Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
UDC 633.2/.3:636.085.2:631.5
DOI: 10.48077/scihor.24(8).2021.56-65
Dynamics of the Species Composition of Phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain
Meadows of the Carpathians Subject to Supercial Improvement
Volodymyr Kurhak1*, Uliana Karbivska2, Nadiia Asanishvili1,
Sergiy Slyusar1, Mykhailo Ptashnik1
1NSC “Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine”
08162, 2-b Mashynobudivnykiv Str., Chabany, Kyiv region, Ukraine
2Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathians National University
76018, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
Abstract. The conducted research of various authors has developed a number
of measures for surface improvement of meadowland in various soil and
climatic conditions. However, studies on the inuence of such surface
improvement measures as the use of organic and mineral fertilizers and
sowing of perennial grasses and legumes in the sod on the dynamics of
the species composition of Floodplain Mountain meadows of the Carpathians
have not yet been conducted, which conrms the relevance of this study. The
article presents the results of three-year studies conducted during 2017-
2019 in the peasant farm of V.F. Martyshchuk (the Verkhovinsky District of
the Ivano-Frankivsk region) to study the features of transformation of the
species composition of natural phytocenoses of oodplain Meadows of the
Black Cheremosh river of the mountain and forest belt of the Carpathians
under the inuence of their surface improvement with the use of organic
and mineral fertilizers and sowing of a cereal mixture for haymaking use
and Tribolium repens L. for multipurpose use. It was found that oodplain
Meadow phytocenoses were mainly cereals and mixed grasses with a share
of wild cereals of 57-58% (up to 15 of them % Festuca rubra L. s. str. and 5-6%
of low-value ones in feed terms Calamagrostis arundinaceae (L.) Roth and
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), mixed grasses – 35-38% and unseeded
Fabaceae 5-7%. When applying a set of measures for surface improvement
of cereals and mixed grasses, low productive (within 1.95-2.15 t/ha of dry
weight) oodplain mountain meadowlands, their species composition
improved. For making P30K60 the content of wild plants increased by 2-5%
Fabaceae, and N60P30K60 – by 9-10% unseeded Poaceae. For haymaking use,
Poaceae with Phleum pratense L. and Festuca pratensis Huds. against the
background of making N60P30K60 for sowing a mixture in the sod in the
spring, their share increased to 74%, and for multi-year use and sowing
Trifolium repens L. against the background of making P30K60 the quantity of
Fabaceae increased to 44% or by 32%. The highest oral saturation (43 species
from 19 families and 93-98% from perennials) was observed in variants without
fertilization and with the introduction of P30K60 for multi-year use, which
is 4-14 species more compared to haymaking use, or with the introduction
of N60P30K60 and or with sowing a mixture of cereals on the background
of N60P30K60 for haymaking use, or sowing Trifolium repens L. against the
background of P30K60 for multipurpose use
Keywords: legumes, cereals, species composition, meadow phytocenosis, mixed
grasses, oral saturation
Article’s History:
Received: 26.08.2021
Revised: 25.09.2021
Accepted: 28.10.2021
Suggested Citation:
Kurhak, V., Karbivska, U., Asanishvili, N.,
Slyusar, S., & Ptashnik, M. (2021). Dy-
namics of the species composition of
phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain
meadows of the Carpathians subject
to supercial improvement. Scientic
Horizons, 24(8), 56-65.
SCIENTIFIC HORIZONS
Journal homepage: https://sciencehorizon.com.ua
Scientic Horizons, 24(8), 56-65
Copyright © The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
*Corresponding author
57
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important ways to improve meadowland
is to improve its surface. Among the measures of super-
cial improvement of meadow grass stand, which can
dramatically affect its species composition when caring
for it, there is fertilization and sowing of herbs. Fertiliz-
ers can be used effectively on all types of meadowland.
Nevertheless, rst, they are highly effective on sufciently
moistened land (oodplain and low-lying Meadows,
normal land and irrigated areas of grasslands), where
valuable meadow grasses from the mesophyte group
predominate [1-2]. Regular use of fertilizers in optimal
doses and ratios that correspond to the nature of the
herbage and soil characteristics increases the share of
valuable forage species in herbage and creates reliable
conditions for maintaining high productivity of meadow-
land for many years [3-5].
Along with mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers
are used in meadows (manure, including liquid, silt from
reservoirs, sapropels, bird droppings, peat, wastewater,
green mass of green manure, etc.), primarily on poor
low-humus soils, as well as for the purpose of their dis-
posal in Mountain Meadows where there is no arable
land [2; 6]. The response of meadow plants to mineral
fertilizers is higher than that of eld crops. However,
the effectiveness of fertilizing meadow grass is largely
determined by the ratio of nutrients. On Poaceae in
herbage, a complete mineral fertilizer, then in descending
order nitrogen-potash, nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen,
potassium-phosphorus, potassium and phosphorus [2],
provides the greatest return.
Nitrogen fertilizers are more effective in meadows
that are better provided with moisture (lowland and
oodplain) with a predominance in herbage Poaceae
herbs. The highest reaction to the application of phos-
phorous and potash fertilizers is characterized by Faba-
ceae herbs that, with regular fertilization, last longer in
herbage [7]. Nitrogen fertilizers on legume and cereal
herbage, in contrast to Poaceae, little effective [8]. When
applying nitrogen fertilizers, as you know, the growth
of Poaceae at the same time, conditions of potassium
and phosphate starvation are created for Fabaceae and
there is a displacement of them from the herbage. If
there is insufcient potassium supply, valuable grass
species fall out and species that can absorb it from
hard-to-reach forms spread [9].
In recent years, the interest of sowing herbs has
signicantly increased on meadowlands of industrial
workers and scientists due to the emergence of new tech-
nical opportunities and an energy and environmental
crisis in the national economy of Ukraine [2]. It was found
that seeding Poaceae in undisturbed Meadow turf, it
does not give positive results in conditions of insufcient
supply of nitrogen to the soil. Seedlings that are provided
with nitrogen due to its xation by nodule bacteria take
root better. Greater positive effect of seeding Fabaceae
it is manifested when the soil is sufciently provided
with mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium [10].
For successful sowing, it is necessary to weaken the old
coenosis and strengthen the ability of seedlings of sown
species to grow rapidly. Better results from this measure
are observed in wet growing conditions and in wetter
years, in particular in low-lying Meadows than in dry
ones [11].
Sowing a legume-cereal mixture in a degenerate
Meadow stand quickly improves the species composition
of agrocoenoses, reducing the proportion of low-value
mixed grasses in feed terms and increasing the produc-
tivity of meadowland and feed quality [12; 13]. A similar
effect on the structure of reducing coenoses is produced
by sowing a cereal mixture, but mineral nitrogen fertilizers
provide the increased and stable productivity of these
coenoses over the years. Improves the species composition
and accelerates the process of stabilization of Meadow
coenoses and sowing seeds of wild grass species, which
are collected in meadows adapted to certain conditions
with natural, but productivity remains low [14].
In the practice of onion farming, the most prom-
ising method of creating legume-cereal herbage is sow-
ing perennials Fabaceae herbs in loosened strips by
combined aggregates [15]. It was found that for seed
germination and survival of seedlings, appropriate con-
ditions are necessary, which take root better in places
with partially disturbed sod, as well as when draining
seeds using phosphorous fertilizers and inoculants. The
best results are obtained when sowing Fabaceae in a grass
stand that has no strong competitors, as well as without
the use of nitrogen fertilizers.
The analysis of literature sources on the develop-
ment and improvement of measures for surface improve-
ment of meadowlands shows that the features of trans-
formation of the species composition of phytocenoses of
oodplain mountain meadows of the Carpathians with
their surface improvement have not yet been studied.
This has become the subject of our research, which is
covered in this article.
Research purpose it consists in establishing the
features of transformation of the species composition
of phytocenoses of oodplain Meadows of the mountain
and forest belt of the Carpathians with their supercial
improvement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental studies on the peculiarities of transfor-
mation of the species composition of phytocenoses of
Floodplain Meadows of the mountain and forest belt of
the Carpathians with their surface improvement were
carried out during 2017-2019 in the peasant economy
of V.F. Martyshchuk (P. Krasnik Verkhovinsky district,
Ivano-Frankivsk region) in the oodplain of the Black
Cheremosh river. The soil cover of the experimental site
consists of sod-brown-earth shallow underdeveloped
carbonate light loamy on alluvium calcites, middle-stony
Kurhak et al.
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
58
on the modern alluvium, which is covered with pebbles
from a depth of 0.5-1.0 m. The 0-20-cm layer of this soil
contains humus – 2.6%, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen –
8.4 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus – 4.3 mg/kg, exchange
potassium – 7.8 mg/kg with PH Sol. – 5.0 and ecological
and agrochemical score-16.
The study was conducted according to gener-
ally accepted methods in feed production and onion
farming [16]. The size of sown plots is 10 m2, account-
ing – 8 m2. The experiment is repeated four times. The
experiment scheme included the following options and
factors (table. 1): improvement factor: 1) no improvement,
2) P30K60, 3) N60P30K60, 4) 15 t/ha of manure, P30K60 +
seeding Trifolium repens L. 6 kg/ha for multipurpose
use and 5) N60P30K60 + seeding the mixture of Poaceae
(Phleum pratense L., 6 kg / ha + Festuca pratensis Huds.,
10 kg/ha). Factor usage mode: 1) haymaking with 2 slopes
and 2) multi-slope (imitation of pasture use).
Mineral fertilizers, in doses according to the ex-
periment scheme, in particular, nitrogen in the form
of ammonium nitrate, phosphorous – granular super-
phosphate and potash – kalimagnesia, as well as litter
manure, in doses according to the experiment scheme,
were applied annually in one period in the spring su-
percially after snowmelt. Sowing of a mixture of ce-
reals and creeping Clover according to the experiment
scheme was carried out once in the spring supercially
when laying the experiment in 2017. Mowing of grasses
for haymaking use in the rst mowing was carried out
in the owering phase of the dominant components
of the grass stand, and for multi-mowing (imitation of
pasture) and after grass for haymaking use – the height
of the grass stand is 15-20 cm.
The species composition of the meadow phyto-
cenosis on the experimental site was studied under the
inuence of measures for its surface improvement by
geobotanical description of grass stands before consid-
ering the harvest according to DSTU 4687:2007 [17].
The denition of Meadow plant species and their families
was carried out in accordance with the modern nomen-
clature of taxa [18].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Studies conducted by various authors have established
that surface improvement, in particular the introduction
of organic and mineral fertilizers and sowing of cere-
als and legumes of perennial grasses in the sod, has a
positive effect on the species composition of Meadow
phytocenoses, which in turn has a positive effect on the
productivity and chemical composition and nutritional
value of feed [2; 19; 20]. In particular, with the intro-
duction of nitrogen fertilizers, growth and develop-
ment improves and the number of long-term fertilizers
increases Poaceae herbs and the number of perennials
decreases Fabaceae herbs and mixed grasses in Meadow
phytocenoses. At the same time, their oral saturation
decreases. The introduction of phosphorous and potash
fertilizers, especially in years favorable for precipitation,
leads to an increase in the meadow phytocenosis of
perennial plants. Fabaceae and reducing the number
of Poaceae.
Sowing of cultivated species adapted to certain
ecological conditions of the growing place, perennial
Fabaceae without applying nitrogen fertilizers or Poaceae
by applying these fertilizers, it increases the share of
sown species in Meadow phytocenoses. Sowing seeds
of wild species on degraded Meadow herbage adapted
to certain ecological conditions improves the species
composition and accelerates the process of its stabili-
zation [2].
The results of our research presented in the article
on the inuence of surface improvement measures for
oodplain meadowlands with natural herbage of the
Black Cheremosh River in the Carpathian Mountain and
forest belt on their botanical feed composition are de-
scribed below. The original herbage before laying the
experiment was cereal-mixed with the content of wild
plants Poaceae 53-54%, mixed grasses – 39-42% and
unseeded Fabaceae 4-8%, which is clearly visible in
Figure 1 in the version without fertilizers.
For both haymaking and multi-mowing use in
the fertilizer-free version on average for 2017-2019
studies compared to the rst year, the ratio between
Poaceae and mixed grasses did not change much, al-
though there was a tendency to increase Poaceae and
reduction of mixed grasses (Table 1, Fig. 1). For P30K60,
there was an increase in the content of wild perennial
Fabaceae plants for haymaking use by 2%, and for mul-
ticut – by 5%.
For N60P30K60 compared to P30K60 during haymak-
ing use, an increase was observed in unseeded crops
of Poaceae by 9% while the content was reduced of
Fabaceae by 5% and of mixed grasses by 6%. In this
case, the multi-year use of cereals increased by 10%,
and legumes and various grasses decreased by 7 and
8%, respectively.
When applying manure in comparison with the
option without fertilizers, the changes between these
botanical groups were similar to the changes that were
observed under the action of applying N60P30K60 com-
pared to making a P30K60, but less pronounced (Table 1).
When applying manure in comparison with the option
without fertilizers for haymaking use, an increase was
observed in the share of unseeded crops of Poaceae by
7% when the content was reduced of Fabaceae by 2% and
of mixed grasses by 5%. For multipurpose use, Poaceae
increased by 5% in this case, and Fabaceae and mixed
grasses decreased by 1 and 4%, respectively.
Analysis of the results of sowing a mixture of Poa-
ceae herbs and Phleum pratense L. and Festuca pratensis
Huds. in the sod in spring against the background of
making N60P30K60 for haymaking use showed that the
greatest changes occurred with the Botanical composition
of the herbage in this case, according to the average data.
Total share Poaceae compared to making N60P30K60
it increased from 67 to 74% or by 7%, and compared
Dynamics of the species composition of phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain meadows...
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
59
to the option without fertilizers – by 17%, and mixed
grasses decreased – by 6 and 13%, respectively. As part
of the Poaceae Botanical group, the total share of sown
grasses increased to 43%, including Phleum pratense L. –
up to 19%, and Festuca pratensis Huds. – up to 24%. At
the same time, the number of unseeded Poaceae crops
decreased by 26% compared to the option with the in-
troduction of N60P30K60 and by 22% compared to the
option without fertilization.
For multi-year use for sowing in the sod in spring
against the background of P30K60 Trifolium repens L.
application according to the data averaged over three
years, its share increased by 30%, and the total number
of Fabaceae increased from 12 to 44% or by 32%, and
by 37% compared to the option without fertilization.
Simultaneously, the share of Poaceae decreased by 16
and 20%, respectively, and that one of mixed grasses by
11 and 6%, respectively.
Analysis of the results of studies by year showed
that in this case, the patterns of changes that occurred
with the ratio of botanical groups of grass stands, both
for haymaking and multi-mowing use, were mostly similar
to the results obtained on average over three years (Fig. 1).
For haymaking use in the direction from the 1st to the
3rd year, there was an increase in the total share of grass
stands Poaceae and a reduction in the number of mixed
grasses by 3-9%. Against the background of making
N60P30K60 and for sowing the mixture Poaceae these changes
were more signicant. Among the sown herbs in the variant
with sowing a mixture of cereals for three years there
was an increase in the content Phleum pratense L. and
reducing the share Festuca pratensis Huds. by 8-13%.
For multi-manual use, the largest share of Poaceae
in most options, except for the option with seeding Tri -
folium repens L., was in the second year of use. At the
same time, this year, in these variants, the lowest share
of Fabaceae in the herbage (at the level of 3-5%) was also
due to adverse weather conditions, resulted from the
lack of moisture. Meanwhile, as in the option with seeding
Trifolium repens L. in the sod, its share was stable during
all three years of research in the herbage at the level
of 37-40%.
Haymaking use
Without fertilizers
Multipurpose use
Without fertilizers
P30K60 P30K60
N60P30K60 P30K60 + seeding Trifolium repens L.
N60P30K60 + seeding of the Poaceae mixture*N60P30K60
Manure, 15 t/ha Manure, 15 t/ha
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3
– mixed grasses; – unseeded Fabaceae; – Trifolium repens L.; – unseeded Poaceae; – 2nd cereal component
of the grass mixture; – 1st cereal component of the grass mixture
Figure 1. Botanical composition of the grass stand of oodplain mountain meadows depending on surface improvement
measures, 2017-2019, %
Notes: 1, 2, 3 – years of use. *Components of the mixture: 1) Phleum pratense L., 6 kg/ha +2) Festuca pratensis Huds., 10 kg/ha
Kurhak et al.
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
60
Table 1. Botanical composition of the grass stand of oodplain Meadows depending
on surface improvement measures (average for 2017-2019)
Table 1. Botanical composition of the grass stand of oodplain Meadows depending
on surface improvement measures (average for 2017-2019)
Options for
improvement
measures
Total Poaceae
Including
Total
Fabaceae
Including
Trifolium
repens L.
Miscellaneous
herbs
By components*
Unseeded
First Second
Haymaking use
Without fertilizers 57 5 3 49 5
–
38
P
30
K
60
56 5 3 48 7
–
37
N
60
P
30
K
60
67 6 4 57 2
–
31
N
60
P
30
K
60
+ seeding
of the Poaceae
mixture*
74 19 24 31 1
–
25
Manure, 15 t/ha 64 6 4 54 3
–
33
НІР
05
, t/ha
Multipurpose use
Without fertilizers 58 3 5 50 7 6 35
P
30
K
60
54 3 5 46 12 9 37
P
30
K
60
+ seeding
Trifolium repens L. 38 4 6 28 44 39 18
N
60
P
30
K
60
66 6 4 56 5 3 29
Manure, 15 t/ha 63 4 6 53 6 4 31
НІР
05
, t/ha 3113222
*Components of the mixture: 1) Phleum pratense L., 6 kg/ha +2) Festuca pratensis Huds., 10 kg/ha
The results of studies on the study of the oral
saturation of the meadow natural grass stand of the
oodplain in the third year of use, depending on the
measures of surface improvement for haymaking and
multi-mowing use are shown in Table 2. Their analysis
showed that among the improvement measures in the
composition of the meadow phytocenosis of the ood-
plain, the largest number of species (43) was recorded
for multi-peak use in variants without fertilization and
against the background of P
30
K
60
, which is 6 more species
than for haymaking use.
Table 2. Share of components of meadow grass stand of the oodplain depending
on surface improvement measures, % (3
rd
2019 year of use)
Types
Haymaking use Multipurpose use
Without
fertilizers P
30
K
60
N
60
P
30
K
60
N
60
P
30
K
60
+
seeding of
the Poaceae
mixture
*
Without
fertilizers P
30
K
60
P
30
K
60
+
seeding
Trifolium
repens L.
N
60
P
30
K
60
Poaceae
Cynosurus cristatus L. 5 5 4 2 3 2 –4
Festuca pratensis Huds. 3 3 4 20 5 4 6 4
Festuca ovina L. 3 3 3 –8 6 5 8
Festuca rubra L. s. str. 13 13 15 10 15 14 11 18
Calamagrostis arundinaceae (L.)
Roth 4 4 6 3 + + + –
Holcus mollis L. 8 6 7 3 9 7 5 9
Agrostis gigantea Roth 3 3 8 7 + + + –
Agrostis canina L. – – – – + 1 + 3
Agrostis tenuis Sibth. 1 1 – – + + – –
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 5 5 7 4 5 5 –5
Phleum pratense L. 5 4 6 25 3 3 4 6
The results of studies on the study of the oral
saturation of the meadow natural grass stand of the
oodplain in the third year of use, depending on the
measures of surface improvement for haymaking and
multi-mowing use are shown in Table 2. Their analysis
showed that among the improvement measures in the
composition of the meadow phytocenosis of the ood-
plain, the largest number of species (43) was recorded
for multi-peak use in variants without fertilization and
against the background of P30K60, which is 6 more species
than for haymaking use.
Table 2. Share of components of meadow grass stand of the oodplain depending
on surface improvement measures, % (3rd 2019 year of use)
Types
Haymaking use Multipurpose use
Without
fertilizers P30K60 N60P30K60
N60P30K60 +
seeding of
the Poaceae
mixture*
Without
fertilizers P30K60
P30K60 +
seeding
Trifolium
repens L.
N60P30K60
Poaceae
Cynosurus cristatus L. 5 5 4 2 3 2 – 4
Festuca pratensis Huds. 3 3 4 20 5 4 6 4
Festuca ovina L. 3 3 3 – 8 6 5 8
Festuca rubra L. s. str. 13 13 15 10 15 14 11 18
Calamagrostis arundinaceae (L.)
Roth 4 4 6 3 + + + –
Holcus mollis L. 8 6 7 3 9 7 5 9
Agrostis gigantea Roth 3 3 8 7 + + + –
Agrostis canina L. – – – – + 1 + 3
Agrostis tenuis Sibth. 1 1 – – + + – –
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 5 5 7 4 5 5 – 5
Phleum pratense L. 5 4 6 25 3 3 4 6
Dynamics of the species composition of phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain meadows...
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
61
Types
Haymaking use Multipurpose use
Without
fertilizers P30K60 N60P30K60
N60P30K60 +
seeding of
the Poaceae
mixture*
Without
fertilizers P30K60
P30K60 +
seeding
Trifolium
repens L.
N60P30K60
Poa palustris L. 7 7 10 3 2 2 – 4
Poa annua L. + + – – 3 3 2 –
Briza media L. – – – – + + – –
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.)
Beauv. 4 4 1 + 5 4 2 2
Total types, % 60 57 71 74 57 52 35 63
Total types, pcs. 13 13 11 10 15 15 10 10
Fabaceae
Trifolium montanum L. 4 5 1 – 1 2 5 2
Trifolium pratense L. 1 3 – – 1 1 2 1
Trifolium repens L. – – – – 9 13 40 4
Total types, % 5 8 1 – 11 16 47 7
Total types, pcs. 2 2 1 – 3 3 3 3
Mixed grasses**
Arnica montana L. 3 3 3 + 3 3 + 3
Anemone nemorosa L. + + + + + + + +
Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth + + – – + + – –
Heracleum spondylium L. + + + + + + + +
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.)
Medik. 4 4 2 3 4 4 3 3
Rhinanthus alpinus Baumg. 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 4
Rhinanthus minor L. + + – – + + – –
Campanula carpatica Jacq. + + + – + + – +
Ranunculus acris L. + + + + + + + +
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. + + – – + + – –
Carum carvi L. + + + + + + + +
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Taraxacum ofcinale Webb.
ex Wigg 5 5 5 4 5 5 2 5
Hieracium viscidulum Tausch – – + + + + + +
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. – – + + + + + +
Clinopodium vulgare L. + + – – – – – –
Potentila anserina L. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Potentila aurea L. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Potentila argentea L. 5 5 5 4 5 5 2 5
Galium aparine L. – – – – + + – –
Plantago lanceolata L. 2 2 2 + 2 2 + 2
Juncus castaneus Smith + + + + + + + +
Viola biora L. – – – – + + – –
Equisetum sylvaticum L. + + + – + + – –
Rumex carpaticus Zapal. + + + 1 + + + +
Total types, % 35 35 28 23 32 32 18 30
Total types, pcs. 22 22 18 16 25 25 16 19
Cyperacea
Carex digitate L. – – – – + + – +
Carex montana L. – – – – + + – +
Total types, pcs. 37 37 30 26 43 43 29 32
Table 2, Continued
Notes: * – mix components: 1) Phleum pratense L., 6 kg/ha +2) Festuca pratensis Huds., 10 kg/ha; ** – the amount of mixed
grasses is given together with Cyperacea
It should be noted that for making N60P30K60 in
comparison with the background P30K60 the oral satura-
tion of the studied coenosis decreased from 43 to 29 or
by 14 species for multi-year use and from 37 to 30 or by
7 species for haymaking use. The lowest oral saturation
was in the variants with sowing perennial grasses in
the sod. For sowing the mixture of Poaceae herbs on the
background of N60P30K60 for haymaking use, the total
Kurhak et al.
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
62
Notes: * ʘ – annuals; Θ – biennials; Υ – perennials
number of species decreased from 30 to 26 or by 4 species,
and for sowing Trifolium repens L. for multi-year use on
the background of P30K60 – from 43 to 29 or for 14 types.
The oral saturation of the phytocenosis in all
variants of surface improvement was higher for multi-
year use than for haymaking.
Most of the species (25) were from the Botanical
group of mixed grasses together with Cyperacea with
the highest share of 32%, also recorded on the same
backgrounds and usage mode. Arnica montanaL. , Capsella
bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Rhinanthus alpinus Baumg.,
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., Taraxacum ofcinale Webb.
ex Wigg, Potentila anserina L. , Potentila aurea L., and Po-
tentila argentea L . , Rumex carpaticus Zapal were among
the mixed grasses, the share of which was the largest,
namely in the range of 1-5%. The remaining species
listed in Table 2 were found singly. The modes of Use and
fertilization did not naturally affect the share of species
from the mixed grass group.
In second place on the same fertilizer options
in terms of the number of species (15) was the Botan-
ical group Poaceae with a share of 52-57% against the
background of P30K60 and multi-level usage mode. Fes-
tuca rubra L. s. str. (14-15%), Holcus mollis L. and Festuca
ovina L. (6-9% each), Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.,
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Festuca pratensis Huds., Poa
palustris L. and Poa annua L. , Phleum pratense L. , Cyno-
surus cristatus L. (4-5% each) occupied the largest share
among Poaceae for these options. Calamagrostis arundi-
naceae (L.) Roth, Agrostis gigantea Roth. were present for
haymaking use in the herbage with a share in the range
of 3-8%, while for multi-year use they were found
mainly singly. On the contrary, Poa annua L. more was in
the grass stand for multi-armed use. The total number
increased from 10 to 45% for sowing the mixture of
Poaceae herbs with Festuca pratensis Huds. and Phleum
pratense L. on the background of N60P30K60.
The lowest number of species (3) was from the
Fabaceae group with the highest share (47%) in the variant
with seeding Trifolium repens L. against the background
of making P30K60 for multipurpose use. Against the
background of making P30K60 without seeding Trifolium
repens L., the share of its wild population was 13%. Due
to seeding Trifolium repens L., its share increased by 34%
in the 3rd year of use. The share of Trifolium montanum L.
was more under the haymaking regime than under the
multi-towed one.
When analyzing the distribution of components
by the life span of the meadow grass stand of the ood-
plain, it was revealed that regardless of the studied sur-
face improvement options and use modes, among all
species, most (24-37) belonged to perennials, with a share
of 93-98% of the total crop weight (Table 3). Regarding
surface improvement measures in both modes of use,
the largest number of perennials with the largest per-
centage of the total crop mass was in the version with-
out fertilizers and against the background of P30K60, and
least of all for sowing seeds Poaceae or Fabaceae grass in
the sod. With additional application of nitrogen in a dose
of N60 against the background of P30K60 the number of
perennials decreased, as well as the total number of spe-
cies. The number of annuals and biennials was insigni-
cant with uctuations of 1-5 and 1 species, respectively,
with a share of 2-7% and 0-3% of the total crop mass.
Table 3. Distribution of meadow grassland components by life expectancy depending
on surface improvement measures, 3rd 2019 year of use
Options for improvement measures
Number of types, pcs. % Of the total crop weight
ʘ Θ Υ Together ʘ Θ Υ
Haymaking use
Without fertilizers 4 1 32 37 4 1 95
P30K60 4 1 32 37 4 3 93
N60P30K60 1 1 28 30 2 - 98
N60P30K60 + seeding of the Poaceae mixture 1 1 24 26 3 - 97
НІР05, t/ha
Multipurpose use
Without fertilizers 5 1 37 43 7 - 93
P30K60 5 1 37 43 7 - 93
P30K60 + seeding Trifolium repens L. 2 1 26 29 5 - 95
N60P30K60 1 1 30 32 3 - 97
НІР05, t/ha
Dynamics of the species composition of phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain meadows...
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
63
The distribution of components by meadow grass
stand families of the oodplain, depending on surface
improvement measures, is shown in Table 4. Analysis of
the results showed that 45 species of meadow plants
from 21 families were recorded in the meadow grass stand
of the oodplain with different improvement options
and different use modes. The following families rep-
resented the species that took part in the formation of
the meadow grass stand crop: Asteraceae, Araliaceae,
Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Poaceae, Apiaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scro-
phulariaceae, Rosaceae, Juncaceae, Equisetaceae, Brassi-
caceae etc. Most of the species, namely 15, belonged to
the Poaceae family. the Asteraceae family was the second
with 5 types of herbs, the Fabaceae and Rosaceae families
were on the third with 3 types of each, and the Scrophu-
lariaceae and Cyperaceae families were the fourth with
2 types of each. The remaining families were represented
by one species each.
Table 4. Distribution of components by families of meadow grass stand of the oodplain depending
on surface improvement measures, pcs. (3rd year of Use 2019)
Families
Haymaking use Multipurpose use
Total
types
Without
fertilizers P30K60 N60P30K60
N60P30K60 +
seeding of
the Poaceae
mixture*
Without
fertilizers P30K60
P30K60 +
seeding
Trifolium
repens L.
N60P30K60
Asteraceae 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Araliaceae 1 1 – – 1 1 – 1 1
Blechnaceae 1 1 – – 1 1 – – 1
Fabaceae 2 2 1 – 3 3 3 3 3
Caryophyllaceae 1 1 1 – – – – – 1
Polygonaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lamiaceae 1 1 – – – – – – 1
Campanulaceae 1 1 - - 1 1 – 1 1
Ranunculaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Poaceae 13 13 11 10 15 15 10 10 15
Apiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Nelumbonaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rubiaceae 1 1 – – 1 1 – 1 1
Cyperaceae – – – – 2 2 – – 2
Plantaginaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Scrophulariaceae 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
Rosaceae 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Juncaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Violaceae – – – – 1 1 – – 1
Equisetaceae 1 1 1 – 1 1 – – 1
Brassicaceae
(Cruciferae) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total families 19 19 14 11 19 19 12 15 21
Total types 37 37 30 26 43 43 29 32 45
In the Poaceae family, most of the types were
for multi-year use on options without fertilizers and
against the background of P30K60. Among the surface
improvement options, the largest number of families (19)
was observed for multi-year use on options without
fertilizers and against the background of P30K60, and the
smallest (11-12) – for sowing the mixture of Poaceae
herbs on the background of N60P30K60 for haymaking use
Kurhak et al.
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
64
and sowing Trifolium repens L. for multi-year use on the
background of P30K60.
CONCLUSIONS
Floodplain meadow phytocenoses are mainly cereals and
mixed grasses with a share of wild cereals of 57-58%
(up to 15 of them % Festuca rubra L. s. str. and 5-6% of
low-value ones in feed terms Calamagrostis arundina-
ceae (L.) Roth and Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.),
mixed grasses – 35-38% and unseeded Fabaceae 5-7%.
When applying a set of measures for surface improvement
of cereals and mixed grasses, low productive (within 1.95-
2.15 t/ha of dry weight) oodplain mountain meadow-
lands, their species composition improved. For making
P30K60 the content of wild plants increased by 2-5%
Fabaceae, A N60P30K60 – for 9-10% of unseeded cereals.
For haymaking use and sowing a mixture of Poaceae
with Phleum pratense L. and Festuca pratensis Huds. against
the background of making N60P30K60 in the sod in spring,
their share increased to 74%, and to 44% or by 32% for
multi-year use and sowing Trifolium repens L. against
the background of making P30K60 quantity Fabaceae
increased.
The highest oral saturation (43 species from
19 families and 93-98% from perennials) was observed
in variants without fertilization and with the introduction
of P30K60 for multi-year use, which is 4-14 species more
compared to haymaking use, or with the introduction of
N60 P30 K60 and/or with sowing the mixture of Poaceae herbs
on the background of N60P30K60 for haymaking use, or
sowing Trifolium repens L. against the background of
P30K60 for multipurpose use.
REFERENCES
Kurhak, V.H., Panasyuk, S.M., Asanishvili, N.M. , Slyusar, I.T., Shtakal, M.І., Ptashnik, M.M., Oksymets, O.L., Tsymbal, Ya.S. ,
Kushchuk, M.O., Gavrysh, Ya.V., Kulyk, R.M., & Kudrya, S.O. (2020). Inuence of perennial legumes on the
productivity of meadow phytocenoses. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 310-315. doi: 10.15421/2020_298.
Bohovin, A.V., Sliusar, I.T., & Tsarenko, M.K. (2005). Herbaceous biogeocenoses, their improvement and rational use.
Kyiv: Agrarian Science.
Karbivska, U. , Kurgak, V., Gamayunova, V., Butenko, A., Malynka, L., Kovalenko, I., Onychko, V., Masyk, I., Chyrva, A. ,
Zakharchenko, E., Tkachenko, O., & Pshychenko, O. (2020). Productivity and quality of diverse ripe cereal grass
fodder depends on the methods of soil cultivation. Аcta Agrobotanica, 73(3), 1-11. doi:10.5586/aa.7334.
Demydas, G.I., & Prorochenko, S.S. (2018). Botanical structure and features of forming lucerne-cereal herbage
depending on fertilizing in environments of Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Myronivskyi Herald, 7, 123-134.
Kovtun, K.P., Veklenko, Yu.A., & Yashchuk, V.A. (2020). Formation of phytocenosis and productivity of sainfoin-
cereal grass mixtures depending on the methods of sowing and spatial distribution of species in the conditions
of the right-bank Forest-Steppe. Feed and Feed Production, 89, 112-120. doi:10.31073/kormovyrobnytstvo202089-11.
Kotyash, U., Bugryn, L., Panakhyd, H., & Pukalo, D. (2019). Features formation of different age meadowy swards
depending on surface improvement. Foothill and Mountain Agriculture and Stockbreeding, 66, 117-129.
Moiseenko, V. (2011). Scientic grounds for the ways of improving fodder productivity and perennial grass
stand productive longevity. Bulletin of ZhNAEU, 1(28), 35-37.
Bohovin, A.V., Travleyev, A.P., Belova, N.A., & Dudnyk, S.V. (2003). Ecological analysis of vegetation of natural
biogeocenoses (physiognomic and oristic-individualistic aspectsof analysis in ecology). Ecology and Noospherology,
13(1-2), 4-11.
Mashchak, Ya.I., Sloboda, Ya.Ya., Sloboda, O.M., & Vyhovsky, I.V. (2012). Agrobiological substantiation of
improvement of productivity of natural forage lands. Foothill and Mountain Agriculture and Stockbreeding, 54(1),
40-45.
Petrychenko, V.F., Korniichuk, O.V., & Veklenko, Yu.A. (2018). Sustainable development of grassland forage
production in conditions of climate change. Bulletin of Agricultural Science, 96(6), 25-32.
Dzyubaylo, A., Martsinko, T., & Holovchuk, M. (2020). Formation of legume-cereal grass mixtures depending on
fertilization. Foothill and Mountain Agriculture and Stockbreeding, 67(1), 39-53.
Bugryn, L., Kotyash, U., Smetana, S., Bugryn, O., & Pukalo, D. (2020). Productive potential of meadow phytocenoses
as a source of grass forages for cattle farming in the Carpathian region. Foothill and Mountain Agriculture and
Stockbreeding, 67(1), 9-24.
Panakhyd, Н., Konyk, H., & Kotyash, U. (2019). The contents of organic matter in the forage of meadow with different
grasses agrophytocenosis for long-term use. Foothill and Mountain Agriculture and Stockbreeding, 65, 103-114.
Kvitko, H.P., & Hetman, N.Ya. (2003). Nitrogen-xing capacity and supply of soil with nitrogen depending on
the years of life of alfalfa sown in the Forest-Steppe. Feed and Feed Production, 51, 54-57.
Parente, G., & Bovolenta, S. (2012). The role of grassland in rural tourism and recreation in Europe. In Grassland – a
European Resource. Proceedings of the 24th EGF General Meeting. (pp. 733-743). Lublin.
Babich, A.O. (Ed.). (1994). Methods of conducting experiments on feed production. Vinnytsia.
DSTU 4687:2007. Natural forage lands. Method of botanical survey of grasses. (2008). Kyiv: Derzhspozhyvstandart
Ukrainy.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
Dynamics of the species composition of phytocenoses of Floodplain Mountain meadows...
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
65
Dobrochaeva, D.N., Kotov, M.I., & Prokudin, Yu.H. (1987). Determinant of higher plants of Ukraine. Kyiv: Naukova
dumka.
Bogovin, A.V. (2011). Types of categories of biodiversity in the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of the
ecological systems. Ecology and Noospherology, 22(3-4), 73-83.
Bogovin, A.V. (2008). Improving the efciency of the use of meadows for global warming. Collection of scientic
works of the National Scientic Center “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS”, SI, 33-41.
[18]
[19]
[20]
Анотація. Проведеними дослідженнями різних авторів розроблено ряд заходів поверхневого поліпшення
лучних угідь у різних ґрунтово-кліматичних умовах. Однак досліджень стосовно вивчення впливу таких заходів
поверхневого поліпшення як застосування органічних і мінеральних добрив та підсівання злакових і бобових
багаторічних трав у дернину на динаміку видового складу заплавних гірських луків Карпат ще не проводилось,
що підтверджує актуальність даного дослідження. У статті наведено результати трирічних досліджень,
проведених впродовж 2017–2019 рр. у селянському господарстві Мартищука В.Ф. (Верховинський район
Івано-Франківської області) з вивчення особливостей трансформації видового складу природних фітоценозів
заплавних луків р. Чорний Черемош гірсько-лісового поясу Карпат під дією поверхневого їх поліпшення із
застосуванням органічних і мінеральних добрив та підсівання злакової суміші за сінокісного використання і
Trifolium repens L. – за багатоукісного використання. Встановлено, що заплавні лучні фітоценози є переважно
злаково-різнотравними з часткою дикорослих злаків 57–58% (з них до 15 % Festuca rubra L. s. str. і по 5–6 %
малоцінних у кормовому відношенні Calamagrostis arundinaceae (L.) Roth та Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.),
різнотравʼя – 35–38 % та несіяних Fabaceae 5–7%. За застосування комплексу заходів поверхневого поліпшення
злаково-різнотравних, низькопродуктивних (в межах 1,95–2,15 т/га сухої маси) заплавних гірських лучних
угідь покращувався їх видовий склад. За внесення P30K60 на 2–5% збільшувався вміст дикорослих Fabaceae, а
N60P30K60 – на 9–10% несіяних Poaceae. За сінокісного використання за підсівання навесні в дернину суміші
Poaceae з Phleum pratense L. і Festuca pratensis Huds. на фоні внесення N60P30K60 частка їх збільшилася до 74%,
а за багатоукісного використання й за підсівання Trifolium repens L. на фоні внесення P30K60 кількість Fabaceae
збільшилася до 44% або на 32%. Найбільша флористична насиченість (43 види з 19 родини та на 93–98%
з багаторічників) спостерігалася у варіантах без внесення добрив та за внесення P30K60 за багатоукісного
використання, що на 4–14 видів більше у порівнянні з сінокісним використанням, або з внесенням N60P30K60 та
або з підсіванням суміші злакових трав на фоні N60P30K60 за сінокісного використання, або підсівання Trifolium
repens L. на фоні P30K60 за багатоукісного використання
Ключові слова: бобові, злаки, видовий склад, лучний фітоценоз, різнотравʼя, флористична насиченість
Динаміка видового складу фітоценозів заплавних гірських луків Карпат
за поверхневого їх поліпшення
Володимир Григорович Кургак1, Уляна Миронівна Карбівська2, Надія Миколаївна Асанішвілі1,
Сергій Миколайович Слюсар1, Михайло Михайлович Пташнік1
1ННЦ «Інститут землеробства НААН»
08162, вул. Машинобудівників, 2-б, смт Чабани, Київська обл., Україна
2Прикарпатський національний університет ім. Василя Стефаника
76018, вул. Шевченка, 57, м. Івано-Франківськ, Україна
Kurhak et al.
Scientific Horizons, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 8
