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Annotated Bibliography of Enset
(Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)
1790 to 2021
Zerihun Yemataw, Henoke Fikre, Sadik Muzemil,
James Borrell and Temesgen Magule
First Edition 2022
Annotated Bibliography of Enset
(Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)
1790 to 2021 First Edition
Zerihun Yemataw, Henoke Fikre, Sadik Muzemil,
James Borrell and Temesgen Magule
Southern Agricultural Research Institute-Ethiopia,
Kew Botanical Garden and Hawassa University
Edited by:
Getinet Alemaw, Agdew Bekele and Fekadu Gurmu
Correct citation: Zerihun Yemataw, Henoke Fikre, Sadik Muzemil, James
Borrell and Temesgen Magule (2021). Annotated Bibilography of Enset
(Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) in Getinet Alemaw, Agdew Bekele and Fekadu
Gurmu (Editors), Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 92 p.
ii
Foreword
Enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman is an indigenous multipurpose herbaceous crop
cultivated mainly in Southren, Sidama, South Western and Oromia regions in Ethiopia. The crop
is a rich source of starch and carbohydrate consumed as Bulla, Kocho and Amicho. It is also a
good source of fiber and animal feed. Unlike Eastern and Northern Ethiopia, Enset growing
areas are not known to have severe food shortages even during the Ethiopian great famine or
„kifu ken‟ that lasted 1888 to 1892. During that period king Minilik II visited the Enset growing
Gurage areas and gave its name Workie (meaning gold) to Enset. Even today workie is
synonymous with Enset in many areas of Oromia. This shows that the crop is climate resilient
and tolerates to low moisture stress for a longer period due to its herbaceous nature. Recent
modelling studies showed that Enset can be cultivated in a much wider area to feed more than
100 million people and boost food security in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda. The plant
can be planted and harvested in any time of the year indicating its resilience to climate
variability.
The research on Enset started with the establishment of Agricultural Colleges and the then Debre
Zeit Experiment Station of the Addis Abeba University. Today research on Enset is conducted
in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Oromia
Agricultural Research Institute and Universities (Addis Ababa, Arba Minch, Dilla, Hawassa,
Wolita Sodo, Wolkite and Wachamo). The research ranges from propagation and cultivation
methods to molecular biology and food science.
Enset can be propagated using seeds and vegetatively using whole or halved corms. Propagation
using seeds is not preferred due to problems associated with viability and dormancy but may be
useful for breeding purposes. Tissue culture protocol was also developed to multiply disease free
planting material in massive scale as well as in vitro conservation of germplasm. Molecular
techniques such as Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified
Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and Simple Sequence
Repeated (SSR) were used to study genetic variability of Enset germplasm. Enset Germplasm is
by large conserved at Areka Research Center with some institutes holding some clones. An in
situ conservation of a complete national germplasm collection is progressing. Once the
germplasm is assembled in a single or two sites, elimination of duplicates can be done using
morphological and molecular characterizations. This will facilitate identification of genotypes
possessing valuable traits and hence the genetic improvement on Enset to develop superior Bulla
and Kocho type varieties. So far six Kocho type improved varieties were released out of the
germplasm.
Recently Enset Research Platform is established by the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Council
Secretariat that meets once a year to review current research works and set priorities. The
platform includes research institutes and universities as indicated above as well as Agricultural
Bureaus of Southern, Oromia, Sidama, and South West Regions. The Platform has also
Technical Committee that meets every three months to execute the recommendations made by
the platform. The Technical Committee has been working mainly on five issues namely 1/
Establishment of the national in situ germplasm conservation 2/ assembly of data base and web
iii
site 3/ assessment of Enset processing machines 4/ IPM on Enset Bacterial Wilt and 5/ expansion
of Enset beyond its traditional production domain. As Enset is a climate resilient crop there is a
growing interest to adapt the released varieties in East and West Gojam.
The most limiting factors to Enset production are Enset Bacterial Wilt and absence of Enset
processing machines. Enset Bacterial Wilt caused by (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum)
is a serious disease that can cause complete death of a plant. The disease is reported in all Enset
growing districts with varying intensity. The only known control measure is sanitation,
minimizing the disease inoculum by eradication of diseased plants and using clean implements.
Screening of Enset clones for resistance/tolerance of the pathogen showed varying degree of
susceptibly and complete resistance is not known. Hence IPM particularly sanitation remains to
be the only control method.
The processing of Enset both the pseudo stem and root has been a back breaking job causing
human physiological stress. Usually women are the operators even during pregnancy and
lactation. This has been a huge workload that causes enormous stress to women, thus various
efforts were carried out by various institutions to invent and erect an Enset processing machine.
Different prototypes both manual and motorized as well as dual purpose were erected by various
institutions. In 2021, a survey on the performance of Enset processing machines were conducted
in various institutions and Universities. In the end, two prototypes were selected for
demonstration in selected Enset growing districts. The performance of the prototype from Bako
Agricultural Mechanization Research Center and Wolkite poly technique institute were selected
and demonstrated for Women farmers at Tulla (Sidama regiona), Wolkite (Gurage zone) and
Areka (Wolaita zone). The performance of the prototype from Bako was preferred by farmers at
all locations for all purposes. The machine produces pure kocho, Amicho and fiber and hence
shall be multiplied and disseminated to farmers in the near future.
Today, large amount of literature on Enset authored by researchers, graduate students and
historians is available scattered elsewhere. Although the first report comes out in 1790, most of
the literature have been accumulated during the last fifty years. Assembly of all available
literature in one volume would facilitate the flow of information among scientists which
otherwise is scattered. Here, we present the first edition of the annotated bibliography of Enset
literature available till 2021.
Getinet Alemaw (PhD) and Fekadu Gurmu (PhD) (EARCS), Agdew Bekele (PhD) (SARI)
Editors
iv
Preface
Enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is an orphan or little researched food crop
cultivated only in Ethiopia. Enset was initially farmed in a system of shifting cultivation and
fully domesticated in Ethiopia between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago. Fulfledged research on enset
has been conducted over the past five decades and coordinated by Southern Agricultrural
Research Institute (SARI)-Areka Agricutural Research Center (Areka ARC) through unreserved
supports from Ethiopian Institute of Agricutural Research (EIAR). In this annotated
bibliography an attempt has been made to gather all available information on enset regarding
research, development and production from 1790 to 2021 GC. The bibliography is composed on
575 different literatures divided into 16 chapters. The general information on the importance of
the crop and research plans are presented in the first two chapters. The third chapter indicates
some environmental conditions suitable for enset cultivation. Information on the history, origin
and taxonomy are shown in Chapter 4. Germplasm diversity both on in situ and ex situ
management are shown in Chapter 5. Studies on Enset propagation, tissue culture,
transformation, agronomy and soils fertility are indicated in chapter 6 and 7.The limited number
of studies on enset processing is shown in Chapter 8. Disease and insect pest control measures
research studies are dealt in Chapters 9 and 10. Limited research on enset Microbiome and
fermentation, human nutrition and food value are indicated in Chapter 11 and 12. Studies or
information related to animal nutrition and feed values are available in Chapter 13. Information
on enset starch and fiber industrial utilization and farming system and socio economic studies
surveys are dealt in Chapters 14 and 15. Published information regarding closely related Ensete
species are also provided in Chapter 16.
In general, as enset is an endigenous crop to Ethiopia, most of the research and development
works have been conducted in Ethiopia and dissemination of available information to wider
scientific community is also expected from this country. Therefore, the information provided in
this publication will serve as a reference for guiding the research and development in enset so
that the potential of the crop is fully exploited and the crop contributes to the national economy
of Ethiopia, East Africa and beyond.
Zerihun Yemataw (PhD)
SARI
v
Table of Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... ii
Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... iv
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... v
Literature Citation Guide ............................................................................................................................. vi
Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................................... vii
List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... viii
Names of Enset ............................................................................................................................................ ix
1. History, Origin and Taxonomy of Enset ............................................................................................... 1
2. General Importance ............................................................................................................................... 3
3. Agroecology of Enset............................................................................................................................ 8
4. Research Plans and Programs ............................................................................................................... 9
5. Enset Genetic Resource Utilization and Management ........................................................................ 12
5.1. Diversity management of enset landraces in situ/Onfarm .......................................................... 12
5.2. Diversity Management of Enset Landraces ex situ ..................................................................... 23
6. Enset Propagation, tissue culture and Transformation ........................................................................ 27
7. Agronomy, Soils Fertility Studies ....................................................................................................... 32
8. Enset Processing ................................................................................................................................. 37
9. Disease and Control Measures ............................................................................................................ 39
10. Pest and Control Measures .................................................................................................................. 48
11. Enset Micro Biology and Fermentation .............................................................................................. 51
12. Human Nutrition and Food value........................................................................................................ 55
13. Animal Nutrition and Feed value ........................................................................................................ 58
14. Enset Starch and Fiber Industrial Utilization ...................................................................................... 62
15. Farming System and Socio Economic Studies.................................................................................... 68
16. Genus Ensete, Excluding Ensete ventricosum .................................................................................... 74
vi
Literature Citation Guide
Ethiopian names cited based on: Ronny Meyer, Yvonne Treis (2021). How to quote Ethiopian
authors in linguistic publications. Afrika undÜbersee, Universität Hamburg, In press. ffhal-
02997055v2f
For articles in Journal, Bulletins or Newsletters: Author(s), Year of publication, title, journal
name, volume (number), page number
Example:
Pankhrust R. (1966). The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888-1892: A New Assessment: Part
Two. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 21(3): 271-294.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24621583 .Accessed: 30-09-2018 05:44 UTC
Articles in Proceedings: author, year of publication, title of the article, editors, titles of the
proceeding, place and date of the conference of workshop, publisher, place of publication and
page in the proceeding.
Example:
Rahmato D. (1996). Resilience and vulnerability; Enset agriculture in Southern Ethiopia. In:
Abate, T., Hiebsch, C., Brandt, S.A. and Gebremariam, S. (eds.). Proceedings of International
Workshop on Enset, Addis Ababa (ETH), 1993/12/13-20. Enset-based sustainable agriculture in
Ethiopia. IAR, Addis Ababa (ETH). P. 83- 106.
vii
Acknowledgement
We thank the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Council Secretariat (EARCS) and the European
Community Horizon 2020 grant Project ID 727624, “Microbial uptakes for sustainable
management of major banana pests and diseases (MUSA) for their financial support. The authors
would like to thank the Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) and Hawassa
Agricultural Research Center for timely provision of the necessary services and facilities.
We are deeply grateful to Ato Demeke Negussie for the development and sharing of the
suitablity map of enset production. We are very much indebted to colleagues who have read and
commented on the drafts of the bibliography.
viii
List of Acronyms
EXW
Enset Xanthomonas wilt
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EARCS
Ethiopian Agricultural Research Council Secretariat
EARO
Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization
EIAR
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
GTZ
German Technical Cooperation Agency
INIBAP
International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain
IJERT
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
LAP
Lambert Academic Publishing
PADP
Peasant Agricultural Development Program.
PCTOC
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
SARI
Southern Agricultural Research Institute
UNDP
United Nation Development Program
ix
Names of Enset
Botanical names:
Current names: Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman
Old names: False Banana
Local name: Enset
Examples of Local names given by different ethinic groups:
Ethnic group
Local name
Basketo Special Woreda
Uuts
Dawro
U‟tt‟a
Gedeo
Workicha
Gurage
Aset
Hadiya
Weisa
Kembata-Tembaro
Wessa
Sidama
Wessie
Silte
Weisa
Wolaita
Utta
Gamo
Uu‟tha
Kaffa
Uxo
Sheka
Qayo
Oromo
Worqie
Amhara
Koba
Tigray
Gunaguna
x
Figure 1. Major Enset Producing Areas
xi
Figure 2. Enset literature frequency: (A) Year of Publication; (B) Publication category
1
1. History, Origin and Taxonomy of Enset
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Proceedings of IVth Cushitic-Omotic Conference, Leiden (NLD), 2003/04/10-13. Enset
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https://www.koeppe.de/titel_omotic-and-cushitic-language-studies
Brandit S. A. (1996). Model for the origins and evolution of enset food production. In: Abate,
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agriculture in Ethiopia. IAR, Addis Ababa (ETH). 36-46 pp.
Cheesman, E.E. (1947). Classification of the Bananas: The Genus Ensete Horan. Kew Bull., 2:
97–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/4109206.
Endashaw Bekele (2018). The centre of origin and domestication of Ensete ventricosum
(Welw.) Cheesman and its phylogenetic relationship to some Musa species. Ethiop. J.
Biol. Sci. 17(Suppl.): 37–49.
Filip Verloove (2021). New records in vascular plants alien to Tenerife (Spain, Canary Islands).
Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e62878. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e62878
Harlan, J. R. (1969). Ethiopia: A center of diversity. Economic Botany, 23(4): 309–314.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02860676
Harlan, J. (1971). Agricultural origins: Centers and non-centers. Science, 239(4843): 17–18.
Kiflu Tesfamicael, Endale Gebre, March T., Sznajder B., Mather D., and López C. (2020).
Accumulation of mutations in genes associated with sexual reproduction contributed to the
domestication of a vegetatively propagated staple crop, enset. Horticulture Research.
7:185, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00409-7
2
Mahanty H.K. (1970). A Cytological Study of the Zingiberales with Special Reference to Their
Taxonomy. Cytologia, 35(1): 13-49
Moore, H.E. (1957). Musa and Ensete: the cultivated bananas. Baileya 5:167-194.
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Peregerins T. (1992). Endemic Crop Plants of Ethiopia: False Banana (Ensete ventricosum
(welw.) Cheesman). Walia 14: 27-34
Rossel, G. (1994). Musa and Ensete in Africa: Taxonomy, Names and History. Azania:
Archaeological Research in Africa 29-30(1):130-146.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709409511666
Sebesebe Demissew & Friis I. (2018). Review of the history, taxonomy and nomenclature of
ensete and the objectives and expectations of the international workshop on Ensete
ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 17(Suppl.): 1–23.
Shepherd K. (1959). Two New Basic Chromosome Numbers in the Musaceae. Nature 183,
https://doi.org/10.1038/1831539a0
Simmonds, N.W. (1962). The Evolution of the Bananas (London: Longman).
Tilak, V.D. and Pai, R.M. (1974). The floral anatomy of Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman.
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3
2. General Importance
Admasu Tsegaye & Westphal, E., (2002). Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman. [Internet]
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Enset fiber
Bulla
porridge
Kocho served with kitfo
Bulla
Traditional enset processing
Traditional amicho chopping
Basket made from Enset fiber
Kocho
Modern enset processing machine
Enset as homestead crop
Enset conserved at Areka ARC
Enset based faming system
