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Salicylic Acid Increases Root Size That Favours the Absorption and Accumulation of Macro and Micronutrients That Contribute to Biomass Production
Abstract
We have demonstrated that applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) to the shoots of seedlings of plants or to perennial trees significantly increase their growth, development, and productivity. It is proposed that the positive effect of the SA of increasing the size of the roots favours the absorption and accumulation of macro and micronutrients and contribute to biomass and seed production. To test this hypothesis, we run experiments on Zea mays, Capsicum chinense and Solanum lycopersicum and measure their nutritional absorption after spraying, low concentrations (SA) to the canopy. The results have shown that (SA) significantly increases the length, weight and dry weight of roots, stems, leaves and yield of these species, as well as the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the different organs of the plants at the time of harvest. Copper, zinc, manganese, iron, boron, calcium, and magnesium were also increased in most tissues by the effect of SA.
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Se presentan los resultados del efecto del ácido salicílico (AS) en la absorción nutrimental de Capsicum chinense. Se asperjó 1 μM de AS, al dosel de plántulas de chile habanero y agua destilada como control. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que aspersiones de 1μM de ácido salicílico(AS) incrementa significativamente la longitud, peso freso y peso seco de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos de esta especie, al igual que los niveles de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K) en los diferentes órganos de las plantas al momento de la cosecha. La acumulación de N, P y K fue superior en frutos (116, 110 y 97%), hojas (45.5, 39.4 y 29.1%) raíz (52.6, 17 y 29.4%) y en tallo (5, 39.4 y 28.3%) sobre los valores de la planta control. Los niveles de cobre, zinc, manganeso, hierro, boro, calcio y magnesio también fueron incrementados en la mayoría de los tejidos por el efecto del AS. Se propone que el efecto positivo del AS de incrementar el tamaño de las raíces favorece la absorción y acumulación de macro y micronutrientes en los tejidos de la planta.
Salicylic acid (AS) may modulate several physiological and biochemical processes in plants, and may contribute to improve crop yield. These processes are also induced in maize (Zea mays) cultivation, but their effects on bioproductivity are not very well known. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of applying AS to maize leaves on growth, nutrient status, and yield of the local variety Xmejen-nal, State of Yucatan, Mexico. We conducted two independent experiments with randomized complete block designs, under field conditions, using two AS concentrations, 0.1 and 1 µM, and distilled water as control. Seven day-old plants were sprayed daily with this solution, for a week. The following variables were measured during harvest: plant height and diameter; above-ground dry biomass; cob diameter, length, and weight; grain yield (g plant-1); nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) content, in above-ground tissue and grain. Applying 1 µM of AS increased (p≤0.05) grain yield per plant, total dry biomass, and N, P2O5 and K2O content. Additionally, spraying maize plants with 1 µM and 0.1 µM AS resulted in 29 and 21 % increases (p≤0.05) in cob length, respectively, as compared to the control. Grain yield showed a highly significant and positive correlation with all cob variables, suggesting that the increase of grain yield may be linked with the effect of AS on the cob.
Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en plántulas de maíz (Zea mays), de dos experimentos independientes en los que se evaluó el efecto en el crecimiento de la raíz y del vástago por la aplicación foliar de concentraciones de ácido salicílico (AS) (0.01, 0.1 y 1 μM). Las plántulas dispuestas completamente al azar con siete repeticiones se cultivaron en vasos de unicel y en tubos de PVC, con agrolita como sustrato, en dos condiciones ambientales. En el experimento en cuarto de crecimiento el tratamiento con 1 μM deAS incrementó significativamente la longitud de la raíz en 30.6% y el de 0.1 μM de AS su volumen en 24.7% en comparación con el control. En el experimento en condiciones de cielo abierto el tratamiento con 0.1 μM de AS incrementó significativamente la longitud de raíz en 18% y en 35% su peso fresco en comparación con el control. Esta concentración también incrementó significativamente la biomasa fresca total de las plántulas hasta 42%.
The effect of applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the number of flowers and the date of flower initiation in Petunia (Petunia hibrida) in reported in this paper. Concentrations of 1 μM to 1pM of SA were spread on three occasions to the shoot of plantlets cultivated in greenhouse conditions. Analysis of the results showed that all the concentrations of SA tested increased the number of open flowers per plant. Concentrations as low as 1pM or 0.1nM induced positive responses by 33 % and 37 %, as compared with that of the control. The highest concentration of 1 μM increased not only the number of flowers by 72 % but also induced early flowering by six days.
Plant species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms applied with Salicylic acid respond in a positive manner when root system, flowering, stress or productivity is measured. Moreover, the published work indicates that Salicylic Acid application to plants of economic importance might be a good material to use it more widely to increase food production. The advantages to test this molecule is that (a) is a natural and eco-friendly product, (b) nanoquantities are required to produce positive effects, (c) is easy to be applied, and (d) is a cheap chemical available, almost anywhere.
O tratamento de sementes com reguladores de crescimento, principalmente o ácido salicílico, é uma alternativa promissora ao setor de sementes por se tratar de um importante indutor de resistência de doenças e pragas, além de atuar significativamente na qualidade e no rendimento de sementes. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o desempenho de sementes de arroz tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico, bem como avaliar o rendimento da cultura e a qualidade das sementes. Os tratamentos constaram de níveis crescentes de 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg.L-1 de ácido salicílico. Para isso, preparou-se uma solução estoque de ácido salicílico na maior concentração e através de diluições sucessivas em água destilada, foram obtidas as demais concentrações. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes tratadas e produzidas foi avaliada por testes de vigor e de germinação, sendo que após a colheita avaliou-se o rendimento de sementes. Conclui-se que o tratamento de sementes de arroz com ácido salicílico até a concentração de 130 mg.L-1, na dose de 2 mL.kg-1 de semente, não influencia a germinação ou afeta o vigor, entretanto proporciona incrementos substanciais no rendimento da cultura. O tratamento das sementes com ácido salicílico não apresenta influencia na qualidade das sementes produzidas.
Tomato seedlings were sprayed with low concentration of salicylic acid (SA) as to estimate its effect on root and shoot growth. The seedlings were cultivated under greenhouse conditions in pots with a mixture of cosmopeat and agrolite (2:1) that was fertilized with a solution of 380 mg.liter1 of N, P and K and kept well watered. SA was spread at any of the following SA concentrations 1.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 μM or water as a control treatment. SA was applied at 9 and 13 days after the emergence of the seedling and 7 days afterwards they were harvested for the measurements. Pots were arranged in a totally random design with 24 replicates per treatment . The results showed that SA increases significantly height, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of the shoot as well as length, perimeter and area of the root. AS at 1 μM increased root length by 43%, 14.8% shoot size and 38.6% leaf area as compared with the water control. Dosesresponse curves are presented for the measurements taken.
For two years, was conducted an experiment with papaya (Carica papaya) cv. Maradol under field conditions in Yucatan in which was studied the effect of spraying low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), in the productivity of fruit. The SA to concentrations of 0.01 (μM increased the percentage of hermaphroditic plants in 20% over the control and significantly increased the height and thickness of plants. This same concentration increased 19.7% the number of fruits per plant, in 2% of the fruit weight and 21.9% the yield per hectare. The SA at all concentrations tested, significantly increased the productivity variable analyzed.
We investigated the potential of salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvWH 711. Activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and net photosynthesis decreased in plants subjected to heat stress (40°C for 6 h), but proline metabolism increased. SA treatment (0.5 mM) alleviated heat stress by increasing proline production through the increase in γ-glutamul kinase (GK) and decrease in proline oxidase (PROX) activity, resulting in promotion of osmotic potential and water potential necessary for maintaining photosynthetic activity. Together with this, SA treatment restricted the ethylene formation in heat-stressed plants to optimal range by inhibiting activity of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS). This resulted in improved proline metabolism, N assimilation and photosynthesis. The results suggest that SA interacts with proline metabolism and ethylene formation to alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis in wheat.
Salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous plant growth regulator, has been found to generate a wide range of metabolic and physiological responses in plants thereby affecting their growth and development. SA as a natural and safe phenolic compound exhibits a high potential in controlling post-harvest losses of horticultural crops. In the present review, we have focused on various intrinsic biosynthetic pathways and effects of exogenous salicylic acid on post-harvest decay and disease resistance, oxidative stress, fruit ripening, ethylene biosynthesis and action, fruit firmness, respiration, antioxidant systems and nutritional quality have also been discussed.
Abiotic stress is becoming more prevalent as the intensity of agriculture and the demand for farmable land are ever increasing. Besides drought and salinity stress, chilling or freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors of crop production all around the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is a common plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing resistance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar SA applications on fruit-quality characteristics and yield of strawberry under antifrost heated greenhouse conditions in two successive experiments. Spraying of 1 mM SA (1 mM) was done once (SA1), twice (SA2), three times (SA3), or four times (SA4) during the vegetation period with 7 d intervals. Concentrations of chlorophyll and minerals were measured in leaves, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and color (a*) in fruits. Fruit weight, early yield, and total yield were also determined. Foliar applications of SA positively affected TSS and ascorbic acid (AA) content of strawberry fruits. Salicylic acid treatments had no effect on TA of strawberry fruits. SA4 treatment gave the greatest a* in fruit and chlorophyll-concentration values in the leaves. It was shown that SA treatments increased the content of all nutrients in the leaves of strawberry plants, and greater values often were obtained from SA3 and SA4 treatments. The early yield and total yield of strawberry were significantly affected by SA applications, among which SA3 and SA4 resulted in the highest early and total yields. The present study suggests that SA3 and SA4 treatments can ameliorate the deleterious effects of low temperatures on strawberry plants and that SA application may offer an economical and simple method for low-temperature protection.
The effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment at different concentrations and growth stages of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Selva) fruit on postharvest ethylene production, fungal decay and overall quality index was studied. SA at all concentrations effectively reduced fruit ethylene production and fungal decay and retained overall quality. Treatment of plants at vegetative stage and fruit development stage followed by postharvest treatment of fruits with 1 and 2 mmol L−1 was the most effective strategy, whilst with decrease in treatment time the effects of treatment decreased. Single stage treatment strategy of fruits with 2 mmol L−1 SA at postharvest stage was most effective. Postharvest treatment with 4 mmol L−1 SA slightly damaged the fruits and was less effective than 2 mmol L−1 in retaining fruit quality.
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylic acid addition to nutrient solution and different postharvest treatments on fruit quality of strawberry cv. Camarosa after 7 days at 2 °C. Plants were irrigated with two complete nutrient solutions, with salicylic acid (0.03 mM) or without salicylic acid as the control. Fruits were then treated with eight different postharvest treatments (25 °C water, 45 °C water, 25 °C or 45 °C water containing CaCl2 (1%), 25 °C or 45 °C water containing salicylic acid (2 mM) and 25 °C or 45 °C water containing both CaCl2 (1%) and salicylic acid (2 mM)). Fruits which received SA in their nutrient solution had less weight loss and decay and higher firmness. All of the postharvest treatments improved fruit quality characteristics. Fruits dipped in salicylic acid solution had less weight loss, decay and a* (redness) and higher firmness and hue angle than control. Heat treated fruits had less decay and a* and higher hue angle than control. Fruits dipped in CaCl2 solution had less weight loss, decay and a* and higher firmness than control. Combination of the three postharvest treatments improved firmness, decay, weight loss and vitamin C.
Although the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on photosynthesis of plants including grapevines has been investigated, very little is yet known about the effects of SA on carbon assimilation and several components of PSII electron transport (donor side, reaction center and acceptor side). In this study, the impact of SA pretreatment on photosynthesis was evaluated in the leaves of young grapevines before heat stress (25 degrees C), during heat stress (43 degrees C for 5 h), and through the following recovery period (25 degrees C). Photosynthetic measures included gas exchange parameters, PSII electron transport, energy dissipation, and Rubisco activation state. The levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the chloroplast were also investigated.
SA did not significantly (P < 0.05) influence the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) of leaves before heat stress. But, SA did alleviate declines in Pn and Rubisco activation state, and did not alter negative changes in PSII parameters (donor side, acceptor side and reaction center QA) under heat stress. Following heat treatment, the recovery of Pn in SA-treated leaves was accelerated compared with the control (H2O-treated) leaves, and, donor and acceptor parameters of PSII in SA-treated leaves recovered to normal levels more rapidly than in the controls. Rubisco, however, was not significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by SA. Before heat stress, SA did not affect level of HSP 21, but the HSP21 immune signal increased in both SA-treated and control leaves during heat stress. During the recovery period, HSP21 levels remained high through the end of the experiment in the SA-treated leaves, but decreased in controls.
SA pretreatment alleviated the heat stress induced decrease in Pn mainly through maintaining higher Rubisco activation state, and it accelerated the recovery of Pn mainly through effects on PSII function. These effects of SA may be related in part to enhanced levels of HSP21.
It has been proposed that salicylic acid (SA) acts as an endogenous signal molecule responsible for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The effect of varying salicylic acid (SA) supply (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mM) on growth, mineral uptake, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) concentration, UV-absorbing substances, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of NaCl (40 mM) stressed maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. Exogenously applied SA increased plant growth significantly both in saline and non-saline conditions. As a consequence of salinity stress, lipid peroxidation, measured in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane permeability was decreased by SA. UV-absorbing substances (UVAS) and H(2)O(2) concentration were increased by increasing levels of SA. SA also strongly inhibited Na(+) and Cl(-) accumulation, but stimulated N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations of salt stressed maize plants. These results suggest that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve plant salinity stress resistance.
In order to assess whether exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) through the rooting medium could modulate the photosynthetic capacity of two wheat cultivars differing in salinity tolerance, a hydroponic experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Seeds of a salt tolerant (S-24) and a moderately salt sensitive (MH-97) cultivar were germinated at 0 or 150 mM NaCl in Hoagland's nutrient solution containing different levels of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM) for 7d. Seven-day old wheat seedlings were transferred to hydroponics and grown at 0, or 150 mM NaCl for for further 30 d. Different levels of salicylic acid (SA) were also maintained in the solution culture. After 30 d, four plants out of six were harvested and the remaining plants were left for the estimation of yield attributes Salt stress reduced the growth and grain yield of both cultivars. However, cv. S-24 performed better than MH-97 under salt stress with respect to leaf area, and grain yield. Exogenous application of SA promoted growth and yield, and counteracted the salt stress-induced growth inhibition of salt tolerant S-24, whereas for MH-97 there was no improvement in growth or grain yield with SA application. Of the varying SA levels used, the most effective levels for promoting growth and grain yield were 0.75 and 0.25 mM under normal and saline conditions, respectively. The improvement in growth and grain yield of S-24 due to SA application was associated with improved photosynthetic capacity. Changes in photosynthetic rate due to SA application were not due to stomatal limitations, but were associated with metabolic factors, other than photosynthetic pigments and leaf carotenoids.
Applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) to the shoots of seedlings of horticultural plants such as habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) or to perennial trees such as the Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum) significantly increase their growth, development and productivity. In chili pepper it was found that the positive effect of SA on root growth is correlated with an increased uptake of macro nutrients and micronutrients which are allocated in the plant tissues. Data have shown that plant tissues treated with SA had significantly higher levels of macronutrients. Accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was higher in fruits (116%, 110% and 97%), leaves (45.5%, 39.4% and 29.1%), roots (52.6%, 17% and 29.4%), and stems (5.0%, 39.4% and 28.3%) with respect to the control plants. The levels of other nutrients, such as copper, zinc, manganese, boron, calcium, magnesium and iron, were also higher. The application of 1 μM SA to shoots of trees, affected the root length. The control plants had 42 cm, and those of the treated plants 65.5 cm, equivalent to an increase of 55.7%. Fresh weight of the root was 158.3% higher in the treated plants and the dry weight increased by 160.7%. Increases were also observed in stem length (46%), stem diameter (25.9%), fresh weight (78.3%), and dry weight (89%), in comparison with the control. The number of leaves presented in treated plants averaged 12.6, whereas the control plants showed an average of 9 leaves with a lower leaf area. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. All rights reserved.
El chile habanero (Capsicum chínense Jacq.), es un cultivo de gran importancia económica en el estado de Yucatán, el cual es severamente afectado por diversos factores climáticos, que influyen en el rendimiento de la producción. Para revertir estos efectos se evaluó el efecto a diferentes concentraciones de Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) (4*10-4 M, 4*10-6 M y 4*10-8 M) en condiciones de campo. Se realizaron tres aspersiones foliares a los 37 45 y 53 días de edad de la planta, al amanecer, hasta punto de goteo; los resultados obtenidos muestras diferencias significativas en los tratamientos evaluados con DMSO 410-4 M y 4* 10-8 M en el parámetro de rendimiento por planta, incrementándose en 8% en comparación al testigo; con respecto al parámetro de altura de la planta el tratamiento 4*10-4 M DMSO presento diferencia significativa en comparación al testigo con un incremento de 7%.
With the purpose to evaluate the effect in the flowering and growth of the plant of chrysanthemum var. Polaris White several concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) 10-6, 10-8 y 10-10 M and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 10-4 M were sprinkled on chrysanthemum foliage. The salicylic acid applications to the foliage were made 16 days after the transplant. Four applications were made by dripping with an interval of seven days between each application. A completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions was used. The DMSO sprinkled plants grew more (83.6 cm) than the plants sprinkled with 10-6 M (81.0 cm) of AS and surpassed the control plant. The stem diameter of the AS and DMSO sprinkled plants was greater in comparison with the control plant, and the 10-8 M treatment obtained the greatest values (8.9 mm). The salicylic acid (10 -6, 10-8 y 10-10 M), and the dimethyl sulfoxide 10-4 M incremented in a significant manner the weight of the foliage and root matter (fresh and dry), the root volume, and the foliar area. The effect of the salicylic acid was notorious in the induction of the blooming treatments: 10-8 y 10-10 M were obtained the blooming at 113 PTD and it also obtained the greatest flower diameter (13.6 and 12.6 cm) respectively. The N, P and K concentrations were different and the treatments with AS and DMSO surpassed the control. The N and K concentrations in the chrysanthemum leaves and stems fluctuated from low to deficient, but the P concentrations fluctuated between sufficient and adequate.
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule modulating plant responses to stress. Recently, it has been reported that it induces multiple stress tolerance in plants including drought. In the present study the drought stress was treated in three levels of drain (control, 1/3 field capacity, 2/3 field capacity). Then interaction effects of drought stress with SA on some physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum. Cv Giza164) and (Triticum aestivum. Cv Gemaza 1) was investigated. The parameters; dry weight of shoot and root, sugar content, protein content, proline content and mineral content are evaluated. The results show that water stress reduced the dry weights of shoot and root and mineral content. There was a considerable increase in sugar, protein in shoot and root of plants under water stress. Salicylic acid (SA) treated plants showed, in general, a higher accumulation sugars content, protein content and mineral content. Dry weight increased in seedlings treated with SA compared to those of untreated seedlings. Results signify the role of SA in regulating the drought response of plants and suggest that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator, for improving plant growth under water stress.
The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) on physiology of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid cv. 3025 grown in saline field (pH 8.4 and EC 4.2 ds/m) as well as on the nutrient status of saline soil. The salicylic acid (10 -5 M) was applied as foliar spray, 40 days after sowing (DAS) at vegetative stage of maize plants. The salinity significantly increased sugar contents, protein, proline and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities but the chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, osmotic potential and membrane stability index (MSI) were lower than the control. Foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) to salt stressed plants further augmented the sugar, protein, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) , indole acetic acid (IAA) content, and root length, fresh and dry weights of roots whereas, the chlorophyll a/b and ABA/IAA ratio were decreased. The exogenous application of SA significantly decreased the Na + , Ni +3 , Pb +4 , Zn +2 , and Na + /K + content of soil and roots while increased the Co +3 , Mn +2 , Cu +3 , Fe +2 , K + and Mg +2 content under salinity stress. It can be inferred that exogenous application of SA (10 -5 M) was effective in ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on nutrient status of soil. SA (10 -5 M) can be implicated to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity on maize plants.
The post-harvest internal browning (IB) and quality in pineapple (Ananas comosus L. ‘Comte de Paris’) fruit were studied in relation to pre-harvest salicylic acid (SA) spray (PSS) or/and post-harvest salicylic acid immersion (PSI) treatments at 10°C for up to 20 days plus 2 days at 20°C (shelf-life). In addition, the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured during cold storage. The results showed that all SA treatments significantly reduced IB incidence and intensity. Furthermore, SA did not affect soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and total phenolics (TP) content, but delayed the decline of ascorbic acid (AsA) content. At the same time, SA significantly inhibited PPO and PAL activities. The study indicated the beneficial effect of SA by pre-harvest spray and/or post-harvest immersion on pineapple fruit quality and resistance to IB, and PSS+PSI treatment showed the best effect.
Wheat is one of the most studied crops in the world these days. The complete information to obtain high yields in the field is available; nevertheless, any physiological colateral research of the plant to increase the production per plant is feasible. The purpose of research was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid to increase the yield, yield components and dry plant weight in the Altar C84, Oasis F86, and Opata M85 varieties of wheat. The experiments were carried out under field conditions in the Yaqui Valley during the autumn and winter seasons of 1986-1987 and 1988-1989. Different doses of salicylic acid were used in molar concentrations of 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-8 and a control concentration. The application took place at the beginning of the pollination and five days afterwards. An experimental design with random sample blocks was used for the first cycle, and divided fields for the second. The components of the output were evaluated as was the output itself. For the Altar C84 variety the 10-5M dosage gave the best results with more than 900 kg ha-1 in relation to the control variety, for the Oasis F86 and the Opata M85 varieties the dosage of 10-4M was the best with a difference of more than 500 kg per hectare.
Aqueous solutions of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), applied as a spray to the shoots of 3-month-old Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham seedlings, significantly increased the biomass of the plants. The measurements were taken after nine monthly treatments. Stem diameter and height of the plants were increased by 10-10 and 10-8 M SA. Similarly, applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA increased fresh stem weight by 33 and 30%, respectively, and the dry stem weight by 65 and 44%. Increases of 2830% in gross root length were detected in applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA, which were reinforced by increases of 33% in fresh root weight, and of 45 to 54% in dry root weight. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):5254.
The effect of 10 -2 M salicylic acid (SA) on the counteracting of the NaCl (50, 100 and 150 mM)-induced deleterious effects on maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar was studied. Effects of SA on salt tolerance of maize were determined by measuring the growth parameters: shoot and root lengths, shoot and root fresh and dry weights and leaf area. The activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids) content, the rate of 14 CO 2 -fixation and sugars level were investigated in response to the interactive effects of SA and NaCl treatment. NaCl significantly reduced all growth parameters measured, Rubisco activity, photosynthetic efficiency and pigments, as well as sugar contents. The effects of NaCl on the previous parameters were increased with NaCl concentrations. Exogenous application (foliar spray) of SA counteracted the NaCl deleterious effects on maize cultivar. SA enhanced the maize salt tolerance in terms of improving the measured plant growth criteria. SA appears to stimulate maize salt tolerance by activating the photosynthetic process.
Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that increases plant bioproductivity. Experiments carried out with ornamental or
horticultural plants in greenhouse conditions or in the open have clearly demonstrated that they respond to this compound.
Moreover, lower quantities of SA are needed to establish positive responses in the plants. The effect on ornamental plants
is expressed as the increase in plant size, the number of flowers, leaf area and the early appearance of flowers. In horticultural
species, the effect reported is the increase of yield without affecting the quality of the fruits. It is proposed that the
increase in bioproductivity is mainly due to the positive effect of SA on root length and its density.
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone with important roles in plant development, transpiration, endogenous signaling and defense against pathogens. One of the pathways of SA biosynthesis is located in the chloroplasts. The aim of the present work was to investigate the possible regulatory effects of SA on photosynthetic electron transport processes. Here we show that SA also affects leaf photosynthesis, via inducing stomatal closure and also by slowing down Photosystem II (PS II) electron transport. Photosynthetic CO₂ incorporation and stomatal conductivity (measured with an infrared gas analyzer) were much lower in SA-infiltrated tobacco leaves than in untreated or water-infiltrated controls. PS II electron transport (calculated from PAM chlorophyll fluorescence data) was more sensitive to SA than Photosystem I (PS I) (measured with far red absorption). Direct probing of PS II charge separation and stabilization (measured with thermoluminescence), however, showed that these events were less affected in isolated thylakoid membranes than in leaves, suggesting that the effect of SA on PS II is indirect and different from similar effects of phenolic herbicides.
Previous studies have shown that salicylic acid (SA) plays a role in the response of plants to diverse conditions. Therefore, a factorial experiment block design was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar spray of salicylic acid (10−6 and 10−4 M) on fruit productivity and quality of pepper grown in a moderately salt-stressed greenhouse. SA application at low concentration (10−6 M) positively increased the foliage fresh and dry weight, fruit number, average fruit weight, fruit yield, vitamin C, carotenoids content, cuticle thickness of fruit pericarip and translocation of sugars from leaves to fruits. It was found that SA treatment (10−6 M) caused a reduction in peroxidase and increasing of invertase activities of pepper leaves and fruits. According to these results it is expected that, SA treatment regulated sugar contents (translocation from source to sink) and antioxidants and thus reduced stress-induced inhibition of plant growth.
The treatment of wheat plants with 0.05 mM salicylic acid (SA) increased the level of cell division within the apical meristem of seedling roots causing an increase in plant growth and an elevated wheat productivity. It was found that SA treatment caused accumulation of both abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the wheat seedlings but did not influence cytokinin content. SA treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on seedling growth and accelerated reparation of the growth processes. SA-treatment diminished changes in phytohormones levels in wheat seedlings under salinity. It prevented any decrease in IAA and cytokinin contents and thus reduced stress-induced inhibition of plant growth. A high ABA level was also maintained in SA-treated wheat seedlings providing the development of antistress reactions, for example, maintenance of proline accumulation. Thus SA's protective action includes the development of antistress programs and acceleration of growth processes recovery after the removal of stress factors.
Aqueous solutions of SA, applied as a spray to the shoots of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Cajeme), significantly increased the growth of shoots and roots as measured after seven days of treatment. Shoot spraying of SA had no significant effect on photosynthetic rate. Growth increases were obtained in plants cultivated either in the greenhouse or in the field; SA-induced increases in root growth of up to 100% were measured in the field.
Catharanthus roseus transformed roots were cultured in the presence of salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations between 0.1 fM and 100 pM and the effect on root growth was evaluated. Significant morphological changes in the lateral roots were recorded on day two in the SA treatment. Presence of SA increased root cap size and caused the appearance of lateral roots closer to the root tip. The bioassay was sensitive enough to allow testing of low concentrations of other growth regulators that may affect root morphology and physiology.
Efecto del ácido salicílico en el crecimiento de la raíz y biomasa total de plántulas de trigo
- Tucuch Haas
- C J González
- G Saavedra
- CJ Tucuch Haas
Efecto del ácido salicílico en la floración
- R Martín-Mex
- A Nexticapan-Garcés
- L Vega-Merino
- A Baak-Polanco
- A Larqué-Saavedra
Salicylic acid: Biosynthesis, metabolism and physiological role in plants
- S Hayat
- B Ali
- A Ahmad
Investigating the importance of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza in reducing the unfavorable effects of Stre sses on maize
- Y Keshavarz
- O Alizadeh
- S Sharfzade
- M Zare
- F Bazrafshan