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ملامح المصلحة الاقتصادية الإسلامية في إطارها المقاصدي مقارنة بالمفهوم الغربي
Abstract
تعد المصلحة الاقتصادية أساساً بنيوياً في الاقتصاد الإسلامي، وطريقة راشدة في تحقيق المقصد الشرعي، وعليه فإن هذه الدراسة تختص بإبراز أهم الملامح الاقتصادية لهذه المصلحة، مع مقارنتها بالمفهوم الغربي. وتبدأ الدراسة بتمهيد يصار فيه إلى بيان مفهوم المصلحة الشرعية، والاقتصادية، والكشف عن أهم ملامح المصلحة في الفكر الغربي، ليكون هذا التأصيل أساساً في فهم التصور الاقتصادي، مع بيان الملامح الاقتصادية للمصلحة الإسلامية والآثار المترتبة عليها، ثم تنحو الدراسة لبيان المبادئ التشريعية الإسلامية في حماية المصلحة الاقتصادية، ومدى تقييد المصلحة الاقتصادية الإسلامية للحرية الاقتصادية، مع مقارنتها بغيرها، وتحاول الدراسة بيان التصور والمفهوم الرأسمالي والاشتراكي للمصلحة الاقتصادية، مع ضرب مقارنة لتلك الملامح بما ورد من تصور إسلامي. وتوصل الباحث إلى أن المصلحة الاقتصادية الإسلامية حاملة لجذر تشريعي أخلاقي موضوعي، وكذا أنها توازن بين مصلحة العموم والخصوص، وتضع قيوداً كمية ونوعية على سلوك المستهلك، وكذا حدودا للحرية الاقتصادية حماية للمصلحة ومنعاً للإضرار، وأن لها ملامحا متناسقة، وأن هذا النموذج الاقتصادي تميز بتجنب الزلل الحاصل في النموذج الرأسمالي وغيره المتمثل في الضعف الهيكلي، عبر سياسة تعتمد التصرف بما هو أصلح، وضوابط تشريعية أخر.
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The public interest is an ethical and normative concept generally used to justify the decisions of the plans; nevertheless, determined currents of the political philosophy deny the existence of such concept, and those who consider it differ in its sense and meaning. The aim of the article is to deepen into the different considerations that these currents of thought carry out on the public interest, reaching the conclusion that the public interest is a necessary and operative concept for spatial planning.
Epicurus was a philosopher who lived in Greece in the 3rd century B.C. Like his contemporaries, he was much concerned with
the question of how to live a good life. In his view the Chief Good is to decrease pain and increase pleasure. Though Epicurus
is reputed for advocating the pursuit of refined sensorial pleasures, he recognized the need for deferring gratification or
enduring pain. He advised his followers to lead a modest and contemplative life in friendly communities. His advice can be
characterized as ‘serene hedonism’. This paper explains that position and considers its applicability for the present day.
It concludes that Epicureanism was quite accurate in describing the conditions of happiness and that he offered valuable guidelines
in dealing with hardship and difficult emotional content. His ideas that happiness is the same as the absence of pain and
that one should withdraw from society are less fortunate. It made him assume that happiness automatically follows if one is
in the right state of mind, and that there is no need to actively seek interaction with the environment for the betterment
of the circumstances of life. However, Epicurus’ advice might have been a good option for his contemporaries given the societal
turmoil in his times.
George John Romanes (1848–94), evolutionary biologist, was one of the most zealous supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection in the nineteenth century. He met Darwin in 1874 and became a firm friend and follower, applying Darwinian theory to his work on animal intelligence and mental evolution. Romanes was elected to the Royal Society in 1879 at the age of 31, having produced his own influential research on the evolution of the nervous system. This three-volume study of Darwin's work and its implications was first developed as a series of lectures given in Edinburgh and London between 1886 and 1890. Controversially, Romanes deviates from Darwin's assertion of the significance of geographical isolation, contending that physiological differences among the same species were central to evolutionary change. First published in 1892, Volume 1 focuses on the Darwinian theory itself. This second edition appeared in 1893.
This 2004 book is an accessible introduction to the full range of the philosophy of William James. It portrays that philosophy as containing a deep division between a Promethean type of pragmatism and a passive mysticism. The pragmatist James conceives of truth and meaning as a means to control nature and make it do our bidding. The mystic James eschews the use of concepts in order to penetrate to the inner conscious core of all being, including nature at large. Richard Gale attempts to harmonize these pragmatic and mystical perspectives. This introduction is drawn from and complements the author's much more comprehensive and systematic study The Divided Self of William James, a volume that has received the highest critical praise. With its briefer compass and non-technical style this introduction should help to disseminate the key elements of one of the great modern philosophies to an even wider readership.
Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I: Introduction. 1. Introduction. 2. Mill's Conception of Human Growth. Part II: Values. 3. Mill's Moral Philosophy. 4. On Liberty: Positive and Negative. Part III: Applications. 5. Liberty, Paternalism, and the Status of Children. 6. Colonialism, Civilization, and Progress. Part IV: Conclusions. 7. Mill's Ethic of Human Growth: Criticism and Evaluation. 8. Mill on Growth: Summary and Conclusions. Index.
This paper examines the origins of philosophical pragmatism in the USA in the second half of the 19th-century and its development and use up to the Second World War. The story is told through the lives and ideas of some of the main originators, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, Charles Saunders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. The core idea of pragmatism, that beliefs are guides to actions and should be judged against the outcomes rather than abstract principles, dominated American thinking during the period of economic and political growth from which the USA emerged as a world power. The paper suggests that the practical, commonsense, scientific approach embedded in pragmatism resonates with OR as practised and that much of pragmatism could be attractive to practitioners and academics alike.
Consumer behaviour, i.e. how the consumers allocate their income between different heads and how they decide how much to consume now and how much to save for the future, is a key topic in modern economic theory. The study of consumer behaviour has implications for macroeconomic policies. Many modern economic theories conclude that savings are essential for economic growth. The more people save in a country the more rapidly it will grow. With this background, modern economists conclude that the level of savings in an Islamic economy will be lower if people have to pay zakah on their savings. While presenting this argument, these modern economists consider zakah as a tax on savings that switches allocation of resources from savings (i.e. future consumption) to present consumption. Also, if we take part of the savings of the rich and give it to the poor, who will obviously consume it all, aggregate savings level in the economy, ceteris paribus, will naturally decline. The conclusion, therefore, follows that Islamisation of an economy as it will result in lesser savings will adversely affect its growth.
The present study was begun a number of years ago as the result of dissatisfaction with the accepted interpretations of Bentham's political thought, and in particular with the landmark criticisms by John Stuart Mill and Elie Halévy which set the tone for what one might call the standardised, textbook version. My dissatisfaction with that version, I soon discovered, was shared by others. Thus in my research and reflection I have benefited in many respects from the work of other Bentham scholars, even when I disagreed with their particular interpretations. A complete list of those whose work has been of use could not be culled from the bibliography of the present study since that, by necessity, has been kept selective. At the risk of failing to mention some who should be mentioned, I would cite, in particular, the works of C.W.Everett, C.K.Ogden, Mary Mack, David Baumgardt, H.L.A.Hart, David Manning, David Lyons, Bhikhu Parekh, Warren Roberts and J.H.Burns. © 1977 George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd. All rights reserved.
American political science recently has been concerned with the construction of general theories of the political system. The intent of this paper is to analyze a basic assumption of these recent theoretical efforts. These efforts are dominated by a particular idea of politics which may be called "the politics of interest." It is the vision of politics as an arena into which individual or group interests enter in some fashion to be dealt with by certain processes and transformed into outcomes, policies, or outputs. The paper examines this idea and its premises, describes the contribution which the idea of a "science of politics" makes to maintaining its dominance and indicates the limitations which it imposes on political science in general and on political theory in particular.
The third edition of Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas is a fully updated overview of the political economy and its connection with social concerns. This book investigates the main traditions of economic ideas and provides a 'big picture' overview of the analytical tools and value judgements associated with competing schools of economic thought. Political Economy features an engaging writing style which makes the complexities of contesting economic ideas - such as classical political economy and Marxist economics, neoclassical economies and neo-liberalism - clear and accessible. This is essential reading for those students and teachers interested in broadening their understanding of conventional political economics, and considering the coherent and constructive alternatives.
Au-dela du modele de l'interet personnel, l'A. etudie les raisons de la cooperation sociale au sein des groupes humains. Examinant les strategies de la theorie du choix rationnel, de la theorie evolutionniste et de la theorie de la rationalite sociale, l'A. defend l'idee de la complementarite de l'homo economicus et de l'homo sociologicus.
In this article, following an assumption that individualism and collectivism are separate factors, we have further established that three central components of individualism can be distinguished. In the first part of the article we examined whether the three proposed components of individualism—autonomy, mature self-responsibility, and uniqueness—can be distinguished from each other in one cultural context, Estonia. A new scale was developed to measure the three aspects of individualism which demonstrated both the reasonable internal-consistency reliability as well as convergent and divergent validity with several other measures of individualism and collectivism and related constructs. In the second part of the article we studied whether individualism generalizes across specific contexts or domains of social relationships, namely, across relations with family and close others; friends and peers; state and nation. The results of the three-mode principal component analysis showed that the individualistic tendencies of the respondents did not differ much while measured toward the three types of social relation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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