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Perceived Parenting and Borderline Personality Features during Adolescence

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Jessie-Ann Armour at Université de Montréal
Jessie-Ann Armour
Mireille Joussemet at Université de Montréal
Mireille Joussemet
Geneviève A Mageau at Université de Montréal
Geneviève A Mageau
Rose Varin at Université de Montréal
Rose Varin
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This study investigates the associations between perceived parenting and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents. The relations between components of parenting and BPD features were explored. Participants (N = 270; mean age = 15.3) assessed their own BPD features (Personality Assessment Inventory) and both of their parents’ parenting practices (Parents as Social Context Questionnaire; Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale). SEM results suggest that controlling, rejecting and chaotic parenting all predicted global BPD, and all these parenting components were significantly associated with at least one BPD feature. Chaotic parenting, a relatively neglected construct in the BPD literature, seems to play an important role in early BPD.
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Vol.:(0123456789)
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Child Psychiatry & Human Development (2023) 54:927–938
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01295-3
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Perceived Parenting andBorderline Personality Features
duringAdolescence
Jessie‑AnnArmour1· MireilleJoussemet1 · GenevièveA.Mageau1 · RoseVarin1
Accepted: 28 November 2021 / Published online: 11 January 2022
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
This study investigates the associations between perceived parenting and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in ado-
lescents. The relations between components of parenting and BPD features were explored. Participants (N = 270; mean
age = 15.3) assessed their own BPD features (Personality Assessment Inventory) and both of their parents’ parenting prac-
tices (Parents as Social Context Questionnaire; Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale). SEM results suggest that
controlling, rejecting and chaotic parenting all predicted global BPD, and all these parenting components were significantly
associated with at least one BPD feature. Chaotic parenting, a relatively neglected construct in the BPD literature, seems to
play an important role in early BPD.
Keywords Adolescence· Borderline personality features· Detrimental parenting· Developmental psychopathology
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and per-
vasive mental disorder characterized by instability in emo-
tional regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relation-
ships, and self-image, with a lifetime prevalence estimated
between 1.6 and 5.9% in the general population [1]. Among
other difficulties, it has been associated with severe impair-
ments, high suicide risk and an extensive use of mental and
physical health services [2–6].
In spite of a long-standing consensus on the disorder
taking its roots in early negative life-experiences, BPD has
long been considered to affect only adults. To this day, many
clinicians and researchers are reluctant to acknowledge and
diagnose BPD among youth [7]. In its latest edition, the
Diagnostic Statistical Manual [1] defines BPD as a disor-
der emerging only in early adulthood, therefore excluding
diagnoses among patients under the age of 18. Consequently,
most research on the etiology of BPD has been conducted
retrospectively, among diagnosed adult patients [8]. Iden-
tified determinants include difficult temperament, insecure
attachment, childhood trauma, parental psychopathology and
detrimental parenting practices [9].
Focusing on parenting, retrospective studies have identi-
fied a wide range of specific practices as risk factors for the
development of BPD, such as harsh punishment, invalida-
tion, over-involvement, overprotection, lack of care, conflict-
ual and inconsistent relationships, emotional withdrawal or
unavailability and role reversal [10]. Though informative,
retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution,
since they are limited by recall biases [11].
Developmental Psychopathology Approach
toBPD
There has been a recent increase of research using the
developmental psychopathology framework to explain
the emergence of mental health problems. Within this
framework, psychopathology and “normality” are consid-
ered opposite ends of a continuum rather than different in
nature [12, 13]. Symptoms are considered to be the result
of transactions, over the entire course of an individual’s
life, between certain biological characteristics and envi-
ronmental influences, rather than as the direct conse-
quences of disorder-specific risk factors [14]. Researchers
adopting this approach recognize the value of studying
normative samples early in life, before the onset of disor-
ders, as a way to further our understanding of early risk
factors and processes leading to psychopathology [15, 16].
* Mireille Joussemet
m.joussemet@umontreal.ca
1 Department ofPsychology, Université de Montréal,
Montréal, Québec, Canada
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... Clinical symptoms usually focus on emotional dysregulation, impulsive aggression, repeated self-harm and chronic suicidal tendencies (Skodol et al., 2002;WHO, 2021). The medical history of patients with this pathology often shows insecure attachment, childhood trauma (e.g., physical and sexual abuse), parental psychopathology and detrimental parenting practices such as controlling and rejecting (Armour et al., 2022;Boucher et al., 2017). ...
Borderline personality disorder and its facets in the context of personality metatraits and pathological traits
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  • Feb 2023
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by considerable heterogeneity. The present studies attempt to describe this heterogeneity by locating the borderline construct and its facets in the overall personality structure within the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits and by using the pathological personality traits of the ICD-11. Two studies were conducted with adults-a non-clinical group and a clinical group. It turned out that two facets of the borderline can be differentiated: the Borderline Internalizing Facet and Borderline Externalizing Facet, which have distinct personality underpinnings. General borderline was explained by Negative affectivity, Dissociality, Disinhibition and Detachment. At the facet level, the Borderline Internalizing Facet was mainly explained by Negative affectivity and Detachment, while the Borderline Externalizing Facet was explained by Disinhibition and Dissociality. Moreover, in both groups the general borderline was located close to Alpha-Minus (between Alpha-Minus and Gamma-Minus in the non-clinical group and between Alpha-Minus and Delta-Minus in the clinical group) and the Borderline Internalizing Facet and the Borderline Externalizing Facet were located on both sides of the general borderline. The results of our research revealed broader personality underpinnings of borderline personality disorder and distinct personality underpinnings of its facets.
View
... Among the ten specific PDs, the schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive disorders are characterized by features that indicate a record of parental neglect and lack of adequate care for children [20,[99][100][101]. ...
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Introduction Researchers have shown various variables’ role in forming personality disorders (PD). This study aimed to assess the role of early maladaptive schema (EMS), attachment style (AS), and parenting style (PS) in discriminating between personality disorders and normal individuals. Methods In this study, 78 personality disorder patients and 360 healthy volunteers aged 18–84 were selected using convenience sampling. They completed the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI). Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis with IBM SPSS 25. Results The results showed higher mean scores in all early maladaptive schema domains, insecure attachment styles, and authoritarian parenting in the personality disorder group than in the normal group. Also, discriminant analyses revealed that the function was statistically significant and could distinguish between the two groups and a compound of essential variables, disconnection, impaired autonomy, and secure attachment, respectively, discriminating two groups. Given that all components were able to distinguish between the two groups. Conclusion Therefore, intervention based on these factors early in life may help reduce the characteristics of personality disorders. Also, considering the role of these factors, treatment protocols can be prepared.
View
... In community samples, maladaptive parenting (e.g. chaotic parenting, physical maltreatment) was identified as predictive of adolescent BPD symptoms [5,8]; validating parenting (emotional support, involvement), on the other hand, could have a protective effect on developing BPD symptoms [39]. Also in clinical samples, adolescents and young adults with BPD report that their parents displayed several problematic parenting practices (e.g. ...
Mother-child interactions in adolescents with borderline personality disorder traits and the impact of early life maltreatment
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Background: Early detection and intervention of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence has become a public health priority. Theoretical models emphasize the role of social interactions and transgenerational mechanisms in the development of the disorder suggesting a closer look at caregiver-child relationships. Methods: The current study investigated mother-adolescent interactions and their association with adolescent BPD traits by using a case–control design. Thirty-eight adolescent patients with ≥ 3 BPD traits and their mothers (BPD-G) were investigated in contrast to 35 healthy control dyads (HC-G). Maternal, adolescent and dyadic behavior was coded using the Coding Interactive Behavior Manual (CIB) during two interactions: a fun day planning and a stress paradigm. Additional effects of maternal and/or adolescent early life maltreatment (ELM) on behavior were also explored. Results: BPD-G displayed a significantly lower quality of maternal, adolescent and dyadic behavior than the HC-G during both interactions. Maternal and adolescent behavior was predicted by BPD traits alone, whilst dyadic behavior was also influenced by general adolescent psychopathology. Exploratory analyses of CIB subscales showed that whilst HC-G increased their reciprocal behavior during stress compared to the fun day planning, BPD-G dyads decreased it. Maternal ELM did not differ between groups or have any effect on behavior. Adolescent ELM was correlated with behavioral outcome variables, but did not explain behavioral outcomes above and beyond the effect of clinical status. Discussion/Conclusion: Our data suggest a stronger focus on parent–child interactions in BPD-specific therapies to enhance long-term treatment outcomes in adolescent BPD patients. Further research employing study designs that allow the analyses of bidirectional transactions (e.g. longitudinal design, behavioral microcoding) is needed.
View
... Several studies have reported that the prevalence rate of BPD in adolescents is similar to that in adults, with 1-3% in community samples, 33-49% in clinical samples, and 11% in outpatient samples [3]. A wide range of risk factors in childhood have been identified, including individual (such as depression, anxiety, dissociation, suicidality, self-injury, impulsive-aggressive behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder) and parental factors (such as low social economic status, family adversity, maternal psychopathology, exposure to physical or sexual abuse or neglect and specific parenting practices such as harsh punishment, invalidation, overinvolvement, overprotection, lack of care, conflictual and inconsistent relationships, emotional withdrawal or unavailability and role reversal) [3][4][5]. ...
Psychometric properties of the Chinese Mandarin version of the Borderline Symptom List, short form (BSL-23) in suicidal adolescents
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Full-text available
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Background The short form of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23) is a self-rated instrument developed from the initial 95-item German version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-95). It is widely used among Chinese adults, but its applicability, factor structure and validity remain uncertain in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese Mandarin version of the BSL-23 in a sample of suicidal adolescents. Methods The Chinese Mandarin BSL-23 was given to 279 outpatient adolescents with self-injurious thoughts or behaviors. The factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, criterion-related validity and cut-off value were investigated. Results The Chinese Mandarin version of the BSL-23 demonstrated a one-factor structure and replicated the original version. The scale had high reliability and good test-retest stability. The Chinese Mandarin BSL-23 was correlated with depression, hopelessness, impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, self-esteem, loneliness, childhood trauma and parental bonding patterns evaluated with a variety of scales. The measure showed good criterion-related validity and predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.87) for self-injurious and suicidal adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD) at a cut-off point of 60/61 (mean score 2.60/2.65), with a sensitivity of 0.76 and specificity of 0.83. Conclusions The Chinese Mandarin version of the BSL-23 is a reliable and valid self-reported instrument to assess BPD symptomatology among suicidal adolescents.
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... Specifically, lack of involvement, family conflict, or lack of regard have been linked to BPD traits in the offspring of adoptive families with familial risk factors, such as previous parental psychopathology, while genetic transmission of BPD traits has been found in biological parents [20]. Other family factors involved in BPD symptoms are chaotic parenting, which can lead to emotional dysregulation and impulsivity; controlling parenting practices, which can lead to a lack of confidence in relationships; or rejecting parenting practices, which has been associated with identity disturbances and unstable relationships in Canadian adolescents [21]. In a qualitative study with young women aged between 21 and 37 years recently diagnosed with BPD, the issues that most concerned them were related to feelings of insecurity, self-distrust, and dependence on others to feel safe. ...
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Individuals with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) or BPD traits usually have a lifetime history of harmful behaviors. Emotion regulation difficulties are a risk factor for suicide, whereas adequate family functioning and well-being play an important protective role. This study aims to determine the role of emotion regulation difficulties, well-being, and family functioning in the suicide risk and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents and young people with BPD traits. From a sample of 285 young people, 103 (36.1%) had BPD traits (mean age = 16.82, SD = 2.71), and 68.93% were females. The results showed significant differences in personal and family variables according to the type of harmful behavior. Suicide attempts (SA) were mainly predicted by difficulties in impulse control, whereas NSSI was predicted by low family satisfaction. Programs designed to prevent SA and NSSI should consider individual differences, as well as the type of harmful behaviors exhibited.
View
... Clinical symptoms usually focus on emotional dysregulation, impulsive aggression, repeated self-harm and chronic suicidal tendencies (Skodol et al., 2002;WHO, 2021). The medical history of patients with this pathology often shows insecure attachment, childhood trauma (e.g., physical and sexual abuse), parental psychopathology and detrimental parenting practices such as controlling and rejecting (Armour et al., 2022;Boucher et al., 2017). ...
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View
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