene (SSU),part of the large subunit nuclear rRNA gene (LSU) and translation elongation factor 1−alpha gene (tef 1-α). Based on phylogenetic results and morphology we introduced Neodeightonia arengae sp. nov., with species description and illustrations. In addition, we provide a comparison of morphological characters of currently accepted Neodeightonia species. This is the first report of a Neodeightonia species associated with Arenga tremula and so represents an additional contribution to the knowledge of fungi associated with palm trees.

Occurrence and Morpho-Molecular Identification of Botryosphaeriales Species from Guizhou Province, China

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
J. Fungi

Botryosphaeriales is an important order of diverse fungal pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes distributed worldwide. Recent studies of Botryosphaeriales in China have discovered a broad range of species, some of which have not been formerly described. In this study, 60 saprobic isolates were obtained from decaying woody hosts in southwestern China. The isolates were compared with other species using morphological characteristics, and available DNA sequence data was used to infer phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit rRNA gene (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef) loci. Three novel species were illustrated and described as Botryobambusa guizhouensis, Sardiniella elliptica, and Sphaeropsis guizhouensis, which belong to rarely identified genera within Botryosphaeriaceae. Botryobambusa guizhouensis is the second species identified from the respective monotypic genus. The previously known species were identified as Aplosporella hesperidica, Barriopsis tectonae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila, Di. neojuniperi, Di. pseudoseriata, Di. sapinea, Di. seriata, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Do. yunnana, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Sardiniella celtidis, Sa. guizhouensis, and Sphaeropsis citrigena. The results of this study indicate that numerous species of Botryosphaeriales are yet to be revealed in southwestern China.

https://botryosphaeriales.org/, an online platform for up-to-date classification and account of taxa of Botryosphaeriales

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Fungi are eukaryotes that inhabit various ecosystems worldwide and have a decomposing effect that other organisms cannot replace. Fungi are divided into two main groups depending on how their sexual spores are formed, viz. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The members of Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) are ubiquitous. They are pathogenic on a wide range of hosts, causing diverse diseases including dieback, canker, leaf spots and root rots and are also reported as saprobes and endophytes worldwide. As an important fungal group, of which most are plant pathogens, it is necessary to organize data and information on Botryosphaeriales so that scientific literature can be used effectively. For this purpose, a new website, https://botryosphaeriales.org is established to gather all published data together with updates on the present taxonomy of Botryosphaeriales. The website consists of an easy-to-operate searching system and provides an up-to-date classification together with accounts of Botryosphaeriales taxa, including colour illustrations, descriptions, notes and numbers of species in each genus, as well as their classification. Thus, readers will be able to obtain information on botryosphaerialean taxa through this platform.

First Report of Botryosphaeriaceae Species on Camellia sinensis from Taiwan with a Global Checklist of Botryosphaeriaceae Species on this Host

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

This study identified the Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) in Taiwan and provides the first global checklist of Botryosphaeriaceae species recorded on this plant. Four Botryosphaeriaceae species, Barriopsis archontophoenicis, Botryosphaeria dothidea, B. fabicerciana and Neofusicoccum parvum were recorded from Camellia sinensis based on morpho-molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses using SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1 and tub2. Botryosphaeria and Lasiodiplodia include the most common species recorded on tea worldwide. Comprehensive descriptions and illustrations are provided for the four Botryosphaeriaceae species reported in this study. These findings expand the knowledge of host and geo-distribution ranges of Botryosphaeriaceae species in Taiwan.

Species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with citrus branch diseases in China

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Citrus is an important and widely cultivated fruit crop in South China. Although the species of fungal diseases of leaves and fruits have been extensively studied, the causal organisms of branch diseases remain poorly known in China. Species of Botryosphaeriaceae are known as important fungal pathogens causing branch diseases on citrus in the USA and Europe. To determine the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with citrus branch diseases in China, surveys were conducted in the major citrus-producing areas from 2017 to 2020. Diseased tissues were collected from twigs, branches and trunks with a range of symptoms including cankers, cracking, dieback and gummosis. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic comparison of the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene ( tef1 ), the β-tubulin gene ( tub2 ) and the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit ( rpb2 ), 111 isolates from nine provinces were identified as 18 species of Botryosphaeriaceae , including Botryosphaeria dothidea , B. fabicerciana , Diplodia seriata , Dothiorella alpina , Do. plurivora , Lasiodiplodia citricola , L. iraniensis , L. microconidia , L. pseudotheobromae , L. theobromae , Neodeightonia subglobosa , Neofusicoccum parvum , and six previously undescribed species, namely Do. citrimurcotticola , L. guilinensis , L. huangyanensis , L. linhaiensis , L. ponkanicola and Sphaeropsis linhaiensis spp. nov. Botryosphaeria dothidea (28.8 %) was the most abundant species, followed by L. pseudotheobromae (23.4 %), which was the most widely distributed species on citrus, occurring in six of the nine provinces sampled. Pathogenicity tests indicated that all 18 species of Botryosphaeriaceae obtained from diseased citrus tissues in this study were pathogenic to the tested Citrus reticulata shoots in vitro , while not all species are pathogenic to the tested Cocktail grapefruit ( C. paradisi × C. reticulata ) shoots in vivo . In addition, Lasiodiplodia was the most aggressive genus both in vitro and in vivo . This is the first study to identify Botryosphaeriaceae species related to citrus branch diseases in China and the results provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of prevention and control measures.

What are fungal species and how to delineate them?

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity, which collates the data on defining species. Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue. Since Darwin's proposed origin of species, over 30 species criteria have been brought forth and used to define species boundaries. In recent times, phylogenetic analyses based on multiple loci have been extensively used as a method to define species boundaries. However, only a few mycologists are aware that phylogenetic species criteria can mask discordances among fungal groups, leading to inaccurately defined species boundaries. In the current review, we discuss species recognition criteria, how and where these criteria can be applied along with their limitations and derived alternatives. In order to delimit fungal species, authors need to take into account not only the phylogenetic and phenotypic coherence, but also the timing of events that lead to fungal speciation and subsequent diversifications. Variations in the rate of phenotypic diversifications and convergent fungal evolution make it difficult to establish a universal species recognition criterion. The best practice can only be defined in the context of each fungal group. In this review, we provide a set of guidelines, encouraging an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation that can be used to define fungal species boundaries in the future. The other papers in this special issue deal with fungal speciation in Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Basidiomycota, basal fungi, lichen-forming fungi, plant pathogenic fungi, and yeasts.

Species concepts of Dothideomycetes: classification, phylogenetic inconsistencies and taxonomic standardization

Article

Aug 2021

The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (MGN23-3) associated to Morus nigra L

Article

Jul 2021

This study was to evaluate the biological activity of the extract of Botryosphaeria fabicerciana isolated from leaves of Morus nigra. The volatile compounds from the crude extract were analysed by GC-MS which demonstrate that mellein and β-orcinaldehyde were are the major compounds. The best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract was observed against Gram-positive bacteria, with a MIC of 15.6 μg/mL towards B. cereus and MIC of 62.5 μg/mL towards S. aureus and B. subtilis. MBC values of 31.25 μg/mL, 62.5 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL were observed towards B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively. The cytotoxicity analyses showed CC50 of 115 μg/mL. The crude extract showed antioxidant activity by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Therefore, the extract of the endophytic fungus presented biotechnological potential as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.