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Fungi associated with Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae) in Brazil: checklist and new records of Didymostilbe capsici, Ellisembia antillana and Aculeata aquatica (anamorphic Ascomycota)
Abstract
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is one of the most common and economically important palm trees in the Amazon region. Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms that establish a variety of ecological relationships with plants. Information on the fungi associated with peach palm is scarce and requires updating. Among 45 species of fungi detected in this study, Didymostilbe capsici, Ellisembia antillana and Aculeata aquatica are recorded for the first time, respectively, from Brazil, South America, and the American continent. Seven further species were new records for the Brazilian Amazon. A checklist of fungi associated with B. gasipaes in Brazil includes information on the parts of the plant colonized, locality, ecological group, and references. In total, 85 species were recorded, including representatives of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota occurring as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes.
... Similarly, Luo et al. (2019) collected E. brachypus on submerged decaying wood in China and retained its name in Sporidesmium following Su et al. (2016) who treated Ellisembia as its synonym. Taxonomic novelties described or reported without molecular data and phylogenetic position continue being placed in Ellisembia following the traditional morphological concept (Xia et al. 2016(Xia et al. , 2017Qiao et al. 2017Qiao et al. , 2018Kuo and Goh 2019;Ma et al. 2020;Pereira et al. 2022), whereas ellisembialike taxa mostly resembling E. adscendens (Berk.) Subram. ...
The sensu stricto concept of the large and polyphyletic genus Ellisembia is revealed based on a recent collection of its type species, E. coronata, on the original host at the type locality in Germany. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated ITS, LSU, and RPB2 sequence data suggest that the fungus belongs to Sporidesmiaceae (Sordariomycetes) where it groups together with other morphologically similar ellisembia-like taxa in a distinct monophyletic lineage distant from Sporidesmium. Ellisembia is therefore restricted to those members of this novel group having distoseptate conidia and producing none or a few percurrent conidiophore extensions. Its previous synonymy under Sporidesmium is revised, and four novel combinations are proposed including E. pseudobambusae comb. nov., recently collected on a dead branch of Arundinaria sp. (Poaceae) in Texas, USA. The holotype illustration of S. coronatum, the basionym of E. coronata, is considered ambiguous due to the depiction of eusepta instead of distosepta. Consequently, Ellisembia is epitypified with the fresh specimen from Germany after comparing it with authentic materials preserved at G and IMI. Additionally, the genus Lomaantha, typified by L. pooga, is expanded and emended to include E. brachypus and related ellisembia-like taxa grouping together in a distinct lineage within Chaetosphaeriaceae (Sordariomycetes) distant from Sporidesmiaceae. A reassessed taxonomy for members of this monophyletic clade is proposed including six new combinations, and the presence of distinct pores in their conidial distosepta was evaluated. Sporidesmiella angustobasilaris, which typifies the genus Anasporidesmiella, is reduced to synonymy of L. folliculata upon examination of its type material.
The generic limits of the large and polyphyletic genus Ellisembia are redefined in a strict sense based on a recent collection of its type species, E. coronata , on the original host at the type locality in Germany. Multigene phylogenetic analyses revealed that the fungus belongs to Sporidesmiaceae ( Sordariomycetes ) where it groups together with other morphologically similar ellisembia-like taxa in a distinct monophyletic lineage distant from Sporidesmium . Ellisembia is therefore restricted to those members of this novel group having distoseptate conidia and producing none or a few percurrent extensions. Its previous synonymy under Sporidesmium is rejected and four novel combinations are proposed including E. pseudobambusae comb. nov., recently collected on a dead branch of Arundinaria sp. ( Poaceae ) in Texas, USA. To further stabilize the application of this generic name, Ellisembia is lectotypified with an authentic specimen of S. coronatum , the basionym of E. coronata , preserved at G. Additionally, the genus Lomaantha , typified by L. pooga , is expanded and emended to include E. brachypus and related ellisembia-like taxa grouping together in a distinct lineage within Chaetosphaeriaceae ( Sordariomycetes ) distant from Sporidesmiaceae . A reassessed taxonomy for members of this monophyletic clade is proposed including six new combinations. The presence of distinct pores in the conidial distosepta was assessed for this group of species and their developmental processes are described for L. brachypus and L. folliculata based on fresh and herbarium specimens. Sporidesmiella angustobasilaris , which typifies the genus Anasporidesmiella , is reduced to synonymy of L. folliculata upon examination of its type material.
Fungi play an important role in litter decomposition in forest ecosystems and are considered an undersampled group in the Amazon biome. This study aims to describe the composition, richness and frequency of species of conidial fungi associated with palm trees in an area of the Amapá National Forest, State of Amapá, Brazil. Palm leaf litter was collected from July 2009 to June 2010, incubated in moist chambers and examined for the presence of fungi. One hundred and seven species of conidial fungi were identified, in 79 genera and 25 families. As for the relative frequency of the species, the majority (94.4%) was sporadic and occurred on leaflets. We report new records for South America (Chaetopsis intermedia, Chaetochalara laevis and Thysanophora verrucosa) and Brazil (Chloridium phaeosporum, Helminthosporiella stilbacea and Zygosporium geminatum), and 83 for the State of Amapá, while 15 are also new for the Brazilian Amazon. This study significantly increases the knowledge about the distribution of the fungal species in the Amazon biome, and emphasizes the importance of the conservation of these organisms particularly in view of the large number of sporadic species recorded.
During a routine survey for collection of foliicolous fungi in Sawantwadi forest areas in Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra, India, a new fungus was encountered growing on spadix of Cocos nucifera. The fungus generally causes black mildew symptoms, which cover 70% of the plant parts. On critical microscopic examination, the fungus was identified as Acarocybellina arengae. This is thought to be the first report of occurrence of this fungus from India. Acarocybellina arengae is a new combination proposed by Subramanian but has not been reported from India till date. Thus, it has been proposed here as a new generic and species record for India.
http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IPPJ/article/view/32656
The fungal genus Fonsecaea comprises etiological agents of human chromoblastomycosis, a chronic implantation skin disease. The current hypothesis is that patients acquire the infection through an injury from plant material. The present study aimed to evaluate a model of infection in plant and animal hosts to understand the parameters of trans-kingdom pathogenicity. Clinical strains of causative agents of chromoblastomycosis (Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Fonsecaea monophora) were compared with a strain of Fonsecaea erecta isolated from a living plant. The clinical strains of F. monophora and F. pedrosoi remained concentrated near the epidermis, whereas F. erecta colonized deeper plant tissues, resembling an endophytic behavior. In an invertebrate infection model with larvae of a beetle, Tenebrio molitor, F. erecta exhibited the lowest survival rates. However, F. pedrosoi produced dark, spherical to ovoidal cells that resembled muriform cells, the invasive form of human chromoblastomycosis confirming the role of muriform cells as a pathogenic adaptation in animal tissues. An immunologic assay in BALB/c mice demonstrated the high virulence of saprobic species in animal models was subsequently controlled via host higher immune response.
In this contribution, 18 species of synnematous microfungi associated with plant debris are registered for the
first time to the Mexican mycobiota. In addition, an account of the current state of knowledge of the synnematous
species registered to date is presented. The taxonomic determination was carried out by morphological analysis of
the specimens growing in natural substrate incubated in damp chambers. Arthrobotryum stilboideum, Blastocatena
pulneyensis, Coremiella cubispora, Menisporopsis multisetula and Phaeoisaria clavulata are new records for the
Neotropical region. Blastocatena pulneyensis, Menisporopsis anisospora and Roigiella lignicola, which have not
been recorded since their original descriptions were also determined. Including the records of this study, a total of
40 species belonging to 28 genera of synnematous microfungi have been registered for Mexico. No information was
found for most of the states in the country. For the 18 species recorded in the present study, descriptions, illustrations
and information about their substrates and geographical distribution are provided. Reference material was deposited
in the Herbarium of the Instituto de Ecología A.C. (XAL) in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
The expansion of açai production has increased the importance of management of seeds used for replanting or expanding the plantation areas. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of açai seeds with different moisture contents, treated or untreated with fungicide, and stored for 180 days. The seeds were divided into three moisture levels (35%, 30% and 20%), and with or without fungicide treatment, with four storage evaluation periods (0, 60, 120 and 180 days). They were packed in plastic bags and kept in natural environment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 3 x 2 x 4 factorial scheme (moisture contents x treated or untreated with fungicide x period of evaluation), with four replications of 50 seeds each. The following tests were conducted: moisture content, germination, tetrazolium test, seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed and X-ray. Açai seeds with 35% and 30% moisture contents treated with fungicide showed a better physiological quality in relation to the untreated ones. Storage longer than 120 days reduced seed germination to values below 50%, regardless of whether they were treated or not with fungicide, although the reduction was greater in untreated seeds. The fungicide treatment is efficient in controlling fungi in açai seeds with 30% and 20% moisture content for up to 180 days of storage, and in seeds with 35% moisture content for up to 60 days of storage.
Aculeata gen. nov., Minimelanolocus thailandensis sp. nov., Thysanorea aquatica sp. nov. and Veronaeabotryosa are described and illustrated from submerged wood collected from a freshwater habitat in Thailand. Morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses support the classification of the four isolates in Herpotrichiellaceae. Their relationships with other morphologically similar taxa are discussed. Veronaeabotryosa is reported for the first time from a freshwater habitat. © 2018 German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
The perithecial mycobiota of decaying litter of Arecaceae in Pernambuco and Bahia States along the Northeastern coast of Brazil was investigated during the years of 2008 and 2011. The fungi Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana and Javaria samuelsii (Pleosporales) and Pemphidium zonatum (Xylariales) are first records to Northeastern Brazil. Coccostromopsis diplothemii (Phyllachoraceae) and Fasciatispora petrakii (incertae sedis) are new records to Pernambuco State, while Coccostromopsis palmicola (Phyllachoraceae) is a new record to Bahia State. The palms Attalea funifera, Bactris acanthocarpa, Elaeis guineensis, Euterpe edulis, E. oleracea, Mauritia flexuosa, Polyandrococos caudescens and Syagrus botryophora are newly assigned as hosts of these fungi.
Key words: Arecaceae, Atlantic Rainforest, litter, microfungi, taxonomy
RESUMEN Se compiló la lista actualizada de los hifomicetes de la Sierra de Cubitas, provincia de Camagüey, a partir de la revisión del material recolectado por los autores en varias expediciones micológicas realizadas desde 1985 y de los registros en la literatura micológica. Se listaron 157 especies, de las cuales: Didymostilbe macrospora, Endocalyx indumentum, Polyschema toruloides, Spiropes helleri y Sporidesmium ehrenbergii se registraron por primera vez para la micobiota cubana. Se incluyeron comentarios acerca de la taxonomía y la ecología de los nuevos registros. ABSTRACT After reviewing of samples collected by authors during some different mycological surveys from 1985 and others records from mycological literature, an updated list of 157 species of hyphomycetes from Sierra de Cubitas, Camagüey province, is compiled. Didymostilbe macrospora, Endocalyx indumentum, Polyschema toruloides, Spiropes helleri and Sporidesmium ehrenbergii are recorded for the first time from Cuba. Comments about taxonomy and ecology of new records are included.
Colletotrichum is one of the serious plant pathogens, with worldwide distribution, causing anthracnose in economically important crops. Every year many research papers and reports are published on Colletotrichum phylogeny and taxonomy. Many novel Colletotrichum species have been described based on morphological characters and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. There is, however, a need to develop a consensus among researchers on the gene sets to be used in sequence-based identification and resolution of cryptic species of Colletotrichum. Though a polyphasic approach is recommended, it is not fully enforced in many publications. In this paper, the methods prevalent in Colletotrichum systematics are discussed, which is followed by our suggestions towards developing a stable and reliable classification system for Colletotrichum.
Various scientific names are usually found for the babassu in current literature: mainly Orbignya phalerata and Attalea speciosa, but also O. speciosa and O. martiana, among others. This multiplicity of names leads to great confusion in the scientific community causing mistakes to be successively propagated. This note aims to clarify the problem, reviewing the species nomenclature history since the first description by Martius, in 1826, and reporting the successive name changes which occurred. Consequences of the lumping of four closely related genera, of recent phylogenetic studies and of the last changes in palm classification on the species nomenclature are also briefly discussed. In addition, searching results on scientific names at the main Plant Name Indexes are presented here. As a conclusion, we recommend the adoption of Attalea speciosa Mart ex. Spreng as the most suitable name for the babassu and highlight that a broad taxonomic review of the Attalea group is necessary.
Two new species of microfungi, Pleurothecium bicoloratum and Sporidesmiopsis pluriseptata, found on decaying plant materials are described and illustrated. Pleurothecium bicoloratum, also collected in Venezuela, is distinguished by broad allantoid, bicolored, 3-septate, smooth conidia with dark olivaceous-brown central cells and hyaline ends; S. pluriseptata, thus far known only from Brazil, is characterized by obclavate, smooth, dirty brown conidia with up to 23 septa.
We have counted the currently known, described and accepted number of plant species as ca 374,000, of which approxi-mately 308,312 are vascular plants, with 295,383 flowering plants (angiosperms; monocots: 74,273; eudicots: 210,008). Global numbers of smaller plant groups are as follows: algae ca 44,000, liverworts ca 9,000, hornworts ca 225, mosses 12,700, lycopods 1,290, ferns 10,560 and gymnosperms 1,079. Phytotaxa is currently contributing more than a quarter of the ca 2000 species that are described every year, showing that it has become a major contributor to the dissemination of new species discovery. However, the rate of discovery is slowing down, due to reduction in financial and scientific support for fundamental natural history studies.
The family Stachybotriaceae was recently introduced to include the genera Myrothecium, Peethambara and Stachybotrys. Members of this family include important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. However, the generic boundaries in Stachybotriaceae are still poorly defined, as type material and sequence data are not readily available for taxonomic studies. To address this issue, we performed multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using partial gene sequences of the 28S large subunit (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA (ITS), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), calmodulin (cmdA), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) for all available type and authentic strains. Supported by morphological characters these data resolved 33 genera in the Stachybotriaceae. These included the nine already established genera Albosynnema, Alfaria, Didymostilbe, Myrothecium, Parasarcopodium, Peethambara, Septomyrothecium, Stachybotrys and Xepicula. At the same time the generic names Melanopsamma, Memnoniella and Virgatospora were resurrected. Phylogenetic inference further showed that both the genera Myrothecium and Stachybotrys are polyphyletic resulting in the introduction of 13 new genera with myrothecium-like morphology and eight new genera with stachybotrys-like morphology. © 2015-2016 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
A Reassessment of Sporidesmium (Hyphomycetes) and some Related Taxa
Bactris trunks are made entirely by long sustained primary growth so that mechanical properties develop progressively as the trunk matures. Anatomical features vary throughout the stem so that one small sample is a limited representation. This limits the use for stem histology with systematic purposes. We examined stem anatomy in 17 out of 73 species representing all major sub-generic groups. Stem features do not associate well with the subdivision of the genus. Distinctive structural and developmental features: are the presence of fiber strands independent of the vascular tissues, the modified ground parenchyma with a late formation of air-lacunae, and the early inception of the mechanically significant outer central cylinder. Cell expansion and fiber wall thickening develop as the stem ages, but vary in their expression in stems of different diameter. Our example thus provides an explanation for the difficulty of identifying the systematic position of fossil palm stems.
A durabilidade da madeira de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunha) face aos fungos foi avaliada em ambiente florestal e urbano e em condições de laboratório. Foram utilizadas, cinco árvores com espinhos e cinco sem espinhos da população Tabatinga, raças Putumayo, sendo retirados discos de 25-30cm da base, meio e do topo de cada pupunheira e colocados em uma área florestal próxima ao Banco Ativo de Germoplama de B. gasipaes (2°38'S, 60°03'W). Os discos foram inspecionados trimestralmente, para acompanhar o processo de biodeterioração da madeira causado por fungos durante dezoito meses. No ensaio em ambiente urbano, as amostras do estipe foram distribuídas, uma na posição côncava e outra na convexa, sobre uma estrutura de madeira localizada em uma área próxima da CPPF do Campus do INPA, Manaus e inspecionadas bimestralmente por um ano. Em ambiente florestal, o revestimento dos discos mostrou-se suscetível aos fungos Hymenogramme javanensis Mont. & Berk. e Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.. Em ambiente urbano, a madeira apresentou alta susceptibilidade a Lenzites striata (Swart.: Fr.) Fr. e a Lenzites sp. e o revestimento a Porostereum amethysteum Hjortst. & Ryv. e a Stereum strigoso-zonatum (Sch.) G. H. Cunn.. Em condições de laboratório, a madeira da pupunheira demonstrou alta resistência aos fungos Lenzites trabea Pers.:Fr., Polyporus fumosus Pers.:Fr. e Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.:Fr.) Murr.
Cyathus specimens were collected over a one-year period in 4 remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco, Brazil. According to traditional morphological analysis, the following species were identified: C. intermedius, C. montagnei, C. setosus and C. triplex. These 4 species had previously been recorded from Brazil, but C. setosus is reported for the first time from northeastern Brazil. The holotype of C. setosus was examined and we found differences in the spore dimensions from those described in the original publication. An identification key for the species of Cyathus recorded from Pernambuco is provided.
Ellisembia mercadoi sp. nov., collected on rachides of dead leaves of Sabal palmetto in southwestern Florida, U.S.A., is described and illustrated. The fungus is characterized by cylindrical, determinate conidiogenous cells and verruculose, subfusiform to narrowly obclavate
or obclavate-rostrate, 7–16 distoseptate conidia often with remnants of an apical mucilaginous sheath. Similarities and differences with morphologically related species within the genus are discussed. Berkleasmium leonense, Ceratosporella basibicellularia, Hermatomyces
tucumanensis, Monodictys capensis, and Selenosporella perramosa are newly recorded from the U.S.A.
The Ceratocystis paradoxa complex accommodates a group of fungal pathogens that have become specialized to infect mostly monocotyledonous plants. Four species currently are recognized in this group, including C. paradoxa, which has a widespread distribution and broad host range. In this study, multigene phylogenetic analyses involving sequences of the ITS, β-tubulin and TEF-1α gene loci, in combination with phenotypic and mating studies, were used to characterize purported C. paradoxa isolates from Cameroon and to compare them with isolates from elsewhere, including protologs and type specimens of known species. We show that the C. paradoxa complex comprises substantially greater species diversity than previously recognized. One new species in this group is described from Cameroon as Ceratocystis Cerberus, while C. paradoxa sensu. stricto (s. str.) and four other species are redefined. Lectotypes are designated for C. ethacetica and Endoconidium fragrant (synonym of C. ethacetica), while epitypes are designated for C. paradoxa s. str., C. ethacetica and C. musarum. A neotype was designated for Catenularia echinata (synonym of C. ethacetica) and two species, previously treated in Thielaviopsis, are transferred to Ceratocystis.
The present contribution is part of a series of papers about species of saprotrophic anamorphic fungi growing on plant debris in protected areas of the Tabasco State. Forty species are recorded from the Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza Yumka'. Half of taxa recorded had not been described for Mexico and all are new records for the Tabasco State. For the new national reports taxonomic descriptions, illustrations and geographical distribution are included.
The cultivation of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for production of palm heart has increased in Southeast and Southern Brazil, in areas of domain of Atlantic Forest. Adult peach palm plants kept for seed production have suffered severe rot damages on fruits, resulting from coalescence of spots. The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from the damaged tissues and its pathogenicity to peach palm fruits was confirmed under controlled conditions. This is the first report of this disease damaging peach palm fruits in the Minas Gerais and Parana States.
Isolates of Colletotrichum sp. obtained from leaves of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) showing symptoms of anthracnosis from several regions of Brazil were characterized and identified based on their phenotypic traits. A total of 17 isolates collected from the states of Acre and Rondônia, where the peach palm is originated as well as from Southern States such as Espirito Santo, São Paulo and Paraná, where peach palm has been introduced for the production of palm heart, were studied. Disease symptoms were characterized and the isolates were compared based on form and size of conidia and apressoria, color of the colony, mycelial growth and sporulation in vitro. The pathogenicity of all isolates was confirmed based on a detached leaf of peach palm assay. All isolates were characterized as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the occurrence of the meiosporic stage (Glomerella cingulata) was observed only for one isolate.
This research has taken place in four of 100 x 100 m in São José do Aracy, in the municipallity of Santa Bárbara do Pará, State of Pará, Brazil. Each part was divided in five transects of 20 x 10 m.The arboreal woody species with DBH³ 10cm and palms with CBH 10cm were evaluated and the height was estimated. This collected botanical material was identified in family, genera and species, and was incorporated in the João Murça Pires Herbarium, at Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG). For phytosociology analysis were calculated Relative Density (DR), Relative Frequency (FR), Relative Dominance (DOMR), Index Value of Importance (IVI), Index of Value of Coberture (IVC) and this Index of similarity of Sorenson (S'), Index of Diversity of Shannon (H') and Equability (E'). These results showed 29 families, 58 genera and 70 species. These families with major diversity were Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae, with nine, eight and seven species respectively. Arecaceae and Papilionaceae obtained major density (27.75% and 25.84%); thirteen families were frequently with 4.88%; Papilionaceae obtained major dominance and Index value of importance (37.50% and 68.21%); Euterpe oleracea Mart. presented major relative density while Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. presented major relative dominance, major Index of value of importance and coberture. This Index of diversity of 2.63 was considered low, with equability of 0.63 and similarity of 0.60. The floodplain forest presented low diversity in the species.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a colonização micorrízica arbuscular em pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) e cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd exSpring) K.Schum) cultivados em sistema agroflorestal e em monocultivo na Amazônia Central, em duas épocas do ano, e também identificar características anatômicas da formação dessa simbiose nessas espécies. Foram realizadas coletas de solo e raízes em duas estações, seca e chuvosa. Acolonização micorrízica arbuscular no cupuaçu e na pupunha é alterada pelo sistema de manejo adotado, com taxas maiores de colonização no monocultivo. Adensidade total dos esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares sob o cupuaçu não é alterada pelo sistema de manejo ou pela época do ano, ao contrário do que ocorre sob a pupunha. Nessa cultura, a densidade de esporos foi maior sob sistema agroflorestal no período seco. Acolonização micorrízica na pupunha apresenta dois padrões anatômicos, Paris e Arum, enquanto no cupuaçu ocorre o padrão Arum.
This work is the second contribution of a series of papers that deals with the anamorphic saprobes fungi from the Tabasco State. All material, consisted of plant debris, was collected at the Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza Yumka. In this opportunity, an account of 44 species is included, 17 of them had not been reported for Mexico before. All the described species are new records for the Tabasco State. Illustrations are included for all taxa and taxonomic description and geographical distribution for those new records.
Resumo – A perda de plantas micropropagadas ocorre, principalmente, pela presença de microrganismos, res-ponsáveis pela morte das plantas no início da cultura ou em seu estabelecimento no campo. O trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação, por taxonomia clássica, e por meio de técnicas moleculares, de fungos presentes nos ápices caulinares de pupunheiras sadias, cultivadas no campo, e a comparação com os fungos isolados, em plantas micropropagadas há dois anos. Os isolados da microbiota fúngica endofítica, das plantas cultivadas in vitro, foram: Fusarium oxysporum, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum; e das plantas in vivo, foram: Fusarium sp., F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria gaisen, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum. As sete espécies de fungos foram reintroduzidas in vitro na planta hospedeira, demonstran-do diferentes comportamentos. Neotyphodium sp. e E. nigrum estabeleceram uma interação endofítica com a planta, e as demais comportaram-se como patógenos, diminuindo o desenvolvimento das plântulas em relação às plantas sem inoculação. As espécies endofíticas apresentam potencial para o uso no controle biológico de patógenos de pupunha. Termos para indexação: Bactris gasipaes, patógenos latentes, fungos, controle biológico.
2007). Occurrence of fungi on tissues of the peat swamp palm Licuala longicalycata. Fungal Diversity 25: 157-173. The biodiversity of fungi from decaying palm material of Licuala longicalycata was studied following six field collections in May, June, September and November 2001, and February and May 2002. One-hundred and seventy-seven fungal collections were identified to species level, 153 collections to generic level, while 28 collections remained unidentified. A total of 147 species were identified, including 79 ascomycetes in 50 genera (53%), 65 anamorphic taxa in 53 genera (45%) and 3 basidiomycete species in 3 genera (2%). Nine ascomycetes and 5 anamorphic fungi were new to science. The percentage of fungi occurring in different microhabitats were as follows: dry material supported the most fungi with 40%, submerged material had 32%, while the damp material supported the least number of fungi (28%). The percentage occurrence of fungi on different tissues of L. longicalycata were: petioles 61%, trunks 24%, and leaves 15%. The most common fungi were Annulatascus velatisporus, Microthyrium sp., Phaeoisaria clematidis, Massarina bipolaris, Phruensis brunneispora, Thailiomyces setulis, and Solheimia costaspora. Species diversity on L. longicalycata was high, with little overlap with fungal communities on other palms. Factors affecting the colonization of palm material in the peat swamp are discussed.
Occurrence of Curvularia senegalensis on peach palm and king palm in Brazil A leaf spot caused by Curvularia senegalensis isreported for the first time on peach palm Bactris gasipaes( )and on king palm Archontophoenix ( sp.) from orchards inSouthern Brazil. O Brasil e o maior produtor, consumidor e exportadorde palmito do mundo. Estima-se que aproximadamente 99%do palmito comercial brasileiro, ou seja, cerca de 70 mil tone-ladas, procedam do extrativismo oriundo, principalmente, doacai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.), na regiao do delta do rio Ama-zonas, e, em enor escala, da jucara m Euterpe edulis( Mart.) na Mata Atlântica das regioes sul e sudeste do pais.Neste contexto, o cultivo da pupunha ( Bactris gasipaes Kunth) e da palmeira real ( Archontophoenix sp.) para palmitoconstituem-se em importantes alternativas agroecologicaspara diversificacao e fonte de renda para sistemas de producaoem varias regioes brasileiras.No ano de 2000 foram recebidas mudas de palmeirareal e pupunheira no Laboratorio de Fitopatologia da EmbrapaFlorestas, em Colombo-PR, oriundas de viveiros localizadosem Juquia-SP e Morretes-PR, respectivamente, apresentandosintomas de uma doenca foliar, caracterizada pormanchas arredondadas, marrom-avermelhada. Nos casos mais severosa coalescencia das lesoes causava secamento das folhas.O agente etiologico foi isolado da pupunheira e dapalmeira real a partir de segmentos de folhas com sintomasda doenca, os quais foram previamente desinfestados emsolucao de 1% de hipoclorito de sodio, lavados com aguadestilada esterilizada, secados em papel de filtro esterilizadoe colocados em meio de batata-dextrose-agar (BDA) comampicilina e clorofenicol. As placas foram mantidas a 25
Long-term litter removal increased soil bulk density, overland flow, erosion, and temperature fluctuations and upset the soil water balance, causing lower soil water content during dry periods. Soil pH increased or decreased in response to manipulation treatments depending on forest type and initial soil pH, but it is unclear why there was no uniform response. Long-term litter harvesting severely depleted the forests of nutrients. Decreases in the concentrations of available P, Ca, Mg, and K in the soil occurred after only three to five years. The decline in soil N occurred over longer periods of time, and the relative loss was greater in soils with high initial nitrogen concentration. Tree growth declined with long-term litter removal, probably due to lower nutrient availability. Litter manipulation also added or removed large amounts of carbon thereby affecting microbial communities and altering soil respiration rates.
The objectives of this study are to summarize and present a checklist of species of conidial and lichenized fungi from the Caxiuanã National Forest (FLONA) in the state of Pará, Brazil. Data from this checklist were obtained from herbarium collections and the literature, resulting from field expeditions carried out at FLONA of Caxiuanã between 1995 and 2013. These groups of fungi are mostly in the phylum Ascomycota. A total of 233 species were identified for Caxiuanã, being 56 species of conidial fungi and 177 of lichenized fungi. The species Septomyrothecium uniseptatum Matsush. and Pyrenidium zamiae (Müll. Arg.) Matzer represent the first records for Brazil. New records for Pará and FLONA of Caxiuanã are presented. The geographical distribution in Brazil is given for all species. These data demonstrate the importance of studies on the mycobiota of areas with scant or nonexistent data.
The diversity of secondary metabolites in the fungal order Xylariales is reviewed with special emphasis on correlations between chemical diversity and biodiversity as inferred from recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The Xylariales are arguably among the predominant fungal endophytes, which are the producer organisms of pharmaceutical lead compounds including the antimycotic sordarins and the antiparasitic nodulisporic acids, as well as the marketed drug, emodepside. Many Xylariales are “macromycetes”, which form conspicuous fruiting bodies (stromata), and the metabolite profiles that are
predominant in the stromata are often complementary to those encountered in corresponding mycelial cultures of a given species. Secondary metabolite profiles have recently been proven highly informative as additional parameters to support classical morphology and molecular phylogenetic approaches in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among these fungi. Even the recent taxonomic rearrangement of the Xylariales has been relying on such approaches, since certain groups of metabolites seem to have significance at the species, genus or family level, respectively, while others are
only produced in certain taxa and their production is highly dependent on the culture conditions. The vast metabolic diversity that may be encountered in a single species or strain is illustrated based on examples like Daldinia eschscholtzii, Hypoxylon rickii, and Pestalotiopsis fici. In the future, it appears feasible to increase our knowledge of secondary metabolite diversity by embarking on certain genera that have so far been neglected, as well as by studying the volatile secondary metabolites more intensively. Methods of bioinformatics, phylogenomics and transcriptomics, which have been developed to study other fungi, are readily available for use in such scenarios.
Microorganisms play a crucial role in the biological decomposition of plant litter in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the permanently changing litter quality during decomposition, studies of both fungi and bacteria at a fine taxonomic resolution are required during the whole process. Here we investigated microbial community succession in decomposing leaf litter of temperate beech forest using pyrotag sequencing of the bacterial 16S and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA genes. Our results reveal that both communities underwent rapid changes. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated over the entire study period, but their taxonomic composition and abundances changed markedly among sampling dates. The fungal community also changed dynamically as decomposition progressed, with ascomycete fungi being increasingly replaced by basidiomycetes. We found a consistent and highly significant correlation between bacterial and fungal richness (R = 0.76, P < 0.001) and community structure (RM antel = 0.85, P < 0.001), providing evidence of coupled dynamics in the fungal and bacterial communities. A network analysis highlighted non-random co-occurrences among bacterial and fungal taxa as well as a shift in the cross-kingdom co-occurrence pattern of their communities from the early to the later stages of decomposition. During this process, macronutrients, micronutrients, C:N ratio and pH were significantly correlated with the fungal and bacterial communities, while bacterial richness positively correlated with three hydrolytic enzymes important for C, N and P acquisition. Overall, we provide evidence that the complex litter decay is the result of a dynamic cross-kingdom functional succession. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
In the last 30 years, 3757 taxa and 104 genera of microfungi have been described from the Central and South American Neotropic. The Neotropical zone in Central and South America is a megadiverse ecozone where a large number of undescribed fungal taxa remain to be discovered. This chapter reviewed the studies conducted on diversity of microfungi from different substrates and habitats in the Neotropic in the past 30 years and discussed the generic novelties described from these studies. At the same time, the methodology of sample collection, preparation, and incubation used in these studies is provided in detail.
Circinoconiopsis amazonica, a new fungal genus and species, is described and illustrated from specimens collected during an excursion to the Scientific Station Ferreira Penna at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Pará, Brazil.
A survey of the fungal endophytes in leaves of trees and saplings of Euterpe oleracea was carried out over two years. An average of 25% of the leaf discs taken from 10 trees and 10 saplings over four samplings were colonized by endophytic fungi. Overall fungal colonization was positively correlated with leaf age, plant growth stages, site, and the interactive effects of growth stage × season and growth stage × site. Fewer isolates were recovered from younger than from older leaves, and from trees than from saplings. Fifty-seven species and six familial taxa assigned mainly to the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina were isolated. Xylaria cubensis and Letendraeopsis palmarum were the most common species. Significant differences in the number of isolates of the 21 most frequent species were observed with respect to plant growth stages, season and site. A community ordination analysis showed that depending upon the host tissue, vein or intervein, trees and saplings located at different sites were characterized by distinct endophytic communities.
Nochascypha jacksonii and N. paraensis proposed for combination were previously placed in the cyphellaceous genus Maireina. Unlike the typical representatives of the genus Maireina, both taxa have only pale coloured surface hyphae. The morphological and anatomical re-examination of type material has shown
both species belong to the genus Nochascypha. Their inclusion extends the former range of Nochascypha species whose surface hyphae are colourless by two distinct members with yellowish surface hyphae. Nochascypha jacksonii and N. paraensis are described and illustrated in detail. An updated key for Nochascypha is presented.
Endophytic fungi were isolated from three unidentified Licuala sp. palms in Brunei Darussalam and from three L. ramsayi palms in Australia. Endophytes were very common in both species, with overall colonisation rates of 81–89%. Taking into account a lower sampling frequency in Australia, endophyte diversity was similar in the two Licuala species. The endophyte assemblages examined were very diverse, consisting of 75 fertile species and 60 sterile morphospecies. The endophyte communities of both palms were composed of a single, dominant xylariaceous species, approximately ten less common but equally ubiquitous species and a large number of species occurring at very low frequencies. Differences were observed between the endophytic mycotas of different palm tissues and of tissues of different ages. The results presented suggest that most of the endophytes entered the petiole via the leaf and that transmission of palm endophytes is likely to be horizontal (via airborne propagules) rather than vertical (via seed). Seasonal differences were not observed in Brunei. Increased sampling effort could be expected to yield more endophyte taxa in both species investigated.
Fungal endophytes associated with the palm, Trachycarpus fortunei, within and outside its natural geographic range were investigated. Endophytes were relatively common with colonization rates of 23–57% at the four sites sampled. The endophyte assemblages at the different sites were diverse with 75 fertile species of ascomycetes and mitosporic fungi. The assemblage composition at each site was similar and between seven and 13 species comprised 81–89% of the taxa present in relative frequencies of >1%. Glomerella cingulata and Phomopsis spp., were consistently dominant, and a large number of rare species were recorded. The diversity at each site was similar in number, but the abundance of isolates varied. The results obtained were comparable to those of previous studies of palm endophyte assemblages, but the assemblages showed more affinity with unrelated temperate hosts than with tropical palm hosts. Quantitative and qualitative differences in endophyte assemblages from old and young tissues were observed, and more isolates were recovered from old tissues independent of the age of the palm. The composition of the assemblage varied with several taxa being exclusively or more commonly isolated from old tissues (e.g. xylariaceous taxa, Oxydothis sp. nov.) or young tissues (e.g. Stagonospora spp., Phoma multirostrata). Some differences in the composition of the assemblage and in relative frequencies of various species were observed in trees and saplings. Significantly more isolates were recovered from the vein than intervein tissues, independent of leaf age or tree age. Tissue specificity was not exhibited by any taxa isolated from either leaf or petiole tissues, except for xylariaceous taxa in leaf tissues. Some other taxa showed a preference for leaf tissues or petioles, whereas others were equally distributed amongst all tissues. Endophyte assemblages of palms from continuous distributions were similar, but those from disjunct distributions (i.e. outside the natural geographic range of the palm, such as Australia and Switzerland), differed significantly from each other and from assemblages within continuous distributions. The relative importance values of endophyte species at the two sites in China indicates the site-specific nature of the endophyte assemblages. Most previous studies on the endophytes of palm hosts have concentrated on tropical palms. However, this study examines the endophytes of the warm temperate palm Trachycarpus fortunei, and investigates the relative importance of host and climate related processes.
The data needed to derive an accurate estimate of saprobic microfungi are insufficient, incomplete and contradictory. We therefore
address issues that will ultimately reveal whether there are 1.5 million global fungal species, which is the generally accepted
working estimate. Our data indicates that large numbers of fungi occur on host families, such as Musaceae, host genera such as Nothofagus and individual host species such as Eucalyptus globulus, and that fungi may be specific or recurrent on different plant groups. Recent studies have shown that fungal numbers on
hosts may be larger than originally thought as saprobes are organ-specific/-recurrent and changes in fungal communities occur
as substrata decays. Other issues, such as the impact of geography, of methodology and of taxonomy are also addressed. There
is evidence that fungi on the same host at different locations also differs; site-specific factors and geographic distance
may be more important than host/substrate in shaping fungal assemblages. Methodology impacts on estimates of species diversity
with many more taxa observed using indirect isolation protocols as compared to direct isolations from leaves. Our understanding
of fungal species numbers in speciose genera is important. In some fungal groups accepted species have been reduced to a few
species, while in other groups many cryptic species are being uncovered. While we make a number of generalisations from the
studies reported here, this review also highlights some of the limitations mycologists currently have to contend with. A large
body of knowledge exists for certain groups of microfungi or for microfungi occurring on certain substrata/hosts. However,
it is likely that we are drawing conclusions from data that are somewhat biased toward fungi and host/substrata that are of
interest to human endeavours. The discrepancy between the numbers of fungi described from only one economically important
genus, Eucalyptus, and all the other members of the Myrtaceae is but one example of this bias. By incorporating the large body of work that is already available and adding appropriate
complementary studies, we can accelerate our understanding of microfungal diversity and this will eventually lead us to a
realistic estimate of global fungal species numbers.
KeywordsBiodiversity estimates-Litter fungi-Saprobes-Speciose genera
Uma visão sobre a pupunheira no contexto do mercado de palmito
- L C Anefalos
- M L S Tucci
- V A Modolo
Anefalos, L. C., Tucci, M. L. S., & Modolo, V. A. (2007). Uma visão sobre a pupunheira no contexto do mercado de palmito. Análises e Indicadores do Agronegócio, 2(7), 1-6.