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The first updated checklist of novel fungi in Pakistan (1947–2021)

March 2022
MycoAsia 1(1)

March 2022
1(1)

DOI:10.59265/mycoasia.2022-03

Authors:

Mubashar Raza

Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Lei Cai

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Muhammad Waseem Abbasi

University of Karachi

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The role of fungi in both natural and managed ecosystem processes is unequivocal with mycotaxa being key drivers of soil, plant and animal health. Recent advances in DNA-based species identification and classification have enforced mycologists to update national checklists for proper exploitation of fungal traits and functions. However, in some countries like Pakistan, a comprehensive checklist of fungal diversity, distribution, and their host range is still lacking. Herein, we summarize novel fungal species (including both macro-and micro-fungi) for the first time from distinct geographical locations of Pakistan. A total of 742 novel fungal species in 7 phyla have been reported in Pakistan since 1947, including 136 ambiguous species (as a result of cryptic species, taxonomy revisions, and lack of DNA sequence data) and 113 species with DNA sequence data. The compilation of the fungal name list provides an overview of the currently known fungal taxa in Pakistan and enables the assessment of the knowledge gap on the fungal biodiversity in comparison to the rest of the world. The current checklist will serve as a foundation for new fungi names to be added in the future and can be used as a reference by mycologists to retrieve fungal species from existing culture banks in Pakistan mentioned on the website, www.fungiofpakistan.com, to exploit their functional traits in the food industry, health sectors and for sustainable agriculture in Pakistan.

Taxonomic distribution of novel fungal species reported from Pakistan since 1947. (A) Total number of fungal taxa at different taxonomic ranks. (B) Number of orders, families, genera and species within different classes/higher rank taxa belonging to seven phyla.

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Checklist of novel fungal species, which are treated as doubtful, reported from Pakistan.

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MycoAsia – Journal of modern mycology ISSN: 2582-7278

www.mycoasia.org | 2022/03 1

The first updated checklist of novel fungi in Pakistan (1947–2021)

Mubashar Raza1, 2, *, Lei Cai1, Muhammad Waseem Abbasi3, Rahila Hafeez4, 5, Marium Tariq6,

Paul M. Kirk7, Muzammil Hussain1, 2, Nalin N. Wijayawardene8, 9

1State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing

100101, P.R. China. 2, †Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

40100, Pakistan. 3Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. 4State Key Laboratory of Rice

Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology,

College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China. 5Deparment of Plant

Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan. 6M.A.H. Qadri Biological

Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. 7Biodiversity Informatics & Spatial Analysis, Royal Botanic

Garden Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK. 8Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization,

Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, Yunnan Province, P.R. China. 9Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and

Development in Health and Social Care, No: 393/3, Lily Avenue, Off Robert Gunawardane Mawatha, Battaramulla 10120, Sri

Lanka.

* Correspondence: mubasharraza73@yahoo.com, †Alma mater

Abstract

The role of fungi in both natural and managed ecosystem processes is unequivocal with mycotaxa being

key drivers of soil, plant and animal health. Recent advances in DNA-based species identification and

classification have enforced mycologists to update national checklists for proper exploitation of fungal

traits and functions. However, in some countries like Pakistan, a comprehensive checklist of fungal

diversity, distribution, and their host range is still lacking. Herein, we summarize novel fungal species

(including both macro- and micro-fungi) for the first time from distinct geographical locations of Pakistan.

A total of 742 novel fungal species in 7 phyla have been reported in Pakistan since 1947, including 136

ambiguous species (as a result of cryptic species, taxonomy revisions, and lack of DNA sequence data)

and 113 species with DNA sequence data. The compilation of the fungal name list provides an overview

of the currently known fungal taxa in Pakistan and enables the assessment of the knowledge gap on the

fungal biodiversity in comparison to the rest of the world. The current checklist will serve as a foundation

for new fungi names to be added in the future and can be used as a reference by mycologists to retrieve

fungal species from existing culture banks in Pakistan mentioned on the website,

www.fungiofpakistan.com, to exploit their functional traits in the food industry, health sectors and for

sustainable agriculture in Pakistan.

Keywords: Asia, macro- and micro-fungi, nomenclature, novel species list, taxonomy

Raza M, Cai L, Abbasi MW, Hafeez R, Tariq M, Kirk PM, Hussain M, Wijayawardene NN (2022) The first updated

checklist of novel fungi in Pakistan (1947–2021). MycoAsia 2022/03.

Received: 26.01.2022 | Accepted: 15.03.2022 | Published: 16.03.2022

Handling Editor: Dr. Samina Sarwar

Reviewers: Dr. Rajesh Jeewon, Dr. Samantha C. Karunarathna, Anonymous reviewer

Introduction

Fungal classification, as one of seven kingdoms in two superkingdoms of living organisms, all with equal

status in taxonomy, has been a useful one until recently (Williams et al. 2013, Ruggiero et al. 2015). It has

https://doi.org/10.59265/mycoasia.2022-03

MycoAsia – Journal of modern mycology ISSN: 2582-7278

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been shown in detail how fungi differ and are similar throughout the phylogeny during cladistics and

molecular studies (Choi et al. 2017, Spatafora et al. 2017, Tedersoo et al. 2018, Naranjo‐Ortiz et al.

2019, Lücking et al. 2020, Galindo et al. 2021). Phylogenetic reconstruction methods (parsimony,

likelihood and bayesian approaches) have proven to be reliable indicators of evolutionary relationships

and this has led to the discovery of new taxa (Barton et al. 2007). As eukaryotes, many fungi can be grown

in pure cultures with high growth rates and if necessary, in large amounts (Álvarez-Pérez et al. 2011,

Rämä and Quandt 2021). These characteristics (metabolites production and biocontrol of plant diseases)

have made fungi as attractive research materials to use in industrial and biotechnological applications.

Detailed uses of fungi in fundamental biological research from the standpoint of practical applications are

highlighted by Hyde et al. (2019). Fungi, which can cause some of the most serious diseases in agricultural

crops (Diao et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2017, Raza et al. 2019), are of particular interest to plant pathologists.

Medical and veterinary mycologists deal with fungi that cause diseases in humans and domestic animals

(Jabeen et al. 2017, Seyedmousavi et al. 2018). There are many fungi that cause food spoilage (Hussain

et al. 2016a, Wu et al. 2019a), damage manufactured goods, and decay timber (Garnier et al. 2017, Snyder

and Worobo 2018, Saleh and Al-Thani 2019, Goodell et al. 2020, Tennakoon 2021). The vast majority of

fungal species in the fungal kingdom have never been cultivated and studied for their growth

characteristics and physiology, which makes them virtually untapped for potential applications. It is

necessary for this purpose to develop new methods and protocols, which means extensive basic research

should be conducted prior to exploiting these organisms.

The number of species discovered so far represents only a small fraction of all the species that exist

(Hawksworth 2001, Blackwell 2011, Hawksworth and Lücking 2017, Wu et al. 2019b, Baldrian et al.

2021, Lücking et al. 2021, Phukhamsakda et al. 2022). This is because only a few habitats and regions

have been extensively studied. The Yungui Plateau (Guizhou Province and Yunnan Province) in

southwestern China and various areas of Thailand and countries in West Africa such as Bennin Burkina

Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, and Togo are well known for their biodiversity (Hyde et al. 2018, Piepenbring et al. 2020,

Wijayawardene et al. 2021). It is further proposed that a large proportion of new species are yet to be

discovered, perhaps in more tropical areas such as Bangladesh, India, Laos, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand

and Vietnam (Hyde et al 2018, Kaur et al. 2019, Raza et al. 2021, Wijayawardene et al. 2022a).

Pakistan is extremely diverse with respect to geography and climate. The climate mainly varies from

tropical to temperate with the existence of hot deserts and the Himalayan peaks with a cold climate (Khan

2019). With such diverse conditions, Pakistan has only scant information on the diversity of micro- and

macro-fungi. The reason is likely due to lack of human capacities while most national monographs on

biodiversity have not included fungi. The lack of an up-to-date checklist for the country is one of the

largest gaps in knowledge concerning fungal conservation. There is also a bias in assessing biodiversity,

lack of awareness of fungi as important components of ecosystem functioning, and frustration among end-

users due to a lack of information. It is still not possible to provide a complete picture of fungi in Pakistan

without a comprehensive checklist of all taxa reported from the country.

A number of fungal species have previously been combined based on morphological observations and

reported in the printed book "Fungi of Pakistan" by Sultan and co-authors in 1997 (Ahmad et al. 1997).

Since then, there have been changes and improvements to the methodology for the classification of fungi,

which have led to continuous updates in taxonomy and systematics of fungi in the 21st century, and

checklists are essential tools for these endeavors (Amrani et al. 2019, Abdel-Azeem et al. 2020). In order

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to help mycologists, pathologists, microbiologists, ecologists, farmers, we compiled a first up-to-date

checklist of all reported novel fungal species based on current knowledge and resources. Moreover, this

list could help in further research on the biogeography and endemicity of fungi.

Materials and methods

The list was compiled using a literature search of fungi in Pakistan (sourced from library data, personal

data of specific authors, or books that were not easily accessible to the public), and only novel fungal

species from the region were included in this list. The phyla, orders, families, genera, and species are listed

alphabetically according to Kirk et al. (2008) and Index Fungorum (2022). Fungal taxa whose taxonomy

is not well established are placed under 'incertae sedis'. Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) Index

Fungorum (2022) was used to verify fungal taxa that are reported in this study.

Results and the checklist

A checklist of novel macro- and micro-fungal species reported from Pakistan is presented for the first time

in this paper. This checklist includes current names of fungal species with updated taxonomy, host records,

and localities (Table 1). Nevertheless, the fungal species previously described based on morphological

observations (136 ambiguous species) are also presented (Table 2). There are a total of 742 reported new

species in the Pakistan checklist which represents 258 genera, 153 families, 66 orders, 23 classes, and 7

phyla (Fig. 1).

The Ascomycota with 393 species were divided into 165 genera and 96 families. Within Ascomycota, at

the class level, Dothideomycetes had the greatest number of species (237 species), genera (51 genera),

and families (35 families), accounting for 53.09 % of all novel species. According to the statistics, most

of the species were found in Pleosporales (109 species), followed by Amphisphaeriales (10 species),

Botryosphaeriales (96 species), Capnodiales (24 species), Diaporthales (11 species), Helotiales (12

species), Rhytismatales (9 species), Sordariales (15 species) and Teloschistales (12 species). Asterinales,

Dothideales, Cephalothecales, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Lecideales, Leprocaulales, Microascales,

Microthyriales, Patellariales, Phaeotrichales, Phomatosporales, Saccharomycetales, Tubeufiales, and

Verrucariales were reported as the orders with one species. Furthermore, there are other listed orders in

the checklist, each one having less than ten species.

Basidiomycota was the second most abundant phylum, with 198 species belonging to 83 genera and 49

families. A total of 89 types were found in the Basidiomycetes, 32 in the Bartheletiomycetes, 45 in the

Pucciniomycetes, 16 in the Tritirachiomycetes, and less than 10 in Agaricostilbomycetes, Basidiomycetes,

Exobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and Tremellomycetes (Fig. 1B, Table 1).

Furthermore, phyla Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Mucoromycota, and

Zoopagomycota possess 2, 2, 1, 9, and 1 species, respectively (Table 1). Indicated with an asterisk, a total

of 113 novel species with DNA sequence data are represented.

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Fig. 1 Taxonomic distribution of novel fungal species reported from Pakistan since 1947. (A) Total number of fungal taxa at

different taxonomic ranks. (B) Number of orders, families, genera and species within different classes/higher rank taxa

belonging to seven phyla.

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Checklist

There are two sections of this checklist: i. novel species with updated taxonomy or current status (Table

1) and ii. novel ambiguous species with their current status (Table 2).

In the first section, we present 258 genera with 606 species based on current fungal classification,

however, there are a few incertae sedis genera and their species need further clarification. For example,

Septogloeum dalbergiae (current name: Colletogloeum dalbergiae). Colletogloeum morphologically

resembles Pseudocercospora and Ahmadia (Videira et al. 2017). The genus is typified by Colletogloeum

dalbergiae but this species lacks DNA sequence data. Crous et al. (2009) showed that C. sissoo (IMI

119162), is closely related to Pseudocercospora. Hence, Kirk et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al.

(2020) did not list this genus in their studies. One species (the type of Colletogloeum) has been reported

from Pakistan but the accuracy of this needs to be restudied based on new collections and epitypification.

Table 1 Checklist of novel fungal species reported from Pakistan. Species with DNA sequence data are indicated with *.

Taxon

Current

name/status

Host

Localities

References

Ascomycota

Dothideomycetes

Capnodiales

Capnodiaceae

Capnodium

C. berberidis

Leaves and branches of Berberis

sp.

Ahmad 1978b

Cladosporiaceae

Cladosporium

C. heterophra-

gmatis

Leaves of Heterophragma

adenophyllum

Tandojam

Khan and Kamal

1962c

C. neriicola

Leaves of Nerium indicum

Khan and Kamal

1974

Mycosphaerellaceae

Cercospora

C. tandojame-

nsis

Pseudocercospo

ra tandojamensis

Leaves of Ziziphus nummularia

Khan and Kamal

1974, Crous and

Braun 2003

C. ahmadii

Passalora

ahmadii

Leaves of Marsdenia roylei

Petrak 1955b,

Crous and Braun

2003

C. dichanthii

Zasmidium

dichanthii

Leaves of Dichanthium

annulatum

Khan and Kamal

1969, Braun et al.

2010

C. ehretiicola

Leaves of Ehretia acuminata

Saleem and Mirza

1977

C. launaeicola

Leaves of Launaea nudicaulis

Khan and Kamal

1974

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C. mehran

Leaves of Artocarpus

heterophyllus

Khan and Kamal

1974

C. oxystelmatis

Pseudocercospo

ra oxystelmatis

Oxystelma esculentum

Khan and Kamal

1974, Rai and

Moses 1991

C. pakistanica

Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri

Tandojam

Khan and Kamal

1963

C. pentatropi-

dis

Pseudocercospo

ra pentatropidis

Leaves of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Khan 1962,

Deighton 1976

C. phyllanthic-

ola

Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri

Khan and Kamal

1962a

Cercosporella

Ce. justiciae

Leaves of Justicia simplex

Jhelum

Ahmad 1967

Ce. cadabae

Pseudocercospo

ra ahmadiana

Leaves of

Cadaba farinosa

Ahmad 1960,

Braun 1995

Passalora

P. foeniculi

Leaves, stem, and pedicels of

Foeniculum vulgare

Kamal and Khan

1962

P. heliotropii-

gena

Leaves of Heliotropium

eichwaldii

Oderolal Farm,

Tandojam

Braun 2002

P. tephrosiae

Leaves of Tephrosia tenuis

Khan and Kamal

1962d

Ramularia

R. pakistanica

Leaves of Rumex dentatus

Khan and Kamal

1969

Septoria

S. ahmadii

Abelia trifloral

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

S. hederaehim-

alaicae

Leaves of Hedera himalaica

Ahmad 1964a

S. launaeae

Launaea nudicaulis

Khan and Kamal

1962b

S. leptosphaer-

iicola

Leptosphaeria rumicis

Cavalc and Iqbal

1967

S. salvadorae

Dead branch of Salvadora

persica

Abbas et al. 2000b

Dothideales

Saccotheciaceae

Selenophoma

S. scrophulari-

Dead stems of Scrophularia sp.

Sutton 1980a

Microthyriales

Microthyriaceae

Microthyrium

M. nerii

Fallen leaves of Nerium odorum

Gujrat

Ahmad 1971b

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Patellariales

Patellariaceae

Haematomyxa

H. pakistani

Tryblidaria

pakistani

Branches of Berberis sp.

Müller and Ahmad

1955, Kutorga and

Hawksworth 1997

Phaeotrichales

Phaeotrichaceae

Echinoascotheca

E. duploofor-

mis

Soil

Matsushima 1995

Pleosporales

Camarosporiaceae

Camarosporium

C. acaciigen-

Dead branches of Acacia arabica

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1967

C. boerhaviae

Branches of Boerhavia

verticillata

Karachi

Ahmad 1967

C. capparis

Camarosporiops

is capparis

Capparis aphylla

Ladhar,

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1951,

Abbas et al. 2000a

C. farsetiana

Camarosporium

farsetianum

(orthographic

variant)

Dead branches of Farsetia

jacquemontii

Bhakar

Ahmad 1967

C. ficina

Camarosporium

ficinum

(orthographic

variant)

Branches of Ficus palmata

Muzaffarabad

Ahmad 1967

C. fruticosae

Dead branches of Suaeda

fruticosa

Ahmad 1967

C. fruticosae

var. minus

Dead branches of Suaeda

fruticosa

Ahmad 1967

C. javanicae

Branches of Aerva javanica

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1967

C. lonicerae

Branches of Lonicera sp.

Doonga Gali

Ahmad 1971b

C. pentatropi-

dis

Dead branches of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Ahmad 1964a

C. plectranthi

Branches of Plectranthus rugosus

Swat

Ahmad 1971b

sarcinosporum

var.

microsporum

Dead branches of Haloxylon

recurvum

Ahmad 1967

C. solani

Branches of Solanum melongena

Hangu

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972b

C. suaedae

Suaeda fruticose

Ahmad 1967

C. suaedaefru-

ticosae

Dead branches of Suaeda

fruticose

Ahmad 1967

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C. vernoniae

Branches of Vernonia

cinerascens

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1971b

C. viniferum

Dead branches of Vitis vinifera

Ahmad 1967

Coniothyriaceae

Coniothyrium

C. calotropidis

Dead branches of Calotropis

procera

Ahmad 1964a

C. capparicola

Branches of Capparis aphylla

Ahmad 1967

C. capparis

Branches of Capparis aphylla

Ahmad 1971b

C. clerodendri

Dead branches of Clerodendrum

inerme

Ahmad 1964c

C. grewiae

Dead branches of Grewia villosa

Ahmad 1964c

C. indicum

Twigs of Salix sp.

Cooke and Massee

1888

C. ismailii

Dead stem of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. leptadeniae

Dead branches of Leptadenia

spartium

Ahmad 1967

C. macrospo-

rum

Dead roots of Cenchrus biflorus

Ahmad 1964a

C. maqsoodii

Dead twigs of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. moricola

Branches of Morus alba

Ahmad 1971b

C. pakistani-

cum

Dead twigs of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. pentatropi-

dis

Dead branches of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Ahmad 1964a

C. punithaling-

amii

Dead stem of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. salvadorina

Avettaea

salvadorae

Dead branches of Salvadora

oleoides

Ahmad 1964a,

Abbas and Sutton

1988a

C. sivanesanii

Dead twigs of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. sultanii

Dead stem of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. suttonii

Dead stem of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. truncatum

Dead stem of Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 1999

C. undulatum

Dead twigs of Salvadora persica

Abbas et al. 1999

C. withaniae

Withania somnifera

Ahmad 1951

C. ziziphinum

Leaves of Ziziphus jujuba

Ahmad 1968a

Cucurbitariaceae

Cucurbitaria

C. ahmadii

Dead branches of Caragana

Mirza 1968a

C. indigoferae

Branches of Indigofera

gerardiana

Müller and Ahmad

1957

C. pakistanica

Dead Acacia modesta

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

C. pilosa

Dead branches of Hedera helix

Mirza 1968a

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Cyclothyriellaceae

Massariosphaeria

M. websteri

Decaying culms of

Phragmites karka submerged in

fresh water

Tanaka et al. 2011

M. pakistana

Dried stem

Crivelli 1983

Delitschiaceae

Semidelitschia

S. tetraspora

Dung of Capra hircus

Mirza and Khan

1979

Diademaceae

Diadema

D. ahmadii

Dead branches of Rosa moschata

Lalazar, Kaghan

Valley

Tanaka et al. 2010

Didymellaceae

Ascochyta

A. ahmadii

Runner of Sporobolus arabicus

Punithalingam

1979

A. cymbopogo-

nis

Dead leaves of Cymbopogon

iwarancusa

Punithalingam

1979

A. pegani

Branches of Peganum harmala

Ahmad 1971b

A. skimmiae

Fallen leaves of Skimmia

laureola

Ahmad 1960

A. typhaeangu-

statae

Leaves of Typha angustata

Punithalingam

1988

Didymella

rhododendri

Dead leaves of Rhododendron

arboreum

Kaghan valley

Ahmad 1972c

Phoma

P. acaciigena

Fallen pods of Acacia modesta

Attock

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972a

P. cadabae

Dead branches of Cadaba

fruticosa

Changa manga

Ahmad 1967

P. changana

Dead stem of Atriplex crassifolia

Ahmad 1954

P. cryptostegi-

Branches of Cryptostegia

grandiflora

Ahmad 1964c

P. mangiferae

Mangifera indica

Ahmad 1948

P. nyctaginea

var.

boerhaaviae

Phoma

nyctaginea

Boerhavia diffusa

Tassi 1900,

Ahmad 1948,

P. pyrenophor-

icola

Pyrenophora sp.

Peres and Iqbal

1967

saccharicola

Dead culms of Saccharum munja

Ahmad 1960

P. ziziphina

Dead branch of Ziziphus jujuba

Ahmad 1948

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Didymosphaeriaceae

Didymosphaeria

D. casuarinae

Stems of Casuarina equisetifolia

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

D. culmicola

Dead stem of Panicum antidotale

Müller and Ahmad

1959

D. spinosa

Unknown

Müller and Ahmad

1959

verrucispora

Phaeosphaerella

verrucispora

Dead branches of Gossypium sp.

Ladhar,

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1948,

Batista and Vital

1959

Karstenula

K. capparis

Capparis aphylla

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Leptosphaeriaceae

Leptosphaeria

L. ahmadii

Capparis aphylla

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Lophiostomataceae

Platystomum

P. compressum

var.

macrosporum

Lophiostoma

compressum

Unknown

Cesati and De

Notaris 1863,

Ahmad 1978b

Massarinaceae

Helminthosporium

H. ahmadii

Dead branches of Quercus sp.

Murree

Ellis 1961

H. dalbergiae

Dead branches of Dalbergia

sissoo

Ellis 1961

Massarina

M. albiziae

Branches of Albizia lebbek

Lahore

Ahmad 1971b

M. oleina

Branches of Olea cuspidate

Tret

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972b

Stagonospora

S. alhagiae

Leaves, stem, and spines

of Alhagi maurorum

Mirza et al. 1967

S. alhagicola

Branches of Alhagi maurorum

Ahmad 1971a

S. asparagi

Dead branches of Asparagus

adscendens

Ahmad 1969a

S. doemiae

Branches of Doemia extensa

Ahmad 1971a

S. eriobotryae

Fallen leaves of Eriobotrya

japonica

Ahmad 1960

S. pyricola

Branches of Pyrus communis

Lahore

Ahmad 1971b

S. saccharic-

ola

Culms of Saccharum spontaneum

Ahmad 1971a

S. saccharina

Culms of Saccharum spontaneum

Hasan abdal

Ahmad 1971a

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Melanommataceae

Aposphaeria

A. lignicola

Dead wood of Acacia arabica

Ahmad 1964c

A. pakistanica

Dead wood

Ahmad 1971b

Phaeosphaeriaceae

Nodulosphaeria

N. setosa

Dead branches of Sambucus

ebulus

Müller and Ahmad

1958

Ophiobolus

O. indigoferae

Associated with bark of

Indigofera sp.

Müller and Ahmad

1955

O. spirosporus

Saccharum spontaneum

Ahmad 1948

Pleosporaceae

Alternaria

A. cassia

Leaves of Cassia holosericea

Jurair and Khan

1960

A. cicina

Leaves of Ricinus communis

Simmons 1994

A. enydrae

Leaves of Enydra fluctuans

Khan and Kamal

1974

Curvularia

C. ellisii

Air

Ahmad and

Quraishi 1960

C. siddiquii*

Air

Ahmad and

Quraishi 1960,

Marin-Felix et al.

2020

Roussoellaceae

Cytoplea

C. mangiferae

Branches of Mangifera indica

Bhopalwala

Ahmad 1971b

C. ziziphina

Dead branches of Ziziphus

oxyphylla

Ahmad 1961

Sporormiaceae

Sporormia

S. fimicola

Dung of Capra aegagrus hircus

Ahmed and Asad

1967a

Sporormiella

Sp. hexamera

Goat dung

Ahmed et al. 1985

Sp. inaequalis

Dung of Capra aegagrus hircus

Ahmed and Asad

1967a

Sp. sultanii

Preussia sultanii

Camel dung

Sultana and Malik

1980, Guarro et al.

1997

Teichosporaceae

Teichospora

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T. ellipsoidea

Decorticated wood of Perovskia

abrotanoides

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

T. fusiformis

Decorticated wood of Perovskia

abrotanoides

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

Trematosphaeriaceae

Trematosphaeria

T. verrucosa

Wood

Müller and Ahmad

1959

Zopfiaceae

Rechingeriella

R. eutypoides

Monosporascus

eutypoides

Dead roots

Petrak and Ahmad

1954, Von Arx

1975

Zopfia

Z. pakistanica

Soil of Juniperus sp.

Matsushima 1995

Pleosporales genera incertae sedis

Chaetodiplodia

C. grewiae

Decorticated branches of Grewia

populifolia

Kharian

Ahmad 1971a

Pyrenochaeta

P. dalbergiae

Branches of Dalbergia sissoo

Sohawa

Ahmad 1972b

P. grewiae

Decorticated branches of Grewia

populifolia

Kharian

Ahmad 1971a

P. origani

Dead branches of Origanum

vulgare

Ahmad 1964a

P. saccharina

Culms of Saccharum griffithii

Parachinar

Ahmad 1971a

Pleosporomycetidae genus incertae sedis

Hysterographium

H. dalbergiae

Dalbergia sissoo

Ahmad 1950a

H. pleosporoi-

des

Decayed wood

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

Tubeufiales

Tubeufiaceae

Acanthostigma

A. lahorense

Wood

Ahmad 1954

Dothideomycetes genus incertae sedis

Bactrodesmium

B. cedricola

Branches of Cedrus deodara

Ellis 1959

Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis

Asterinales

Morenoinaceae

Morenoina

M. parvula

Dead leaves of Hedera

nepalensis

Ghora Gali

Cannon 1986

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Botryosphaeriales

Aplosporellaceae

Aplosporella

A. astragalina

Branches of Astragalus sp.

Rawalpindi

Ahmad 1971a

A. beaumonti-

ana

Dead branches of Beaumontia

grandiflora

Ahmad 1962

A. cadabae

Dead branches of Cadaba

farinosa

Ahmad 1962

A. cephalandr-

Dead branches of Cephalandra

indica

Ahmad 1964c

A. cupressic-

ola

Branches of Cupressus

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

A. cynanchina

Dead branches of Cynanchum

Ahmad 1962

A. doemiae

Branches of Doemia extensa

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971a

A. ephedricola

Branches of Ephedra foliata

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971a

A. grewiae

Branches of Grewia villosa

Kharian

Ahmad 1969a

A. ipomoeae

Dead branches of Ipomoea

carnea

Ahmad 1964c

A. leucaeni-

cola

Branches of Leucaena glauca

Lahore

Ahmad 1969a

A. lonicerae

Branches of Lonicera sp.

Ahmad 1971b

A. madablotae

Dead branches of Hiptage

madablota

Ahmad 1962

A. maloti

Dead branches of Mallotus

philippensis

Ahmad 1972b

A. murrayae

Dead branches of Murraya

exotica

Ahmad 1962

A. pentatropi-

dis

Dead branches of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Ahmad 1962

A. peristrophes

Dead branches of Peristrophe

bicalyculata

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972a

A. prosopidina

Prosopis juliflora

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

A. prosopidin-

cola

Prosopis juliflora

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

A. quisqualidis

Dranches of Quisqualis indica

Ahmad 1962

A. salvadorae

Salvadora oleoides

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

A. tabernaem-

ontanae

Tabernaemontana dichotoma

Ahmad 1962

A. vallaridis

Dead branches of Vallaris heynii

Ahmad 1962

A. vernoniae

Dead branches of Vernonia

elaeagnifolia

Ahmad 1962

A. xanthii

Branches of Xanthium

strumarium

Ahmad 1971b

A. ziziphina

Dead branches of Ziziphus jujuba

Ahmad 1962

Botryosphaeriaceae

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Diplodia

D. abutilonis

Dead branches of Abutilon

indicum

Zafarwal

Ahmad 1967

D. adhatodae

Dead branches of Adhatoda

vasica

Shakargar

Ahmad 1967

D. alhagi

Dead branches of Alhagi

pseudalhagi

Salt Range,

Rawal

Ahmad 1967

D. andrachnes

Andrachne cordifolia

Swat

Ahmad 1967

D. bombacina

Bombax malabaricum

Ahmad 1951

D. buteae

Dead branches of Butea frondosa

Ahmad 1964b

D. calotropidis

Dead branches of Calotropis

procera

Ahmad 1962

D. carissae

Branches of Cariss spinarum

Shakargar

Ahmad 1967

D. cedrelae

Branches of Cedrela toona

Dargai

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972b

D. compressa

var. pakistani

Dead branches of Maclura

aurantiicola

Ahmad 1962

D. ehretiae

Branches of Ehretia laevis

Kharian

Ahmad 1971a

D. ficina

Dead branches of Ficus palmata

Changa manga

Ahmad 1967

D. ficireligios-

Fallen leaves of Ficus religiosa

Kharian

Ahmad 1969b

D. grevilleae

Leaves of Grevillea robusta

Changa manga

Ahmad 1972b

D. gymnospo-

riae

Maytenus royleana

Ahmad 1967

D. gymnospo-

rina

Branches of Gymnosporia sp.

Ahmad 1971a

D. ipomoeae

Branches of Ipomoea carnea

Ahmad 1971b

D. lantanicola

Dead branches of Lantana indica

Ahmad 1967

D. maloti

Dead branches of Mallotus

philippensis

Tret

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972a

D. mimosae

Branches of Mimosa himalayana

Ahmad 1971b

D. mimosaehi-

malayanae

Branches of Mimosa himalayana

Ahmad 1971b

D. myrsines

Dead branches of Myrsine

Africana

Ahmad 1964c

D. oxystelma-

tis

Branches of Oxystelma

esculentum

Ahmad 1971b

D. pentatropi-

dis

Dead branches of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Ahmad 1969a

D. peristrop-

hes

Dead branches of Peristrophe

bicalyculata

Ahmad 1962

D. prosopidina

Dead branches of Prosopis

juliflora

Ahmad 1967

D. prunicola

Branches of Prunus amygdalus

Ahmad 1971b

D. psidii

Dead branches of Psidium

guajava

Ahmad 1967

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D. rumicina

Branches of Rumex hastatus

Ahmad 1971a

D. saccharina

Culms of Saccharum officinarum

Ahmad 1971a

D. saccharisp-

ontanei

Culms of Saccharum spontaneum

Ahmad 1971a

D. salvadorina

Salvadora oleoides

Ahmad 1951

D. sarocococc-

Branches of Sarcococca

pruniformis

Ahmad 1971b

D. suttonii

Dead branches of Cocculus

villosus

Ahmad 1962

D. withaniae

Withania somnifera

Ahmad 1951

D. xanthii

Branches of Xanthium

strumarium

Ahmad 1967

D. ziziphina

Dead branches of Ziziphus sativa

Ahmad 1962

Dothiorella

Do. arundina-

cea

Dead culms of Phragmites karka

Ahmad 1964c

Do. calotropi-

dis

Branches of Calotropis procera

Ahmad 1972b

Do. carthami

Branches of Carthamus

oxyacantha

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1971a

Do. cephalan-

drae

Branches of Cephalandra indica

Lahore

Ahmad 1969b

Do.

chenopodii

Stem of Chenopodium album

Ahmad 1954

Do. chrysopo-

gonis

Culms of Chrysopogon fulvus

Kharian

Ahmad 1971a

Do. desmosta-

chyae

Rhizomes of Desmostachya

bipinnata

Khanke

headworks

Ahmad 1971a

Do. erythrinae

Branches of Erythrina suberosa

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Do. ficina

Dead Ficus palmata

Ahmad 1951

Do. graminic-

ola

Dead stem of Cynodon dactylon

Ahmad 1951

Do. ipomoeae

Branches of Ipomoea carnea

Attock

Ahmad 1972b

Do.

ladharensis

Mangifera indica

Ahmad 1954

Do. lagerstro-

emiae

Bark of Lagerstroemia alba

Ahmad 1951

Do. leucaenic-

ola

Branches of Leucaena glauca

Lahore

Ahmad 1969b

Do. meliae

Leaf rachis of Melia azedarach

Changa manga

Ahmad 1972b

Do. peucedani

Peucedanum graveolens

Ahmad 1954

Do. phoenicis

Rachides of Phoenix dactylifera

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Do. pinicola

Needles of Pinus excelsa

Murree

Ahmad 1971a

Do. prosopidi-

Fallen pods of Prosopis

glandulosa

Kharian

Ahmad 1969b

Do. pyricola

Branches of Pyrus sp.

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1971b

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Do.

saccharina

Peelings of Saccharum

officinarum

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Do. tecomae

Branches of Tecoma stans

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Do. viticis

Branches of Vitex negundo

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Sphaeropsis

S. cadabae

Branches of Cadaba farinose

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971b

S. capparis

Branches of Capparis aphylla

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971b

S. carthami

Branches of Carthamus

oxyacantha

Kasur

Ahmad 1971b

S. cordiana

Branches of Cordia rothii

Karachi

Ahmad 1971b

S. karachiensis

Dead stem of Salvadora persica

Karachi

Abbas et al. 2000c

S. leptadeniae

Branches of Leptadenia spartium

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1971b

S. polianthina

Stems of Polianthes tuberosa

Ahmad 1960

S. salvadorae

Avettaea

salvadorae

Branches of Salvadora oleoides

Kasur

Ahmad 1971b,

Abbas and Sutton

1988a

Phyllostictaceae

Phyllosticta

P. ambigua

Phyllosticta

ambiguella

Branches of Salvadora oleoides

Saccardo 1912,

Saccardo and

Trotter 1913

P. ficina

Leaves of Ficus elastica

Ahmad 1948

P. kausarica

Leaves of Ophiopogon japonicus

Khan 1962

P. graminis

Capparis aphylla

Bhakar

Ahmad 1971a

P. zeina

Leaves of Zea mays

Panas 1929,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Eurotiomycetes

Chaetothyriales

Herpotrichiellaceae

Capronia

C. pinicola

Tyrannosorus

pinicola

Decorticated wood of

Pinus immersed in stream

Müller et al. 1987,

Untereiner et al.

1995

Eurotiales

Aspergillaceae

Penicillium

P. mole

Soil

Pitt 1979

Verrucariales

Verrucariaceae

Plurisperma

P. dalbergiae

Dead twigs of Dalbergia sissoo

Bhagat, West

Pakistan

Sivanesan 1970

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Laboulbeniomycetes

Laboulbeniales

Laboulbeniaceae

Eucantharomyces

E. ohbae

Agonums sp.

Sugiyama 1982

Stigmatomyces

S. mosilli

Mosillus subsultans

Gilgit

Rossi and Weir

2011

Lecanoromycetes

Lecanorales

Catillariaceae

Placolecis

P. kashmirens-

is*

Calcareous rocks

Azad Jammu &

Kashmir

Kousar et al. 2021

Lecanoraceae

Lecanora

L. pachyrrhiza

In pasture and on rocks

Poelt and Grube

1993

Parmeliaceae

Protoparmelia

P. badia var.

nectans

Rocky slopes

Poelt and Grube

1992

P. gesamia

In pasture and on rocks

Poelt and Grube

1992

Ramalinaceae

Bacidina

B. iqbalii*

Granitic (crystalline) rock

Different sites of

Pakistan

Fatima et al. 2020

B. margallen-

sis*

Bark of Ficus infectoria

Different sites of

Pakistan

Fatima et al. 2020

Lecideales

Lecideaceae

Lecidea

L. aptrootii*

Rocks

Gabin Jabba

valley, Swat

district

Khan et al. 2018b

Leprocaulales

Leprocaulaceae

Halecania

H. pakistanica

Calcareous rocks

Boom and Elix

2005

Ostropales

Stictidaceae

Acarosporina

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A. berberidis

Dead branch of Berberis

ceratophylla

Muzarrarabad

Sherwood 1977a

Schizoxylon

S. crissum

Quercus sp.

Sherwood 1977a

S. juniperinum

Dead branches of Juniperus sp.

Sherwood 1977a

S. pseudocyan-

osporum

Decorticated wood of Pinus

excelsa

Sherwood 1977b

Stictis

St. lumbricus

Decorticated wood of Pinus sp.

Sherwood 1977a

Teloschistales

Teloschistaceae

Caloplaca

C. ahmadiana

Rocks

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. atranulata

Rocks

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. cerina var.

swatica

Bark of Quercus ilex

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. cyanotrop-

Unknown

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. juniperi

Hard dry bark of Juniperus indica

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. lecidellae

Lecidella stigmatea

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. microspore-

lla

Siliceous rock

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. psammophi-

Fine sand

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. reducta

Siliceous rock

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

C. rinodinae

Rinodina milvina

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

scrobiculata

var. ignea

Caloplaca

anularis

Unknown

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993,

Clauzade and

Poelt 1972

C. stipulate

On rock

Poelt and

Hinteregger 1993

Leotiomycetes

Chaetomellales

Chaetomellaceae

Chaetomella

C. acutiseta

Rotting leaves of Acer sp.

Sutton and

Sarbhoy 1976

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Helotiales

Cenangiaceae

Moellerodiscus

M. berberidis

Leaves of Berberis sp.

Dumont 1976

Dermateaceae

Coleophoma

C. mangiferae

Mangifera indica

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Erysiphaceae

Erysiphe

E. sambuci

Sambucus ebulus

Ahmad 1960

Phyllactinia

P. dalbergiae

Leaves of

Dalbergia sissoo

Pirozynski 1965

Godroniaceae

Ascocalyx

A. asiaticus

Bark of Abies pindrow

Groves 1968

Hyaloscyphaceae

Hyaloscypha

H. luteola

Branch of Prosopis juliflora

Ahmad 1978a

Myxotrichaceae

Myxotrichum

M. dendromor-

phum

Soil of coniferous forest

Matsushima 1995

Pezizellaceae

Chalara

C. emodensis

Leaves of Quercus incana

Raj and Kendrick

1976

Ploettnerulaceae

Pyrenopeziza

P. lavaterae

Dead stems of Lavatera

kashmiriana

Müller and Ahmad

1955

Solenopeziaceae

Lasiobelonium

L. parksii var.

album

Lasiobelonium

parksii

Fallen branches

Raitviír 1980

Mycofalcella

M. iqbalii

Decaying culm of Saccharum

munja submerged in canal

Firdaus-e-Bareen

and Braun 2007

Leotiales genus incertae sedis

Flagellospora

F. minuta

Decaying leaves submerged in

fresh water

Iqbal and Bhatty

1980

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Rhytismatales

Rhytismataceae

Coccomyces

C. papillatus

Dead bark of Pinus excelsa

Ahmad 1978a

Hypoderma

H. skimmiae

Davisomycella

skimmiae

Leaves of Skimmia laureola

Peres and Iqbal

1967, Ahmad

1978a

Hypodermella

Hy. quercina

Myriophacidium

quercinum

Fallen leaves of Quercus incana

Ghora Gali

Ahmad 1971b,

Cannon and

Minter 1986

Lirula

pakistanensis

Needles of Abies pindrow

Kaneko 1993

Lophodermium

Lo. hedericola

Leaves of Hedera himalaica

Ghora Gali

Ahmad 1971b

Lo. orientale

Needles of Pinus excels

Minter 1981

Lo. Piniexcels-

Dying needles of Pinus excelsa

Ahmad 1954

Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis

Holwaya

H. salicis

Durandiella

salicis

Stem of Salix sp.

Müller and Ahmad

1959, Korf and

Abawi 1971

Trullula

T. pulvinata

Dead branches of Spiraea sp.

Ahmad 1960

Pezizomycetes

Pezizales

Ascodesmidaceae

Lasiobolus

L. trichoboloi-

des

Dung

Bezerra and

Kimbrough 1975

Discinaceae

Gyromitra

G. khanspure-

nsis*

Cedrus deodara

Krisai-Greilhuber

et al. 2017

Morchellaceae

Morchella

M. pakistani-

ca*

Loamy soil

Hernández-

Restrepo et al.

2016

Pezizaceae

Ahmadea

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A. dalanensis*

Sorghum fields

Dera Ghazi

Khan, Lahore

Aman et al. 2020

Pyronemataceae

Aleuria

A. murreana

Ground soil

Ahmad 1955a

Aleurina

Al. pakistanica

Peziza

pakistanica

Ground soil

Ahmad 1955c,

Ahmad 1978a

Anthracobia

An. korfii

Ahmad 1978a

Geopora

G. ahmadii*

Soil

Saba et al. 2019b

Humaria

H. ahmadii

Scutellinia

ahmadii

Ground soil

Lahore

Cash 1948,

Kaushal et al. 1983

Saccharomycetes

Saccharomycetales

Dipodascaceae

Geotrichum

G. candidum

var.

thermoideum

Dipodascus

geotrichum

Camel dung

Qureshi and Mirza

1981, Von Arx

1977

Sordariomycetes

Amphisphaeriales

Amphisphaeriaceae

Amphisphaeria

A. pakistanae

Dead stems of Indigofera sp.

Kalam, Swat

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Pseudomassariaceae

Leiosphaerella

L. phoenicis

On dead rachis of Phoenix

dactylifera

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Sporocadaceae

Broomella

B. excelsa

Dead branches of Clematis sp.

Shoemaker and

Müller 1963

Discosia

D. jambolanae

Fallen leaves of Eugenia

jambolana

Ahmad 1960

Monochaetia

M. dalbergiae

Dead branches of Dalbergia

sissoo

Sohawa

Ahmad 1972b

M. vernoniae

Branches of Vernonia

cinerascens

Salt Range,

Rawal

Ahmad 1971b

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Neopestalotiopsis

N. guajavae*

Fruit and branches of Psidium

guajava

Punjab

Ul haq et al. 2021

N. guajavico-

la*

Fruit and branches of Psidium

guajava

Punjab

Ul haq et al. 2021

N. perukae*

Fruit and branches of Psidium

guajava

Punjab

Ul haq et al. 2021

N. psidii*

From fruit and branches

of Psidium guajava

Punjab

Ul haq et al. 2021

Cephalothecales

Cephalothecaceae

Cephalotheca

C. pakistanica

Soil of Juniperus wood

Matsushima 1995

Chaetosphaeriales

Chaetosphaeriaceae

Dendrophoma

D. arundinac-

Culms of Phragmites karka

Swat

Ahmad 1971b

Polynema

P. triaristatum

Decorticated branch

Salt Range,

Rawal

Ahmad 1968c

Coronophorales

Ceratostomataceae

Melanospora

M. fusispora

var.

parvispora

Microthecium

fusisporum*

Soil of coniferous forest

Matsushima 1995,

Marin- Felix et al.

2018

Nitschkiaceae

Nitschkia

N. salvadorae

Salvadora oleoides

Ahmad 1954

Diaporthales

Coryneaceae

Coryneum

C. pyricola

Dead branches of Pyrus sp.

Ahmad 1960

Cytosporaceae

Cytospora

C. ipomoeae

Dead branches of Ipomoea

carnea

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972a

C. woodfordi-

Dead branches of Woodfordia

floribunda

Ahmad 1972b

Diaporthaceae

Diaporthe

D. ahmadii

Stems of Hedera nepalensis

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

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D. indigoferae

Dead branches of Indigofera

gerardiana

Müller and Ahmad

1958

Gnomoniaceae

Dictyoporthe

D. ahmadii

Dry stems of Spiraea sp.

Petrak 1955a

Lamproconiaceae

Hercospora

H. ahmadii

Branches of Morus alba

Petrak 1968

Schizoparmaceae

Coniella

C. oryzae

Culms of Oryza sativa

Ahmad 1968a

Stilbosporaceae

Stegonsporium

S. fici

Dead branches of Ficus palmata

Ahmad 1960

S. parrotiae

Stigmina

parrotiae

Dead branches of Parrotia

jacquemontiana

Ahmad 1960,

Sutton 1972

S. sophorinum

Dead branches of Sophora mollis

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1967

Hypocreales

Bionectriaceae

Acremonium

A. phoenicis

Leaf of Phoenix dactylifera

Gams 1971

Nectriaceae

Fusarium

F. humicola*

Soil

Lombard et al.

2019

Thyronectria

T. lamyi var.

Pakistani

Thyronectria

lamyi

Dead stems of Berberis sp.

Seeler 1940,

Müller and Ahmad

1962

Niessliaceae

Pseudonectriella

P. ahmadii

Dead twigs of Cadaba farinose

Petrak 1959

Stachybotryaceae

Didymostilbe

D. coprophila

Dung of Bubalus bubalis

Lyallpur or

Faisalabad

Mirza 1970

Microascales

Microascaceae

Scopulariopsis

S. striata

Penicillium

restrictum

Soil

Gilman and

Abbott 1927,

Müller and Pacha-

Aue 1969

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Phomatosporales

Phomatosporaceae

Phomatospora

P. salvadorina

Salvadora oleoides

Ahmad 1948

Phyllachorales

Phyllachoraceae

Diachora

D. lespedezae

Vitreostroma

desmodii

Lespedeza sp.

Müller 1986,

Cannon 1991

Linochora

L. lasiuri

Lasiurus hirsutus

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1971a

L. rhododendri

Leaves of Rhododendron

arboreum

Kaghan Valley

Ahmad 1971b

Sordariales

Chaetomiaceae

Achaetomium

variosporum

Leaf litter

Sultana et al. 1988

Chaetomium

C. giganigros-

porum

Dung of Capra hircus

Millner 1975

C. muelleri

From twig

Von Arx et al.

1986

Collariella

Co. virescens*

Soil

Von Arx 1970,

Wang et al. 2016

Subramaniula

S. thielavioides

Leaves of Typha angustata

Von Arx 1985

Thielavia

T. pakistanica

Dung of Canis aureus

Batra et al. 1975

Lasiosphaeriaceae

Lasiosphaeria

L. disjuncta

Sporormia

disjuncta

Dead wood

Ahmad and Lodhi

1953, Petrak

1955b

Strattonia

S. karachiensis

Zopfiella

karachiensis

Dung of Capra hircus

Ahmed and Asad

1967b, Guarro and

Cano 1988

Zygopleurage

multicaudata

Dung of Bos taurus

Mirza and Nasir

1968

Podosporaceae

Podospora

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P. badia

Dung of Capra hircus

Sultana 1987

P. clavispora

Camptosphaeria

clavispora

Dung of Bos taurus

Chittagong, East

Pakistan

Mirza and Ahmed

1970, Krug and

Jeng 1977

karachiensis

Dung of Equus asinus

Mirza and Cain

1969

P. pseudoinqu-

inata

Dung of camel

Ahmed et al. 1993

Sordariaceae

Neurospora

N. lineolate

Soil

Lahore

Frederick et al.

1969

N. udagawae

Soil

Khan and Krug

1989

Xylariales

Diatrypaceae

Anthostoma

A. nannorrho-

pis

Anthostomella

nannorrhopis

Leaf rachis of Nannorrhops

ritchieana

Parachinar

Ahmad 1971b,

Hyde 1996

Hypoxylaceae

Daldinia

D. graminis

Burnt stems of grass

Dargan and Thind

1985

D. sacchari

Burnt stems of Saccharum munja

Dargan and Thind

1985

Myelospermataceae

Myelosperma

M. muellerian-

Dead branches of Grewia tenax

Nagar Parker

Ahmad 1971b

Xylariaceae

Anthostomella

A. lodhii

Palmae sp.

Ahmad 1948

Xylariales genus incertae sedis

Leptomassaria

L. capparis

Anthostoma

capparis

Dead branches of Capparis

aphylla

Ahmad and Lodhi

1953, Ahmad 1969

Ascomycota genera incertae sedis

Ahmadia

A. pentatropi-

dis

Living leaves of Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Sydow 1939,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Ahmadinula

Ah. excelsa

Truncatella

excelsa

Clematis sp.

Petrak 1953a,

Shoemaker et al.

1989

Alpakesiopsis

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Al. ghaffarii

Dead twigs

Abbas et al. 2003

Amphididymella

Am. ahmadii

Keissleriella

cladophila

Dead stems of Smilax

parvifolia and Berberis

Müller and Corbaz

1955, Corbaz 1956

Aphanofalx

Ap. irregularis

Dead twigs of Salvadora oleoides

Sutton and Abbas

1986

Chaetopyrena

C. rumicina

Branches of Rumex sp.

Baragali

Ahmad 1971a

Cryptosporium

Cr. capparis

Dead branches of Capparis

aphylla

Ahmad 1968c

Cytosporella

Cy. corticola

Cordia obliqua

Ahmad 1951

Cy. lignicola

Acacia arabica

Ahmad 1951

Cy. panicina

Culms of Panicum antidotale

Daska

Ahmad 1971a

Cy. verrucosa

Bark of Salvadora oleoides

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Davisiella

D. botryodipl-

odiae

Dead branches of

Botryodiplodias

Ahmad 1961

Euryachora

E. paeoniae

Dead stems of Paeonia sp.

Müller and Ahmad

1955

Gilmaniella

G. thermophila

Goat dung

Qureshi and Mirza

1983

Hendersonula

H. dalbergiae

Branches of Dalbergia sissoo

Changa manga

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972b

H. saccharina

Culms of Saccharum sp.

Zafarwal

Ahmad 1971a

H. tecomae

Branches of Tecoma sp.

Hasan abdal

Ahmad and

Arshad 1972b

Leptostromella

L. dichanthii

Leaves of Dichanthium

annulatum

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1971a

L. lasiuri

Culms of Lasiurus hirsutus

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1971a

Leptothyrium

Le. gleditsiae

Spines on Gleditsia triacanthos

Ahmad 1955d

Libertella

Li. aeluropodis

Leaf sheaths of Aeluropus repens

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1968b

Li. asparagine

Branches of Asparagus

adscendens

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971b

Li. moricola

Branches of Morus alba

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971b

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Myrotheciastrum

M. salvadorae

Dead twigs of Salvadora oleoides

Karachi

Abbas and Sutton

1988b

Pleurophomopsis

P. strictae

Branch of Rhazya stricta

Ahmad 1967

Pseudodiplodia

Ps. farsetiae

Dead stems of Farsetia linearis

Riedl 1966

Pucciniopsis

Pu. quercina

Acantharia

sinensis

Leaves of Quercus dilatata

Wakefield 1931,

Von Arx 1954

Pycnoharknessia

Py. pakistani-

Cultivated soil

Matsushima 1996

Seimatosporiopsis

S. salvadorae

Stems of Salvadora oleoides

Sutton et al. 1972

Selenosira

Se. unica

Dead stems of Scrophularia

Sutton 1980a

Septogloeum

Sep.

dalbergiae

Colletogloeum

dalbergiae

Pods of Dalbergia sissoo

Ahmad and Lodhi

1953, Petrak

1953b

Sirophoma

Si. grewiae

Branches of Grewia villosa

Kharian

Ahmad 1969b

Stagonopsis

St. psidii

Dead branches of Psidium

guajava

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1967a

Stagonostromella

Sta. sacchari

Culms of Saccharum spontaneum

Gujrat

Ahmad 1971

Verrucariella

V. capparicola

Dead branches of Capparis

aphylla

Kasur

Ahmad 1967

Basidiomycota

Basidiomycetes

Agaricales

Agaricaceae

Agaricus

atroumbona-

tus*

Decomposing needles under

Abies pindrow

Swat District,

Miandam valley

Bashir et al. 2021

bambusetor-

um*

Thick layer of dry leaf litter under

Bamboo trees

Changa Manga

Forest

Bashir et al. 2021

bisporiticus*

Grass leaf litter on rich loamy soil

of garden

Thongklang et al.

2014

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A. campestris

var.

pleurocystidia

-tus*

Agaricus

campestris

Humicolous, grassy soil

Kaur et al. 2016

Linné 1753

A. fumidicol-

or*

Forest ground near bamboo trees

Changa Manga

Forest, Kasur

Bashir et al. 2021

A. glabriuscul-

us*

Unknown

Malakand

Hussain and Sher

2019

A. griseovarie-

gatus*

Decomposing needles

Khanspur

Bashir et al. 2021

A. latiumbona-

tus*

Unknown

Malakand

Hussain and Sher

2019

A. macropepl-

us*

Grass under deciduous trees

Swat District

Bashir et al. 2021

A. pakistanic-

us*

Lahore, Toba

Tek Singh and

Malakand

Bashir et al. 2018

parviniveus*

Rich loamy soil

Lahore

Bashir et al. 2021

A. porphyroce-

phalus var.

cheilocystidia-

tus*

Agaricus

porphyrocephalu

Wet leaf litter and humicolous

soil

Møller 1952, Kaur

et al. 2016,

punjabensis*

Rich loamy soil

Chen et al. 2016

A. sparsisqua-

mosus*

Unknown

Lahore, Toba

Tek Singh and

Malakand

Bashir et al. 2018

A. swaticus*

Ground under Cedrus deodara

Swat

Bashir et al. 2021

A. xanthochro-

maticus*

Pinus wallichiana

Khanspur

Bashir et al. 2021

Lepiota

L. albogranul-

osa*

Decaying litter and wood

Qasim et al. 2015b

L. cholistanen-

sis*

Sandy soil

Bahawalpur

Bashir et al. 2020b

L. himalayen-

sis*

Moist ground under Abies

pindrow

Razaq et al. 2012

L. lahorensis*

Rich loamy soil

Lahore

Qasim et al. 2016

L. vellingana*

Rich loamy soil in garden

Nawaz et al. 2013

Leucoagaricus

Le.

lahorensis*

Rich loamy soil

Lahore

Qasim et al. 2015a

Le. asiaticus*

Soil

Lahore

Ge et al. 2015

Le. brunneus*

Soil associated with Quercus

oblongata

Swat district

Zia et al. 2019

Melanophyllum

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M. globispor-

Unknown

Baroni 1981

Tulostoma

T. ahmadii*

Soil associated with Justicia

adhatoda and

Convolvulus sp.

Qaldara Dargai

Hussain et al.

2016b

T. crassipes

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. exitum

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

hygrophilum

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. inonotum

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. perplexum

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. pluriosteum

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. puncticulos-

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

T. vulgare

Unknown

Long and Ahmad

1947

Amanitaceae

Amanita

A. ahmadii*

Forests

Swat district,

Gabin Jabba,

Kumrat valley,

Mashkun

Jabeen et al. 2019

A. cinis*

Soil, associated with Abies

pindrow

District Shangla,

Mansehra

Ullah et al. 2019

A. emodotryg-

on*

Sandy soil under Pinus

roxburghii

Shangla District

Ullah et al. 2019

A. glarea*

Soil associated with Cedrus

deodara

Swat district,

Mashkun

Jabeen et al. 2017a

A. mansehrae-

nsis*

Pinus roxburghii

Mansehra

District, Batrasi

Saba et al. 2019a

A. olivovagin-

ata*

Sandy to loamy soil under Pinus

roxburghii

Shangla District

Ullah et al. 2019

A. pakistanica

Abies pindrow

Northwest

Frontier

Province

Tulloss et al. 2001

Zhuliangomyces

Z. pakistanic-

us*

Unknown

Usman and Khalid

2020b

Bolbitiaceae

Descolea

D. quercina*

Quercus sp.

Malam Jabba,

Toa valley

Khan et al. 2017b

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Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius

C. brunneoca-

rpus*

Soil, associated with Abies

pindrow, and Pinus wallichiana

Khanspur

Song et al. 2019

C. longistipita-

tus*

Pinus wallichiana

Swat, Mankial

Saba et al. 2017

Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus

H. alboflavesc-

ens*

Soil under Quercus incana

Swat, Shawar

Valley

Naseer et al. 2019a

H. scabrellus*

Soil under Quercus incana

Swat, Toa

Naseer et al. 2019a

Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus

G. dunensis*

Wood of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis

Bahawalpur,

Narowal.

Bashir et al. 2020a

G. swaticus*

Decomposing cavities of Picea

smithiana

Swat district

Khan et al. 2017a

Phaeocollybia

P. pakistani-

ca*

Forest soil near Abies pindrow

and Pinus wallichiana

Khan et al. 2016

Inocybaceae

Inocybe

I. ahmadii*

On ground associated with Pinus

wallichiana

Khanspur,

Miandam

Farooqi et al. 2017

I. kohistanen-

sis*

On soil

Swat

Jabeen et al. 2016

I. shawaren-

sis*

On soil, associated with Quercus

oblongata

Swat district

Naseer et al. 2018

Pseudosperma

P. brunneoum-

bonatum*

On the forest floor in stands of

Pinus roxburghii

Abbottabad,

Shimla

Saba et al. 2020

P. flavorimos-

um*

On soil under Pinus wallichiana

Kaghan valley,

Hazara division,

Mansehra district

Jabeen and Khalid

2020

P. pinophil-

um*

Under Pinus wallichiana

Abbottabad,

Shimla

Saba et al. 2020

triaciculare*

Under Pinus roxburghii

Mansehra,

Batrasi

Saba et al. 2020

Lycoperdaceae

Bovista

B. concinna

On ground, associated with Taxus

baccata

Ahmad 1949

B. himalaica*

Grass in moist temperate forests

Yousaf et al. 2013

Calvatia

C. ahmadii*

Ground soil

Khalid and Iqbal

2004

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Lycoperdon

L. lahorense*

Soil, associated with Poaceae

Lahore

Yuan et al. 2020

L. pseudocurti-

sii*

Soil associated with Poaceae

Lahore

Yuan et al. 2020

L. setiferum

Unknown

Murree

Demoulin 1976

Lyophyllaceae

Termitomyces

T. acriumbon-

atus*

Moist soil, associated with

Acacia modesta

Gujrat

Usman and Khalid

2020a

T. sheikhupur-

ensis*

Honeycomb pieces

Sheikhupura

Izhar et al. 2020

Omphalotaceae

Marasmiellus

M. longistip-

es*

Unknown

Abbottabad

District, Ayubia

National Park

Haelewaters et al.

2020

Rhodocollybia

R. utrorensis*

Forest

Swat District,

Utror valley

Sattar et al. 2018

Physalacriaceae

Xerula

X. japonica

var. ahmadii*

Hymenopellis

ahmadii

Soil

Dörfelt 1984,

Petersen and

Hughes 2010

Psathyrellaceae

Coprinellus

C. campanula-

tus*

Wood chip

Qaldara, Dargai,

Malakand

Hussain et al. 2018

C. disseminat-

esimilis*

Leaf litter under Populus alba

and Morus alba

Malakand,

Sarogai

Hussain et al. 2018

C. ovatus*

Soil under broadleaf trees

Islamabad,

Murree Express

Road

Kamran and

Jabeen 2020

C. pakistanic-

us*

Moist soil, under trees of Acacia

nilotica and A. modesta

Pabbi Forest

Park, Punjab

Hussain et al. 2018

C. punjaben-

sis*

On soil, associated with Acacia

modesta

Pabbi forest

park, Punjab

Saranyaphat et al.

2021

C. tenuis*

Leaf litter under Acacia modesta

Malakand,

Qaldara

Hussain et al. 2018

Parasola

P. lilatinctoid-

Unknown

Voto 2019

malakanden-

sis*

Leaf litter of Acacia modesta

Qaldara Dargai -

Malakand

Hussain et al. 2017

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Strophariaceae

Stropharia

S. atroferrugi-

nea*

In forests of Pinus roxburghii

Battagram

district

Khan et al. 2019

Agaricales genera incertae sedis

Infundibulicybe

I. macrospo-

ra*

Woody debris in moist temperate

forest

Abbottabad

district, Ayubia

National Park

Ali et al. 2020

Melanoleuca

M. dirensis*

Rich loamy soil near river

Dir Upper

district, Kumrat

Valley

Nawaz et al. 2017

Mucronella

Mu. pulchra

Burnt wood

Corner 1970

Boletales

Boletaceae

Boletus

B. himalayen-

sis*

Soil

Swat District

Sarwar et al. 2018

B. Pakistani-

cus*

Pinus sp.

Sarwar and Khalid

2014

Butyriboletus

Bu. parachina-

rensis

Quercus baloot

Parachinar

Crous et al. 2021

Hortiboletus

H. kohistanen-

sis*

Quercus incana

Swat Valley, Toa

Naseer et al. 2019b

Tylopilus

T. sultanii*

Ground soil

Sarwar et al. 2014

Xerocomellus

X. fulvus*

Soil

Swat, Ushu

Kalam

Hernández-

Restrepo et al.

2016

Gomphidiaceae

Chroogomphus

C. pruinosus*

Moisture rich loamy soil

Kumrat valley

Kiran et al. 2020

C. Pakistani-

cus*

Forest floor

Kumrat valley

Kiran et al. 2020

Suillaceae

Suillus

S. marginiele-

vatus*

Ground under Quercus incana

Dunga Gali

Sarwar et al. 2015

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Agaricostilbomycetes

Agaricostilbales

Chionosphaeraceae

Stilbum

S. mycetophi-

lum

Poria sp.

Ahmad 1960

Bartheletiomycetes

Geastrales

Geastraceae

Geastrum

G. lageniforme

var. ahmadii

Geastrum

lageniforme

Unknown

Staněk1958,

Vittadini 1842

G. panjabense

In deserts

Ahmad 1950b

Gomphales

Clavariadelphaceae

Clavariadelphus

C. pakistani-

cus*

Moist temperate forests

Khanspur-

Ayubia

Hanif et al. 2014

Gomphaceae

Gomphus

G. megaspores

Unknown

Corner 1970

Ramaria

R. flavescento-

ides*

Unknown

Hanif et al. 2019

Hymenochaetales

Hymenochaetaceae

Inonotus

peristrophidis

Branches of Peristrophe

bicalyculata

Ahmad 1972a

Phallales

Phallaceae

Lysurus

L. pakistanicus

Grass lawn

Iqbal et al. 2006

Phallus

P. calongei

Ground soil

Moreno et al. 2009

Polyporales

Podoscyphaceae

Podoscypha

P. petalodes

sub sp.

rosulata

Unknown

Reid 1965

Polyporaceae

Fomes

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F. ajazii

Lonicera quinquelocularis

Hussain 1952

Ganoderma

G. ahmadii

Dalbergia sissoo

Steyaert 1972

Perenniporia

P. ahmadii

Pseudopiptoporu

s chocolatus

Wood

Ryvarden 1983,

Decock and

Ryvarden 2003

Trametes

T. sultan-

ahmadii

Dead trunk of Dalbergia sissoo

Corner 1989

Russulales

Albatrellaceae

Albatrellopsis

A. flettioides*

Soil under Pinus wallichiana

Miandam valley,

District Swat

Haelewaters et al.

2020

Albatrellus

A. roseus*

Ground under Picea smithiana

Gabin Jabba

Valley, District

Swat

Khan et al. 2018a

Bondarzewiaceae

Heterobasidion

H. amyloideo-

psis*

Stump of Pinus wallichiana

Mansehra,

Chattar Plain

Zhao et al. 2017

Peniophoraceae

Peniophora

sedimentico-la

Phlebia

sedimenticola

Silt on sides of watercourses

Ahmad 1955b,

Ahmad 1972a

Scytinostroma

S. ahmadii

Wood

Boidin and

Lanquetin 1987

S. cystidiatum

Stump of Morus alba

Boidin 1960

Russulaceae

Russula

R. abbottabad-

ensis*

Pinus roxburghii

Abbottabad,

Shimla

Caboň et al. 2019

R. ahmadii*

Ground under Cedrus deodara

Abbottabad

district, Kuzah

Gali

Jabeen et al. 2017c

R. aurantiofla-

va*

Mixed coniferous forest

Dir upper

district, Kumrat

Adamčík et al.

2019

R. brunneopu-

rpurea*

Soil under Cedrus deodara

Malakand

division, Swat

district, Kalam

Jabeen et al. 2017b

R. foetentoid-

es*

Ground near Abies pindrow

Razaq et al. 2014

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R. quercus-

floribundae*

Unknown

Munazza et al.

2019

R. rubricolor*

On soil, associated with Cedrus

deodara

Hazara division

Abbottabad

district, Shimla

Hill

Jabeen et al. 2020

R. shanglaen-

sis*

Humus soil

District Shangla

Ullah et al. 2020

R. shawaren-

sis*

Floor of Quercus floribunda

Swat district,

Lower Shawar

Crous et al. 2020

Stereaceae

Aleurodiscus

A. jacksonii

Bark of Abies pindrow

Ahmad 1962

Stereum

S. ahmadii

Acanthofungus

ahmadii

Rotten wood

Boidin 1956, Wu

et al. 2000

Thelephorales

Thelephoraceae

Thelephora

T. iqbalii*

Unknown

Khalid and Hanif

2017

Tomentella

T. griseocinna-

momea

Tomentella

asperula

Ground, fallen branches and

leaves

Patriata

Höhnel and Litsch

1906, Wakefield

1966

Cantharellales

Aphelariaceae

Aphelaria

A. ceracea

Dead wood of Quercus dilatata

Corner 1970

Exobasidiomycetes

Entylomatales

Entylomataceae

Entyloma

E. cyperi

Leaves of Cyperus rotundus

Ahmad 1960

E. medicaginis

Leaves of Medicago polymorpha

Vánky 2002

Microstromatales

Microstromataceae

Microstroma

M. cassiicola

Leaves of Cassia holosericea

Khan and Kamal

1969

Tilletiales

Tilletiaceae

Tilletia

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T. eleusines

Ovaries of Eleusine aegyptiaca

Sydow 1934,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Microbotryomycetes

Microbotryales

Microbotryaceae

Sphacelotheca

S. consueta

Flowers of Cymbopogon parkeri

Sydow and Ahmad

1939, Ahmad et al.

1997

S. microstegii*

Sporisorium

microstegii

Inflorescence of Microstegium

nudum

Ahmad 1956d,

Guo 2001

S. pakistanica

Inflorescence of Capillipedium

parviflorum

Ahmad 1956d

S. panjabensis

Ovaries of Cenchrus biflorus

Sydow 1939,

Ahmad et al. 1997

S. pennisetina*

Anthracocystis

pennisetina

Inflorescence of Pennisetum

flaccidum

Ahmad 1956d,

McTaggart et al.

2012

S. stewartii

Pennisetum flaccidum

Mundkur 1944,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Sporidiobolales

Sporidiobolaceae

Sporobolomyces

S. coprophilus

Dung of Capra aegagrus hircus

Sugiy and Goto

1967

Pucciniomycetes

Pucciniales

Melampsoraceae

Melampsora

M. euphorbia-

epilosae

Leaves of Euphorbia Pilosa

Vattiprolu and

Agarwal 2001

pakistanica*

Leaves of Euphorbia helioscopia

Islamabad

Ali et al. 2016

Phakopsoraceae

Phakopsora

P. anaphalidi-

sadnatae

Anaphalis adnate

Khalid and Iqbal

1996a

Phragmidiaceae

Phragmidium

P. punjaben-

se*

Rosa brunonis

Ali et al. 2017b

P. shogranen-

Leaves of Rubus sp.

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Pucciniaceae

Puccinia

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P. agrostidis-

caninae

Agrostis canina

Afshan et al. 2008

P. aizazii*

Jasminum humile

Islamabad

Ali et al. 2017a

anaphalidis-

virgatae

Stems of Anaphalis virgate

Afshan et al.

2010b

P. carthami

var.

oxyacanthae

Puccinia

oxyacanthae

Carthamus sp.

Oxyacantha

Ahmad 1960,

Savile 1970

P. chitralensis

Pleurospermum sp.

stylosum

Jørstad 1952

P. cypericola

Cyperus rotundus

Ahmad 1960

P. deosaiensis

Leaves of Epipactis helleborine

Deosi Plains,

northern

Pakistan

Khalid and Iqbal

1997

P. dichanthii

Leaves of Dichanthium

annulatum

Nathia Gali

Afshan et al.

2010c

P. eriocyclae

Lower surface of leaves of

Eriocycla stewartii

Gilgit Agency,

Naltar Valley

Khalid and Iqbal

1996b

P. helictotrichi

var.

pakistanica*

Puccinia

helictotrichi

Leaves of Helictotrichon

virescens

Northern Areas,

Fairy Meadows

Afshan et al.

2010b, Jørstad

1959

P. khanspurica

Sorghum halepense

Khanspur

Khalid and Afshan

2009

P. leersiae

Leaves of Leersia oryzoides

Nathia Gali

Afshan et al.

2010c

P. narcissi

Narcissus sp.

Laundon 1965

P. pakistani

Narcissus sp.

Laundon 1965

P. pennisetila-

nati

Leaves of Pennisetum lanatum

Ahmad 1960

P. ranunculifa-

lcati

Ranunculus falcatus

Ahmad 1954

P. silenigena

Silene sp.

Fairy Meadows

Iqbal et al. 2009

sporoboliar-

abici

Leaves of Sporobolus arabicus

Afshan et al. 2008

P. sporoboli-

coromandelia

Leaves of Sporobolus

coromandelianus

Afshan et al.

2010c

P. stapfiolae

Leaves of Stapfiola bipinata

Mundkur and

Thirumalachar

1946

P. subepiderm-

alis

Carex curta

Afshan et al. 2009

Uromyces

U. ciceris-

soongaricae

Cicer songaricum

Ahmad 1960

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U. heteromall-

Stems and on leaves of Haloxylon

recurvum

Sydow and Ahmad

1939, Ahmad et al.

1997

U. klotzschia-

nus

Leaves of Rumex dentatus

Song et al. 2019

U. lespedezae-

sericeae

Leaves of Lespedeza sericea

Ahmad 1956c

U. longipedic-

ellaris

Leaves of Rumex vesicarius

Ramachar and Rao

1985

U. penniseti

Pennisetum lanatum

Ahmad 1960

Pucciniastraceae

Hyalopsora

H. nodispora

Adiantum capillus-veneris

Dunga Gali

Saba et al. 2012

Milesia

kashmiriana

Athyrium dentigerum

Jammu-Kashmir

Afshan et al.

2010a

Raveneliaceae

Diorchidium

D. digitariae

Leaves of Digitaria bicornis

Ahmad 1956a

Ravenelia

R. mimosae-

himalayanae

Leaves of Mimosa himalayana

Ahmad 1956c

Pucciniales genera incertae sedis

Aecidium

A. colchici

Leaves of Colchicum luteum

Ahmad 1956c

A. haqii

Leaves of Rosa sp.

Sultan et al. 2008

A. hederae

Leaves of Hedera helix

Wakefield 1931,

Ahmad et al. 1997

A. pakistani-

cum

Spiraea tomentosa

Sultan et al. 2008

Caeoma

C. ahmadii

Leaves of Rosa microphylla

Kozshawar Swat

district

Afshan et al. 2012

C. khanspure-

nse

Leaves or stems of Rosa

webbiana

Kozshawar Swat

district

Afshan et al. 2012

C. rosicola

Leaves or petioles of Rosa

webbiana

Kozshawar Swat

district

Afshan et al. 2012

Uredo

U. capilli-

veneris

Adiantum capillus-veneris

Jørstad and Iqbal

1967

U. otostegiae

Leaves of Otostegia limbata

Ahmad 1956c

Tremellomycetes

Tremellales

Cryptococcaceae

Cryptococcus

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C. albidus var.

ovalis*

Naganishia

albida

Dung of Capra hircus

Sugiyama and

Goto 1967, Liu et

al. 2015

Tritirachiomycetes

Ustilaginales

Anthracoideaceae

Anthracoidea

A. mulenkoi

Ovaries of inflorescence of

Kobresia capillifolia

Kashmir

Marcin 2006

Cintractia

C. kobresiae

Kobresia laxa

Mundkur 1944

Tolyposporium

T. aristidae

Sporisorium

aristidae

Inflorescence of Aristida

cyanantha

Ahmad 1956d,

Vanky 2001

T. evernium

Ovaries of Paspalum distichum,

of Dalbergia sissoo, of Peganum

harmala, and of Cynodon

dactylon

Sydow 1939,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Ustilaginaceae

Sporisorium

S. divisum

Spikelets of Pennisetum divisum

Vánky 2003

S. murreeanum

Microstegium sp.

Kakishima and

Ono 1993

S. pakistanen-

Shoots of Pennisetum lanatum

Denchev et al.

2013

Ustilago

U. boissierae

Ovary of Boissiera squarrosa

Vánky 1997

U. combensis*

Kalmanago

combensis

Flowers of Commelina

benghalensis

Vánky 1994,

Denchev et al.

2020

U. chrysopog-

onis

Macalpinomyces

chrysopogonis

Inflorescence of Chrysopogon

gryllus

Ahmad 1956d,

Vanky 1997

U. euphorbiae

Ahmadiago

euphorbiae

Euphorbia dracunculoides

Mundkur 1940,

Vanky 2004

U. idonea

Flowers of Eleusine aristate

Sydow and Ahmad

1939, Ahmad et al.

1997

merxmuelle-

rana

Trisetaria cavanillesii

Scholz 1980

U. pulveracea

Male florettes of Zea mays

Cooke 1876,

Ahmad et al. 1997

U. stewartii

Microbotryum

stewartii

Rheum webbiana

Zundel 1944,

Vánky 1998

U. trachyniae

Inflorescence of Trachynia

beludshistanica

Karjagin and

Uljanishchev 1948

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Ustilaginomycetes

Urocystidales

Glomosporiaceae

Thecaphora

T. pakistanica

Capsules of Androsace

rotundifolia

Islamabad,

Khanspur

Vánky et al. 2007

Urocystidaceae

Urocystis

U. colchici-

lutei

Colchicum luteum

Zundel 1944,

Ahmad et al. 1997

Chytridiomycota

Chytridiomycetes genus incertae sedis

Sagittospora

S. cameronii

Eudiplodinium maggii in the

rumen of goats

Lubinsky 1955

Synchytriomycetes

Synchytriales

Synchytriaceae

Synchytrium

S. marsileae

Marsilea minuta

Ahmad and Lodhi

1953

Glomeromycota

Glomeromycetes

Glomerales

Glomeraceae

Sclerocystis

S. microcarpus

Rhizosphere of ferns

Iqbal and

Bushra 1980

S. pakistanica

Glomus

sinuosum

Rhizosphere of Oryza sativa

Iqbal and Bushra

1980, Almeida and

Schenck 1990

Kickxellomycota

Kickxellomycetes

Kickxellales

Kickxellaceae

Spiromyces

S. aspiralis

Mouse dung

O'Donnell et al.

1998

Mucoromycota

Mucoromycete

Mucorales

Cunninghamellaceae

Absidia

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A. inflata

Soil

Mirza et al. 1979

Lichtheimiaceae

Dichotomocladium

D. sphaerosp-

orum

Rat dung

Benny and

Benjamin 1993

Fennellomyces

F. gigacellula-

ris

Sheep dung

Mirza et al. 1979

F. verticillatus

Mouse dung

Mirza et al. 1979

Rhizomucor

R. pakistanicus

Groundnut seeds

Mirza et al. 1979

Mucoraceae

Mucor

M. faisalabad-

ensis

Protomycocladu

s faisalabadensis

Rodent dung

Mirza et al. 1979,

Schipper and

Samson 1994

M. lahorensis

Soil

Mirza et al. 1979

M. pakistani-

cus

Goat dung

Mirza et al. 1979

M. punjabensis

Bat dung

Mirza et al. 1979

Zoopagomycota

Zoopagomycetes

Zoopagales

Piptocephalidaceae

Piptocephalis

P. macroceph-

ala

Horse dung

Mirza et al. 1979

In the second section, 136 species were included and all these species are currently ambiguous that require

consideration from fungal taxonomists. Herein, we briefly explained the ambiguous species within genera

Amphichaeta, Diplodiella, and Diplodina as examples.

Amphichaeta McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 29: 118 (1904)

Current name: SEIMATOSPORIUM Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(13): 79

(1837)

Notes: The genus Amphichaeta was regarded as a synonym of Seimatosporium by Shoemaker (1964).

Subsequent publications followed this synonymy (Sutton 1980b, Nag Raj 1993) thus Kirk et al. (2008,

2013) did not list it in the Dictionary of Fungi and the list of without-prejudice list of generic names,

respectively. Index Fungorum (2022) listed 17 species epithets, and one novel species has been reported

from Pakistan. It is necessary to recollect these fungal taxa and study them to confirm their relationships

with Seimatosporium.

Diplodiella (P. Karst.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 375 (1884) nom. dub.

Notes: Kirk et al. (2008) regarded that this generic name is doubtful. Two novel species have been reported

from Pakistan which needs to be resolved.

MycoAsia – Journal of modern mycology ISSN: 2582-7278

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Diplodina Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg., Cl. Sci., sér. 2 2(7): 562 (1857)

Current name: PLAGIOSTOMA Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 118 (1870) [1869-70]

Notes: Rossman et al. (2015), proposed to adopt the younger, sexual typified name, Plagiostoma over

Diplodina, the older, asexual typified name. Twelve novel species have been reported from Pakistan

however, it is essential to revisit the older taxa and epitypify them.

Table 2 Checklist of novel fungal species, which are treated as doubtful, reported from Pakistan.

Species

Current

name/status

Host

Localities

References

Amphichaeta

gerardiana

Dead branches of

Indigofera

gerardiana

Muzaffarabad

Ahmad 1968b

Ascochytella

albiziae

Fallen pods

of Albizia lebbeck

Ahmad 1964c

A. asparagi

Dead branches

of Asparagus

Ahmad 1969b

A. eremopogonis

Culms of

Eremopogon

foveolatus

Ahmad 1971

A. sacchari

Peelings of

Saccharum

officinarum

Ahmad 1971b

A. tephrosiae

Branches of

Tephrosia purpurea

Ahmad 1971b

Ascochytula

culmicola

Ascochyta

culmicola

Culms of Erianthus

ravennae

Ahmad 1971b,

Punith 1979

Bacillispora inflata

Decaying leaves

submerged in fresh

water

Iqbal and Bhatty

1980

Benjaminia aristata

Pycnomoreletia

aristata

Stems of Poaceae

Ahmad 1967,

Rulamort 1990

Botryodiplodia

asparagi

Branches of

Asparagus sp.

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

B. capparis

On dead branches of

Capparis aphylla

Ahmad 1969b

B. carissae

Branches of Carissae

spinarum

Ahmad 1972b

B. deodarae

Dead Cedrus

deodara

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

B. gymnosporiae

Branches of

Gymnosporia

royleana

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

B. ipomoeae

Branches of Ipomoea

carnea

Ahmad 1972b

B. lantanicola

Branches of Lantana

indica

Ahmad 1971b

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B. opuntiae

Phylloclades of

Opuntia sp.

Mingora

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

B. oxystelmatis

Branches of

Oxystelma

esculentum

Ahmad 1971b

B. pakistanica

Branches of Aegle

marmelos

Ahmad 1971b

B. prosopidina

Branches of Prosopis

glandulosa

Ahmad 1969b

B. ricinincola

Dead Ricinus

communis

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

B. solani

Branches of Solanum

melongena

Hangu

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

B. xanthii

Branches of

Xanthium

strumarium

Changa manga

Ahmad 1971a

Botryogene maydis

Culms of Zea mays

Swat

Ahmad 1971a

Catharinia

cynodontis

Dead stems of

Cynodon dactylon

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Chaetosclerophoma

strictae

Dead branches of

Rhazya stricta

Bhakar

Ahmad 1967

Chaetosphaeropsis

pakistanica

Dead wood

Ahmad 1964a

C. seriata

Branches of Mallotus

philippensis

Tret

Ahmad and Arshad

1972a

Cleistobombardia

pakistani

Cercophora

pakistani

Dung of Equus

caballus

Faisalabad

Mirza 1968b,

Von Arx 1973

Cytodiplospora

alhagi

Branches of Alhagi

maurorum

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1971b

Diaporthopsis

spiraeae

Dead stems of

Spiraea sorbifolia

Müller and Ahmad

1955

Dichomera

gymnosporiae

Gymnosporia

royleana

Ahmad 1955d

D. macrospora

Dead branches of

Berberis lycium

Ahmad 1955d

D. moricola

Branches of Morus

alba

Kohat

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

D. rosarum

Dead branches of

Rosa

Ahmad 1964a

Didymosporium

culmicola

Stems of Phragmites

karka

Swat

Ahmad 1967

Diplodiella milleri

Ziziphus jujuba

Ahmad 1951

Di. tamaricina

Branches of Tamarix

articulata

Ahmad 1968d

Diplodina abutilonis

Dead branches of

Abutilon indicum

Ahmad 1967

Dip. aloina

Inflorescence axes of

Aloe vera

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

Dip. capparincola

Dead Capparis

aphylla

Petrak and

Ahmad 1954

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Dip. cymbopogonis

Culms of

Cymbopogon

schoenanthus

Ahmad 1971a

Dip. doemiae

Branches of Doemia

extensa

Ahmad 1971a

Dip. panici

Dead Panicum

antidotale

Ahmad 1951

Dip. pentatropidis

Dead branches of

Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Ahmad 1964a

Dip. phoenicina

Leaves of Phoenix

dactylifera

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Dip. saccharina

Ascochyta

saccharophila

Culms of Saccharum

munja

Zafarwal

Ahmad 1971a,

Punith 1979

Dip. sorghina

Culms of Sorghum

vulgare

Hasanabdal

Ahmad 1971a

Dip. tecomae

Branches of Tecoma

sp.

Hasanabdal

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

Dip. zeicola

Culms of Zea mays

Swat

Ahmad 1971a

Eupenicilliu mole

Penicillium molle

Soil

Malloch and Cain

1972, Pitt 1980

Foveostroma

salvadorae

Dead branches of

Salvadora oleoides

Abbas et al. 2001

Fusicoccum

asparagi

Dead Asparagus sp.

Ahmad 1951

F. euphorbiae

Dead branches of

Euphorbia

pulcherrima

Ahmad 1951

F. lahoreanum

Dead Thevetia

neriifolia

Ahmad 1951

Haplovalsaria

allantosporiformis

Endoxylina

allantosporiformis

Fallen wood

Müller and Ahmad

1957, Müller and von

Arx 1962

Helicodendron

pinicola

Tyrannosorus

pinicola

Submerged

decorticated wood of

Pinus sp.

Unter and Malloch

1995,

Voglmayr and Fisher

1997

Hendersonia

abutilonis

Branches of Abutilon

indicum

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1967

H. andrachnes

Dead branches of

Andrachne cordifolia

Ahmad 1968b

H. buteae

Dead branches of

Butea monosperma

Salt Range, Rawal

Ahmad 1967

H. calotropidis

Dead branches of

Calotropis procera

Hasanabdal

Ahmad 1968b

H. cenchrina

Culms of Cettchrus

ciliaris

Karachi

Ahmad 1971a

H. crotalariae

Dead branches of

Crotalaria burhia

Talagang

Ahmad 1967

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H. cymbopogonis

Culms of

Cymbopogon

schoenanthus

Muzaffarabad

Ahmad 1971b

H. cynodontis

Runners of Cynodon

dactylon

Hasan abdal

Ahmad 1968c

H. eleusines

Runners of Eleusine

compressa

Karachi

Ahmad 1968c

H. eremopogonis

Culms of

Eremopogon

foveolatus

Kharian

Ahmad 1971a

H. ficina

Branches of Ficus

palmata

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1968c

H. leptostromatis

Leptostroma ahmadii

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

H. panici-

antidotalis

Culms of Panicum

antidotale

Ahmad 1961

H. plectranthi

Branches of

Plectranthus rugosus

Swat

Ahmad 1971b

H. sacchari-

spontanei

Culms of Saccharum

spontaneum

Ahmad 1961

H. salsolicola

Dead branches of

Salsola foetida

Kalar kahar

Ahmad 1967

H. viticola

Branches of Vitis

vinifera

Zafarwal

Ahmad 1967

Humarina

plumbeoatra

Octospora

plumbeoatra

Ground soil

Ladhar,

Sheikhupura

Cash 1948, Pant and

Tewari 1978

Hu. umbrina

Octospora

umbrina

Ground soil

Lahore

Cash 1948, Ahmad

1978a

Hu. ziziphi

Kompsoscypha

ziziphin

Dead branches of

Ziziphus jujuba

Cash 1948, Pfister

1989

Leptostroma

ahmadii

Bifusella ahmadii

Pinus excelsa

Petrak 1954,

Rossman et al. 2016

Macrophoma

albiziae

Fallan leaves of

Albizziae lebbek

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

M. asphodeli

Dead Asphodelus

tenuifolius

Ahmad 1948

M. cruciferarum

Dead branch of

Cruciferae sp.

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1967

M. fagoniae

Branches of Fagonia

cretica

Bahawalpur

Ahmad 1971a

M. ficina

Fallen leaves of Ficus

religiosa

Lahore

Ahmad 1969b

M. graminicola

Stolons of Eleusine

compressa

Kasur

Ahmad 1967

M. heptapleuri

Leaves of

Heptapleurum

venulosum

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

M. launaeae

Branches of Launaea

nudicaulis

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

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M. pegani

Capsules of Peganum

harmala

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

M. pentatropidis

Branches of

Pentatropis

cynanchoides

Fort Monro

Ahmad 1971b

M. prosopidis

Leaves of Prosopis

glandulosa

Khan and Kamal

1974

M. rumicicola

Branches of Rumex

dentatus

Sheikhupura

Ahmad 1971a

M. sisymbrii

Branches of

Sisymbrium irio

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

M. triticina

Dead Triticum sp.

Ahmad 1948

Marssonina

pakistanica

Leaves of Fragaria

vesca

Changla Gali

Sutton and Webster

1984

Massarinula dubia

Stems of Tamarix

articulata

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

Ma. orientalis

Decayed wood

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

Microdiplodia

salvadorina

Dead branches of

Salvadora oleoides

Ahmad 1962

Mi. agavicola

Leaves of Agave

Shakargar

Ahmad 1971b

Mi. astragalina

Dead branches of

Astragalus sp.

Ahmad 1969a

Mi. cadabae

Branches of Cadaba

fruticosa

Ahmad 1964a

Mi. ficina

Branches of Ficus

palmata

Swat

Ahmad 1971b

Mi. lonicerae

Dead branches of

Lonicera sp.

Ahmad 1964c

Mi. nannorrhopis

Leaves of

Nannorrhops

ritchieana

Ahmad 1969a

Mi. othonnopsidis

Branches of

Othonnopsis

intermedia

Ziarat

Ahmad and Arshad

1972b

Mi. prunicola

Branches of Prunus

amygdalus

Lahore

Ahmad 1971a

Mycosphaerella

adhatodae

Falllen leaves of

Adhatoda vasica

Swat

Ahmad 1969b

My. dalbergiae

Dead leaves of

Dalbergia sissoo

Müller and Ahmad

1955

My. skimmiae

Dead leaves of

Skimmia laureola

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Otthiella clavata

Otthia clavata

Dead branches of

Spiraea lindleyana

Müller and Ahmad

1957, Müller and

Von Arx 1962

Peltosphaeria

acacia

Branches of Acacia

modesta

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Penzigia quercus

Bark of Quercus

dilatata

Müller and Ahmad

1955

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Phomopsis

clematidis

Branches of Clematis

sp.

Doonga Gali

Ahmad 1971b

P. daturicola

Branches of Datura

alba

Murree

Ahmad 1971b

P. mangiferae

Dead leaves of

Mangifera indica

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

P. salmalica

Dead trunk and

branches of Bombax

malabaricum

Khan 1961

Pilidiella

jambolanae

Leaf of Eugenia

jambolana

Murree

Ahmad 1967

Pi. tamaricina

Dead branches of

Tamarix articulata

Kasur

Ahmad 1967

Pleospora

aggregate

Stems of Berberis

ceratophylla

Wehmeyer and

Ahmad 1964

Pl. cephalandrae

Dead stems of

Cephalandra indica

Müller and Ahmad

1957

Pl. iqbalii

Dead branches of

Tricholepis furcata

Lucas and Iqbal 1969

Polystigmina

pallescens

Prunus cornuta

Petrak and Ahmad

1954

Rhabdospora

mirabilis

Dead branches of

Mirabilis jalapa

Ghora Gali

Ahmad 1967

R. ranunculacearum

Stems of Ranunculus

arvensis

Rawalakot

Ahmad 1971b

R. rumicina

Branches of Rumex

dentatus

Shakargar

Ahmad 1971a

R. zeina

Culms of Zea mays

Ahmad 1971a

Sorosporium

aeluropodis

Inflorescence of

Aeluropus

lagopoides

Ahmad 1956d

S. arthraxonis

Inflorescence of

Arthraxon

lanceolatus

Ahmad 1956d

S. baluchistani

Inflorescence of

Bothriochloa

Ahmad 1956d

S. ladharense

Flowers of

Cymbopogon

iwarancusa

Sydow and Ahmad

1939

Spilocaea ahmadii

Fusicladium

ahmadii

Leaves of Pyrus

pashia

Swat, Mingora

Ellis 1976, Ritschel et

al. 2003

Suttonia eriobotryae

Fallen leaves of

Eriobotrya japonica

Ahmad 1960

Su. gaubae

Unknown

Ahmad 1960

Thielaviella

humicola

Boothiella

tetraspora

Soil

Lahore

Von Arx and

Mahmood 1968,

Lodhi and Mirza

1962

Valsella moricola

Dead Morus alba

Ahmad 1948

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Vermicularia

arthraxonis

Colletotrichum

arthraxonis

Leaves of Arthraxon

serrulatus

Ahmad 1955d,

Ahmad 1956b

Xylosphaeria

ahmadii

Mycothyridium

ahmadii

Wood

Petrak and Ahmad

1954, Ahmad 1969a

X. pakistani

Mycothyridium

pakistani

Dead branches of

Astragalus

Müller and Ahmad

1958, Müller and

Ahmad 1969

Discussion

This checklist presents, for the first time, an exhaustive overview of novel fungi reported from Pakistan;

and a comprehensive outline of those species that have been collected and published so far. In Pakistan, a

more complete list of fungi will be possible only by cataloging the existing species and identifying new

ones because the fungi of this region are still largely unexplored compared to other regions of the world

that were fairly well explored (Tedersoo et al. 2014, Hyde et al. 2018, Piepenbring et al. 2020,

Wijayawardene et al. 2021).

Pakistan has a long history of mycology (Raza et al. 2021). Based on what was published in the available

field guides on fungi of Pakistan (Mirza and Qureshi 1978, Ahmad et al. 1997, Ahmad et al. 2014), the

most common fungal species reported across all the years belong to several genera, including Ascochyta,

Aplosporella, Caloplaca, Camarosporium, Cercospora, Coniothyrium, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Phoma,

Sphaeropsis and Stagonospora in Ascomycota, while Agaricus, Amanita, Coprinellus, Puccinia, Russula,

Sphacelotheca, Tulostoma, Uromyces and Ustilago in Basidiomycota. It is true that species mentioned in

multiple field guides overlap, but each guide also features distinctive species, and none of the guides is

complete or comprehensive because of publishing restrictions. However, even these guides do not provide

an accurate picture of the diversity of novel species reported from or living in Pakistan.

Over the last decade (2010–2021), several new species were discovered based on both morphology and

phylogeny. During this timeframe, a total of 83 species were introduced in Basidiomycota as compared to

Ascomycota (13 species). These include genera Agaricus (16 species), Lepiota (5 species), Leucoagaricus

(3 species), Tulostoma (1 species), Amanita (6 species), Zhuliangomyces (1 species), Cortinarius (2

species), Hygrophorus (2 species), Gymnopilus (2 species), Phaeocollybia (1 species), Pseudosperma (4

species), Bovista (1 species), Calvatia (1 species), Lycoperdon (2 species), Termitomyces (2 species),

Marasmiellus (1 species), Rhodocollybia (1 species), Xerula (1 species), Coprinellus (6 species),

Stropharia (1 species), Infundibulicybe (1 species), Melanoleuca (1 species), Hortiboletus (1 species),

Tylopilus (1 species), Chroogomphus (2 species), Suillus (1 species), Clavariadelphus (1 species),

Ramaria (1 species), Albatrellopsis (1 species), Albatrellus (1 species), Heterobasidion (1 species),

Russula (9 species), Thelephora (1 species), Melampsora (1 species) and Phragmidium (1 species). The

Agaricus species including A. atroumbonatus, A. bambusetorum, A. bisporiticus, A. campestris, A.

fumidicolor, A. glabriusculus, A. glabriusculus, A. griseovariegatus, A. latiumbonatus, A. macropeplus,

A. pakistanicus, A. parviniveus, A. porphyrocephalus, A. punjabensis，A. sparsisquamosus, A. swaticus,

and A. xanthochromaticus were described from different ecological regions of Pakistan based on large-

subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and translational elongation factor

(TEF1) (Thongklang et al. 2014, Chen et al. 2016, Kaur et al. 2016, Hussain and Sher 2019, Bashir et al.

2021). The Russula species, R. abbottabadensis, R. ahmadii, R. aurantioflava, R. brunneopurpurea, R.

foetentoides, R. quercus-floribundae, R. rubricolor, R. shanglaensis, and R. shawarensis, were found to

be associated with coniferous forest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province (Razaq et al. 2014, Jabeen

et al. 2017, Adamčík et al. 2019, Crous et al. 2020, Jabeen et al. 2020, Ullah et al. 2020). The majority of

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fungal species in Basidiomycota are reported from northern Pakistan, including KPK provinces. All

Amanita, Coprinellus, and Pseudosperma species have been reported from the KPK (Hussain et al. 2018,

Jabeen et al. 2019, Saba et al. 2019, Ullah et al. 2019, Kamran and Jabeen 2020, Saba et al. 2020, Jabeen

and Khalid 2020, Saranyaphat et al. 2021), whereas the species of Lepiota and Leucoagaricus (Le.

lahorensis and Le. asiaticus) have been recorded from Punjab province (Razaq et al. 2012, Nawaz et al.

2013, Ge et al. 2015, Qasim et al. 2015, Qasim et al. 2016, Zia et al. 2019, Bashir et al. 2020).

Ascomycota is generally the most dominant fungal phylum in nature compared to Basidiomycota

according to mycobiome studies (Trivedi et al. 2020, Bai et al. 2022). Over the last decade, Pakistan has

reported more fungi belonging to Basidiomycota (macrofungi) (Table 1). A low rate of discovering new

fungi from other phyla might be due to bias on the part of researchers or a lack of interest in investigating

microfungi. However, there have been a few studies identifying novel Ascomycota species. For example,

Fatima et al. (2020) and Ul haq et al. (2021) introduced 2 species in the genus Bacidina from two different

habitats and 4 species in the genus Neopestalotiopsis from fruit and branches of Psidium guajava,

respectively, with DNA sequence data. Only one species was introduced in each of the genera Ahmadea,

Fusarium, Geopora, Gyromitra, Lecidea, Morchella and Placolecis (Hernández et.al. 2016, Krisai-

Greilhuber et al. 2017, Khan et al. 2018, Lombard et al. 2019, Saba et al. 2019, Aman et al. 2020, Kousar

et al. 2021), and Marin-Felix et al. (2020) provided DNA sequence data of a previously reported

Curvularia species (C. siddiquii) from Pakistan. There are many known natural habitats that support

fungal species in Pakistan, many of which are still unexplored, and given the vast area of habitats in

Pakistan, more species are likely to exist. Unless these fungi are characterized and described, they will

disappear before we know them or remain unknown.

Species identification based on morphology is not reliable since some species are cryptic, thus, been

incorrectly identified. Consequently, molecular-based approaches are more challenging since many fungal

species lack molecular data including reference sequences (Bhunjun et al. 2021). A total of 629 out of 742

fungal species reported from Pakistan lack DNA sequence data. The majority of asexually typified genera

are cryptic and polyphyletic (for example, Coniothyrium, Phoma, Camarosporium) (Wijayawardene et al.

2022c). It is, therefore, necessary to recollect these fungal taxa for epitypification and subject them to

DNA-based identification and phylogenetic analyses to ensure that species must be identified with

precision and that higher-level classifications can be confidently achieved. Since Camarosporium-like

taxa are highly polyphyletic (Wijayawardene et al. 2014, 2016, Wanasinghe et al. 2017), Camarosporium

taxa published from Pakistan are doubtful and may belong to other genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022b),

such as Pseudocamarosporium or Paracamarosporium.

Due to the morphological plasticity of Diplodia and Phoma, in recent studies, species identification is

solely based on DNA sequences. Overall, 37 and 9 species of Diplodia and Phoma are, respectively,

described from Pakistan, but they lack DNA sequence data (de Gruyter et al. 2012, Phillips et al. 2013).

Thus, epitypification of these old taxa is crucial. The type specimens of these species, especially holotypes,

may be found in herbarium collections. In previous studies, DNA was successfully extracted from

herbarium samples older than 100 and 200 years (Larsson and Jacobsson 2004, Lehtonen and Christenhusz

2010, Redchenko et al. 2012). So, the existence of DNA sequence data from these herbarium samples

might help to resolve taxonomic controversies since these specimens are the only link to a specific name;

these important samples, therefore, have a great scientific value. In addition, the present checklist includes

the information on the host or source of isolation of reported fungi, and based on that information these

can be isolated again from the same host and habitat.

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Concluding remarks

The present checklist has been thoroughly vetted to eliminate potential synonyms, and provide the most

recent names for the species listed under previous names (Table 1 and 2; Species Fungorum, 2022).

Further, we have shown in table 2 that there are ~130 ambiguous fungal species that may belong to

different taxonomic groups. Despite this, there should be a lot of new fungi in Pakistan that have not yet

been discovered. Based on the initial working list presented here, it is expected that future revisions and

additions will be made, especially if linked to specific targets, priorities, or areas of expertise already in

place or newly formed. There is also an observation that most of the reported fungal species lack DNA

sequence data, and in some cases, a fungal species has been reported but without an accession number for

the culture. In addition, most of the species reported in the last decade belonged to a particular group of

fungi, Basidiomycota (macrofungi). Therefore, characterization and description of both macro- and micro-

fungi species according to the latest methodology in taxonomic classification are crucial, otherwise, these

fungi will remain obscure.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank late Prof. Sultan Ahmad, late Prof. Syed Hussain Iqbal, Prof. Abdul Nasir

Khalid and other eminent taxonomists for their contributions in deciphering the novel fungi from Pakistan.

Mubashar Raza and Muzammil Hussain are thankful to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for the

award of President’s International Fellowship (PIFI).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Published by Managing Editor, MycoAsia, Email: mycoasiajournal@gmail.com

Taxonomic and phylogenetic evidence reveal a new species and a new record of the genus Marasmius (Marasmiaceae) from Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2024

This research reveals a significant contribution to fungal taxonomy through the integration of morphological and phylogenetic analyses, utilizing ITS and 28S sequences. Focused on the Marasmius genus in Pakistan, the combined approach has successfully identified a new species, namely M. pakistanicus, and a new record, M. paratrichotus. The new species is characterized by its small orange pileus with a grooved surface, creamy lamellae, lacrymoid to subcylindrical basidiospores, broadly clavate cheilocystidia, and a hymeniderm pileipellis composed of inconspicuous or broadly clavate elements. This study enhances our knowledge of fungal diversity by scrutinizing both morphological traits and genetic profiles. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on the combined ITS-28S dataset confirmed that both species belong to the Marasmius sect. Sicci. These findings not only broaden our understanding of local fungal biodiversity but also underscore the efficacy of a comprehensive methodology. They emphasize the synergy between morphology and phylogenetics as instrumental in advancing our knowledge of fungal communities.

Integrated morphological and molecular approaches unveil a new species and a new record of the genus Entoloma (Entolomataceae) from southern Punjab, Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

In southern Punjab, Pakistan, the genus Entoloma remains poorly explored. Four collections of the genus Entoloma were collected during the mycological surveys from 2020 to 2022, in different areas of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Morpho-anatomical and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and combined ITS-28S sequences revealed that these four collections belong to the genus Entoloma Rusticoides group including a new species named E. khalidii and a new record for Pakistan, named E. phaeocarpum. The new species is characterized by a hemispherical to convex pileus with dark brown depressed center, slightly smaller isodiametric basidiospores, the presence of clavate to utriform cheilocystidia, and pileipellis hyphae with rounded ends. These findings underscore the importance of morphological, microscopical, and molecular approaches in fungal taxonomy and contribute to unveiling the fungal diversity in underexplored regions. The discovery of these species emphasizes the significance of continued exploration and conservation efforts to preserve myco-diversity in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Colored photographs of fresh basidiomata and habitats, illustrations of key anatomical characters, detailed descriptions, phylogenetic trees, and comparisons with closely related species are also provided.

First report of the genus Xerophorus from Asia with the description of Xerophorus pakistanicus (Callistosporiaceae), a new species from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2023

A novel species, Xerophorus pakistanicus, has been identified from Southern Punjab, Pakistan, based on morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Xerophorus pakistanicus is characterized by a brown to dull orange, parabolic to campanulate pileus, a stipe turning light yellowish brown on handling, an absence of an annulus, amygdaliform to oblong basidiospores, utriform to pyriform caulocystidia, and the presence of clamp connections only in the stipitipellis. A phylogram, based on the combined nrITS-28S dataset, was constructed to assess the phylogenetic position of our strain, resulted Xerophorus pakistanicus sp. nov. within the genus Xerophorus. We present the new species with an illustrated morphological description and comparison with similar morphological or phylogenetically related species. This is the first record of the genus Xerophorus from Asia. A key to the known species of Xerophorus is also provided.

The numbers of fungi: contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022
FUNGAL DIVERS

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches. There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species, but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000, a tiny fraction of the total. In this paper, we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions, and introduce new species in each genus. To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species, we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery. We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification. The genera are Apiospora, Bambusicola, Beltrania, Capronia, Distoseptispora, Endocalyx, Neocatenulostroma, Neodeightonia, Paraconiothyrium, Peroneutypa, Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa. We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS (barcode) sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE. We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.

Necessity of a National Fungarium and a Culture Collection for Fungi in Sri Lanka

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Sri Lanka is rich in biological diversity, but its fungal diversity is not adequately studied and documented. Recent fungal diversity estimations have predicted that the tropical regions would harbour a large number of novel fungal species. Fungi are ubiquitous, hence it is important to carry out proper investigations to discover novel taxa in different habitats and ecosystems. These taxa represent different life modes i.e. pathogens (of plants, animals and humans), saprobes, endophytes, symbionts (lichens, mycorrhizae), and lichenicolous. Current mycology is mainly based on polyphasic approaches (morphological, DNA based and chemical analyses) to define the species (consolidated species concept). DNA based phylogenetic analyses are widely used in higher level classification. These DNA are mainly extracted from cultures. Depositing a specimen that the fungus is present at a reputed Fungarium and depositing a culture resulted from the specimen at a reputed culture collection is important. The “International Code of Taxonomy of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants” stated that it is important to deposit the holotype at a reputed fungarium, while depositing the ex-type culture which is derived from the holotype at a reputed culture collection is also essential. Besides species identification and classification, these specimens and cultures are important in future studies and in genetic resource conservation. In Sri Lanka, currently a national fungarium and a culture collection for fungi do not exist. However, several institutional collections and personal collections are available. In this conceptual paper, we propose to establish a central, national fungarium to deposit holotypes and a culture collection to deposit ex-type cultures while maintaining several regional or mirror collections to replicate the specimens as isotypes and paratypes, and cultures as ex-isotypes and ex-paratypes.

Intercropping Walnut and Tea: Effects on Soil Nutrients, Enzyme Activity and Microbial Communities

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The practice of intercropping, which involves growing more than one crop simultaneously during the same growing season, is becoming more important for increasing soil quality, land-use efficiency, and subsequently crop productivity. The present study examined changes in soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activity, and microbial community composition when walnut (Juglans spp.) was intercropped with tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants in a forest and compared with a walnut and tea monocropping system. The results showed that walnut–tea intercropping improved the soil nutrient profile and enzymatic activity. The soil available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), organic matter (OM) content, and sucrase activity were significantly boosted in intercropped walnut and tea than in monocropping forests. The interaction between crops further increased bacterial and fungal diversity when compared to monoculture tea forests. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chlamydiae, Rozellomycota, and Zoopagomycota were found in greater abundance in an intercropping pattern than in monoculture walnut and tea forest plantations. The walnut–tea intercropping system also markedly impacted the abundance of several bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were previously shown to support nutrient cycling, prevent diseases, and ameliorate abiotic stress. The results of this study suggest that intercropping walnut with tea increased host fitness and growth by positively influencing soil microbial populations.

https://www.fungiofpakistan.com: a continuously updated online database of fungi in Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

The website fungiofpakistan.com is a collection of all the available data about macro- as well as micro-fungi collected from Pakistan. This website comprises reported fungal species with isolation source or host record, locality and updated classification. The data on this website is based on old literature (library data, personal data of specific authors or books that were not easily accessible to public) and recent publications. This website is an important potential platform for researchers, government officials, industries and other users. Users can provide their inputs related to missing taxa, new genera, the new record and new data. They also have the opportunity to express their opinions on valid names, invalid names and illegitimate names, with notes published in the 'Notes' section of webpage provided following review and editing by curators and fungal taxonomists. This website plays a significant contribution to our knowledge of the rich fungal diversity of Pakistan. However, much more sustained and detailed research is needed to fully evaluate fungal diversity in Pakistan. Undoubtedly, that many more fungi will be discovered and added in the future. Database url: https://fungiofpakistan.com/.

Fungal diversity notes 1387–1511: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021
FUNGAL DIVERS

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercofocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efbula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufa longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fci, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa favovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidisvitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium difractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufa chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Fungi of the Northwestern Himalayas: Ustilaginales

Article

Sep 2018

B. B. Mundkur

Forecasting the number of species of asexually reproducing fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)

Article

Mar 2022

Asexually reproducing fungi play a significant role in essential processes in managed and wild ecosystems such as nutrients cycling and multitrophic interactions. A large number of such taxa are among the most notorious plant and animal pathogens. In addition, they have a key role in food production, biotechnology and medicine. Taxa without or rare sexual reproduction are distinguished based on their sporulating structures and conidiomata in traditional morphology-based taxonomy. The number, variation and diversity of asexually reproducing taxa are insufficiently known, even though fungi capable of asexual reproduction may provide an untapped, rich biological resource for future exploitation. Currently, ca. 30,000 asexual species belonging to ca. 3800 genera have been reported (including 1388 coelomycetous and 2265 hyphomycetous genera). Recent reports (2017–2020) reiterate that the number of asexually producing fungi is higher than the number of frequently sexually-reproducing fungi. With the advent of molecular tools and the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system for pleomorphic fungi, priority criteria were established and revisited in the latest outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. However, species numbers and taxonomic boundaries of pleomorphic taxa and their synanamorphs or synasexual morphs have yet to be addressed. The number of species of speciose genera (e.g. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phoma and Pseudocercospora), cryptic species, species of pleomorphic genera, less studied life modes (such as lichenicolous taxa, taxa from extreme environments) and species from biodiversity-rich areas still need evaluation to achieve more reliable estimates of their diversity. This paper discusses the current knowledge on the matter, with diversity estimates, and potential obstacles in several chapters on (1) speciose genera; (2) pleomorphic genera; (3) cryptic species; (4) well-studied but insufficiently resolved taxa, e.g. leaf inhabiting species, marine fungi, (5) less studied life modes, e.g. lichenicolous, rock-inhabiting fungi, insect-associated and yeast-forming taxa and (6) species from biodiversity-rich areas.

Placolecis kashmirensis sp. nov. (Lichenized Ascomycota, Catillariaceae) from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

Article

Jul 2021

Placolecis kashmirensis sp. nov. is described from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. It is characterized by a yellowish-brown thallus, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid ascospores, a relatively taller hymenium and pear-shaped pycnidia. The generic position is confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS sequences. Description, a phylogenetic tree, and identification key for all the known Placolecis species are provided.

Two new Bacidina species (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) from Pakistan

Article

Dec 2020

Bacidina margallensis and B. iqbalii from Pakistan are described and illustrated. Phylogeny of ITS nrDNA region confirms their position within the genus Bacidina, and morphological data make them distinct from other known species of the genus. Based on molecular data, corticolous Bacidina margallensis appears to be a sister species to B. chloroticula, but morphologically, when dry, is the most similar to known from Europe B. mendax because of the granular and warted greenish grey thallus, whitish-cream to dark brown and often piebald apothecia. It differs from that species by shorter, wider and less septate ascospores; 1–3-septate in B. margallensis vs 3–5(6)-septate in B. mendax, and by unusual parrot-green colour of wet thallus. Saxicolous Bacidina iqbalii is closely related to B. neosquamulosa but differs in having crustaceous thallus, transculent when wet entirely pale apothecia, larger asci and less septate large ascospores.

Genealogical concordance of phylogenetic species recognition-based delimitation of Neopestalotiopsis species associated with leaf spots and fruit canker disease affected guava plants

Article

Sep 2021

Imran Ul Haq

Neopestalotiopsis species are known to be involved in plant diseases as associated pathogens. The taxonomic identification of the fungal group Neopestalotiopsisis little bit difficult due to its complex evolutionary history. In the present study, seven fungal isolates were investigated from canker-affected guava plants. The phylogeny for generic placement of these isolates was analyzed to validate them as Neopestalotiopsis genus by phylogenetic signals from the 28S nrRNA region (LSU). Generated morphological data was segregated as new morpho-species of the Neopestalotiopsis genus. Hence, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and Tubulin (TUB) genic region of these isolates were studied in juxtaposition with morphological data to resolve species limits. Both phylogenetic and morphological data revealed four novel species of the Neopestalotiopsis genus out of seven isolates studied. These Neopestalotiopsis species could be of great significance for further investigation as putative pathogens associated with canker or scabby canker disease in guava.

The first updated checklist of novel fungi in Pakistan (1947–2021)

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