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Mineralia Slovaca, Web ISSN 1338-3523, ISSN 0369-2086, https://doi.org/10.56623/ms.2022.54.1.5
54, 1 (2022), 69 – 80, © Authors 2022. CC BY 4.0
69
Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits
in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
HUYNH PHU1, LE CANH TUAN2*, NGUYEN LY NGOC THAO1and3
1 HUTECH University; 475A Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
h.phu@hutech.edu.vn; nln.thao@hutech.edu.vn
2 Hanoi University of Natural Resources & Environment; 41A Phu Dien Street, Ward Phuc Dien,
Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi City, Vietnam; lctuan@hunre.edu.vn
3 Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources & Environment; 236B Le Van Sy Street, Ward 1,
Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; htnhan_ctn@hcmunre.edu.vn
* Correspondence: lctuan@hunre.edu.vn; Tel.: +84-983806463
Abstract: The groundwater quality of Tay Ninh province was studied applying monitoring of 24 wells from 2016
to 2019. Based on this research there were determined 8 sites with very bad water quality, mostly due to the low pH
index, high iron and ammonium contents. The remaining 16 wells preserve very good water quality. To determine
the relationship between groundwater quality and peat deposits, the authors studied the map of these deposits in
Tay Ninh province and compared it with monitoring points. The results show source of pollution mainly related to
peat deposits and human activity. Due to the sustainable development, Tay Ninh province needs planning and the
reasonable exploitation of the groundwater in the next 30–50 years, as well as the water resources partition and
their management in each district.
Key words: groundwater, groundwater protection, Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI), Tay Ninh Province
1 Introduction
The study area in Tay Ninh province is located in
Southwest Vietnam in polygon approximately between
shown in Fig. 1. Water here is extremely important for
sustainable development, people’s lives and health, so
the water demand increases day by day. To guarantee the
quality is extremely necessary. The authors have studied
groundwater quality in Tay Ninh Province from 2016 to
2019. Their aim was the determination the relationship
between groundwater quality and mineral extraction (peat
extraction in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam). The analyses
results of water samples were evaluated on the basis of
drinking water standard of Vietnam Ministry of Health
and handled by Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI). The
conclusions of the authors about the water quality serve to
Sustainable Development on Water Resources in Tay Ninh
Province.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Sampling collection methods
The material presented in article is a result of
groundwater research in Tay Ninh province from 2016
to 2019. Collected material was processed applying
standard methodology and the referred literature aiming
beds, determination of groundwater reserves and factors
Dinh, 1992; Dung, 2005; Hoa et al., 1992; Hung, 1999;
Institute of Environmental Technology Promotion and
Water Resources Phu My, 2019; Mary & William, 1992;
Vietnam Environment Administration, 2011; Vietnam
Environment Administration, 2010; Loke, 2015).
• The degraded groundwater quality in Tay Ninh pro-
vince, Vietnam, is related on the peat deposits and
the human activity.
• Location of monitoring sites was based on resistivity
rocks. Altogether 11 parameters were registe red in
monitoring sites.
Highlights
Graphical abstract
Mineralia Slovaca, 54, 1 (2022)
70
During study of ground-
water quality in Tay Ninh
province, the continuous
monitoring and sampling in
2016–2019 of 24 wells, ta-
king and analysing 72 sam-
ples was done (Tab. 1). The
sample analysis results were
compared with the indicators
of clean water quality accor-
ding to Vietnam standards
01-1: 2018 / MOH) (Tab. 2).
-
used the study methods as
described in following sub-
chapters.
Tab. 1
List of monitoring wells and number of samples.
N° Monitoring location Symbol Samples N° Monitoring location Symbol Samples
1 Thai Chanh Preschool – 125, 30/4, P2 N1 3 13 Mr. Le Thanh Truc, Go Dau town N13 3
2Mr. Dang Van Hoa, Giong Tre village,
Binh Minh commune N2 3 14 Ms. Nguyen Thi Thuong, Hoa Binh
N14 3
3Mr. Tran Van Sy, Tân Bình commune N3 3 15
Thanh Tay commune N15 3
4 Ms. Nguyen Thi Tam, Ben Cau town N4 3 16 Mr. Truong Cong Khuyen, Thanh Phu
village, Thanh Binh commune N16 3
5 N5 3 17 Mr. Bui Minh Dung, Tan Hiep commune N17 3
6 N6 3 18 Mr. Nguyen Van Hanh, Suoi Ngo
commune N18 3
7Ms. Luong Thi Thang, 313 – An Loc
village, An Co commune N7 3 19 Mr. Cu Thien Su, Suoi Day commune N19 3
8Phuoc Vinh Commune People´s
Committee N8 3 20 Ms. Truong Thi Sang, Hoa Thanh town N20 3
9 N9 3 21
commune N21 3
10 Mr. Trinh Van Tinh, Phuoc Minh commune N10 3 22 An Tinh commune clinic N22 3
11 Mr. Tran Van Niem, Duong Minh Chau
town N11 3 23 Phuoc Lam pagoda, Trang Bang town N23 3
12
commune N12 3 24 Mr. Nguyen Quang Trung, An Hòa
commune N24 3
Fig 1. The Tay Ninh province
located in the Southwest region
of Vietnam.
Phu, H. et al.: Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
71
2.2 Geophysical methods
The resistivity survey followed the methodology de-
veloped by Wenner (Loke, 2015, http://web.gps.caltech.
edu/classes/). The layout diagram of the multipolar Wen-
ner system, the order of measurement and recording of the
outdoor resistivity survey values are described in Figure 2.
The electrodes were evenly arranged along a straight line
with the initial distance (measurement step) of 20 m. Ex-
the left, to the right, or both sides), we obtained a sequence
of measured resistivity survey values along the study
route. The results allow to determine the aquifers.
We have designed 5 sub-parallel geophysics measu-
rement lines (Fig. 3). The geophysics measurement results
to results of geophysical measurements (Fig. 2B)
Fig. 2. The arrangement
of electrodes for a 2-D
electrical survey.
Fig. 2A. The results of geophysical measurement passing through the borehole N15.
Fig. 2B.
Mineralia Slovaca, 54, 1 (2022)
72
2.3 Methods of boreholes location and their moni-toring
The location of the boreholes was based on results of
geophysical methods. Besides we collected data about
of water outlet points, as well as oscillated water table.
Monitoring works in pits and boreholes, including pump
and suck water experiments, helped us to determine
relatively accurately the total amount of groundwater that
can be exploited in the entire study area. For Tay Ninh
Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection,
the groundwater exploits must ensure, the total amount of
the groundwater exploit is always less than or equal to the
amount of water replenished for groundwater, and can be
calculated by the following water balance equation:
Vkt ≤ 365 x 103 x S x R; R = kf x (I – ET – SR)
Where: R is the average amount of replenishment
groundwater/year,
Vkt is the total amount of exploitable groundwater, m3/
year,
kf = 0.7 ÷ 0.85
absorption by vegetation,
I is the average rainfall/year,
ET is the average evaporation/year,
SR
is determined from digital hydrological models (mm/
day). S is the acreage of the study area (km2).
Precipitation total I and evapotranspiration total ET data
are provided by national meteorological and hydrological
monitoring stations.
The water samples were taken from water for drinking
water sources such as wells, boreholes, located in Tay
Ninh province. Method of groundwater sampling was
done according to the guidance of Vietnamese standards:
6663-11: 2011 (ISO 5667-11: 1991) (Department of
Environmental Management – Ministry of Health, 2016;
Ministry of Health, 2009; Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment, 2015; National standards, 2011) (Tab. 2).
2.4 Sample analysis methods
Water samples were analysed for 11 criteria: pH, TDS,
Hardness, CaCO3, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Ammonia (N–NH4
+), Nitrate (N–NO3
–), Fe, Chloride, Pb,
Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria (Standards and
methods – Tab. 2).
Convenient Portable pH Meter for Wherever Work
Takes-ST300 (STARTER)
Measurement Range
0–100 °C; 0.00–14.00 pH; 0–1999 mV
Measurement Resolution:
0.1 °C; 0.01 pH; 1 mV
Accuracy:
± 0.5 °C; ± 1 mV; ± 0.01 pH
Samples were analysed at National Lab – Phumytech
(Tab. 2) (Ministry of Health, 2018; Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment, 2015).
Tab. 2
Parameter and Standard (Ministry of Health, 2009).
NoParameter Units Standard and methods Vietnamese standards
01-1: 2018/MOH
1 pH – TCVN 6492: 2011 6.0–8.5
2 TDS mg/L TCVN 9462: 2012 ASTM D5284-09 1 000
3 Hardness, CaCO3mg/L TCVN 6224: 1996 300
4 Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) mg/L SMEWW 5220C: 2012 2
5 Amoni (N–NH4
+) mg/L SMEWW 4500-NH3.B&F: 2012 0.3
6 Nitrate (N–NO3
–) mg/L SMEWW 4500-NO3
–.E: 2012 2
7 Fe mg/L SMEWW 3111B: 2012 0.3
8 Chloride mg/L TCVN 6194: 1996 0.2–1
9 Pb mg/L SMEWW 3113B: 2012 0.01
10 Escherichia coli CFU/100 ml SMEWW 9222G: 2012 < 1
11 Coliform bacteria CFU/100 ml TCVN 6187-2: 1996 < 3
Phu, H. et al.: Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
73
2.5 Assessment of groundwater quality with concern to
drinking water standards
The analysis results are compared with the allowable
limit according to Vietnamese standards 01-1: 2018/MOH,
regulated by the Ministry of Health on National Technical
Regulations on clean water quality used for domestic
purposes (Tab. 1) (Ministry of Health, 2009; Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment, 2015; National
standards, 2011). Besides, the locations of polluted wells
were compared by the authors with the locations of mineral
deposits to determine the nature of pollutant emission
sources (Figs. 2–3).
2.6 Method of assessing groundwater quality from
Groundwater Quality Index results
Based on the study Determination of Groundwater
Quality Index (GWQI) by Ahmad (2014), the assessment
2002; Mary & William, 1992; Ministry of Health, 2009;
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2015;
National standards, 2011).
Analytical methods: Water samplings were done
collected in rainy as well as dry seasons of years 2016, 2017
and 2018, using acid washed 0.5 liter polypropylene (PET)
bottles to avoid unpredictable changes in characteristic
of water according to standard procedures (APHA et
al., 1998).
Step 1: Monitoring groundwater quality with Parame-
ters (Tab. 2)
Step 2: Calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI –
Tab. 3)
Tab. 3
Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality (Chater-
Water Quality
Index Level
Water quality
status Grading
0–25 Excellent water
quality A
26–50 Good water quality B
51–75 Poor water quality C
76–100 Very poor water
quality D
> 100 Unsuitable for
drinking E
Fig. 3. Wells monitoring groundwater quality and location of polluted wells.
a) Calculation of Sub Index of Quality Ra-
ting (qn)
Let there be n water quality parameters,
where the quality rating or sub index (qn)
corresponding to the nth parameters is
these parameters in the polluted water
with respect to its standard permissible
value. The value of qn is calculated using
the following expression.
qn = 100 [Vn – Vio]/[Sn – Vio], (1)
Where qn – Quality rating for the nth water
quality parameters,
Vn – Measured value of the nth parameter at
a given sampling station,
Sn – Standard permissible value of the nth
parameters,
Vio – Ideal value of nth parameter in pure water.
b) Calculation of Quality Rating for pH
For pH the ideal value is 7.0 (for
natural water) and a permissible value
is 8.5 (for polluted water). Therefore, the
quality rating for pH is calculated from
the following relation:
Mineralia Slovaca, 54, 1 (2022)
74
qpH = 100 [(VpH – 7.0)/(8.5 – 7.0)], (2)
Where VpH = observed value of pH during the study
period.
The quality rating qn = 0 means complete absence of
pollutants,
Value 0 < qn < 100 implies that the pollutants are within
the prescribed standard.
Value qn >100 implies that the pollutants are above the
standards.
c) Calculation of Unit Weight (Wn)
Calculation of unit weight (Wn) for various water
quality parameters are inversely proportional
to the recommended standards value Sn of the
corresponding parameters.
Wn = K/Sn, (3)
Where Wn = Unit weight for the nth parameters,
Sn = Standard value for nth parameters.
K = Proportional constant, this value considered (1) here,
also can be calculate using the following equation:
K=1/Σ (1/Sn). (4)
The overall Water Quality Index was calculated
by aggregating the quality rating with the unit weight
linearly. If Water Quality Index (WQI) is less than 50
consumption. When WQI is between (51–80), water is
moderately polluted, WQI between (50–100) indicates
the excessively polluted and WQI above 100 severely
polluted water (Sinha et at., 2004).
(5)
WQI = ∑ qn Wn / ∑ Wn
n
n=1
n
n–1
3. Results
3.1 Aquifers
Research results show that Tay Ninh province has 7
aquifers (6 porous aquifers in Quaternary sediments, 1 in
et al., 1998; Cuong, 2005; Dung, 1999, 2001; Nghi, 2002;
Tay Ninh monitoring resources and environment Center,
2019; Tri, 2000; Tuan et al., 1998):
– Upper Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp3),
– Middle–Upper Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp2–3),
– Lower Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp1),
– Middle Pliocene porous aquifer (n2
2),
– Lower Pliocene porous aquifer (n2
1),
– Upper Miocene porous aquifer (n1
3),
–
In which, there are 5 porous aquifers: (qp2–3), (qp1),
(n2
2), (n2
1), and (n1
3) capable of large scale exploitation.
Porous aquifer (qp3) and fractured aquifers (ps-ms) meet
3.2 Position of boreholes
The location of boreholes was determined based on
Based on the geophysical results we have determined the
position and thickness of the aquifers. This result has been
3.3 Monitoring results and groundwater quality
At wells, the registered monitoring parameters repre-
sented the water level, pumped quality and targets for
the quality of groundwater. The information collected is
used to assess the status, change in amount, quality, and
other impacts to the groundwater source. The results of
groundwater quality analyses in Tay Ninh province are
shown in Tab. 5.
Tab. 4
Parameters of porous aquifers.
Aquifers Roof of the aquifer Wall of the aquifer Thickness
Upper Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp3) 0.0–22.0 m 5.0-46.0 m 4.3–27.0 m
Middle–Upper Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp2–3) 0.0–66.5 m 21.0–82.0 m 5.3–48.0 m
Lower Pleistocene porous aquifer (qp1) 13.0-92.0 m 31.5-121.0 m 13.5–50.0 m
Middle Pliocene porous aquifer (n2
2) 45.0–153 m 73.0–195.0 m 6.5–91.5 m
Lower Pliocene porous aquifer (n2
1) 79.5–207.0 m 120.0–243.5 m 17.5–99.5 m
Upper Miocene porous aquifer (n1
3) 143.5–237.0 m 160.0–302.0 m 16.5–68.0 m
Phu, H. et al.: Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
75
Tab. 5
Analyses results of groundwater samples expressed by the range of obtained values.
TT pH Ammonium
mg/L
Arsenic
mg/L
Chloride
mg/L
Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
COD mg/L
Fe mg/L TDS mg/L Total hardness
mgCaCO3/L
Coliforms
bacteria
CFU/100 ml
Escherichia
coli
CFU/100ml
N1 4.91–5.78 0.5–1.46 0 22.5–38.1 0–0.71 0–0.04 32.9–183 29.4–59.9 3–240 0–3
N2 4.75–5.83 ND ND ND 0–1.04 ND ND ND 3–240 ND
N3 4.33–5.69 0–0.79 ND 4.04–21.45 0–0.61 0– 0.26 25.3– 70.3 0.37–8.8 3–43 0–15
N4 5–5.96 0–0.2 0–0.005 5.2–45.5 ND 0–1.26 23.9–69.4 1.39–133 3 0–3
N5 4.2–5.63 ND ND ND 0–0.6 ND ND ND 2–93 ND
N6 4.81–5.61 0.17– 13.35 0–0.009 10.91–95.23 0–2.02 0–2.9 34.4–329 3.26–51.5 3–460 0–43
N7 5.09–6.01 ND 0–0.003 ND 0–1.3 ND ND ND 3–4 ND
N8 4.63–5.81 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3–23 ND
N9 5.06–6.53 0–0.3 ND ND 0–1.11 ND ND ND 3–110 ND
N10 4.76–6.46 0–0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND 3–9 ND
N11 4.82–5.89 0–0.1 ND ND 0–0.6 ND ND ND 3–240 ND
N12 5.2–5.88 0–0.04 ND 0–9.17 0–0.66 0–0.02 18.2–50 0–7.82 3–43 0–3
N13 4.59–5.71 0–0.4 ND ND 0–0.6 ND ND ND 0–460 ND
N14 5.01–6.51 ND ND ND 0–2.13 ND ND ND 0–240 ND
N15 4.15–5.71 ND ND ND 0–0.5 ND ND ND 3–43 ND
N16 4.15–5.61 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3 ND
N17 4.72–6.01 0–0.1 ND ND 0–0.7 ND ND ND 3 ND
N18 4.38–5.51 0.11–6.2 0 0–20.6 0–1.68 0–4.02 30–107.0 7.44–16.8 3 0–3
N19 4.59–5.62 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3 ND
N20 4.42–5.55 0.02–5.9 0 5.9–91,0 0–0.59 0–0.08 22–100.9 16.14–25.67 0–460 0–3
N21 4.15–5.28 0–0.14 ND ND ND ND ND ND 3–110 ND
N22 5.06–5.73 0–0.2 ND ND 0–1.0 ND ND ND 3 ND
N23 5.04–5.71 0–0.2 ND ND 0–0.6 ND ND ND 3 ND
N24 4.46–5.64 0–0.3 ND 7–76.4 ND 0–0.04 28–198 7.2–27.3 3 0–3
Note: ND (not detected) – the parameter has been not detected during analysis
(i) pH: According to the Ministry of Health standard, the pH value should be from 6.0 to 8.5. All monitoring groundwater
samples focused on pH concentration in Tay Ninh province are not responding to this standard. An acidic pH (pH < 6)
the ventilation level of the groundwater after exploiting, to eliminate CO2 in the water. When the pH is in accordance
with the allowable threshold, it can be used for domestic or drinking water.
(ii) Ammonium: The maximum allowable limit of the Ministry of Health for Ammonium is 0.3 mg/L. Ammonium
monitoring results of all groundwater samples throughout Tay Ninh province from 2016 to 2018 show that the areas
of Bencau district, Duongminhchau district, Tanbien district, Trangbang district are unpolluted. Tay Ninh City,
8.3 % to 58.3 % (rate of water samples for analysis and monitoring). The Tay Ninh city has the highest ammonium
contamination.
Mineralia Slovaca, 54, 1 (2022)
76
(iii) Arsenic: The maximum allowable limit of the
Ministry of Health for arsenic content is 0.01 mg/L.
The results of monitoring of the arsenic content of all
groundwater samples of Tay Ninh province from 2016
to 2018 showed that none of the samples was polluted
by arsenic.
(iv) Pb: According to Ministry of Health standards, Pb
content allowed in groundwater is 0.01 mg/L. The Pb
monitoring results of all groundwater samples of Tay
Ninh province from 2016 to 2018 showed that none of
the samples is polluted by Pb.
(v) Chloride: According to Ministry of Health standards,
dangerous chloride content is 300 mg/L. The results of
monitoring the chloride of all groundwater samples of
Tay Ninh province from 2016 to 2018 supplemented in
2019 showed that only Tan Bien district is unpolluted,
other areas of Tay Ninh province were polluted from
33.3 % to 66.6 %. In which, Tay Ninh city has the
highest pollution to 66.6 % (12/18 samples).
(vi) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The maximum
COD content is 2 mg/L (Standard of Vietnam 02:
2009/MOH). The results of monitoring the COD of all
groundwater samples of Tay Ninh province from 2016
to 2018 showed that groundwater samples from Chau
Thanh district and Tan Bien district are polluted by
5.5 %, all other areas of Tay Ninh province reached the
allowable threshold.
(vii) Fe: The maximum limit by the Ministry of Health
allows 0.3 mg/L. The results of monitoring the Fe of all
groundwater samples of Tay Ninh province from 2016
to 2018 showed that the groundwater samples from the
Chau Thanh district and Tanchau district are polluted
from 5.6 % to 22.2 %. The rest of the areas of Tay Ninh
province is unpolluted.
(viii) TDS: The maximum limit by the Ministry of Health
allows 1,000 mg/L; The results of monitoring the TDS
of all groundwater samples of Tay Ninh province
from 2016 to 2018 showed that 100 % of groundwater
samples from this province met the allowable limit for
TDS content.
(ix) Hardness: The maximum limit allowed by the
Ministry of Health is 300 mg/L. The hardness
monitoring results of all groundwater samples from
Tay Ninh province from 2016 to 2018 showed that
100 % of the groundwater samples from this province
met the allowable limit for hardness.
(x) Coliforms bacteria: The maximum limit allows by
the Ministry of Health is < 3 CFU/100 ml; The results
of monitoring the Coliform bacteria of all groundwater
samples of Tay Ninh province from 2016 to 2018
showed that Tayninh City, Bencau district, Chau Thanh
district, Duongminhchau district, Godau district,
8.3–55.5 %. In Tay Ninh City, the Coliform pollution
is the highest (56 %). Tanchau and Trangbang districts
are unpolluted by Coliforms.
(xi) Escherichia coli: The maximum limit allowed by
the Ministry of Health is < 1 CFU/100 ml; The E.
coli monitoring results from all groundwater samples
of Tay Ninh province from 2016 to 2018 show that
Tayninh City, Bencau district, Chau Thanh district,
Godau district, Tan Chau district, Hoatthanh district,
Tay Ninh city is the most damaged by E. coli (56 %).
Duongminhchau and Tanbien districts are unpolluted
by Escherichia coli. In Bencau district, Chau Thanh
district, Godau district, Tan Chau district, Hoatthanh
district, Trangbang district and Tay Ninh city the
Escherichia coli and Coliforms are increased due to
the characteristics of these districts having livestock
farms, but the treatment is not thorough, wastewater
The water sources are infected by microbes (Esche-
richia coli and Coliforms bacteria) due to the wastewater
seeping into the groundwater resources, by running water
from the ground into wells, or by less guaranteed water
storage hygiene. When the E.coli and Coliform groups of
-
nistry of Health, 2009; Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment, 2015; Phu & Phuong, 2019).
3.3 Evaluation of the qroundwater quality with Ground-
water Quality Index
Based on monitoring of 24 boreholes and groundwater
samples analyses results in the Tay Ninh province from
2016 to 2018 the authors calculated the GWQI values
applying formula (5) ((Tabs. 2 and 6). Obtained results
allow authors to conclude that the groundwater quality in
Ben Cau district and Trang Bang district reaches 100 %
of A “Very good” level. In Tayninh city, borehole N2 has
a GWQI of 819. In Chauthanh district, borehole N6 has
a GWQI of 267. In Duongminhchau district, borehole N9
has a GWQI of 3753. In the Godau district, borehole N13
has a GWQI of 159, in Hoathanh town, borehole N20 has
a GWQI of 106. These are areas where good groundwater
In general, groundwater quality in research areas
changed many times over time and space. Parameters
such as pH, ammonium ion, chloride, coliform bacteria,
Escherichia coli in some places have exceeded the allowed
values. This is a threat to the health of community. Besides,
of the mining industry and irresponsible behaviour of
people represent threats to the health of community and
environment.
Phu, H. et al.: Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
77
3.4 Some causes of aecting groundwater quality in Tay
Ninh province
3.4.1 Human causes
Currently, Tay Ninh’s population is about 1,171.7
statistical yearbook, 2019). The population increases every
year. The land of Tay Ninh province is a constant area (about
4,041 km2). During development with growing industrial
wells, when not in use, are left blank. The people should
wells will become path for potential contamination from the
surface to contaminate the groundwater. Moreover, people
pollute the environment by waste. Further contributing to
environmental pollution are livestock farms, enterprises of
mineral processing, as well as the animal feed processing.
Tab. 6
GWQI values.
Sampling
locations 2016 2017 2018 GWQI Area
N1 41 42 29 37
Tayninh city
N2 2 456 1 2 819
N3 15 24 7 15
N4 8 9 65 27
Bencau
district
N5 1 1 10 4
N6 294 230 275 267
Chauthanh
district
N7 1 1 29 10
N8 3 1 1 2
N9 11 256 1 1 3 753
Duongminhchau
district
N10 5 1 2 3
N11 247 1 1 83
N12 5 10 11 9
Godau district
N13 475 1 1 159
N14 1 247 10 86
Tanbien
district
N15 1 1 5 2
N16 1 1 1 1
N17 2 1 1 1
Tanchau
district
N18 105 87 38 76
N19 1 1 1 1
N20 142 149 26 106
Hoathanh town
N21 12 113 1 42
N22 4 1 1 2
Trangbang town
N23 3 1 1 2
N24 8 7 6 7
3.4.2 Groundwater quality aected by geological reasons
Most of the area of Tay Ninh province represents a delta
environment, being formed of Quaternary sediments.
The geological studies show that Quaternary sediments
1992; Tri, 2000; Tuan et al., 1998). The sedimentary facies
by lake facies and marshy facies, having a reducing
environment, closely related to the peat mines. Favourable
places to form sedimentary sequences of lake and marshy
facies are areas of subsidence in the past. There are 9 peat
mines in Tay Ninh province (Cuong, 2005). These peat
mines are distributed in alluvium and marshy sediments
along the Vam Co Dong valley and rivers of Chau Thanh
and Ben Cau districts. The peat beds have a thickness
of about 2.0 m. The peat mines are located there, being
monitored in points N2, N6, N9, N11, N13, N14, N18
geological environment, the authors have overlayed the
location of the wells on the map of mineral resources in
Tay Ninh province. All polluted wells are located nearby
Tay Ninh province (Figs. 3–4).
One of the environmental impacts of peat mining is
water pollution, the decrease in pH in peat is caused by
humic acids from organic matter rather than by dissolving
sulphate.
In addition, in Tay Ninh province, there are mineral
deposits such as kaolin clay, brick-tile clay and cement
limestone, building stone, limestone clay, pebble, gravel,
building sand, laterite and mineral water – hot water
environment of Tay Ninh province. However, in this
article we dominantly mention only peat.
The formation of sediment lake and marshy faces is
associated with the cycles of transgression and regression.
The areas with lake and marshy faces represent favourable
places for the accumulation of organic matter. Quaternary
monitoring wells being up to 87 m thick (Borehole
5-NB, Tan Thanh – Tan Chau). Boreholes located in
thick Quaternary sediments will contain also thick lake
and marshy faces. We have discovered, analysing the
Mineral map of Tay Ninh province, that the boreholes with
contaminated groundwater resources are located in areas
with marshy deposits. Besides, monitoring points N9,
N11, and N18 were polluted due to related deposit points
contain Ti and Fe.
Mineralia Slovaca, 54, 1 (2022)
78
4 Conclusions
Research results have determined that Tay Ninh pro-
super fresh water. Most groundwater has a low pH. In
many places, the content of iron, ammonium, coliforms
bacteria, Escherichia coli and high chemical oxygen
demand (COD) was recorded. In many places, the content
of iron, ammonium, permanganate, Coliforms, E.coli
exceeds the allowable threshold contents. In some places,
nitrate content is present in qp3 and qp2-3 aquifers with a
high content (> 10 mg/L). The three locations with nitrate
increased content are Long Thanh Trung, Long Thanh
Nam, and Hoa Thanh towns (the Hoa Thanh district).
Fig. 4. Map of mineral deposits in Tay Ninh province (DGMVN, 2006).
Phu, H. et al.: Relation of groundwater quality and peat deposits in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam
79
were id
building stone mine, containing high Ti and Fe contents.
Towards sustainable development on the water source, Tay
Ninh Province needs to do the following tasks:
To raise the Community Education and the respon-
sibility sense to environmental protection, espe-
as well as the commune (Ward).
Application of penalties for individuals and or-
-
tions behaving well in environmental protection.
If well system stops working, prevent descending
pollution to the aquifers.
Do not exploit groundwater in aquifer polluted by
mineral mines.
In addition, the warming climate and sea level may
cause the seawater intrusion to coastal groundwater aqui-
fers and is expected to be more severe in the near future.
Tay Ninh needs to take this scenario into account.
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by HUTECH University
and Institute of Environmental Technology Promotion and
Water Resources Phu My. The remarks and suggestions
anonymous reviewer contributed to improving quality of
primary manuscript.
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