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Digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed with turmeric, curcumin, and nanomicelle curcumin

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Houriye Moghadam at aquaculture collage, Iran
Houriye Moghadam
  • aquaculture collage, Iran
Iman Sourinejad at Hormozgan University
Iman Sourinejad
Seyed Ali Johari at University of Kurdistan
Seyed Ali Johari
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Abstract and Figures

The dietary impacts of turmeric, curcumin, and nanomicelle curcumin on the digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were assessed. The shrimps (2.96 ± 0.10 g) were fed with different dosages (g kg−1 diet) of turmeric (TUR 2.5, TUR 5, and TUR 10), curcumin (CUR 0.075, CUR 0.150, and CUR 0.300), nanomicelle curcumin (NMC 0.075, NMC 0.150, and NMC 0.300) and a control diet with no feed additives. Experimental treatments improved the intestinal amylase, protease, and lipase enzyme activities compared with the control group. The intestine enzymes recorded the highest activities in shrimp groups fed with NMC 0.150 (P < 0.05). TUR, CUR, and NMC treatments also increased the intestinal muscle thickness, villus height, and villus width in comparison to the control group. The intestine histomorphological indices were the highest in feeding with NMC 0.150 among all the treatments (P < 0.05). The study of the intestinal microbiota indicated that the total bacterial counts (TBC) and total Vibrio sp. counts decreased significantly when the shrimps were fed with experimental feed additives. Of interest, NMC treatments showed lower TBC and Vibrio sp. counts compared with CUR and TUR treatments (P < 0.05). TBC and total Vibrio sp. counts of the intestine were the highest in the control group (P < 0.05). To conclude, the application of nanomicellar carriers was proven promising as nanomicelle curcumin promoted the activities of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota, and intestinal health of L. vannamei through more efficient delivery of dietary immunostimulants.
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on amylase activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on amylase activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
… 
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on lipase activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on lipase activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
… 
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on protease activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
Effects of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on protease activity of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P ˂ 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
… 
Intestine tissue of L. vannamei stained with HE after the shrimps were fed by the control and three experimental diets for 63 days. × 400; Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin; VH, villus height; MT, muscle thickness
Intestine tissue of L. vannamei stained with HE after the shrimps were fed by the control and three experimental diets for 63 days. × 400; Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin; VH, villus height; MT, muscle thickness
… 
Effect of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on muscles thickness of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
+2
Effect of different dietary dosages (g kg⁻¹) of TUR, CUR, and NMC on muscles thickness of L. vannamei intestine at the end of the 63-day experiment. The graphs (means ± SD, n = 3) with different letters present significant difference (Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05). Abbreviations: TUR, turmeric; CUR, curcumin; NMC, nanomicelle curcumin
… 
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Vol.:(0123456789)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00962-z
1 3
Digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histology, andgut
microbiota ofPacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed
withturmeric, curcumin, andnanomicelle curcumin
HouriyehMoghadam1· ImanSourinejad1 · SeyedAliJohari2
Received: 4 March 2022 / Accepted: 21 August 2022
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
Abstract
The dietary impacts of turmeric, curcumin, and nanomicelle curcumin on the digestive
enzyme activities, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp,
Litopenaeus vannamei, were assessed. The shrimps (2.96 ± 0.10g) were fed with different
dosages (g kg−1 diet) of turmeric (TUR 2.5, TUR 5, and TUR 10), curcumin (CUR 0.075,
CUR 0.150, and CUR 0.300), nanomicelle curcumin (NMC 0.075, NMC 0.150, and NMC
0.300) and a control diet with no feed additives. Experimental treatments improved the
intestinal amylase, protease, and lipase enzyme activities compared with the control group.
The intestine enzymes recorded the highest activities in shrimp groups fed with NMC
0.150 (P< 0.05). TUR, CUR, and NMC treatments also increased the intestinal muscle
thickness, villus height, and villus width in comparison to the control group. The intestine
histomorphological indices were the highest in feeding with NMC 0.150 among all the
treatments (P< 0.05). The study of the intestinal microbiota indicated that the total bac-
terial counts (TBC) and total Vibrio sp. counts decreased significantly when the shrimps
were fed with experimental feed additives. Of interest, NMC treatments showed lower
TBC and Vibrio sp. counts compared with CUR and TUR treatments (P< 0.05). TBC and
total Vibrio sp. counts of the intestine were the highest in the control group (P< 0.05).
To conclude, the application of nanomicellar carriers was proven promising as nanomi-
celle curcumin promoted the activities of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota, and intestinal
health of L. vannamei through more efficient delivery of dietary immunostimulants.
Keywords Gastrointestinal tract· Intestine enzymes· Microbial community·
Nanocarriers· L. vannamei· Curcumin
Handling Editor: Gavin Burnell
* Iman Sourinejad
sourinejad@hormozgan.ac.ir
1 Faculty ofMarine Science andTechnology, Department ofFisheries, University ofHormozgan,
7916193145BandarAbbas, Iran
2 Faculty ofNatural Resources, Department ofFisheries, University ofKurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Published online: 31 August 2022
Aquaculture International (2023) 31:15–30
/
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... Amylase was assayed using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Worthington and Worthington 2011). Lipase was assayed spectrophotometrically through the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl myristate (Moghadam et al. 2023). Total intestine protease was assayed through the casein digestion method of Drapeau (1976) in which the enzyme activity was identified from the tyrosine standard curve and cited as µmol of tyrosine released per mg tissue protein every min at 37 ℃. ...
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This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan, zinc oxide (ZnO), and chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite on the growth, survival, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hemato-immunity of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), alongside its impact on diet economic efficiency. Shrimps with an initial weight of 3.27 ± 0.11 g were exposed to eight diets: a control basal diet without additives and experimental treatments containing 36 mg kg⁻¹ chitosan; 10, 20, and 40 mg kg⁻¹ ZnO; and 10, 20, and 40 mg kg⁻¹ chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite over a 90-day period. Experimental diets led to significant improvements in growth indices; however, the effects of the highest dosages of ZnO and chitosan–ZnO were not significant on specific growth rate and survival rate. The most significant improvements in growth performance and survival rate were observed with chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite at the 10 mg kg⁻¹ dosage. Furthermore, experimental treatments resulted in elevated whole-body lipid and protein contents, as well as heightened activities of protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes compared to the control group. Substantially increased digestive enzyme activities were noted in shrimps fed chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite at 10 mg kg⁻¹ concentration (P < 0.05). In addition, shrimp fed with chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite at 10 mg kg⁻¹ exhibited lower levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, along with higher levels of acid phosphatase compared with the other experimental treatments and control group (P < 0.05). Notably, total and differential hemocyte counts showed a gradual increase from the control group to experimental treatments, peaking with chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite at the 10 mg kg⁻¹ concentration. The findings highlight the potential of bionanocomposites, specifically chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite, in improving shrimp nutrition and subsequently its diet economic conversion ratio as the lowest ECR of 1.3 ($/kg) was observed with chitosan–ZnO at 10 mg kg⁻¹. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable approaches for optimizing the performance of Penaeus vannamei in aquaculture systems.
View
... Lipase was assayed spectrophotometrically through the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl myristate (Moghadam et al. 2023). Total intestine protease was assayed through the casein digestion method of Drapeau (1976) in which the enzyme activity was identi ed from the tyrosine standard curve and cited as µmol of tyrosine released per mg tissue protein every min at 37 ℃. ...
Distinct effects of dietary Chitosan, ZnO, and Chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite on the performance and diet economic efficiency of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
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This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan, zinc oxide (ZnO), and chitosan–ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on the growth, survival, body composition, digestive enzymes activities, and hemato-immunity of Pacific white shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ), alongside its impact on diet economic efficiency. Shrimps with an initial weight of 3.27 ± 0.11 g were exposed to eight diets: a control basal diet without additives, and experimental diets containing 36 mg kg − 1 chitosan, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg − 1 ZnO, and chitosan–ZnO NPs over a 90-day period. All experimental diets led to enhancements in final weight, specific growth rate, weight gain (%), survival rate, and feed conversion ratio. The most significant improvements in growth performance and survival rate were observed with chitosan–ZnO NPs at the 10 mg kg − 1 dosage. Furthermore, experimental treatments resulted in elevated whole-body lipid and protein contents, as well as heightened activities of protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes compared to the control group. Substantially increased digestive enzymes activities were noted in shrimps fed chitosan–ZnO NPs at 10 mg kg − 1 concentration (P < 0.05). In addition, shrimp fed with chitosan–ZnO NPs at 10 mg kg − 1 exhibited lower levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, along with higher levels of acid phosphatase (P < 0.05). Notably, total and differential hemocyte counts showed a gradual increase from the control group to experimental treatments, peaking with chitosan–ZnO NPs at the 10 mg kg − 1 concentration. The findings highlight the potential of bionanocomposites, specifically chitosan–ZnO NPs, in improving shrimp nutrition and subsequently its diet economic efficiency. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable approaches for optimizing the performance of Penaeus vannamei in aquaculture systems.
View
... The cultivation of aquatic species is regarded as a principal component of controlling the nutrition crisis in the world. Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) is one of the most dominant shrimps, currently being cultured in at least 30 countries due to the rapid growth, high survival rate, a wide range of temperature and salinity tolerance, low dietary protein requirements, and high stocking density tolerance (Moghadam et al. 2022(Moghadam et al. , 2023. In this species, nutritional and immunological characteristics are strongly correlated (Bachère 2000;Moghadam et al. 2021). ...
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Article
  • Aug 2020
Intensive culture systems are usually employed to increase the production, but we suspect that, in such systems, fish suffer infection and stress, which weakens their health. However, such systems may fail due to lack of resources or difficulty in controlling the rearing conditions’ optimization. When intensive culture systems fail, aquatic animals gradually stop feeding. Accordingly, their physiological status deteriorates, and their immunity is suppressed. Through some strategies, it is possible to protect fish from disease by providing balanced food that maintain intestinal health and improve digestion, thereby increasing immunity. Protecting the health of the intestinal barriers is the primary guarantee of fish health. The local immunity of the intestine is associated with the innate and adaptive immunity of the fish’s entire body. Thus, it is necessary to understand the interaction between the gut microbiota and the general immune system, as well as the most important reasons that can increase or suppress intestinal immunity. Many studies have confirmed that balanced diets containing basic nutritional requirements are the primary factor for maintaining intestinal health in aquatic animals. Another strategy for improving the intestine’s local immunity is to use some non‐nutritional food additives that increase the activity of beneficial bacteria and the secretion of digestive enzymes and decrease the harmful bacteria. This review article aimed to clarify the relationship between a balanced aquafeed and the intestinal health of aquatic animals by discussing the findings of related studies. Awareness of this correlation between diet and intestinal health is expected to aid the aquaculture industry to develop proper nutritional strategies that ensure the protection of fish health.
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