CURRENT ENGLISH WORDS IN THE NEW WORLD
Abstract
Being a means of communication and a system of systems, language is an inseparable part of human society, through which civilization has been possible. It is human, so it differs from animal communication because it is productive, creative, social, non-instinctive, and conventional. Its productivity and creativity lie within the fact that the structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances, which neither the speaker nor the hearers may ever have made or heard before, but both can understand easily. This is in line with the needs of society, which denotes the language’s aspect of being social. Morever, It is a mutual possession of a social group that lets its members interact and cooperate with each other. The evolving needs of a social group do also make the language, a living entity, evolve and change in accord. Also, not any language was created in a matter of days, but a language is the outcome of evolution and convention. Each generation of humankind transmits this convention on to the next. Therefore, as is the case with all human things, languages also change, grow, expand, or die. Language is an ever-changing, alive, social entity that grows and expands in accordance with the society that it belongs to. So, if new circumstances, situations, happenings, events, or even the littlest of all things are presented to that particular social group, language must have a way of describing it for the members of the group to comprehensively interact with one another. By the way, this social group that we are speaking of does not have to be as wide as a country or a nationality let’s say. It can be as narrow as you and your friend, a friend group, or your family. In this presentation, this change will be examined and the participants will learn about some of the new words added into dictionaries of the English language over the last 5 years.
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The analysis of main approaches to determining essence of health-improving tourism in works of national scientists and researchers is presented. The conclusions are made that the most widespread classification of health-improving tourism is its division into medical and health-improving tourism. The medical tourism includes such its types as medical and sanatorium-health resort, and health-improving tourism covers balneologic, SPA-tourism, Wellness-tourism. The difference between medical and health-improving tourism is determined in order to regulate received services. The author's structure of medical and health-improving services, types of tourism and specialized organizations is developed. The analysis of supply and demand for health-improving tourism in 2014-2020 is presented. The main trends of development of health-improving segment in context of such its directions as increasing of SPA and Wellness industry, development of medical tourism, increasing of return on health tourism are formulated. The factors constraining development and reducing competitiveness of health-improving tourism in Russia are identified and structured.
Using individual data from over 400 surveys, this paper compiles a global database of intergenerational mobility in education for 153 countries covering 97 percent of the world’s population. For 87 percent of the world’s population, it provides trends in intergenerational mobility for individuals born between 1950 to 1989. The findings show that absolute mobility in education—the share of
respondents that obtains higher levels of education than their parents—is higher in the developed world despite the higher levels of parental educational attainment. Relative mobility—measuring the degree of independence between parent and child years of schooling—is also found to be greater in the developed world. Together, these findings
point to severe challenges in intergenerational mobility in the poorest parts of the world. Beyond national income levels, the paper explores the correlation between intergenerational mobility and a variety of country characteristics. Countries with higher rates of mobility have (i) higher tax revenues and rates of government expenditures, especially
on education; (ii) better child health indicators (less stunting and lower infant mortality); (iii) higher school quality (more teachers per pupil and fewer school dropouts); and (iv) less residential segregation.
Introduction
Social mobility is considered as an important indicator of the economic development of a country. However, it varies widely across geographical regions and social groups in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper intends to evaluate the intergenerational mobility in Bangladesh across generations.
Methods and materials
This paper considers a nationally representative sample survey of 8,403 respondents (rural:5,436 and urban: 2,967). The male and female respondents aged 23 years and above were included in the sample. The education attainment of a son or daughter as compared to their father’s education level was considered as the measure of intergenerational mobility. Transition probability matrix and different social mobility indices were used to find out the inter-generational education mobility in Bangladesh.
Results
The findings reveal that approximately three-fourth (74.5%) of the respondents attained formal education, while more than half (58.3%) of the respondents’ father was illiterate. The educational status of the respondents and their father who lived in urban areas was relatively better than who lived in rural areas. It is also observed that 91.2%
and 81.6% of the intergenerational class movement was upward among sons and daughters respectively. The probability of a higher educated father will have a higher educated child is higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Bangladesh. The intergenerational mobility is higher in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary educational levels, though the illiterate and higher education levels are the least mobile classes. In addition, the limiting probabilities reveal that the chance of sending sons to schools by an illiterate father is less as compared to their daughters. Such difference is more obvious in the urban areas, i.e., it is highly likely that sons of the illiterate father
are also illiterate.
Conclusion
Bangladesh has been progressing remarkably in recent years. To keep the pace of the ongoing economic development in the country, it is necessary to give more attention to the illiterate people especially the girls who live in rural areas. The authors anticipate that the
findings will be helpful for the policymakers as the relationship between inequality and inter-
generational mobility is vital for several aspects of the economic development of a country.
In conventional blasting when explosive is detonated, it releases huge amount of effective and non-effective energies that can produce gas and shock accompanied by light, heat, sound and pressure. The effective energy can act as a useful tool in breaking rock for mining and construction purposes. However, the non-effective energy can cause disastrous effects and huge destruction to human lives and the surrounding environments. The most common safety concerns and undesirable side-effects include ground vibrations, flyrock, noise, premature explosion and air/dust pollution. However, they can be well-controlled with proper blast design using precise delay timing, direction of throw, distribution of explosives inside the blastholes and selection of explosives in close matching with the characteristics impedance of rock, etc. in order to meet safety and environmental needs at a minimum operating cost with optimum utilisation of rock deposits. It is established that explosive utilisation can be reduced using airdecks at strategic locations of the blastholes and 30% or even more effective cast ratio (ECR) is possible in specific cases of dragline and shovel-dumper faces. In case of clean coal extraction from a coal seam having thin partings of 0.5 to 1.2 m, segregation blasting has shown to be an effective tool wherein the concept of projectiles of the blasted materials depended on energy utilisation at different rock layers of varying densities. The method of induced blasting, may it be from surface or underground, has become a proven approach during depillaring operations in blasting gallery, longwall mining and mechanised mining with continuous miners. It needs perfect design and optimum consumption of explosives from safety standpoints. All these emerging technologies have arisen as a result of intense field experiments carried out by the global researchers. It is therefore felt necessary to give a brief account of such technologies to partially fulfil the commitments posed by the mining professionals for safe extraction of coal and minerals under constrained conditions.
In underground mining of valuable non-metallic raw materials, non-ferrous and precious metal ores, the problem of overgrinding of raw materials as a result of blasting operations is quite acute. For ores of nonferrous and precious metals, represented by strong rocks, the effect of increased concentration of ore minerals in small classes of ore is characteristic. Due to the process of segregation of the mass in ore drawing, small fractions accumulate in significant quantities on the lying side of the mine goaf and on the roughness of its surface. Such ore is often simply lost. It is rational to create conditions for reducing the yield of small fractions already at the stage of separating the ore from the array. Therefore, the development of technological methods for managing the quality of mining enterprise products and methods for improving the completeness of extracting mineral reserves is an urgent scientific and technical task. To solve this problem, a number of model and full-scale experiments were conducted to identify the dependence of the nature of destruction on the method and parameters of blasting, followed by statistical evaluation of the results. The principles of determining the parameters of the technology for breaking valuable ores that are prone to overgrinding are established.
Adaptive learning systems personalize instruction to students’ individual learning needs and abilities. Such systems have shown positive impacts on learning. Many schools in the United States have adopted adaptive learning systems, and the rate of adoption in China is accelerating, reaching almost 2 million unique users for one product alone in the past 3 years. Given such rapid adoption in China, it is useful to examine the efficacy of adaptive learning within that country’s educational system. This study aimed to compare the learning impacts of individualized adaptive learning courseware to two common instructional approaches in China: large-group and small-group classroom instruction. This paper describes the results of two efficacy studies of one of China’s first adaptive learning systems, Squirrel AI Learning. One study compares classroom-based individualized adaptive learning instruction to large-group instruction, and another to small-group instruction. Chinese eighth-grade students from two provinces randomly assigned to use Squirrel AI Learning showed greater gains on a mathematics test than those randomly assigned to whole-class or small-group instruction led by expert teachers. Findings provide a basis for further research into the selection, use, and impact of adaptive learning systems in Chinese education.
Respiratory viruses are real menace for human health which result in devastating epidemic disease. Consequently, it is in urgent need of identifying and quantifying virus with a rapid, sensitive and precise approach. The study of electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection has become one of the most rapidly developing scientific fields. Recent developments in electrochemical biosensors concerning respiratory virus detection are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. This review is structured along common detecting objects of respiratory viruses, electrochemical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection and future challengesThe electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection are introduced, including nucleic acids-based, immunosensors and other affinity biosensors. Lastly, for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, the future challenges regarding developing electrochemical biosensor-based Point-of-Care Tests (POCTs) are summarized. This review is expected to provide a helpful guide for the researchers entering this interdisciplinary field and developing more novel electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection.
Cambridge Core - Historical Linguistics - The Cambridge History of the English Language - edited by Suzanne Romaine