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How to Cite:
Ouda, K. M., & Al-Delewi, A. T. H. (2022). The effect of a training program with two
different styles of arms hitting on the achievement of 50 meters in freestyle swimming for
juniors. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S6), 9108–9116.
https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS6.12408
International Journal of Health Sciences ISSN 2550-6978 E-ISSN 2550-696X © 2022.
Manuscript submitted: 9 April 2022, Manuscript revised: 18 June 2022, Accepted for publication: 27 July 2022
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The effect of a training program with two
different styles of arms hitting on the
achievement of 50 meters in freestyle
swimming for juniors
Karrar Mohammed Ouda
University of Al-Qadisiyah / College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
/Iraq
*Corresponding author email: Sp20.post23@qu.edu.iq
Prof. Dr. Adel Turki Hasan Al-Delewi
University of Al-Qadisiyah / College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
/Iraq
Abstract---The use of a training curriculum in two different ways on
some of the various kinematic variables and programmed to know
their effect on the level of achievement and speed in the 50-meter
freestyle swimming race)). In addition, teachers and coaches in the
sport of swimming will use the extent to which it in the future.
Through the researcher’s access to the sources and consulting
coaches and specialists in swimming, found more than one way to
stroke the arms in freestyle swimming and for identifying the
difference in the variables of both training methods and their impact
on achievement. Training in two different techniques of armstroke in
freestyle swimming for juniors, and identifying the effect of the
training curriculum in the letter (S) stylefor arm stroke in completing
50 meters of freestyle swimming for juniors, and identifying the effect
of the training curriculum in the pull-down styleof armpit in
completing 50 meters of freestyle swimming for juniors. The research
method included the use of the researcher to choose the experimental
method that depends on the design of the two groups (first and
second) and the pre and post tests. Their affairs were approved by the
parents of (10) players, where they were divided into two groups, the
first training in the pull-down technique, and the second group
training in the traditional method, the letter (s) technique, in addition
to the tools that were used in the research, in addition to the 50m
swimming achievement test Free, and the results of the tests that
have been reached were presented, analyzed and discussed.
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Keywords---letter (s) style, pull-down style, 50-meter achievement,
free swimming, first group, second group.
Introduction
Research on the process of learning and building the human being and his
integrated personality leads us to know the different methods that are followed in
the process of education and development, to understand their nature, and to
delve into the study of its requirements and sections. Swimming is considered one
of the water sports with privacy because it generally offers many benefits to those
who practice it on the functional, health, social and psychological aspects. It is
known that the swimmer’s mastery of skillful performance has a major role in
achieving achievement, and also the science of sports training has a role in
raising the ability of swimmers by providing them with movement information and
correct motor performance, which serves to raise their training level, whenever
the ability of the swimmer to maintain the position of his body horizontally Above
the surface of the water and trying to reduce the angles of the body or the exit of
the head to the top, which hinders the smooth movement of the swimmer because
of the resistance that the swimmer is exposed to resulting from water resistance,
and this leads to a development in the level of his technical performance .
Free swimming has several methods and methods for its education and training,
through research and studies conducted in this field, including the study of
(Mohammed Abdel Rahman), in which he used to teach basic skills in free
swimming for children, as well as many researchers, educators and specialists
touched on the method used in teaching free swimming for children, including
(Abu El-Ala Ahmed Abdel-Fattah), so they used the method (total, partial and
mixed), but they did not address the methods through which it is possible to
increase efficiency and master the correct skillful performance through which
achievement is achieved. Freestyle swimming is one of the most popular and most
widely used types of swimming, and the reason for its name freestyle is that you
can use any method to crawl on the water, and it is one of the fastest swimmers
ever.
• The letter (S) style: the arms strokes in this manner begin by entering the
arms at a point in front of the body between the head and the shoulder,
with the elbow slightly bent upward before the point of entry and the pulling
of the arm under the surface of the water in the form of a letter (S).
• Pull-down style: this style begins with the movement of the arm from the
front after the completion of the holding stage, where the arm is pulled
down and out in a curved path, by bending the elbow of the arm and the
palm of the arm tilts downward and then outward and then backward
during the pull down stage, which causes the water molecules to deviate
back .
The level of sports globally, specifically in swimming, has progressed in recent
years in an unprecedented way. It may be attributed above all to the use of
different and programmed training plans, means and curricula that work to
achieve the training goal correctly and studied, and here lies the importance of
9110
the research. In addition, teachers and coaches in the sport of swimming will use
the extent to which it in the future. The research problem was that the movement
of the arms is of great importance in free swimming, and through it the water is
pushed back, that is, through the movement of the arms, the swimmer’s body is
pushed forward and this is what he aspires to, and the movement of the arms
contributes by 70%-80% of the rate of progress the body is forward, which is in
two phases, basic and retrograde. Through the researcher's access to the sources
and consulting coaches and specialists in swimming, he found more than one
way to stroke the arms in free swimming and for the purpose of identifying the
difference in the variables of each of the two training methods and their impact on
achievement. The search assumes:
• There are significant differences between the pre and post-tests of the
training curriculum in a letter (s) style in completing 50 meters in free
swimming for juniors and in favor of the post-test.
• There are significant differences between the pre and post-tests of the
training curriculum using the pull-down style in completing 50 meters in
free swimming for juniors and in favor of the posttest.
• There are significant differences in the post-tests of free achievement for
juniors between the two experimental groups (first and second) and in favor
of the second experimental group.
Fig 1. Shows the mechanism of field work
Before starting the experimental method, the sample is divided into two groups (a
first group, a second group) in order to avoid influences that may affect the
results of the experiment in terms of individual differences in the research sample
and to start from one sample line, some measurements and tests have been
identified.
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Table 1
Shows the homogeneity of the first group
No.
Measurements and
tests
measuring
unit
center
deviation
difference
indication
1
Age
Year
12.80
0.84
6.54
homogeneous
2
training age
Month
6.60
0.55
8.30
homogeneous
3
length
meter
157.40
3.05
1.94
homogeneous
4
weight
Kg
59.40
6.19
10.42
homogeneous
5
intelligence
Degree
89.00
2.92
3.28
homogeneous
6
50 m Achievement
time
42.16
4.27
10.13
homogeneous
Table 2
Shows the homogeneity of the second group
No.
Measurements and
tests
measruing
unit
center
deviation
difference
indication
1
Age
Year
12.40
0.89
7.21
homogeneous
2
training age
Month
8.40
0.55
6.52
homogeneous
3
length
meter
158.00
4.36
2.76
homogeneous
4
weight
Kg
58.60
3.21
5.48
homogeneous
5
intelligence
Degree
88.80
2.39
2.69
homogeneous
6
50 m Achievement
time
44.94
3.31
7.37
homogeneous
To proceed from one line and to ensure experimental control, parity was
conducted between the experimental and control groups in the studied variables,
using the "T" test for independent samples between the control and experimental
groups.
Table 3
Shows the equivalence between the first and second groups
Variables
First group
Second group
T value
Sig
center
deviation
center
deviation
achievement
42.16
4.27
44.94
3.31
1.15
0.28
Tools, devices, and means used to collect information are: Tests, two Canon
cameras with a capacity of 1200 fps, a drone camera, two Gopro cameras with a
capacity of 1200 fps, a laptop (Lenovo, Think bad) and a legal swimming pool.
Field Research Procedures
50m freestyle achievement test: The purpose of the test: To measure the
achievement of 50m freestyle for young players.
Tools: stopwatch, legal pool. The method of performance, the tester stands on the
starting platform and when the start signal is given, the player goes free-
swimming at full speed to the end of the pool. To calculate the score, the time
taken by the player to pass the 50m freestyle is calculated. The exploratory
9112
experiment was conducted on 22/4/2022 on a sample of (3) swimmers from
outside the research sample) and the experiment aimed at the following:
Identifying the validity of the tools and devices used in the tests, identifying the
nature of the tests and their suitability for the research sample, identifying the
suitability of the pool used in the tests, knowing the time taken to carry out the
tests, and distributing the tools and devices used in a way that contributes to
enabling the researcher to quickly move from one station to another easily and
overcome difficulties Which confronts the researcher in terms of installing
cameras and obtaining the required variables in the most complete way.
The researcher performed photography and timing to extract the achievement
variable that the researcher identified for the research sample and conducted a
50m freestyle swimming test on the Olympic pool on (Sunday) 5/ 8/ 2022 at
exactly ten o’clock (10 am), and all the requirements for tests, photography, pool
preparation and tools were provided in a clear manner. It ensures the accuracy of
the test implementation and imaging, while preparing the players to conduct the
tests, as the researcher worked to establish the conditions related to the tests in
terms of (time, place, tools used, the method of implementing the tests, the
auxiliary team) in order to ensure their availability in the post tests, and a form
was prepared in advance. Especially for unpacking test and imaging results. After
completing the 50-meter free swimming test, the prepared training curriculum
was applied on Tuesday 10/5/2022 until 17/6/2022 at ten o'clock (10 am).
Program parts
The program is divided into three parts:
• The introductory part, which is general warm-up exercises to warm up and
prepare the player physically and psychologically to accept practice and
training.
• The main part of the training unit consists of a variety of exercises for
different mechanical abilities in 50m freestyle swimming performance for
juniors.
Implementation of the training unit, which aims to improve the player's biokinetic
capabilities by diversifying by using the exercises and tools necessary to
implement the exercise so that the gradation in it from simple to complex and
from easy to difficult.
• The concluding part is calming exercises to return the organic organs to a
normal state and recovery, and re-prepare the body to receive the next skill
activity. The duration of the program was (5) weeks, with three training
units per week. The duration of the training unit was (90) minutes, thus the
total units were (15) units and divided To (3) educational units at the
beginning of the program by three units per week and (12) training units by
three units per week. The number of training and educational hours in the
program reached (1350) minutes.
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Program implementation mechanism
After completing the pre-test for the sample, the training curriculum prepared in
two different ways was applied, namely, the letter (s) style and the pull-down
style. The program is a post-learning training. Its specifications are that the
intensity is medium and ascending, and the number of repetitions or the
swimming distance is ascending, and the rest periods are three times of the
performance time and the player stops when repeated errors occur in the
performance, which indicates the appearance of fatigue, where the coach stops
the swimmer and gives rest until recovery. In the (4) weeks, swimming takes place
at a distance of the pool back and forth of (25) meters and using floor exercises
and exercises to learn the arm stroke for the second style (pull-down style). The
letter (S) style: Arm blows in this manner begin by entering the arms at a point in
front of the body between the head and shoulder with the elbow slightly bent
upward before the point of entry and pulling the arm under the surface of the
water in the form of a letter (S). Arm strikes depend on two basic stages:
• The basic stage: After the arm enters the water with the finger of the hand,
the stage of holding begins, the elbow begins to bend and the arm enters
slightly below the surface of the water, then the pulling stage begins with
bending the elbow joint. The chest and until the big finger touches the
middle of the thigh muscles by pushing the water with the hand and the
forearm back according to the law of reaction, and finally the phase of
disposal that begins with the elbow first exiting from the water and then the
palm.
• The retrograde phase: this phase begins as soon as the phase of pushing
and disposal is completed directly, and it begins with the elbow joint coming
out first from the surface of the water, then the arm turns up and forward
in a semi-circular motion.
Pull down style: This style begins with the movement of the arm from the front
after the completion of the holding stage, where the arm is pulled down and out in
a curved path, due to the bending of the elbow of the arm and the palm of the
arm tilts downward and then outward and then backward during the stage of
pulling down which causes the water molecules to deviate back When the palm
passes under the water, and at the moment of the start of this stage, we notice
that the arm does not have an effect on increasing the motive forces, but rather
works to raise the body and make it parallel to the surface of the water, which is
the stage of preparing the swimmer to produce the motive forces and increase
them in the later stages.
The researcher is solely responsible for supervising the course of the training
program in coordination with the trainer to control the internal factors that affect
the course of the program used, and the sample is not exposed to any other
program or additional training style. Where the method used in the pre-tests will
be relied upon after the completion of the training program prepared by the
researcher. At exactly ten o'clock (10 am). As for the statistical means to achieve
the objectives of the current research, the researcher used the statistical package
(Spss).
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Results and Discussion
Table 4
Shows the arithmetic means, standard deviations, (T) value and the level of
significance between the pre and post test for the first group of achievement
Variables
Pre-test
Post-test
T value
Sig
center
deviation
center
deviation
achievement
42.16
4.27
37.23
1.41
4.30
0.00
Table 5
Shows the arithmetic means, standard deviations, (t) value and the level of
significance between the pre and post test for the second group of achievement
Variables
First group
Second group
T value
Sig
center
deviation
center
deviation
achievement
44.94
3.31
33.55
3.54
9.11
0.00
Table 6
Shows the arithmetic means, standard deviations, (t) value and the level of
significance between the post test of the first group and the post test of the
second group of achievement
Variables
First group
Second group
T value
Sig
center
deviation
center
deviation
achievement
37.23
1.41
33.55
2.54
3.13
0.00
From Table No. (4) in the achievement variable, the researcher attributes this
development to the training curriculum using the pull-down method, the strength
of the positive relationship between these variables of moral significance with the
achievement between the pre-test and the post-test, which came with a significant
significance between the two tests, and the researcher attributes the development
of achievement to the training curriculum using the pull-down method The
bottom, which had a great impact on the development of the physical
requirements that the swimmer needs, including speed, that is, the method
deliberately developed strength, which would lead to a development in
achievement because speed does not develop unless the swimmer possesses a
measure of strength that allows him to reach the speed and thus develops
Achievement (the higher the strength in the muscles, the faster the movement)
From Table No. (5), the development is due to the method using the pull-down
method, where this development was accompanied by an increase in the average
stroke length and thus an increase in the speed of the swimmer according to the
increase of one of the two facts, the rate of stroke length or the rate of repetition
of the stroke equally or one increase at the expense of one. The more it increases,
it must fill the decrease in the other, and thus the speed increases. "Increasing
the rate of the length of the blow by an amount greater than the decrease in the
rate of repetition of the blow, or increasing the rate of repetition of the blow by an
amount greater than the decrease in the average length of the blow, or increasing
9115
one of the two facts (average length of the stroke or the rate of Repetition of the
blow) while ensuring that there is no decrease in the other fact, and here we will
get the greatest benefit in the rate of speed, and this reflects the strength of the
positive relationship between these variables of moral significance with the
achievement achieved between the pre and post test, which came with a
significant significance between the two tests, and this indicates the development
of the level of achievement of the sample With the effect of the training
curriculum, not the pull-down method, the use of training distances (25,20,15,10
m) and intermittent rest periods will ensure a development in the level of
achievement, as the regular and programmed training using different types of
training. The standardized situation in training and the use of the optimal types
of rest between repetitions leads to the development of achievement.
From Table No. (6), the researcher attributes that development to the training
curriculum using the drag-down method used, as one of its basics was the use
and application of training principles with regard to juniors. Among these
principles is the principle of gradation (the principle of increasing the training
load must be gradual and regularly, as there is no gradual increase It means not
making additional adaptations for the vital organs of the body, as the special
training load remains at its level for a period until the swimmer adapts to it. The
observance of the laws of propulsion and buoyancy through the approach used by
the researcher also led to the development in the second group that used the
method of dragging down. Learning to swim well is the first step to achieve getting
used to water and skill in general, and swimming has no rules that follow more
than the laws of buoyancy and propulsion In addition to the rules of competition,
of course, and you can go in any situation or way with the least or most effort
that you can make or save and at any age.
The use of aids in education and training had an impact on the development of
the second group that used the pull-down method. The first and important
advantage of industrial aids is that it allows the learner to feel not afraid of
drowning, which allows him to give more focus and attention to learning
swimming skills. It also enables the learner to To rest and stop moving while his
body remains afloat on the surface of the water, and through these results, it was
concluded that the two training methods adopted in the curriculum contributed
to the development of achievement and the method of pulling down in also
contributed to the development of the achievement of the 50-meter freestyle swim
and also a development in the two research groups in the achievement of 50
meters free swimming.
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