New records of myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) from Colombia

Abstract

Colombia is located in one the megadiverse regions of the world. However, the number of known species of myxomycetes for this territory is low when compared to similar countries in the same region. The most important reason for such pattern is the systematic undersampling of ecosystems in that part of the world. For that reason, efforts to document the myxobiota of Colombia were set in place as part of collaborative initiatives among academic institutions in the region. Surveys focusing both on field collections and material for moist chamber cultures during the period between 2019-2021 as well as a search of vouchers in recognized herbaria yielded a total of 28 new records of myxomycetes for Colombia, most of which belong to the genera Arcyria, Physarum and Stemonitopsis. These results have increased the number of recognized myxomycetes in Colombian territories from 106 to 134, with an associated increment of about 26% directly related to the latest efforts. Similar surveys in different ecosystems in Colombia and more exploration of Colombian collections will likely increase the number of recognized species of myxomycetes even more, but the present study highlights the importance of establishing a baseline of research in one territory as a strategy to document its biota.

Full text

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New records of myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) from
Colombia
Carlos Rojas1, María Carolina García-Chaves2
1Department of Biosystems Engineering and Engineering Research Institute,
University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501-Costa Rica
2School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
*Corresponding author: carlos.rojasalvarado@ucr.acr.cr; mcarolina.garcia@udea.edu.co
| Received: 18 April 2022 | Accepted: 02 July 2022| Published Online: 04 July 2022|
How to cite: Rojas C, García-Chaves MC. 2022. New records of myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) from Colombia. J
New Biol Rep 11 (1): 10 – 15.
ABSTRACT
Colombia is located in one the megadiverse regions of the world. However, the number of known species of
myxomycetes for this territory is low when compared to similar countries in the same region. The most important
reason for such pattern is the systematic undersampling of ecosystems in that part of the world. For that reason,
efforts to document the myxobiota of Colombia were set in place as part of collaborative initiatives among
academic institutions in the region. Surveys focusing both on field collections and material for moist chamber
cultures during the period between 2019-2021 as well as a search of vouchers in recognized herbaria yielded a
total of 28 new records of myxomycetes for Colombia, most of which belong to the genera Arcyria, Physarum
and Stemonitopsis. These results have increased the number of recognized myxomycetes in Colombian territories
from 106 to 134, with an associated increment of about 26% directly related to the latest efforts. Similar surveys
in different ecosystems in Colombia and more exploration of Colombian collections will likely increase the
number of recognized species of myxomycetes even more, but the present study highlights the importance of
establishing a baseline of research in one territory as a strategy to document its biota.
Key words: myxogastrids, northern Andes, South America, slime molds.
INTRODUCTION
Colombia is a megadiverse country (Arbeláez-Cortés
2013). The variety of conditions for the establishment
of life in this part of the world allow for a wide diversity
of life strategies to coexist in this territory. High
biodiversity values have been commonly associated
with Colombian territories (Brummitt & Nic Lughadha
2003), even though most of these quantifications are
based on macroscopic forms that do not represent the
most species-rich groups. In this manner, microbial
diversity in Colombia, in a similar manner to other
countries (Wilson et al. 2007), has not been
documented with the same effort and intensity as more
popular groups of organisms.
In addition, the high load of paperwork and
general bureaucracy to conduct biodiversity research in
Colombia has been a recent impediment to generate
updated figures associated with many taxonomic
groups (Fernández 2011). In fact, it is acknowledged
that for the same contextual reasons the genomic
diversity associated with life forms in Colombia is
currently more incomplete than comparable data from
other Latin America countries (Noreña-P et al. 2018).
These limitations do not facilitate research on
microorganisms that do not have commercial or
applied value and have consequences on the
understanding of global microbial ecology (Gibbons &
Gilbert 2015).
Myxomycetes, a group of fruiting amoebae
found worldwide in association with decayed plant
parts (Keller et al. 2021) has been timidly studied in
Colombia. For instance, G.W. Martin mentioned only
34 species almost 90 years ago (Martin 1934), and M.
L. Farr (1976) updated such figure, 42 years later, to 57
species. In his review of Colombian myxomycetes,
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Uribe-Meléndez (1995) increased the number up to 96
species and some years later Rojas et al. (2012)
provided a total value of 108 species. The last
publication, ten years ago, represents the most updated
reference to the biodiversity of myxomycetes in
Colombia. However, the value provided therein is still
today – using the words of G W. Martin in the 1930s –
“absurdly incomplete for so large a country with such
varied topography and climate”. For comparison, Costa
Rica, 22 times smaller than Colombia has 242 species
of myxomycetes reported (Lado & Rojas 2018).
Colombia must have a larger myxobiota and
even the most recent values of myxomycete
biodiversity are certainly the product of
undersampling. Similar to the case of other groups of
organisms, it has been difficult for both local and
foreign researchers to conduct biodiversity research in
Colombia in recent decades (Clerici et al. 2016). For
that reason, results from any efforts to do so should be
properly documented. The present study has been
carried out as part of explorations to document
ecological patterns of myxomycetes in urban areas
across the Neotropics and its objective is to
communicate a series of previously unrecorded species
of myxomycetes for Colombian territory. Such
information, in the context of similar regional data,
increases the robustness of analyses and interpretations
on microbial diversity, ecology and distribution.
MATERALS AND METHODS
To alleviate the disparity of available information on
myxomycetes between Mesoamerica and the Tropical
Andes biodiversity hotspot regions, a collaborative
effort was established in 2019. As part of this effort, a
series of surveys to document myxomycetes were
established in a) Cartagena, b) The Metropolitan Area
of the Aburrá Valley and c) the region West of the
Aburrá Valley within the Department of Antioquia.
Cartagena, in the northern Caribbean, is located
within a region of tropical dry forests, at just 2 m of
elevation, with an average yearly temperature of 27°C
and an annual precipitation of about 1100 liters per
square meter. In contrast, the other two studied areas
are located in the central Andes, between 500-1500 m
in elevation, and represent premontane moist forests
with an average yearly temperature of 21°C and an
annual precipitation of about 1700 liters per square
meter.
In all surveys, dead plant material was collected
and used to set up moist chamber cultures in the
manner described by Stephenson & Stempen (1994).
With this protocol, the collected material was placed in
petri dishes previously lined with filter paper and
abundant water was added in order to stimulate
myxomycete propagules. After 24 h, water was
discarded, pH was measured, and the culture was
examined during a period of approximately two
months.
When either plasmodia or fruiting bodies of
myxomycetes were observed, they were recorded and
in the case of the last ones, they were extracted with
fine forceps and glued to pasteboard boxes for
scientific storage. In the Metropolitan Area of the
Aburrá Valley, field collections were also obtained in
the Campus of the University of Antioquia. All
specimens were identified with appropriate
monographs (e.g., Martin & Alexopoulos 1969,
Poulain et al. 2011) using basic microscopical
techniques, and deposited in the Myxogastrid
Biorepository of the University of Costa Rica and the
HUA herbaria from the University of Antioquia. The
nomenclature used was that of Lado (2005-2022).
In addition to the surveys, deposited vouchers
and confirmed observations of myxomycetes from
Colombia in either recognized herbaria or repositories
in the United States were examined via the Mycology
Collections Portal (MyCoPortal 2022). When
myxomycetes from Colombia were found, collections
were checked for inconsistencies (e.g., doubtful
identifications, wrong geolocation) and only records
with fully valid information and confirmatory images
were used to complement the survey efforts.
The list of new records for Colombia provided
herein contains the month of collection, the
approximate locality and the substrate upon which the
specimen was found. The collection number assigned
to the deposited vouchers and institutional secondary
numbers in the case of unreported species in American
herbaria are provided as well. For all the latter, the Ro
acronym is from the Myxogastrid Biorepository at the
University of Costa Rica, BPI is from the US National
Fungus Collections, NYBG from the New York
Botanical Garden, ILLS from the Illinois Natural
History Survey Herbarium and MUOB from the
Mushroom Observer Repository (Wood 2008). In all
cases, the known distribution of the species in
neighboring countries was provided.
RESULTS
A total of 28 species of myxomycetes that had not been
previously communicated for Colombia were recorded
during the surveys. That result brought the total number
of myxomycetes in Colombian territories to 134. The
genus Ceratiomyxa, a sister group to the myxomycetes
and considered in all previous reports, was excluded in
these calculations. Those 28 new species for Colombia
represented an increment of 26.4% with respect to the
last published value of 106 (108 considering the two
Ceratiomyxa species).
In this manner, the ratio of species to genera
(known in the myxomycete literature as the taxonomic
diversity index) changed from 4.07 to 4.62 implying
that the currently documented intrageneric diversity
increased. Of the 134 species, 42 were associated with
the phylogenetically stable “bright-spored clade” and
92 species belonged to the “dark-spored clade” and the
number of new species within each group represented

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Fig. 1. Diderma acanthosporum Ro-9953, A. Spores under transmitted light – scale bar=20 m, B. General
appearance – scale bar = 1 mm. C. Sporocarp of Paradiacheopsis solitaria Ro-9611 under transmitted light –
scale bar=100 m. D. Sporocarps of Physarum decipiens Ro- 9816 – scale bar=1 mm. E. Sporocarps of
Badhamia melanospora Ro- 9748 – scale bar=1 mm.
about 23% in the former and 19% in the latter implying
that species in the bright spore group were recorded at
a higher rate during the present effort.
From the newly communicated species for
Colombia, the most common genera were Physarum,
Arcyria and Stemonitopsis, with six, four and three
species, respectively. The genera Metatrichia and
Paradiacheopsis were communicated for the first time
in Colombia. Of the records observed in the surveys, 6
were associated exclusively with ground litter, 5 with
twigs and 4 with bark. Eight records were observed in
more than one substrate.
List of new records of myxomycetes for Colombia:
1. Arcyria afroalpina Rammeloo – March 2022, from
the region West of the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia,
Colombia. On ground litter. Ro-9770, 9898, 9989,
10003 and 10033. Known from Panama and Costa
Rica.
2. Arcyria magna Rex – March 2022, from the region
West of the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia, Colombia.
On twigs. Ro-9906. Known from Panama and
Costa Rica.
3. Arcyria minuta Buchet – April 2019, from Campus
of the University of Antioquia, Medellín,
Antioquia, Colombia. On ground litter. Ro-10049
(Deposited in HUA). Known from Panama and
Costa Rica.
4. Arcyria occidentalis (T. Macbr.) G. Lister – March
2022, from the region West of the Aburrá Valley,
Antioquia, Colombia. On twigs. Ro-10016. Known
from Mexico.
5. Badhamia melanospora Speg. – March 2022, from
the region West of the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia,
Colombia. On both ground litter and twigs. Ro-
9748, 9754, 9877 and 9995. Fig 1E. Known from
Panama, Ecuador and Costa Rica.
6. Badhamia populina Lister & G. Lister – July 1978,
from Sibundoy, between Pasto and Mocoa,
Putumayo, Colombia. On moss. KP Dumont 9581
(BPI 743914/NYBG 02678164). Known from
Chile.
7. Collaria arcyrionema (Rostaf.) Nann.-Bremek. ex
Lado – March 2022, from the region West of the
Aburrá Valley, Antioquia, Colombia. On ground
litter. Ro-9720. Known from Panama, Ecuador and
Costa Rica.
8. Collaria rubens (Lister) Nann.-Bremek. – March
2022, from Medellín. Antioquia, Colombia. On
bark of living trees. Ro-9612, 9630. Known from
Costa Rica.
9. Comatricha nigra (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) J. Schröt. –
March 2022, from both the region West of the
Aburrá Valley and Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
On ground litter, twigs and bark of living trees. Ro-
9565, 9568, 9571, 9631, 9650, 9651, 9653, 9654,
9684, 9711, 9717, 9722, 9728, 9730, 9733, 9738,
9741, 9743, 9765, 9771, 9775, 9778, 9780, 9786,
9790, 9795, 9796, 9811, 9854, 9897, 9925, 9931,
9933, 9942, 10030 and 10044. Known from
Panama, Ecuador and Costa Rica.
10. Cribraria violacea Rex – March 2022, from both
the region West of the Aburrá Valley and Medellín,
Antioquia, Colombia. On ground litter, twigs and
bark of living trees. Ro- 9575, 9657, 9660, 9667,

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9815, 9846, 9945, 9959, 9961, 9971 and 9998.
Known from Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela and
Costa Rica.
11. Diderma acanthosporum Estrada & Lado – March
2022, from the region West of the Aburrá Valley,
Antioquia, Colombia. On ground litter. Ro-9953
and 9955. Figs. 1A and 1B. Known from Mexico.
12. Diderma deplanatum Fr. – January 1976, from the
Bogotá-Villavicencio Road, via Cáqueza,
Cundinamarca, Colombia. On bamboo. K.P:
Dumont 2215 (ILLS 50343). Known from Costa
Rica.
13. Fuligo septica (L.) F.H. Wigg. – July 2015, from
Valle del Cauca, Calí, Colombia. On decayed
wood. MUOB 170497, 208496, 210650, 218267
and 224909. Known from Known from Panama,
Ecuador, Venezuela and Costa Rica.
14. Macbrideola scintillans H.C. Gilbert – March
2022, from the region West of the Aburrá Valley,
Antioquia, Colombia. On twigs. Ro-9912. Known
from Costa Rica.
15. Paradiacheopsis solitaria (Nann.-Bremek.) Nann.-
Bremek. – March 2022, from Medellín. Antioquia,
Colombia. On bark of living trees. Ro-9611. Fig.
1C. Known from Costa Rica.
16. Perichaena corticalis (Batsch) Rostaf. – March
2022, from the region West of the Aburrá Valley,
Antioquia, Colombia. On both ground litter and
twigs. Ro-9687, 9692, 9696, 9701, 9707, 9807,
9825, 9850, 9984, 9994, 10011, 10020, 10032 and
10042. Known from Panama, Ecuador and Costa
Rica.
17. Perichaena vermicularis (Schwein.) Rostaf. –
March 2022, from the region West of the Aburrá
Valley, Antioquia, Colombia. On both ground litter
and twigs. Ro-9681, 9708, 9826 and 9966. Known
from Panama, Ecuador and Costa Rica.
18. Physarum decipiens M.A. Curtis – March 2022,
from the region West of the Aburrá Valley,
Antioquia, Colombia. On twigs. Ro- 9816, 9821,
9828, 9835, 9838, 9841, 9845, 9851 and 9957.
Figure 1D. Known Costa Rica.
19. Physarum crateriforme Petch – from both the
region West of the Aburrá Valley and Medellín,
Antioquia, Colombia. On both ground litter and
bark of living trees. Ro-9608. Known from Ecuador
and Costa Rica.
20. Physarum nudum T. Macbr. – March 2022, from
the region West of the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia,
Colombia. On both ground litter and twigs. Ro-
9856 and 9874. Known from Belize.
21. Physarum polycephalum Schwein. – March 2022,
from Medellín. Antioquia, Colombia. On bark of
living trees. Ro-9606. Known from Costa Rica.
22. Physarum serpula Morgan – April 2019, from
Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia. On ground litter.
Field observation. No voucher collected. Known
from Panama, Ecuador and Costa Rica.
23. Physarum virescens Ditmar – March 2022, from
the region West of the Aburrá Valley, Antioquia,
Colombia. On ground litter. Ro-9891 and 10001.
Known from Venezuela and Costa Rica.
24. Stemonitopsis aequalis (Peck) Y. Yamam. – March
2022, from both the region West of the Aburrá
Valley and Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia. On
ground litter, twigs and bark of living trees. Ro-
9578, 9581, 9585, 9607, 9626, 9633, 9669, 9833,
9844, 9852, 9921 and 9937. Known from Panama
and Costa Rica.
25. Stemonitopsis hyperopta (Meyl.) Nann.-Bremek. –
March 2022, from both the region West of the
Aburrá Valley and Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
On both twigs and bark of living trees. Ro-9587,
9589, 9670, 9682, 9820 and 9911. Known from
Panama and Costa Rica.
26. Stemonitopsis subcaespitosa (Peck) Nann.-
Bremek. – March 2022, from Medellín. Antioquia,
Colombia. On bark of living trees. Ro-9583.
Known from Costa Rica.
27. Tubifera corymbosa Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.
Stephenson & L.M. Walker – April 2019, from
Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia. On decayed
wood. MUOB 365522. Known from Costa Rica.
28. Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) J.F. Gmel. – October
2012, from Valle del Cauca, Calí, Colombia. On
decayed wood. MUOB 164907 and 184364.
Known from Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica.
DISCUSSION
Most of the species documented herein are common in
the Neotropics. Eleven of them are known from more
than 10 countries in the region (Lado & Wrigley de
Basanta 2008, Rojas et al. 2018) and with the exception
of Arcyria occidentalis, Diderma acanthosporum,
Badhamia populina, and Physarum nudum, the rest of
the species have been documented in Costa Rica, a very
well-studied territory (Rojas et al. 2018). Of these
exceptions, the first two have been documented in
Mexico (Lado & Wrigley de Basanta 2008, Rojas et al.
2010), the third one is known from Chile and Bolivia
and the last one has been recorded in Belize (Lado &
Wrigley de Basanta 2008). These results simply point
out that all species have been previously
communicated in the Neotropics and that their presence
in Colombia is not extraordinary but expected.
To the best of our knowledge, the surveys where
these new records for Colombia were observed have
been the most intense recent assessments of
myxomycete diversity in that country. Interestingly,
more unrecorded species were expected from the
tropical dry forests of Cartagena based on previous
research in other neotropical areas (Estrada-Torres et
al. 2009). It is possible that a number of small forms in
such genera as Echinostelium, Licea or Macbrideola
were undetected due to the untrained eyes of the
students that examined the moist chamber cultures.
However, the presence of Physarum serpula in
Colombian dry forests highlights its occurrence in arid

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14
environments as observed in distributional data from
other parts of the Neotropics (Rojas et al. 2018).
The premontane forests of the general area
associated with the Aburrá Valley (within and
neighboring lands) provide adequate conditions for the
establishment and reproduction of myxomycetes. The
surveys that generated the information presented herein
only focused on such substrates as ground litter, twigs
and bark. However, previous investigations in similar
areas have demonstrated different assemblages of
myxomycetes in association with lianas, aerial litter
and inflorescences (Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008,
Schnittler & Stephenson 2002). In this manner, it is
very likely that the number of species known to the
tropical Colombian Andes landscape will increase as
more specific surveys are implemented in the future. In
the work of Lado & Wrigley de Basanta (2008), they
showed very clearly that the number of known species
of myxomycetes for different territories in the
Neotropics is highly associated with the number of
publications for those jurisdictions, a proxy for survey
effort (r=0.88, r2=0.78).
Moreover, given the variety of conditions in
Colombia, a series of future surveys in unexplored
areas such as highlands, the coastal areas of the Pacific
Coast, the eastern plains and the Amazonian forests
will inevitably increase the number of known
myxomycetes in this part of the world. Such experience
has been the norm in other previously unexplored
regions in South America such as Chile and Peru (Lado
et al. 2013, Lado et al. 2016). However, given the
strategic geographical location of Colombia it is
possible that new species of myxomycetes for science
can be discovered in those campaigns. For instance, in
a high-intensity survey in specific locations in Brazil,
Costa Rica and Panama, Walker et al. (2019)
discovered that a form of stalked Perichaena common
to Neotropical forests did not quite correspond to the
known P. pedata and instead was a different species
with a similar morphology.
Finally, the presence of online platforms for
accessing information on historical biological
collections, not available few years ago, has increased
the potential of addressing issues related to biodiversity
in a different manner than ever before (Monfils et al.
2017). For instance, in the work of Rojas et al. (2012)
authors checked for myxomycete collections from
Colombia in the herbarium of the United States
National Fungus Collection (BPI) but were unaware at
that time of the records included herein and of the other
records at the New York Botanical Garden and the
Illinois Natural History Survey Herbarium. The
Mushroom Observer platform was in a very early stage
at that time. All these resources allow researchers to
synthesize information more properly, at the local or
regional levels, and promote higher quality feedback
for decision-makers in the fields of conservation and
natural resources management. Ultimately, studying
nature provides information that should be used for
humanity to determine a more responsible future path
and efforts to document biodiversity, like the one
presented herein, have been conceived with such goal
in mind.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was partially financed by a research grant
from University of Costa Rica (Vicerrectoría de
Investigación 731-B7-721) and was finalized under the
scope of an international agreement between the two
institutions represented by the authors. The material
was legally obtained using the collecting license
granted by Resolución 0524 from the National
Authority of Environmental Licenses in Colombia
(ANLA). We would like to thank Esperanza Franco-
Molano and Pedro Rojas for their support during the
different activities that derived in the generation of the
information presented herein.
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