Flooding

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AWARENESS OF THE 2020 FLOOD AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
RESPONSE IN THE SOUTH-SOUTH REGION
RIGHTEOUS, INNIME
Option: Occupational Health and Safety
Department of Human Kinetics Health and Safety Studies
Ignatius Ajuru University Education
Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria
Email: righteous.innime@iaue.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This research examined incidents of flood in Nigeria and the nature of response by
relevant government agencies. It explored the occurrence and extent of implementation
of government policies with regard to mitigating the impact of the 2020 flood in
Nigeria. The study assessed the awareness of victims in Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta
States and explained policies of government towards addressing the problem in Nigeria.
It also ascertained whether the strategies were implemented. The study used both
primary and secondary sources of data to obtain relevant information for analysis and
adopted the Systems Theory as theoretical framework. It presented the data in Tables'
and applied the simple percentage method of data analysis to explain results obtained,
while content analysis was used to explain responses from Ministries and Agencies.
The responses from the field show that 100% of the victims were affected by the
flood, while the relevant Ministries/Agencies responded to the situation within the
limits of their capacity. As part of the findings, relevant government Agencies and
Ministries made frantic efforts to carry out their statutory responsibilities in the matter
of flooding. They were, however, constrained by a number of factors that were external
and internal in nature. Specifically, lack of sufficient funds and trained personnel
hindered these Agencies and Ministries from operating at full length towards
addressing the problems created by the flood. Among the recommendations made
in the study is the need for government to restructure these Agencies and Ministries,
as well as ensuring that local government authorities be mandated to set up Local
Emergency Management Agencies (LEMA).
Keyword: Flooding, Awareness, Policy, Response, Examine
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INTRODUCTION
Incidents of flooding and erosion have become frequent in Nigeria. In
2019 alone, about 23 states were affected. The number increased to 32 in 2020. In
those natural disasters, families vacated their homes. Properties were also
destroyed, in addition to loss of livelihoods and a large number of people died
either from the pains of the losses or from direct or immediate shock and
hazards associated with the floods. The 2020 incident was, largely, attributed to
the opening of the Lagos Dam in Cameroon. Electricity in northern Cameroon is
mainly generated from this Dam. Cameroon, in the past, experienced inadequate
rainfall, which, predictably, affected the production capacity of hydroelectricity in
the Lagos Dam (Jide, 2020). The situation made the management of the Dam retain
as much water as possible in its reservoirs. With changes in climate, rainfall
increased meaning that more water can now be stored to boost hydroelectric
power generation. Expert analyses of the situation revealed a threat or risk posed to
the Dam by increasing rainfall regarding its water storage capacity. It has to be
opened to avoid over filling. But this has meant a lot for Nigeria and Cameroon.
Due to the nature of the environment, water released from the Dam cannot easily
find its path within Cameroon to the Atlantic Ocean through water bodies.
Instead, it flows into River Benue from the highland of Cameroon. Since River
Benue is naturally steep, this leaves the lowland planes of Adamawa, Plateau,
Benue, Kogi, Delta and some other States flooded with high volume of water (Jide
2020).
In 2011, the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), predicted increase in
rainfall in most parts of the country. By this warning, government at the various
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levels of federal, state and local were expected to take appropriate measures to
tackle the effects of, the consequences of the impact of the rainfall. The intensity of
rainfall for 2020, as predicted by NIMET, was expected to be higher than the
previous year. As it was clear that increase rainfall was the reason for opening the
Lagos Dam, Cameroonian authorities rightly informed the Nigerian government of
the opening in the said year.
The 2011 and 2020 floods affected socio-economic activities of people. For
instance, about 200 villages in Afijio Local Government Area of Oyo State were cut
-off from other areas in the State as a result of the 2020 flood. It affected farm
settlements, and washed away the popular Eleram Bridge that links the affected
villages in the local government area with other communities, thereby making it
difficult for locals to transport food items to markets in the communities
(Feyisipo 2020). In Kogi State, no fewer than 73,000 people in nine local
government areas were displaced.
The most affected local government areas were: Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja, Kogi
and Kotonkarfe. In Edo State, over 20 communities were affected. Worst hit
included the following villages: Yiluwa, Dochi, Ofukpo, Agbabu, Iguzi-Ofukpe,
Udaba, Unudoboh, Udaba-ogho, Aneghette, Ilushi, Urho, Urhowa, Inyelen,
IfekuIsland, Ekweshimimi. Many of these affected areas were farmlands that the
State government had given to some Vietnamese rice farmers for the cultivation of
rice to reduce the N356 billion Nigeria spends annually as the second largest
rice importer in the world (Oziorunva and Egbejule, 2020). In Kano State, flood
affected nine local governments, claiming 12 lives. The local governments
affected were: Bagwai, Bebeji, Gabasawa, Garun, Malam, Karaye, Nasarawa and
Sumaila. The flood affected 220 houses, and numerous farmlands and livestock in
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Bauchi State. Misau, Giade, Shira and Jama' were some of the local government
areas affected by the flood in that State (Abutu, 2020). The impacts are said to
have been felt by people in their economic and social lives. Bayelsa State was cut
off from other parts of the country when the Patani section in Delta State and
the Okogbesection in Rivers State, along the East/West road, became impassable
(Mboji, 2020). In Taraba State, 34,395 victims were said to have occupied 27
camps scattered across the six affected local government areas of the State. Karin
Lamido Local Government Area had 16, 582 internally displaced persons. It was
followed by Lau Local Government.
Area with 8,588. Other Local Government Areas affected were ArdoKolo, 3,762,
Wukari, 2,933, Gassol 1,342 and Ibi 1,188. The National Emergency Management
Agency (NEMA) had reported that about 27 persons lost their lives as a result of the
incident (Adetayo, 2020). On October 1, 2020, two children died as a result of excessive
rainfall in Niger State. On September 3, 2020, there was another flood incident in
Taraba State. Affected were Lau, Karim Lamido and Gasollocal government areas.
In the same vein, on September 12, 2020, Kaduna and Bauchi communities were
seriously affected by flood leading to displacement of more than 1500 Kano
residents. On September 21, 2020, flood in Niger State claimed 47 human lives and
rendered thousands homeless. 50 communities and local governments were said to be
affected. The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) confirmed the
registration of 88,740 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Adamawa, Benue and
Taraba States. In Delta State, the government confirmed that 42, 271 internally
displaced persons were in 18 relief camps scattered all over the State (Agada, 2020). In
Rivers State, flood ravaged Ahoada-West, Ahoada-East, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local
Government Areas displacing thousands in more than one hundred communities
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(Notable Outcome, 2020). From Jigawa, Taraba, Kano, Kaduna, Benue, Nassarawa,
Plateau, to Delta, Anambra, Enugu, Rivers and Bayelsa States, flooding remains a
major source of concern. In Cross River State, cocoa, cassava, yam, maize, melon
farms, mango, orange, pear, pineapple orchards, vegetables, bananas and other
plantations were washed away in communities such as: Ayiomor, Ugbem,
Agwagune and Umon communities in Biase Council. Residential houses, bridges
and farmlands in Enyi-Boje, Kachie BojeAsu ben Boje, Katabang, Orimekpang-
Aymekang, Buanchor, among others in Bje and Abo wards of Boki Council, as
well as Calabar South, Calabar Municipal, Abi, Yala, Ogoja, Obudu and
Odukpani Councils were affected. Over 18,000 yam farms, over 10,000 livestock,
cassava, vegetable, cocoyam, melons and other cash crops worth millions of naira
were destroyed, while parts of the Afi mountain Range rolled down the valleys,
bringing down rubbles, rocks and heavy boulders tearing down vegetation,
houses, bridges and other structures along its paths covering' over two
kilometers(Ozioruwa-Aliu, 2020). Counting the economic losses suffered by
people in the affected areas, Nda, a resident, in Kogi State was reported to have
lost goods worth about N3.5 million in his cold room to the floods (Nwogu,
2020).
In Sokoto State, about 50 houses in Tangaza and Goronyo Local Government
Areas were affected. Twenty-Five of the houses damaged were in Keta village of
Goronyo Local Government Area. In Oke-Ekoro, Sango area of Ogun State, heavy
rainfall resulted in the death of a nine year old boy (Folarin, 2020). Also, about
100 houses collapsed in three communities in two local government councils of
Zamfara State, following a ravaging flood caused by torrential rain (Ibrahim, 2020).
Flood caused by torrential rain that persisted for 12 hours rendered over 50
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families, including the village head of Wuma community in Jigawa State homeless
(Akubo, 2020). In Borno State, a 75 minutes heavy rainfall in Maiduguri
destroyed several houses and roads in the metropolis disrupting Muslim Jumat
prayers in mosques, with over 6,500 worshipers unable to perform their prayers
(Musa, 2020). In Bauchi State, flooding recorded in the first week of August
claimed one life and damaged no fewer than 14 houses. Similarly, in Kano State,
there was a harvest of destruction after a heavy rainfall that rendered residents of
Zango and Kawagi in Nassarawa Local Government Area homeless. The rain also
affected the Yankaba Badawa cemetery where more than 40 corpses were
reportedly unearthed (Mohammed, 2020). In Akwa- Ibom State, Gully erosion cut
off a major road in Oron community into two. A residential building belonging to
one Emmanuel Edem was submerged (Ibrahym, 2020). It was also reported that 18
hours of rain disrupted social and economic activities in Benin City, Edo State.
Power supply was disrupted, property worth millions of naira were destroyed (AIT
World News, August 20, 2020). 35 million people were also reported to be
under threat of hunger in the country following the devastating effect of
desertification. This statement was credited to the Permanent Secretary,
Ecological Fund Office (ECO), Engineer Goni Shoikh (Adanikin, 2020). Erosion
threatened residents of Auchi community in Edo State as schools were closed
down. Some churches and mosques were also submerged. (Otabor, 2020). Floods
seem to be a major threat to the welfare of people in Nigeria, even beyond 2019 and
2020. The Nigeria Meteorological Agency predicted intense rain in 2020. In Gombe
State, several roads were washed away after flash rainfall caused gully erosion. The
Gombe-Duku and Gombe-Bauchi roads, were among those seriously affected
(AIT World News, September (2020).
6

Statement of the Problem
Incidents of flood cause severe damages to the environment. It also results to
loss of lives and property of the affected individuals. The topography of the
South- South region region makes it prone to be adversely affected by the flow
of excess water attempting to find its way into the Atlantic Ocean.
The responsibility of any government is to provide and protect the lives and
property of its citizens. In this regard, governments initiate programmes and
policies aimed at addressing the challenges the people may face- b e it natural o r
ma n-made. Such initiatives lea d to the establishment of institutions and
agencies to implement government policies and strategies. Most often,
government institutions have been accused of inefficiency, thereby treading the
policies of government in promoting the welfare of the citizenry ineffective. As a
result, there is negative Awareness of flood on the lives of the affected persons. It is as
a result of this that the effective implementation of natural disaster policies such as
flood becomes imperative to mitigate the effects on the citizenry.
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The ai m of the study is to examine the Awareness of the effects of flooding
on citizens in Nigeria and how government has been able to respond to such
incident. The specific objectives are:
1) Examine the Awareness of flood among affected individuals in Nigeria;
2) Explain the policies of government towards addressing the problem of
natural disasters in Nigeria.
3) Investigate if the policies were implemented; and
4) Ascertain whether the policies, made meaningful impact on the lives of the
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citizens.
Research Questions:
1. What is the Awareness of affected individuals about flood in Nigeria?
2. What is the nature of government policies regarding natural disasters?
3. What are the implementation strategies?
4. Are these strategies adequate to address the problems of flooding Nigeria?
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
There are several approaches to natural hazard theory. Three (3) main approaches
identified are. Dominant, Behavioral and Structural Theories (Smith, 1992).For
the Dominant/Technocratic View, the blame is assumed to lie with nature; hence it
appeared logical that the control, monitoring and prediction of natural events
would provide effective solution. The aim is to contain nature through
environmental engineering works which include zoning, building codes and fail-
safe structures such as flood embankment (Thanahathai, 2020).
The Behavioural Approach looks at ways people can avoid disasters by modifying
their behaviours. This patterns their lives and activities in a manner that would make
them conform to positive rules/principles that necessitate a conducive environment.
The Theoretical Framework for this study is anchored on the Systems Theory. It
was propounded by David Easton (Easton: 1965).Easton's behavioural approach to
politics proposed that a political system could be seen as a delimited and fluid
systems of steps in decision-making and that changes in the social or physical
environment surrounding a political system produce "demands" and 'supports"
for actions or the status quo directed as inputs towards the political system through
political behaviour.
Literature Review
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The literature highlights the following: Flood and Policy Response; Public
Policy and Development; Environment; and Climate Change Governance. In
addition, it explains approaches to tackling the problem of flood at local, state,
national and multilateral levels. The subject of sustainable development is also
discussed in the literature. Views of scholars and their approaches to the issues are
examined in this chapter. Natural disasters such as flood, erosion, desertification,
drought, hurricanes, amongst others happen in many parts of the world. They have
long-standing history of occurrence. There have been attempts to address th e
probl em by gover nments, agenc ies a nd organiz ations. Oosthoek (2020),
reviewing the Dutch River System avers that after the surge flood of 1953, the
Dutch water authorities decided to embark upon an ambitious plan to reinforce and
increase the height of all dikes and levies in Netherlands. This was one of the major
steps introduced to tackle the challenge of the flood faced at the time. As the
situation changed, the government evolved a dynamic approach to solving the
problem.
Research Design
Understanding the awareness of victims on incidents of flood and government policy
response can be enhanced by interpretative designs. The study triangulated at different
stages of the work, including the nature of data, methods of data collection and
analysis. This is based on the overall need and importance of both qualitative and
quantitative data in addressing the objectives and the research questions.
Population of the Study
The study focused on local government areas that were affected by the 2020 floods in
Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States.
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The population area in the aforementioned states is 11, 015, 676. This is the sum of
the population of the three (3) states under study. The breakdown, according to the
2003 Population Census figures is as follows: Rivers-5,198, 716; Bayelsa-1,704, 515;
Delta- 4,112,445. The Census figures give a community by community breakdown of
the
population. Choice of states is based on geography and the topography of the Region
while the choice of the population area is based on non- probability sampling. This
enabled the researcher to deliberately choose the sample from the population as
representative of the population.
The non-probability sampling technique comprises of quota, accidental, snowball and
the purposive or judgement sampling. The researcher is of the view that these States
serve as a representation of the States affected by the foods during the period under
study because the geography of the States, located at the Deltaic region of the country
wherein the two major rivers in the country, the Niger and Benue Rivers flow into the
Atlantic Ocean. The population size of study in Rivers State are communities affected
by floods in Ahoada-East, 216, 747; Ahoada-West, 249, 425 and Ogba/Egbema/ Ndoni
local government areas, 284, 010. In Bayelsa State the study population is Yenagoa,
353, 344, Southern Ijaw, 319, 413; Kolokuma/Opokoma, 77, 297 and Ogbia local
government areas, 179, 926 while in Delta State were lbelsoko North,
144,155;Isoko South, 11 l,919;Patani, 67,707;Bomadi, 86,644;Oshimili North,
111,316, as well as Oshimili South Local Government Area, 149,603. In all the study
shall cover a total of sixty-two (62) communities. The Researcher suggests that
information and results from these states can provide materials for informed analysis
and conclusion for the study since it would also serve as a representation of the flood
incident across the country.
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Sample Size and Sample Technique
Sampling is a technique of selection which ensures some objectivity in any research
endeavour. The sample for the study is 1,200 individuals from the various communities
being studied in this research. This figure was arrived at using the Taro Yamene's
(1969) statistical Model was applied. That is S= N/1+ N
α
2
Where N= Population Size
S= required sample size
A= level of significance or error margin tolerable (0.005)
RIVERS = 5,198,716
1+5,198,716x000.25
5,198,716
1 + 12996.79
+ 5198,716
12997.76
=399,969
= 400
BAYELSA 1704,515
1 +1704515x0.0025
1,705,515
1+4261.2875
1,704,515
4262, 2875
= 399, 906
= 400
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DELTA 4,112,445
1+4112,445x0.0025
4,112,445
1+10281, 1125
4,112,445
10282.1125
= 399,961
=400
The sample size for each State is 400
Therefore the total sample size for the study is 400+400+400 = 1,200.
Nature/ Sources of Data
Data for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources of data for this study include, questionnaire, and key informant
interview. Data were also sourced from ministries and agencies of governments at both
the Federal and State levels. They are: -Federal Ministry of Environment; -Rivers State
Ministry of Special Duties; -Rivers State Ministry of Environment; -Bayelsa State
Ministry of Environment, -Bayelsa State Emergency Management Agency; -Delta State
Ministry of Environment as well as
-Delta State Emergency Management Agency.
For the secondary sources, the study relied on the extensive use of library materials
such as books, academic journals, relevant periodicals, magazines and newspapers
related to the study objectives. Other secondary sources of data are original
documents, official government publications, gazettes, archival materials, seminar
papers, unpublished theses and the internet.
Instrument for Data Collection
Research instruments are the means or tools used for data collection. They include
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questionnaires, interviews and published materials. This researcher administered
questionnaires and relied on records/information from ministries, agencies, as well as
departments governments, related to this research as major instruments of the field
work. The structure of the questionnaire adopted was the open-ended and the pre-coded
questions. The instruments were used to highlight the Awareness of the 2020 flood
and government policy response in the states under study. The questionnaire for
collecting data for this study was designed after carefully reviewing some literature
relating to the study for ascertaining the policy response of the Nigerian government
during the 2020 flood incidents. A total of 1, 200 questionnaires were distributed
through research assistants.
Method of Data Analysis:
Tables and charts were used for data presentation, while simple percentage was
used for analysis of the data collected.
Table 3.1 Distribution of questionnaires
S/N
STATE NO NO OF RESPONDENT
DISTRIBUTED PERCENTAGE
1 Rivers 400 100
2 Bayelsa 400 100
3 Delta 400 100
Total 1,200 100
Source: Field Study, 2020
A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in Rivers State, 400 persons
responded making a total of 100% of respondents. In Bayelsa State, 400
questionnaires were distributed and 450 returned making a total of 100%, while in
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Delta State a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed and 494 returned making a
total of 100% of response.
Table 3.2: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Sex: RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Male 886 71.2
Female 312 28.7
Total 1200 100
MARITAL RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
STATUS
Single Married 186 848 14.9 68.1
Divorced 114 11.5
Widowed 52 7.7
Total 1200 100
Occupation of
Respondents
Response
No of Respondents
81
% of Respondents
6.5
Trader 263 21.1
Farmer 496 48
Craftsman 268 39.8
Self-employed
Others
59 33 8.2 2.6
Total r 1200 100
Source: Field Survey 2020
Table 4.2 showing democratic characteristics of respondents indicates that 886
respondents were males representing 71.2% while 358representing 28.9
respondents were female. 186 respondents representing 14.9% were single, 848
representing 68.1% were married, 114 representing 11.5% were married while 96
respondents representing 7.7% were widowed. 81 respondents, representing 6.5%
were civil servants, 263 representing 21.1% were traders, 496 representing
48%were farmers, 268 respondent representing 38.8% were craftsmen, 103
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representing 8.3% were self-employed and 33 representing 2.3% fell in the group of
other occupations not listed above. From the Table almost half of the affected
persons were farmers who engaged in agricultural activities for sustenance. They,
basically, depend on land for their economic activities. It also indicates that all the
occupations in which the respondents were involved in also rely on land for their
productivity.
It is important to state that the three states under study are States located in the
South- South region of the country. Apart from its rich reserve of crude oil deposit
that is the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, it is a rain forest region characterized
by numerous economic and social activities with a large segment of the population
engaged in farming and fishing (as indicated in the Table above)
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Overview:
This study examined the Awareness of flooding and the effectiveness of
government response in the 2020 flood in Nigeria. It also focused on the nature of
government policies on the problem of flooding, as well as the extent of
implementation through the institutions/agencies responsible for the implementation
of policies. Within the scope of this study, data for the analysis of the Awareness
of the 2020 flood were generated from both primary and secondary sources of
interviews, questionnaires, dailies and articles, journal publications. The data
obtained specifically addressed the general and specific objectives of the study.
They captured a viable segment of the population which provided useful
information for the study.
Awareness of Flooding in Nigeria
In this section, the focus is aimed at examining the awareness of the 2020 flooding
on the communities studied. This is viewed from the point of view that flooding,
as explained earlier, has devastating effects on physical, economic and social
infrastructure, causing severe and negative consequences on the affected population.
In this regard, identification of such infrastructure affected by the flood provides a
clear understanding of the impact meted out by the flood on the people. The report
of the Post.
Disaster Needs Assessment of the 2020 Floods which was undertaken by the Federal
Government with technical support from the World Bank, European Union, United
Nations and other partners carried out a comprehensive assessment of the impact of
the flood incident across the country. The following illustrations show the result of the
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outcome of the assessment of the study
Table 4.1: Summary of Damages and Losses Caused by the2020 Floods in Nigeria's
Most Affected States
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Report
The Report identified four sectors covering both the social and economic spheres-
social, productive, infrastructure and cross sectorial. Each sector was quantified and
valued in millions of naira in terms of losses and damages. The highest value of
losses occurred in the social sector with an Estimated value Nl, 185,066.5; while the
least is the cross sectoral sector which involves the Environment had an estimate
N41, 007.20
17
Disaster Effective.
Million Naira
Sector
Subsector
Damage
Losses
Total
Social 1,256,299.3 73,557.9 1,329,857.2
Education 82,134.6 15,211.2 97,345.8
Health 18,204.8 9,476.8 7,681.7
Housing 1,155,959.9 48,869,9 204,829.7
Productive 147,996.5 1,037,070.0 1,185,066.5
Agriculture 101,008.2 380,520.8 481,528.9
Manufacture 21,795.2 74,425.0 96,220.2
Commerce 18,693.1 357,124.2 375,817.3
Oil industry 6,500.0 225,000.0 231,500.0
Infrastructure 54,019.6 8,013.6 62,033.2
Water and 12,902.2 — 12,902.2
Sanitation
Electricity 329.0 8,013.6 8,342.6
Transport 40,788.4 — 40,788.4
Cross-Sectorial 23,840.2 17,167.0 41,007.2
Environment 23,840.2 17,167.0 41,007.2
.Total s1,482,155.6 1,135,8083 2,617,964.0

The Pie Chart in Figure 4.1 shows a breakdown of the total flood effects with 57%
accounting for the total damages, while 43% is the percentage losses experienced.
Figure 4.2:
Breakdown
of Total Flood Effects According to Private and Public Ownership
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Repot
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Figure 4.2 showing breakdown of total flood effects as it affects both the public and
private sectors. These comprise social, environment, infrastructure and
productive sectors. It shows that the highest effect was on the social sector which
accounted for 51% of the total effects, while the productive sector followed with
45%
of the
effects, infrastructure and the environment had 2% apiece.
Figure 4. 3: Breakdown of Damages and Losses among Individual Sectors of
Economic Activity
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Report
The Bar Chart showing breakdown of damages and losses among individuals
sectors of economic activity shows that housing was most affected followed by
agriculture and then Commerce. Environment, Transport and Health sectors
suffered the least damages and losses. Oil, Education and Manufacturing sectors
were also affected.
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Figure 4.4 Spatial Distribution of Damage and Losses Caused by the2020Flood
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Report
The Bar Chart in Figure 4.3 shows the spatial distribution of damage and losses by
the 2020 flood. The Table indicates that the States under Study were hugely
affected with Rivers and Bayelsa States affected most.
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Table 4.2: Impact of the Flood Disaster on Government Revenue and Expenditure
Item Value (billions Naira)
Total revenue before disaster
In per cent of GDP
Total Revenue after disaster
In per cent of GDP
Revenue loss
In percent of GDP
Total Expenditure before
disaster
In percent of GDP
Total Expenditure after
disaster
In percent of GDP
Expenditure increase
In percent of GDP
Fiscal Balance before disaster
In percent of GDP
Fiscal Balance after the
in percent of GDP
9,69.5
23.9%
9,664.8
23.8%
27.75
0.07%
12,195.0
28.9%
.240
30.1 %
45.1
0.1%
-2,502.5
-6.2%
-2.575.2
-6.4%
-72.7
-0.2%
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Report Table
4.2shows the impact of the flood disaster on Government revenue and expenditure
indicating total revenue before the disaster and total revenue after the disaster. It
shows significant revenue loss as a result of the disaster. It also shows an
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expenditure increase as a result of the disaster. It shows a decline in Fiscal balance
after the disaster.
Table 4.3: Impact of the Flood on Employment and Income in the Agriculture
Sector
State Working
days lost in
crop
production
Income lost by
workers in crop
production
(million naira)
Working
days lost in
fisheries
Income lost by
workers in
fisheries
(million naira)
Total
working
days lost in
agriculture
Total
income lost
of worker
in
agriculture
Adamawa
Anamra
Bayelsa
Benue
Delta
Edo
Jigawa
Kabbi
Kogi
Nasarawa
Rivers
Taraba
1,070,935
1,096,470
2,820,685
1,512,610
1,367,390
218,950
285,560
2,996,520
2,681,265
2,911,355
107.3
493.2
1,268.7
680.6
615.3
98.4
128.4
1,348.3
1,206.5
1,310.2
244,416
283,056
2,444,112
294,816
2,898,720
1,005,312
1,629,408
617,760
204,816
1,018,368
61.1
70.8
611.0
73.7
724.7
251.3
407.3
154.4
51.2
254.6
1,315,351
1,379,526
5,264,797
1,807,426
4,266,110
1,224,262
1,914,968
3,614,280
2,886,081
3,929,723
168
564
1,880
754
1,340
350
536
1,503
1,258
0
0
1,565
Total 16,961,740 7,257 10,640,784 2,660 27,602,524 9,917
State
i
Working days
lost in trade
SMEs
Income loss by
affected trade workers
in SMEs (million
naira)
Working days
lost in micro-
trade
Income loss of
micro-trade
(million naira)
Adamawa 33,000 49.5 3,236,400 2,155.4
Anambra 19,500 7.3 1,434,780 955.6
Bayelsa 10,500 16.3 12,819,840 8,538.0
Benue 0 0 836,400 557.0
22

Delta 16,500 6.2 7,529,820 5,014.9
Edo 6,000 2.2 391,980 261.0
Jigawa 9,000 3.4 6,653,700 4,431.4
Kabbi 7,500 2.8 5,744,160 3,825.6
Kogi 12,000 4.5 3,860,040 2,570.8
Nasarawa 45,000 16.9
Rivers 43,500 16.3
Taraba 9,000 3.4 2,016,240 1,342.8
Total 211,500 93.9 42,670,440 28,418.5
Table 4.4 Impact of the Flood Disaster on Employment and Income in the
Commerce Sector
Source: Nigeria: Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2020 Floods Report
Table 4.4 provides a statistics of the impact of the 2020 flood on the employment
and income in the commerce sector of the economy. Rivers State had a total of
43,500 working days lost, while Delta had 16,500 and Bayelsa 10,500. As regards
income lost by affected workers in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs)
recorded 16.3 for Rivers; Delta 6.3, while Bayelsa had 16.3. There was no record
available for Rivers State loss in working days and income loss of micro trade
workers, while Bayelsa State recorded 12,819,840 and 8,538, respectively and
Delta 7,529,820 and 557, respectively.
In order to ascertain the level of Awareness of the incident on the population under
study, questions were designed to identify infrastructure affected by the incident. Social
infrastructures are meant to enhance the living conditions of the people. That is why
governments provide them as part of their responsibility to the citizenry. They form the
indices of ascertaining the level of development, as well as the commitment of
government to the welfare of the people. In this regard, when incidents of natural
disasters such as flood affect these infrastructure, their impact on the citizenry alter
their living conditions. To ascertain this, the study attempted to find out which of the
23

infrastructure was damaged by the flood incident.
Table 4.5: Which of these infrastructure was damaged as a result of the flood?
Response No of Respondents % of Respondents
Hospital 564 45 Electricity 870
69.9 Public Water 521 41.8 supply Tarred roads 1010
81.1
School 1200 97
Source: Field Survey 2020
Table 4.5 indicates that 564 respondents making a total of 45 per cent indicated that
hospitals were affected by the flood, 870 respondents making a total of 69.9 per cent
state that electricity was affected, 521 respondents giving a total of 41.8 percent
identified public water supply (neighbourhood water scheme and mechanized hand
pumps) as infrastructure that were affected, 1010 representing 81.1 per cent, while all
respondents stated that the schools in the area were damaged as a result of the
incident. Instructively, these are socio-economic infrastructure that have positive
bearing on the living standards of the citizenry. This response highlights the main
objective of this study which is to examine the Awareness of flooding on affected
communities. It is worthy of note that these infrastructure outlined here are important
utilities that enhance the living standard of the citizenry. They comprise health,
educational and social sectors of the economy. Public utilities, such as are identified
above, are provided by government for the socio-economic well-being of the citizenry
and when these are destroyed as a result of natural disasters, such as was witnessed in
2020, they affect the living standards of the people. From all indications, a large
segment of the population was affected by the incident. This necessitates the urgent
24

need for the government to respond to the problem in meeting with its responsibility
of protecting the lives and property of the citizens, as well as their welfare.
It is necessary to point out that the state of these infrastructures for the well-being of
the population is necessary. According to Adeyomo (1999:12), the human
environment is composed of the racial structure of its population and quality of the
population; socio-economic elements of a society such as transport and
communications, hospitals and schools and the welfare of the population or the degree
of access of the people to the good things of life; social and political institutions of the
society through which the beliefs and ideas of people are expressed, as well as
economic frameworks within which such a society operates. This means that the
infrastructure outlined here are important in ascertaining the state of development of the
citizenry. Obviously, the data presented indicates that the infrastructure needed to
provide a meaningful life for the people were immensely affected, hence the need for
response.
Table4.6: Were you directly affected by the 2020 flood?
Response
No of Respondents % of Respondents
Yes 1200 100
No
Nil Nil
Source: Field Survey 2020
The Table indicates that all the 1,200 respondents making a total of 100 per cent were
directly affected by the flood. The implication of this statistics is that a large
segment of the population was negatively impacted by the flood incident. This is
evident in that when flood occurs, there are several incidents of loss of lives and
destruction of property causing severe negative consequences on the affected
people. Efe(2011:46, 47) citing Bonaventure, (2002) and Efe, (2007) gives instances of
25

damages caused as a result of flood in some parts of Africa. According to him. In
Bostwana more than 34,000 people were displaced and are in need of help, while
over 10,000 houses have collapsed. While in Western Kenya and Southern Tanzania,
46 deaths and over 50,000 people displaced and 9 deaths and hundreds of families have
been considerably displaced respectively because of damages done to the building and
farms. There is no doubt that flooding is damaging to the farming as a result causing
severe economic effects. This is because the population depend basically on
farming activities for their livelihood.
It is noteworthy to state that flooding is a global phenomenon and its nature and
characteristics transcend bothers. The 2020 flood in Nigeria has been described as one
of the worst incident in the history of Nigeria. As noted by Oyeleke (2020), the National
Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) reported that the 2020 floods displaced over
1.4 million people, injured 18,000 and killed 337 in Nigeria. Over 350,000 homes
were destroyed. It is evident that the destructions caused by the 2020 floods runs into
a colossal loss to affected individuals and the society at large. She further avers that the
estimates of the flood damage and losses on the environmental sector alone have been
put at N23, 840 and N13, 464 billion, respectively.
In his argument, Ocheri (2014) citing Aminu (2013) asserts that the flood is the worst
in 40 years. The Nigeria Red Cross Society also reported that the impact terms of
magnitude, intensity, duration, spatial dimension and consequent damages.
According to the Director General of NEMA, Nigeria lost N2.29 trillion to the
flood. This is equivalent to 1.4% of Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDPO. The
comprehensive Post Disaster Need Assessment conducted from November 2020
to March 2020 with the support of the World Bank and Global Facility for
26

Development for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, United Nations Development
Partners and relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies put the estimated
total value of infrastructure, physical and durable assets at $9.6 billion. The total
value of losses across all the sectors of the economy was estimated at $7.3billion.
The combined value of these damages and losses was $16.9billion. In all, 363 were
killed, 5.851 injured, 3,691,394 affected and 3,871, 530 displaced. Obviously, when
flood damages the crops, livestock and renders the rivers inaccessible, then the
living standards of the population is affected. Considering the scenario caused by
flood, it exacerbates the already precarious situation of the people who are
considered poor due to the poor quality of life they live. This is so because the GNP
per capita in the region is below the national average of US$280, Efe (2011). Even
though the region is endowed with large deposits of oil and gas which accounts for
the mainstay of the Nigerian, economy, exploration and exploitation of these
natural resources have contributed to the present level of economic development.
Okoko, (2011).
With this situation, the prompt response by government becomes necessary.
This is against the backdrop of the impact of the destruction on the citizenry.
Hinged on the welfare principle of governance, the Nigerian constitution provides
for the promotion of good governance and welfare of the country.
Response No of Res Respondents % of Respondents
Seriously 678
Very
Seriously 569 Not Strongly
9 Affected Not Affected
Nil
54.5 49.2 0.75
Nil
Table 4.7: To what extent were you affected by the flood?
Source: Field Survey 2020
27

Table 4.7 shows that 678 respondents representing 54.5 percent said that the flood
affected them seriously, while 569 respondents representing 49.2 percent
responded very seriously. 9 respondents representing 0.75 percent said they were
not seriously affected. The destruction meted on fee environment by the 2020
flood showed that the population was adversely affected, their source of
livelihood destroyed and socio-economic lives hampered. This places the
individuals in a precarious situation. It is against the background of the
importance of the environment in the socio-economic lives of the people. The
environment is crucial to the survival of the citizenry and as a result should be
preserved. Nwosu (2009) citing Nyanayo (1999), argue that the environment
is man's life. It is the structure around which our lives and those of future
generations are built. The environment permits all the things required for life, too
much or too less of which is adverse to existence.
Figure 4.5Were you provided with relief materials during the incident?
Source: Field Survey 2020
28
97.3%
176.4

In this Figure, a total of 1,167 respondents representing 97.3 percent affirmed that
relief materials were provided for them, while 33 respondents representing a
total of 2.6 percent say that relief materials were not provided for them. This
category of persons fall into the group of those who did not take refuge in the
camps, but rather had to live with friends and relatives in neighbouring
communities not affected by the flood and in Port Harcourt, Warri and environs
which were not affected, evacuation of affected persons and provision of Food
and Non Food Items by the State’s Emergency Management Agencies and the
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA). The relief materials
comprised donations from government and non-governmental organizations, as
well as philanthropic individuals. The flood incident showed how responsive Nigerians
could be to the plight of their fellow citizens as there was massive mobilization of food
and other resources to alleviate the plight of the victims. There were media
campaigns for people to make donations for this purpose and no doubt, the response was
overwhelming and encouraging. These responses went a long way to augment the
provisions made by the Federal and State governments as a remedial measure to
alleviate the sufferings of the people.
Table 4.9: To what extent did the relief materials reduce the effects of the
flood?
Response No of Respondents % of Respondents
Fairly well 628 50.4 Large Extent 462
37.1 Considerable 110 12.3 extent L Not At All Nil
Nil
' Total 1200 100
Source: Field Survey 2020
29

Following Table 4.9, it shows that a total of 628 respondents making 50.4 per cent were
of the view that the relief materials reduced the effects of the flood fairly well, while
462 respondents who gave37.1 per cent affirmed that its effects were to a large
extent. 154 respondents representing 12.3 percent agreed that the relief materials
were of considerable extent. The interpretation of this Table gives a favorable mark to
the level of response by the various levels of government through the respective
agencies in addressing the issue. According to the Post Disaster Needs Assessment of
the 2020 Floods, at the onset, the State Emergency Management Agencies
(SEMA), the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), civil society
organizations such as the Red Cross along with international development agencies-
particularly the World Bank and the United Nations working with the Office for the
Coordination of Human Affairs (OCHA).
Provide Emergency humanitarian assistance to the affected population. Some of the
humanitarian responses include the following:
- Immediate evacuation of the affected population away from flooded area;
- Relocation of the affected population (Internally Displaced Persons) in temporary
shelters/ accommodation, mainly schools and other public buildings;
- Provision of non-food items (NFIs) such as mats, blankets and
beddings to affected population;
- Provision of food, medical and other humanitarian assistance;
- Reopening of roads to link the towns/settlements that were cut off and
- Erection of temporary shelters at higher grounds by the affected people themselves.
The response was uniform in all affected areas, which is in line with international best
practices in emergency response mechanisms. For instance, the Victorian State
30

Emergency Plan provides for the role of Agencies, as we have seen above.
According to the Policy Framework, Flood Emergency by their nature requires multi
agency response. Part 7 of the EMMV identifies VICSES as the control agency for
Flood response with DHS responsible for coordination relief and recovery planning
and management at State and Regional levels. (2020:4). Such strategies and
interventions have become necessary in ensuring that the State was responsive to its
duties and obligations of protecting the lives and property of the citizenry.
The study examined the incidents of flood in Nigeria, with particular reference the
2020 floods that ravaged most parts of the country. It also examined how victims
perceived the response of various agencies charged with response to such incidents.
Their response explained the implementation strategies adopted by government towards
natural disasters such as flood. Although, over 2/3 of the states were affected by different
types of flood, three states were chosen as case study in this research.
They are Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States. A total of 1400 persons were chosen for the
study using the Taro Yamene's 1963 statistical model with data resented in tables and
charts. Simple percentage method was used in analyzing the data obtained from the
field with regards to the victims of the incident, while the descriptive method was
adopted to explain the responses obtain from the relevant ministries/ agencies. The
flood that affected the states under study was mainly as a result of the release of
water from the Ladgo Dam in northern Cameroon. The release of this water as a result
of executive rainfall saw the flow of water from the River Benue down to the lower
Niger region. Gen the geography and topography of the area, it permitted the
flow of water into the tributaries that emptied themselves to the Atlantic Ocean.
The response agencies made frantic efforts to respond to the incidents through
evacuation of the victims out of the flooded' areas and setting up Internally Displaced
31

Persons (IDPs) camps, provision of food and non-food items. However, the activities
of these agencies were hampered through a number of factors which were internal and
external in nature.
Conclusion:
The 2020 flood caused severe social and economic consequences to victims.
Although, Nigeria has a policy on natural disasters such as flood and erosion, the
implementation of these policies has been problematic. This challenges cuts across
various organs of implementation of government policies. The response of
government agencies is reactionary rather than being proactive. The study reveals
that the implementation strategies of government is inadequate and out modeled. It
therefore cost both government and victims huge economic losses and is saddled with
making plans for recovery in the various sectors affected in order to ameliorate the
plight of the victims. In addition, government agencies at both the federal and state
levels were hampered by internal and external factors, which largely include
bureaucratic bottle neck in accessing funds to carry out their responsibilities.
Recommendations:
From the analysis made in the course of this study, the Researcher makes the following
recommendations:
Governments at the Federal and State levels should restructure and strengthen relevant
Ministries and Agencies to enable them fully implement natural disaster management
policies in Nigeria.
Response agencies should create effective and efficient early warning systems to
ensure government' and citizens proper response to impending natural disasters in
order to reduce socio-economic impacts.
32

The Federal Government should adopt a comprehensive plan to add ecological
structures/infrastructure to complement engineering infrastructure- specifically to
expand wetlands and reactivate flood plains so as to mitigate future flood risks.
Local government authorities should be directed to set up Local Emergency
Management Agency (LEMA) as prescribed by NEMA. This would go a long way
to addressing the problems suffered by victims at the local level. Since the local
government is the government nearest to the people, they stand at a better position to
addressing emergencies arising from natural disasters. Their proximity makes them the
first point of response in the event of emergencies. It should be made an impeachable
offence for any local government chairman not to have a local emergency
authority put in place. This would go a long way to ensure that his regulation is
complied with.
There is the need to enlighten the citizenry on ways of preventing and mitigating
the effects of flood in the environment. Most citizens, particularly those in the
urban areas do not reckon with the fact that the blockage of drains would be
detrimental to the environment as it would not make way for the free flow of water
during the rains. When the water is unable to find its cause, it overflows and
results to flood. In this regard, the National Orientation Agency should be well
equipped to carry out mobilization and orientation of citizens on natural disasters
such as flood. It would make it easier for government to control the activities of
citizens regarding the indiscriminate blockage of drainages, as well as respond to
the need, for evacuation of vulnerable persons on the alert by early warning
signals.
There is the need to critically examine how the Ecological Fund provided by the
Constitution is managed by both the Federal and State Governments. There should
33

be laws and regulations that should guide the operation of the Ecological Fund
accounts and clearly spell out the purposes for the release of the funds, as well as
how it was used. Checks and balances of its usage should also be applied. This
would go a long way to stem the practice in which the Fund is left solely at the
discretion of the President as to how the Fund is to be used. It is obvious that
judicious application of such fund to address incidents of flood would go a long way
in mitigating its effects on the citizenry. There is no gainsaying that the intensity of the
2020 flood would have been much more less if such resources were properly deployed
to address ecological problems which it is originally meant to address.
There should be strict implementation and enforcement of government policies and
laws regarding the environment. Citizens who deliberately block drainages should be
prosecuted and punished for their actions. This would serve as a deterrent to others.
There should be the political will to construct dams in areas that are necessary, as
well as maintain them in order to stem the tide of increase in water released from the
Ladgo dam.
As the government agency with the primary responsibility to address issues of
natural disasters in the country, the Federal Government should increase the funding
appropriated to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) to carry out
its responsibilities.
Government should also engage and strictly abide by the town and urban planning
guidelines. By this, issues regarding the regulation and supervision of constructions
in order to prevent the environment from being overrun by flash floods would be
checked.
In the event of future occurrence, the Federal Government should be able to seek
assistance from the international community to address the situation. This is against
34

the background that incidents such as flooding are too burdensome for a country to
tackle alone. With technical and financial support from international agencies, the
country would be able to mage the difficulties associated with flood.
Contributions to Knowledge:
This study has been able to add to the body of knowledge in a number of ways:
First, it has been able to explain how the victims of the 2020 flood perceived the
response of government towards their plight.
It has also been able to explain how relevant ministries/agencies carried out their
responsibilities regarding mitigating the effects of the 2020 flood.
It has been able to give reasons for the success or failure in the implementation of
government policies, regarding natural disasters such as flood.
It has been able to interrogate the effectiveness of government
agencies/organizations responsible for implementation of policies on flood.
Finally, global and regional organizations such as the United Nations, European
Union, as well as African Union would gain insight on the problem of
implementing public policies in developing countries
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Editorial, the Imminent Food Crisis, the Tribune Newspaper, Tuesday October, 16,
2020. P. 17.
Editorial, Flooding and Food Security Threat, the Punch Newspaper, Thursday,
October 11, 2020. P.18.
Ero, A. Over One Million Deltans Displaced, TELL Magazine, October, 22,
2020.P46-47.
Edukugho, E. Devast acting Floods: Food Scarcity Looms, Saturday Vanguard,
October 20, 2020, Pp. 10-11.
Falaju, J. Minister Tasks Sta tes on Flood Mitigation Measures, The Guardian,
Monday, September 3, 2020..P 56.
Feyisipo, R. Flood Severs 200 Villages from Oyo State, Displaces 73,000 in
Kogi, Business Day Newspaper, Thursday, 27th September, 2020. P. 6.Folarin, S.
Confusion As Flood Sweeps Away Nine Year Old Boy. The Punch
Newspaper, Thursday, August 29, 2020. P. 4.
Ibrahim, I. Flood Destroy 1000 Houses in Zamfara. The Guardian Newspaper,
Tuesday August 20, 2020. P. 40.
Ibrahym, K. Erosion Divides Oron Road into Two, Submerges Residential Building,
The Nation Newspaper, and Thursday, July 11 2020. P. 57.Ibirogba, A.
Combat The Threat of Flooding, The Nation, Monday, October 15, 2020. P. 21
Ijediogu, G. Flooding: Infrastructure Destroyed, Food Scarcity Looms, the
Guardian, October 13, 2020. P49.
Idegu, Y. How to Curb Disasters, By Expert, the Nation Newspaper, and Tuesday,
October 16, 2020. P. 16.
Mboji, K. Bye, Bye Bayelsa, Flood Sinks entire State; Towns, Farmlands Washed
Away, Daily Sun Newspaper, Thursday, October 18, 2020. P. 15.
Musa, N. Borno Floods Destroy Houses, Road. The Guardian Newspaper, Saturday
August 7, 2020. P. 46.
Mohammed, M. Mysterious Flood in Kano, Residents re-bury 24 Corpses Unearthed
in Cemetery after Downpour. The Guardian Newspaper, Monday, August 12,
2020 P. 13. Mordi, R. A. Tsunami in the Making; TELL Magazine, July 25,
2020. P54-63
Nwogu, S. Nightlife Disappears in Lokoja As Hoteliers Count Losses, The Punch
October 13, 2020. P40.
Odiegwu, M. Tackling Tribal Sentiments, Extortion in Bayelsa Flood Victims' Camps.
The Punch, O ctober, 20, 2020. P48.
Otabor, O. My Community Is Going Under, Tony Momoh Cries Out. The Nation
Newspaper, Monday, August 12, 2020 P.9.
Ozioruwa-Aliu A. and Egbejule M. Fear of Epidemic Grips Flooded Communities, the
Guardian, Saturday October 13, 2020. P. 51.
Onuanyim, J. Flooding Results from Violation of Environmental Laws-NESREA, the
Compass, Tuesday, October 16, 2020, P.21.
Otabor,. (2020) Displaced In Benue, Food Crisis Looms in Imo, Relief Materials Flood
Camps, The Nation Newspaper, Tuesday October 16, 2020. P.7.
Omokhumu, G. Oritsejafor Foresees Famine, Hunger Next Year, The Nation, and
October, 16, 2020. P 62.
Ogbemudia, B. O. Flood: Federal Government to Build Resettlement Camps, the Nation,
40

Wednesday, August 14, 2020. P. 16.Onyekakeyah, L. Managing the Flood
Disaster, the Guardian, Tuesday, October 16, 2020 P. 77.
Sessou, E. Tough Times Awaits Nigerians as Food Scarcity Looms-Experts, Saturday
Vanguard Newspaper, October 20, 2020. P. 11.
Soyinka, A. Floods: The Disaster Next Time, TELL Magazine, October, 22, 2020. P 42-
62.
Uwerunonye, N. It's A Big Crisis, But The Challenge Is Shelter, TELL Magazine,
October 22, 2020. P.48.
Umukoro, A. Daring The Fury Of Nature, TELL Magazine, July, 25, 2020. P 60-61.
Uwerunonye, N. Floods: The Looming Food Crisis, TELL October, 15, 2020. P.
19-21.
Vidal, J. UN Warns of Worldwide Food Crisis In 2013, Nigeria Compass, and
October 16, 2020. P45.
……………………Rivers Communities Affected by Flood, Notable
Outcome, October 17-23, 2020 P 1 &2.
……………………China: Floods Leave At Least 107 Dead. The Punch
Newspaper, Wednesday, August 21, 2020 P. 70.
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