A new species of Asiatic shrew of the genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) from the Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province, eastern China

Abstract

Asiatic shrews of the genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla) currently comprise nine species, mostly occurring in southwest China. From May 2017 to August 2020, 11 specimens of Chodsigoa were collected from the Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province, eastern China. Their morphology was compared with other species within the genus and one mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and two nuclear (apolipoprotein B and breast cancer 1) genes were sequenced to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of these specimens. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, these specimens are recognized as a distinct species, Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov. , which is formally described here. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to Chodsigoa hypsibia , but it is distinguishable from all known congeners by the combination of dark brownish pelage, small size, and relatively short tail. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. forms a phylogenetic lineage sister to the clade containing C. parva + C. hypsibia. The-Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances of the cytochrome b (CYT B) gene between the new species and other nominal Chodsigoa species ranged between 8.6 and 17.6%. The new species is distributed at elevations from 750 to 1250 m in the Dabie Mountains and is geographically distant from other species in the genus.

Full text

A new species of Asiatic shrew of the
genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla,
Mammalia) from the Dabie Mountains,
Anhui Province, eastern China
Zhongzheng Chen1*, Tingli Hu2*, Xiaoxin Pei1, Guangdao Yang3, Fan Yong4,
Zhen Xu2, Weiying Qu1, Kenneth O. Onditi5, Baowei Zhang1,2,3
1Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin
Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal
University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China 2School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601,
China 3 Forestry Investigation and Planning Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
4Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences,
Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China 5Kunming Institute of Zoology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
Corresponding author: Baowei Zhang (zhangbw@ahu.edu.cn)
Academic editor: Nedko Nedyalkov|Received 20 November 2021|Accepted 8 January 2022|Published 25 January 2022
http://zoobank.org/0BB575E8-AF6A-4FEB-A41A-D3FFD27B01FC
Citation: Chen Z, Hu T, Pei X, Yang G, Yong F, Xu Z, Qu W, Onditi KO, Zhang B (2022) A new species of
Asiatic shrew of the genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) from the Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province,
eastern China. ZooKeys 1083: 129–146. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1083.78233
Abstract
Asiatic shrews of the genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla) currently comprise nine species, mostly
occurring in southwest China. From May 2017 to August 2020, 11 specimens of Chodsigoa were collected
from the Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province, eastern China. eir morphology was compared with other
species within the genus and one mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and two nuclear (apolipoprotein B and
breast cancer 1) genes were sequenced to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of these specimens. Based
on morphological and molecular evidence, these specimens are recognized as a distinct species, Chodsigoa
dabieshanensis sp. nov., which is formally described here. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to
Chodsigoa hypsibia, but it is distinguishable from all known congeners by the combination of dark brownish
pelage, small size, and relatively short tail. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that C.dabieshanensissp. nov.
forms a phylogenetic lineage sister to the clade containing C. parva + C. hypsibia. e-Kimura 2-parameter
* ese authors contributed equally.
ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1083.78233
https://zookeys.pensoft.net
Copyright Zhongzheng Chen et al. This is an open access ar ticle distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
130
genetic distances of the cytochrome b (CYT B) gene between the new species and other nominal Chodsigoa
species ranged between 8.6 and 17.6%. e new species is distributed at elevations from 750 to 1250 m in
the Dabie Mountains and is geographically distant from other species in the genus.
Keywords
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis, molecular analysis, morphology, new species, taxonomy
Introduction
Asiatic shrews of the genus Chodsigoa Kastchenko, 1907 are mainly distributed in southwest
China, adjacent Myanmar, Vietnam, and ailand, and have also been recorded in central
and eastern China and Taiwan (Homann and Lunde 2008; Wilson and Mittermeier
2018). Animals in this genus are small in size (< 15 g) and mainly occur in mid-to high-
montane forests, making them one of the least studied taxa among mammals. e genera
Chodsigoa and Episoriculus were regarded as a subgenus of Soriculus (Homann 1985)
until recently, when Hutterer (2005) promoted them to full genus status. e most
distinctive morphological characters distinguishing Chodsigoa from Soriculus/Episoriculus
is the number of upper unicuspids. Chodsigoa has three upper unicuspids while Soriculus/
Episoriculus has four. Nine species are currently recognized in Chodsigoa: C. caovansunga
Lunde, Musser & Son, 2003, C.furva Anthony, 1941, C. homanni Chen, He, Huang,
Wan, Lin, Liu & Jiang, 2017, C. hypsibia (De Winton in De Winton and Styan 1899),
C. parca Allen, 1923, C. parva Allen, 1923, C. salenskii (Kastschenko 1907), C. smithii
omas, 1911 (omas 1911a), and C. sodalis omas, 1913.
e De Winton’s shrew (C. hypsibia) is endemic to China and is the most widely
distributed species (Jiang and Homann 2005). is gray, long-tailed shrew was rst
described by De Winton (1989) based on specimens from Yangliu-pa (= Yangliu ba),
Pingwu, in Sichuan province. It contains two subspecies: C. h. hypsibia, recorded in
Qinghai, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Tibet, Yunnan, Anhui, and Henan provinces (Zhang et al.
2018; Zhou et al. 2020) and C. h. larvarum omas, 1911 (omas 1911b), recorded
in Beijing, Hebei, and Shanxi provinces (Liu et al. 2011). Zhang et al. (2018) reported
the rst record of C. hypsibia in Anhui province based on a specimen collected from
Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Dabie Mountains. However, the collection site is
distant from the known distribution of C. hypsibia, and the genetic distance of the CYT
B gene between the specimen and C. hypsibia from Sichuan and Shaanxi (near the type
locality in Pingwu, Sichuan) is relatively high (8.4–8.5%), and the two populations
form deeply diverged clades in the Bayesian tree (posterior probabilities = 1.00; Zhang
et al. 2018). ese results suggest that additional studies with more specimens were
necessary to conrm the taxonomic status of the population from the Dabie Mountains.
For three years, we conducted extensive eld surveys in the Dabie Mountains,
during which we collected 11 specimens of Chodsigoa. Based on morphological and
molecular phylogenetic analysis, we recognize the population from the Dabie Mountains
as distinct from C. hypsibia and other known Chodsigoa species, representing a new
species Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov., which we describe herein.

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 131
Materials and methods
A total of 11 Chodsigoa specimens were collected from May 2017 to August 2020
from Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve (n = 1), Bancang Natural Reserve (n =
4), and Foziling Natural Reserve (n = 6), all located in the Dabie Mountains, An-
hui province, eastern China (Fig. 1). Shrews were sampled using the pitfalls (plas-
tic buckets 15 cm in diameter and 28 cm in depth). Specimens were euthanized
and liver or muscle tissues were extracted and preserved in pure ethanol. Skulls
were also extracted and cleaned. Specimens and tissues were deposited at the Bio-
logical Museum of Anhui University (BMAHU). Animals were handled consistent
with the animal care and use guidelines of the American Society of Mammologists
(Sikes et al. 2016), and also following the guidelines and regulations approved by
the internal review board of Anhui Normal University, and with the permissions
of local authorities.
External measurements including head and body length (HB), tail length (TL),
hindfoot length (HF), ear length (EL) were taken in the eld with a ruler to the near-
est 0.1 mm. e body weight (W) of each specimen was weighed to the nearest 0.01
g using an electronic scale. All craniodental measurements were taken by CZZ using
digital calipers graduated to the nearest 0.01 mm following Heaney and Timm (1983),
Woodman and Timm (1993), and Chen et al. (2017). e following 19 measurements
were taken:
CIL condyloincisive length;
IOB interorbital breadth;
CB cranial breadth;
CH cranial height;
RL rostral length;
PRL postrostral length;
PIL palatoincisive length;
PPL postpalatal length;
UTL upper toothrow length;
M2–M2 maximum width across the
upper second molars;
P4–M3 distance from the upper fourth
premolar to the upper third
molar;
PPD postpalatal depth;
BMF foramen magnum breadth;
ML mandibular length;
LTR lower toothrow length;
LLI length of lower incisor;
HCP height of coronoid process;
HCV height of coronoid valley;
HAC height of articular condyle.
Comparative morphological data of another 149 Chodsigoa specimens were
obtained from our previous study (Chen et al. 2017), including C. caovansunga
(3), C.furva (5), C. homanni (14), C. hypsibia (64), C. parca (19), C. parva (31),
C.smithii(11), and C. sodalis (2).
To evaluate the morphological variation among populations of Chodsigoa, we
performed a principal component analysis (PCA) in SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) using
the log10-transformed craniodental measurements. We compared the morphology of
the putative new species with other Chodsigoa species stored in Kunming Institute of
Zoology (KIZ), the Sichuan Academy of Forestry (SAF), the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), and the American National Museum of Natural

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
132
Figure 1. Map showing the collection site of Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov. in the Dabie Mountains,
Anhui Province, eastern China.
History (AMNH). e terminology for morphological descriptions followed Homan
(1985), Lunde et al. (2003), and Chen et al. (2017).
Total genomic DNA of 10 C. dabieshanensis specimens were extracted using a
DNA extraction kit (Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, China). e complete
CYT B gene and two nuclear gene segments [apolipoprotein B (APOB) and breast
cancer 1 (BRCA1)] were amplied using primers and PCR conditions from Chen et
al. (2021). e PCR products were puried and sequenced in both directions using
the BigDye Terminator Cycle kit v. 3.1 (Invitrogen, USA) on an ABI 3730xl sequencer
(Applied Biosystems, USA). Corresponding sequences of other Chodsigoa species were
downloaded from GenBank (Table 1) and aligned with our new sequences using
MUSCLE (Edgar 2004) and then checked manually by eye. Sequences of Episoriculus
caudatus (Horseld, 1851) and Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) were included in the

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 133
alignments as outgroup taxa. e Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distances of the CYT B
gene between species were calculated in MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016).
ree datasets were used for the phylogenetic analyses: CYT B gene, concatenated
nuclear genes, and concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Table 1). Maximum
likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were performed to reconstruct
the phylogenetic relationships in PhyloSuite (Zhang et al. 2020) based on the best-t
partitioning schemes estimated using PartitionFinder v. 2.0 (Lanfear et al. 2012). e
ultrafast bootstrap values (UFBoot) ≥ 95 and posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 were
considered as strong supports (Huelsenbeck and Rannala 2004; Minh et al. 2018).
Table 1. Samples and sequences used for molecular analyses. New sequences generated in this study are
shown in bold.
Species Museum code Collecting site CYT B BRCA1 APOB
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHUDBS017001 China: Anhui MG462711 OM200122 OM200113
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHUDBS017002 China: Anhui OM200132 OM200123 OM200115
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHUDBS017003 China: Anhui OM200131 OM200124 OM200114
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHUDBS017004 China: Anhui OM200130 OM200125 OM200116
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL001 China: Anhui OM200133 OM200121 OM200112
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL002 China: Anhui OM200129 OM200120 N.A.
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL003 China: Anhui OM200127 OM200119 OM200111
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL004 China: Anhui OM200128 N.A OM200110
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL005 China: Anhui OM200126 OM200118 OM200109
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis AHU2008FZL006 China: Anhui N.A. OM200117 OM200108
Chodsigoa caovansunga KIZ:027112 China: Yunnan JX508288 KX765593 KX765546
Chodsigoa caovansunga AMNH:101500 Viet Nam: Ha Giang AB175103 DQ630263 DQ630182
Chodsigoa caovansunga AMNH:101520 Viet Nam: Ha Giang AB175104 DQ630265 DQ630184
Chodsigoa furva KIZ:032216 China: Yunnan KX765525 KX765617 KX765571
Chodsigoa furva KIZ:032217 China: Yunnan KX765526 KX765618 KX765572
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:021075 China: Yunnan KX765534 KX765625 KX765581
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:021483 China: Yunnan KX765536 KX765626 KX765583
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:021485 China: Yunnan KX765535 KX765627 KX765582
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:032302 China: Sichuan KX765527 KX765637 KX765575
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:032250 China: Qinghai KX765528 KX765624 KX765574
Chodsigoa hypsibia KIZ:032251 China: Qinghai KX765529 KX765630 KX765577
Chodsigoa parca KIZ:032246 China: Yunnan KX765502 KX765600 KX765551
Chodsigoa parca KIZ:032239 China: Yunnan KX765504 KX765607 KX765549
Chodsigoa parca KIZ:032243 China: Yunnan GU981265 KX765602 KX765550
Chodsigoa parva KIZ:032235 China: Yunnan KX765539 KX765631 KX765586
Chodsigoa parva KIZ:022222 China: Yunnan KX765542 KX765632 KX765591
Chodsigoa parva KIZ:020265 China: Yunnan KX765543 KX765633 KX765589
Chodsigoa smithii SAF: BLG012 China: Sichuan KX765521 KX765609 KX765567
Chodsigoa smithii SAF: BLG144 China: Sichuan KX765522 KX765610 KX765568
Chodsigoa smithii SAF: JJSA616 China: Sichuan KX765524 KX765612 KX765562
Chodsigoa sodalis JUM016 China: Taiwan AB175102 DQ630274 DQ630194
Chodsigoa sodalis T0497 China: Taiwan AB127978 DQ630271 DQ630191
Chodsigoa sodalis THUB-S-00007 China: Taiwan GU981270 GU981191 GU981116
Chodsigoa homanni KIZ:019442 China: Yunnan KX765509 KX765594 KX765555
Chodsigoa homanni KIZ:019458 China: Yunnan KX765510 KX765595 KX765558
Chodsigoa homanni KIZ:019459 China: Yunnan KX765512 KX765596 KX765559
Episoriculus caudatus 19716 China: Yunnan GU981272 GU981193 GU981118
Neomys fodiens 65298 Germany GU981295 GU981205 GU981130

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
134
Results
External and cranial measurements are summarized in Table 2. e PCA based on 128
intact skulls produced two axes with eigenvalues exceeding 1.0, which explained 94.2%
of the variation (Table 3). e rst axes (PC1) explained 86.2% of the variation and
was strongly positively correlated with all variables, indicating it represented the overall
skull size (Table 3). e second axis (PC2) explained 8.0% of the variation and was
highly positively correlated with CH and BMF (loading > 0.67). A plot of PC1 and
PC2 (Fig. 2) showing that C. dabieshanensis are separated well from all named species.
is new species occurs in the center of the morphospace, indicating its medium size
in the genus. Morphologically, it is most similar to C. hypsibia, with which it occupies
the upper left corner morphospace without overlap (Fig. 2), indicating its generally
smaller size, larger BMF, and higher CH (Table 2).
Figure 2. Results of principal component analysis of Chodsigoa based on the 19 log10-transformed
craniodental measurements.

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 135
Table 2. External and craniomandibular measurements (mm), including mean values, standard deviations, ranges, and sample sizes of Chodsigoa species. e meas-
urements were obtained from Chen et al. (2017), except for C. dabieshanensis sp. nov.
Variable C.
dabieshanensis
sp. nov.
C. caovansunga C. furva C. hypsibia C. parca C. homanni C. parva C. smithii C. sodalis
N = 11 N = 3 N = 5 N = 58 N = 16 N = 14 N = 31 N = 11 N = 2
W 5.24±0.36
4.67–5.89; 9
6.20; 1 6.05±0.64
5.60–6.50; 2
10.40±1.61
6.40–14.00; 30
9.35±1.09 7.90–
11.90; 13
7.54±0.80
7.00–9.60; 12
3.59±0.56
2.60–5.20; 29
9.69±1.46 7.00–
12.00; 10
HB 67.22±3.23
62.00–73.00; 9
74.00; 1 71.67±3.06
69.00–75.00; 3
75.48±5.75
62.00–86.00; 52
70.30±4.40
62.00–77.00; 14
66.75±5.15
58.00–75.00; 12
56.66±4.33
47.00–64.00; 29
79.70±2.71
76.00–84.00; 10
55.50±2.12
54.00–57.00; 2
TL 59.67±3.28
54.00–64.00; 9
83.00; 1 86.00±1.73
84.00–87.00; 3
65.69±4.01
56.00–73.00; 52
90.60±5.70
77.00–99.00; 14
81.67±4.21
74.00–88.00; 12
44.90±8.23
4.60–52.00; 29
98.90±5.28
93.00–110.00; 10
57.50±3.54
55.00–60.00; 2
HF 13.44±0.53
13.00–14.00; 9
15.00; 1 17.33±1.15
16.00–18.00; 3
15.35±1.17
13.00–18.00; 53
16.50±0.90
15.00–18.00; 15
15.50±0.80
14.00–17.00; 12
10.81±0.51
10.00–12.00; 29
17.90±1.13
16.00–20.00; 10
13.00±0.00
13.00–13.00; 2
EL 8.22±0.44
8.00–9.00; 9
9.00; 1 8.00±0.00
8.00–8.00; 2
7.04±1.12
5.00–9.50; 37
8.89±1.24 7.00–
11.50; 14
8.83±1.11 7.00–
11.00; 12
6.93±0.54
5.00–8.00; 28
8.89±1.96 6.00–
12.00; 9
8.50±0.71
8.00–9.00; 2
CIL 19.08±0.22
18.65–19.26; 8
17.96±0.74
17.38–18.80; 3
20.63±0.39
20.16–21.06; 4
20.66±0.89
19.03–22.62; 46
20.37±0.29
20.08–20.88; 8
19.13±0.39
18.31–19.57; 12
15.79±0.27
15.08–16.17; 29
22.23±0.54
21.50–23.05; 9
17.97±0.12
17.88–18.05; 2
IOB 4.52±0.07
4.41–4.62; 8
4.30±0.06
4.23–4.35; 3
4.96±0.10
4.85–5.05; 4
5.04±0.33
3.99–5.56; 51
4.77±0.11
4.60–4.99; 10
4.40±0.13
4.14–4.58; 12
3.55±0.15
3.25–3.85; 29
5.23±0.21 4.86–
5.48; 9
4.10±0.15
3.99–4.20; 2
CB 9.01±0.18
8.81–9.37; 9
8.78±0.08
8.71–8.87; 3
9.38±0.34
9.10–9.84; 4
9.42±0.40 8.38–
10.34; 49
9.57±0.14
9.33–9.82; 10
9.06±0.25
8.45–9.39; 12
7.30±0.22
6.93–7.73; 29
9.95±0.25 9.67–
10.45; 9
8.14±0.45
7.82–8.46; 2
CH 4.96±0.18
4.67–5.23; 9
5.24±0.28
5.05–5.57; 3
5.67±0.29
5.45–6.09; 4
4.57±0.28
4.05–5.10; 47
5.95±0.15
5.71–6.19; 10
5.61±0.16
5.30–5.87; 12
4.02±0.19
3.71–4.32; 29
6.09±0.16 5.87–
6.30; 9
4.74±0.14
4.64–4.84; 2
RL 6.61±0.11
6.48–6.81; 8
6.43±0.58
6.04–7.10; 3
7.76±0.17
7.57–7.91; 4
7.72±0.46
6.93–9.00; 52
7.83±0.15
7.55–7.98; 9
7.29±0.19
6.78–7.56; 12
5.63±0.16
5.33–6.07; 29
8.78±0.35 8.14–
9.18; 9
6.70±0.01
6.69–6.70; 2
PRL 11.84±0.18
11.56–12.04; 8
10.86±0.67
10.09–11.27; 3
12.35±0.48
11.93–12.84; 4
12.97±0.61
11.55–14.23; 46
12.24±0.18
12.06–12.55; 9
11.57±0.28
11.02–11.96; 12
9.87±0.18 9.32–
10.14; 29
13.29±0.29
12.93–13.80; 9
10.79±0.15
10.68–10.89; 2
PIL 8.36±0.16
8.08–8.49; 8
7.96±0.30
7.76–8.31; 3
8.97±0.24
8.76–9.30; 4
9.17±0.51 8.05–
10.37; 52
9.08±0.14
8.90–9.28; 9
8.43±0.18
8.06–8.75; 12
6.61±0.13
6.38–6.85; 29
9.92±0.37 9.40–
10.50; 9
7.95±0.06
7.91–7.99; 2
PPL 8.85±0.12
8.63–8.97; 8
8.11±0.43
7.80–8.60; 3
9.28±0.34
8.89–9.59; 4
9.55±0.41 8.87–
10.78; 46
9.11±0.19
8.77–9.35; 10
8.79±0.18
8.57–9.11; 12
7.60±0.19
7.10–7.90; 29
10.03±0.36
9.67–10.84; 9
8.15±0.01
8.14–8.15; 2
UTL 8.05±0.11
7.85–8.19; 8
7.76±0.25
7.58–8.05; 3
8.86±0.25
8.57–9.18; 4
8.50±0.38
7.88–9.42; 52
8.85±0.12
8.59–9.02; 9
8.11±0.16
7.68–8.31; 12
6.44±0.14
6.11–6.67; 29
9.70±0.38 9.01–
10.20; 9
7.73±0.06
7.69–7.77; 2

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
136
Variable C.
dabieshanensis
sp. nov.
C. caovansunga C. furva C. hypsibia C. parca C. homanni C. parva C. smithii C. sodalis
N = 11 N = 3 N = 5 N = 58 N = 16 N = 14 N = 31 N = 11 N = 2
M2–M25.56±0.09
5.42–5.66; 8
5.13±0.11
5.06–5.26; 3
5.58±0.16
5.39–5.75; 4
6.04±0.34
5.34–6.74; 52
5.36±0.09
5.26–5.51; 10
5.22±0.08
5.12–5.36; 12
4.24±0.19
3.92–4.53; 29
5.92±0.15 5.75–
6.24; 9
4.49±0.18
4.36–4.62; 2
P4–M34.89±0.05
4.82–4.95; 8
4.65±0.10
4.57–4.77; 3
5.39±0.22
5.07–5.56; 4
5.27±0.26
4.66–5.86; 52
5.71±0.09
5.57–5.84; 10
4.82±0.11
4.59–5.03; 12
3.94±0.12
3.57–4.12; 29
5.78±0.24 5.47–
6.10; 9
4.85±0.04
4.82–4.88; 2
PPD 2.81±0.10
2.64–2.95; 8
3.25±0.08
3.18–3.34; 3
3.50±0.09
3.40–3.59; 4
3.07±0.19
2.66–3.37; 51
3.90±0.09
3.72–3.98; 10
3.50±0.14
3.11–3.65; 12
2.47±0.13
2.20–2.69; 29
3.84±0.21 3.50–
4.12; 9
3.05±0.08
2.99–3.11; 2
BMF 3.20±0.11
3.07–3.43; 9
3.17±0.07
3.11–3.24; 3
3.57±0.13
3.38–3.65; 4
2.76±0.14
2.53–3.21; 51
3.32±0.13
3.18–3.55; 9
3.26±0.09
3.12–3.44; 12
2.57±0.17
2.22–2.86; 29
3.71±0.24 3.40–
4.20; 9
2.99±0.01
2.98–2.99; 2
ML 10.05±0.17
9.74–10.29; 9
10.06±0.33
9.79–10.43; 3
11.07±0.29
10.79–11.35; 4
10.94±0.51
10.18–12.37; 54
11.45±0.17
11.13–11.72; 10
10.60±0.19
10.31–10.96; 12
8.33±0.18
7.97–8.76; 28
12.20±0.42
11.70–12.90; 9
9.66±0.32
9.43–9.88; 2
LTR 7.41±0.25
7.21–8.09; 9
7.25±0.14
7.12–7.39; 3
8.06±0.20
7.88–8.26; 4
8.10±0.42
7.31–9.12; 53
8.15±0.13
7.96–8.34; 10
7.50±0.14
7.19–7.67; 12
5.95±0.13
5.70–6.23; 28
8.78±0.34 8.30–
9.20; 9
6.95±0.35
6.70–7.20; 2
LLI 3.27±0.06
3.22–3.42; 9
3.19±0.15
3.06–3.36; 3
3.17±0.20
2.89–3.35; 4
3.67±0.30
2.70–4.25; 53
3.42±0.16
3.07–3.62; 10
3.23±0.09
3.08–3.37; 12
2.53±0.15
2.25–2.78; 28
3.65±0.19 3.25–
3.90; 9
2.71±0.21
2.56–2.86; 2
HCP 3.94±0.12
3.71–4.09; 9
4.00±0.06
3.93–4.05; 3
3.98±0.12
3.88–4.12; 4
4.35±0.30
3.85–5.09; 54
4.64±0.11
4.52–4.81; 10
4.06±0.15
3.70–4.36; 12
2.96±0.17
2.63–3.31; 28
4.37±0.29 3.90–
4.72; 9
3.43±0.03
3.41–3.45; 2
HCV 2.34±0.08
2.21–2.46; 9
2.61±0.01
2.60–2.62; 3
2.65±0.09
2.56–2.77; 4
2.71±0.26
2.20–3.32; 54
3.01±0.10
2.87–3.26; 10
2.66±0.07
2.56–2.80; 12
1.96±0.10
1.77–2.19; 28
2.95±0.15 2.80–
3.20; 9
2.33±0.01
2.32–2.33; 2
HAC 2.85±0.10
2.70–2.98; 9
3.31±0.02
3.30–3.34; 3
3.45±0.11
3.31–3.57; 4
3.43±0.27
2.87–4.02; 46
3.67±0.06
3.59–3.79; 10
3.45±0.13
3.24–3.66; 12
2.48±0.12
2.18–2.68; 28
3.78±0.15 3.60–
4.00; 9
2.92±0.10
2.85–2.99; 2

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 137
Table 3. Character loadings, eigenvalues, and proportion of variance explained by the rst two axes (PC1
and PC2) of a principal component analysis using the log10-transformed measurements of Chodsigoa. e
meanings of variable abbreviations are given in the Materials and methods section.
Variables Principal component
1 2
ML 0.991 0.047
PIL 0.990 –0.085
LTR 0.988 –-0.073
CIL 0.987 –0.107
UTL 0.986 0.060
P4–M30.982 –0.057
CB 0.977 –0.009
RL 0.972 –0.030
HCP 0.961 –0.052
IOB 0.955 –0.200
PRL 0.949 –0.262
HCV 0.940 0.078
HAC 0.939 0.075
PPL 0.937 –0.221
M2–M20.932 –0.259
LLI 0.910 –0.269
PPD 0.841 0.464
CH 0.692 0.670
BMF 0.610 0.713
Eigenvalue 16.385 1.519
Variance explained 86.235 7.993
Nine CYT B (1140 bp), nine APOB (513 bp), and nine BRCA1 (768 bp)
sequences of C. dabieshanensis were obtained (GenBank accession numbers:
OM200108–OM200133; Table 1). e ML and BI trees recovered very similar
topologies, and therefore, only the ML gene trees are shown (Fig. 3). e phylogenetic
analyses of all three datasets supported Chodsigoa clustered into two major clades
(UFboot > 99, PP = 1.00). One clade was composed of C. parva, C. hypsibia, and
C. dabieshanensis (Clade I), and the other clade was composed of C. caovansunga, C.
furva, C. homanni, C.parca, C. salenskii, C. smithii, and C. sodalis (Clade II). e
C. dabieshanensis clade was strongly supported as a monophyletic lineage, sister to
the clade containing C.parva and C. hypsibia (UFboot > 98, PP = 1.00). e K2P
genetic distances of the CYT B gene between C. dabieshanensis and other nominal
Chodsigoa species ranged from 8.6% (with C. hypsibia) to 17.6% (with C. sodalis)
(Table 4).
Based on the morphological, morphometric, and molecular evidence and the
modern phylogenetic species concept (phylogenetic species concept based on both
diagnosability and monophyly as operational criteria) (Mayden 1997; Gutierrez and
Garbino 2018), we recognize the population from the Dabie Mountains as a new
species of Chodsigoa, which is formally described below.

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
138
Taxonomic account
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/A2EF195A-A19C-43CD-A774-A06218E96EE9
Figures 4, 5, Table 2
Suggested common name. Dabieshan long-tailed shrew; 大别山缺齿鼩 (Dabieshan
Quechiqu)
Holotype. AHU2008FZL005, an adult female collected by Zhen Xu and
Ruolei Sun in August 2020, at Foziling natural reserve (31°07'07"N, 116°14'41"E,
1187ma.s.l.), the north slope of the Dabie Mountains, Huoshan County, Luan City,
Anhui province, China. Cleaned skulls and remaining carcasses frozen at –20 °C
deposited in the Biological Museum of Anhui University (BMAHU).
Paratypes. AHUDBS017001-005; AHU2008FZL001-004, 006. Ten specimens
collected between May 2017 and August 2020 from the Dabie Mountains, Anhui
Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees derived from A the CYT B gene B the concatenated
nuclear genes C the concatenated mitochondrial-nuclear trees. Branch labels indicate Bayesian posterior
probabilities (PP) and ultrafast bootstrap supports (UFBoot). Scale bars represent substitutions per site.
Table 4. e Kimura-2-parameter distances between Chodsigoa species based on the CYT B gene.
C.
dabieshanensis
sp. nov.
C.
caovansunga
C.
furva
C.
homanni
C.
hypsibia
C.
parca
C.
parva
C.
smithii
C. dabieshanensis
sp. nov.
– – – – – – – –
C. caovansunga 0.147 – – – – – – –
C. furva 0.151 0.131 – – – – – –
C. homanni 0.147 0.116 0.132 – – – – –
C. hypsibia 0.086 0.144 0.155 0.146 – – – –
C. parca 0.152 0.128 0.131 0.082 0.152 – – –
C. parva 0.102 0.154 0.162 0.154 0.058 0.160 – –
C. smithii 0.163 0.112 0.119 0.104 0.153 0.122 0.164 –
C. sodalis 0.176 0.144 0.155 0.136 0.162 0.140 0.162 0.131

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 139
province, China. All specimens are deposited in the Biological Museum of Anhui
University (BMAHU).
Etymology. e specic name dabieshanensis is derived from the Dabie Mountains,
the type locality of the new species: -shan means mountain in Chinese, and the Latin
adjectival sux -ensis means “belonging to".
Diagnosis. e new species is assigned to the genus Chodsigoa for having three
upper unicuspid teeth, with the tips of the teeth lightly pigmented (Fig. 4). Chodsigoa
dabieshanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other known species of Chodsigoa
by the following combination of characters: small to medium in size (HB=67.22mm;
CIL = 19.08 mm), dark brownish pelage; tail shorter than the HB, nearly similar
ventral and dorsal pelage color, a small tuft of longer hairs at the tip of the tail (Fig.5);
markedly attened braincase; and the foramen magnum is relatively wider than
C.hypsibia. Phylogenetic analyses show that the new species is monotypic, sister to
C.hypsibia and C. parva (Fig. 3).
Description. A small to medium-sized shrew (W = 5.24±0.36 g, range 4.67–5.89g;
HB = 67.22±3.23 mm, range 62.00–73.00 mm, Table 2) with dark brown dorsal pel-
age and slightly paler ventral pelage (Fig. 5). Tail is short (TL = 59.67±3.28 mm), about
90% of the head and body length, brown above, slightly paler below, and with a small
tuft of longer hairs at the tip. External ears are prominent, rounded, and covered with
very short dark hairs. Eyes are very small. e dorsal surfaces of hands and hind feet are
covered with short brown hair, lighter at the margin. e thenar and hypothenar pads
at the soles of the hindfeet are well separated.
e skull of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. is short and broad, and the braincase is markedly
attened (Fig. 4). e skull is similar to C. hypsibia, but much shorter and broader.
e rostrum is short, and the interorbital region is wide. From the ventral view, the
rostrum gradually narrows in the premaxillary region. e palate is short, with an abrupt
posterior edge. e basisoccipital is developed and the ridges are approximately parallel.
e dentition is the same for the genus: 3.1.1.3/2.0.1.3 = 28. e rst incisor is long,
falciform; the apex straight downwards; the talon much lower than U1, approximately
equal to U3. ree upper unicuspids are present. All unicuspids are crowded and overlap
slightly at the base. U1–U3 gradually decrease in size; U3 is about half as high as U1, and
in contact with P4, which is large and triangular in outline. e posterior borders of P4
and M1 are deeply excavated, appearing crescent, while the posterior borders of M2 are
much shallower. M3 is reduced and much narrower with a single lobe. e tips of the
anterior teeth have a lightly pigmented chestnut color except the molars.
e mandible is slender. e coronoid process is tall and squared, rising straight
upward from the posterior of the toothrow. e condyloid process is weak and bi-
faceted, forming an angle at approximately 45° with the coronoid process. e angular
process is long, straight, and very thin. e rst lower incisor is long, with only a single
basal cusplet. e incisor is slightly curved upwards, forming a hook at the tip. e
rst lower unicuspid is small and procumbent, crowded with a large incisor and the
following premolar. e premolar has one forward-leaning cusp. e molar gradually
decreases in size from M1 to M3. Only the tips of I1, U1, P1, and M1 are chestnut-
pigmented but not those of M2 and M3.

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
140
Comparison. Among the species in the genus Chodsigoa, C. dabieshanensis sp.
nov. is morphologically similar to the widely distributed C. hypsibia. However, the
new species can be distinguished from C. hypsibia by many characters. In terms of
body size, C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. is much smaller than C. hypsibia for most external
and craniomandibular measurements (Table 2). In particular, the range of weight
(4.67–5.89 g vs 6.40–14.00 g) and rostral length (6.48–6.81 mm vs 6.93–9.00 mm)
between the two species does not overlap. e overall pelage of C. dabieshanensis sp.
nov. is dark brown, almost black, which diers from the gray pelage of C. hypsibia.
e skull of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. is relatively shorter and broader than C. hypsibia,
Figure 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral views of the mandible of the holotype
of Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov. (AHU2008FZL004; left) and Chodsigoa hypsibia (KIZ 016077; right).
Scale bar: 10 mm.

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 141
especially in the interorbital region, which appears much atter (Fig. 4). e foramen
magnum breadth is relatively larger than C. hypsibia. e posterior borders of M2
in C. hypsibia are much more deeply excavated than in C. dabieshanensis sp. nov..
In C. dabieshanensis sp. nov., the basioccipital is well developed and the ridges are
approximately parallel. By contrast, the basioccipital of C. hypsibia is narrow, so the
ridges are nearly conuent in the middle.
Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov. (CIL = 19.08±0.22 mm) can be easily
distinguished from C. parva (CIL = 15.79±0.27 mm) by its much larger size and the
ranges of most of their external and cranial measurements do not overlap (Table2).
Furthermore, the tail of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. (TL/HB = 80%) is relatively longer
than C. parva (TL/HB = 88%). If the mean condyloincisive length is used as an
indicator of overall size, C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. (CIL = 19.08±0.22mm) is larger than
C.sodalis (CIL=17.97±0.12 mm), but smaller than C. furva (CIL = 20.63±0.39mm),
C.parca (CIL = 20.37±0.29 mm), and C. smithii (CIL = 22.23±0.54 mm) (Table 2).
e markedly attened cranium of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. is clearly distinguished
from all other species in the genus, including C.caovansunga, C. furva, C. homanni,
C.parca, C.salenskii, C. smithii, and C. sodalis. e tail of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov.
is shorter than head and body length, and it diers from C. sodalis (TL/HB ≈ 100%)
and all other Chodsigoa species (TL/HB > 100%). e new species has a tuft of longer
hair at the tip of the tail, in contrast to C. caovansunga, C. furva, and C. smithii.
e thenar and hypothenar pads at the soles of the hindfeet are well separated and
distinguishable from C. caovansunga, whose thenar and hypothenar pads of hindfeet
are close together.
Figure 5. Dorsal and ventral view of Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov.

Zhongzheng Chen et al. / ZooKeys 1083: 129–146 (2022)
142
Distribution and habits. Chodsigoa dabieshanensis sp. nov. is currently known
from Yaoleping National Nature Reserve, Bancang Natural Reserve, and Foziling
Natural Reserve, all located in the Dabie Mountains, Anhui province, eastern China.
Most specimens were collected from deciduous broad-leaf forests at 750–1250 m a.s.l.
Discussion
Prior to this study, nine species were recognized in the genus Chodsigoa (Chen et
al. 2017; Wilson and Mittermeier 2018). Our morphological and molecular results
support that the specimens from the Dabie Mountains represent a new species of
Chodsigoa, C. dabieshanensis sp. nov., based on the diagnosis-and-monophyly-based
phylogenetic species concept (Mayden 1997; Gutierrez and Garbino 2018). Chodsigoa
dabieshanensis sp. nov. is morphologically closely related to C. hypsibia and was previously
considered as a marginal population of that taxon (Zhang et al. 2018). However, it
can be distinguished from C. hypsibia by its dark brownish pelage and smaller size
(Table 2). e large genetic distance (8.6% by the CYT B gene) and phylogenetic
analysis also strongly support they are two distinct species (UFboot > 98, PP = 1.00).
As Chodsigoa are mainly distributed in southwest China and adjacent areas (Wilson
and Mittermeier 2018), the distribution area of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. is marginal.
It is the only known species of Chodsigoa recorded in Anhui province, separated by at
least 500 km from any other member of the genus, i.e., C. hypsibia from Luanxian,
Henan Province (Zhou et al. 2020). e new species has no known congeners in
Anhui Province; there are only two other soricid taxa recorded, Chimarrogale lender
Tomas, 1902 and Crocidura spp. (Wang 1990; Jiang et al. 2015). e former is a large
aquatic shrew (W > 20 g), and the latter has white, unpigmented dentition; these taxa
are easily distinguishable from the new species.
e new species brings the number of Chodsigoa species to 10, sorted into two
major clades; one including C. parva + C. hypsibia + C. dabieshanensis sp. nov. (Clade
I), and the other (Clade II) comprised of the remaining species (Fig. 3). ese results
are also supported by morphology. Compared with the species in Clade II, the cranium
of Clade I species is markedly atter, and the tail of Clade I is relatively shorter
(Clade I: TL/HB < 100%; Clade II: TL/HB ≥ 100%). All our gene trees showed
C.dabieshanensis sp. nov. forms a subclade inside the main Clade I as the sister group
of the subclade C. parva + C. hypsibia (UFboot > 98, PP = 1.00, Fig. 3).
As the most easterly distributed species of Chodsigoa, the discovery of
C.dabieshanensis sp. nov. from the Dabie Mountains is important in understanding
the macroevolution of the genus. Previous studies suggested that the tribe Nectogalini
originated from Europe and migrated eastward to western Siberia and southward
along northern China to southwest China (He et al. 2010). While the Hengduan
Mountains are considered to serve as an important route for the southward migration
(Zhang 2002; He et al. 2010), we have no knowledge of how this group migrated
eastward. e oldest fossils of Chodsigoa are from the Early Pliocene in Gansu Provence,

A new species of Chodsigoa from Anhui, China 143
northern China (Zhang and Zheng 2001). Fossils of C. cf. hypsibia and C. cf. parva
were discovered from the Early Pleistocene in Jianshi, Hubei and Wuhu, Anhui, both
in eastern China, and more fossils were found in Wushan, Chongqing, southwest
China in the Late Pleistocene (Qiu and Li 2005). ese fossil records, together with
our nding of C. dabieshanensis sp. nov., diverged earlier than C. hypsibia and C.
parva, which suggests that the ancestor of Clade I arrived early in eastern China.
Due to the present lack of broad geographic sampling, how the genus migrated to
eastern China is still an open question. e Dabie Mountains are an extension of
the Qinling fold belt and gradually stabilized by the end of the Tertiary (Feng 1976).
Considering that the montane archipelagos always act as refugia and corridors to
facilitate the dispersal of terrestrial small mammals (Chen et al. 2015; He and Jiang
2014; He et al. 2019), a parsimonious biogeographic scenario of the migration is via
the Qinling and Dabie mountains. e ancestor of new species then became isolated
due to climate change and following habitat turnover, resulting in a new species. Finer
taxon sampling with additional sequence data is warranted to illustrate the migration
patterns of the genus.
Acknowledgements
e study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.
31900318), National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation
Program of China (grant no. 2019FY101800), the Anhui Provincial Natural Science
Foundation (2008085QC106), and the University Synergy Innovation Program of
Anhui province (GXXT-2020-075).
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