Available via license: CC BY 3.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Study of the degradation level influence of coastal zones on the water
trophicity in lakes Turgoyak and Uvildy, Chelyabinsk region (Russia)
To cite this article: I Mashkova et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 958 012001
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 168.151.119.72 on 06/01/2022 at 13:11
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
1
Study of the degradation level influence of coastal zones on the
water trophicity in lakes Turgoyak and Uvildy, Chelyabinsk
region (Russia)
I Mashkova 1, *, A Kostryukova 1, S Belov 1, V Trofimenko2 and S Mashkov3
1 Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural
State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
2 Department of Philosophy and Culturology, South Ural State Humanitarian
Pedagogical University, 69 Lenin Prospect, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
3 Department of Tourism and social and cultural servicesInstitute of Sports Tourism
and Service, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, 454080 Chelyabinsk,
Russia
E-mail: mashkovaiv@susu.ru
Abstract. The man-made impact on hydro-ecological state of water-bodies affects every stage
of water ecosystem formation. Such a load has certain patterns of spatial formation distribution
of coastal geosystems with different stages of digression as a result of direct recreational impact
on hydrological natural monuments Southern Urals - Lake Turgoyak and Lake Uvildy. The
current paper researches a degradation level of the coastal zones of the Lakes Turgoyak and
Uvildy (Russia). To prepare for measurements and measure recreational load, the methods of
trial areas, transect, mathematical-statistical and registration-measuring methods were used. The
level of digression at the test site was determined by an integral generalized assessment of fifteen
characteristic criteria for anthropogenic transformation of geosystems on a five-point scale. The
trophic status of the studied areas of the lakes was determined by the Carlson Trophic State Index
(TSI). Determined that, landscape and recreational zones with various degrees of digression were
formed around the lakes under the influence of dispersed recreational load. On the territory of
camping sites located no further than 30-50 m from the water-bodies, the 4th-5th stage of
recreational digression prevails. At a distance of 50-200 m from the lakes, there is a 2-3 stage of
digression. At a distance of up to 100-150 m – the 3rd stage, and from 150 m – the 1-2 stage.
Within recreation centers, spatial differences in recreational digression are expressed slightly,
and geosystems are more often characterized by a 3-5 stage of digression. It is established that
the littoral zooplankton is more diversity in those parts of the lake water area where there are
optimal conditions for its development, the lowest recreational load and the lowest degree of
digression.
1. Introduction
Recently, especially during the COVID19 pandemic, coastal tourism has grown rapidly. It has had a
negative impact on environmental, social and cultural sustainability [1]. Lakes Uvildy and Turgoyak are
the most visited tourist attraction in the Southern Urals with a large number of picturesque coastal
territories. The coastal area of these lakes is rich in forests and has a variety of landscapes. At the end
of the XX century, the recreational development of the Southern Urals reservoirs led to almost
continuous and often unauthorized development of coastal territories of many lakes. Spontaneously
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
2
organized nature management has increased the territorial contrast of both the types of use of the coasts
and their ecological state. As a result, a rather complex hierarchical network of natural and
anthropogenic coastal territories was formed on the shores of the largest lakes (Uvildy and Turgoyak),
with a regularly varying degree of digression in space [2]. The deteriorating ecological situation of
coastal geosystems began to affect the change in the state of the coastal water area of reservoirs,
accelerating the processes of eutrophication in some areas [3, 4].
In this regard, Cabezas-Rabadán C. et al. suggest taking into account the diversity of coastal areas
when making decisions on landscaping. The authors believe that the desires of the recreants should be
taken into account more, and the actions should be adapted to the diversity of beaches and their
characteristics, which will lead to differentiated beach management [5]. Today, recreational tourism
management follows a uniform and rigorous decision-making process that tries to meet the expectations
of mass tourism without really understanding the perception of real users (5). Decisions are usually
made without taking into account the diversity of values of beaches, which has a strong impact on the
environment, economy and recreation [5]. The growth of beach tourism has increased the need for
acceptable, practical and sustainable policies [6] Overcrowding, habitat destruction, littering of
territories, water pollution and other problems usually arise as a result of the rapid growth of beach
activity [6]. Due to the growing population of the Earth, the excessive consumption of natural resources
and the accompanying depletion, the scientific community is required to provide information, including
the proper management of natural resources [7]. Places of mass recreation should pursue two main
objectives: the conservation of natural resources and the provision of opportunities for recreation and
tourism [1]. Coastal management involves many activities at various spatial scales [8] and, first of all,
conducting research aimed at determining the impact of emerging recreational zones (LRZ) on the
trophic status of the reservoir.
Ali S. et al. believe that threats to beaches arise from a number of stress factors that cover the
spectrum of impact scales from local effects (for example, trampling) to truly global scales [7]. Many
beaches are also subject to periodic or chronic pollution, and direct human intervention includes damage
to landscapes by cars, trampling, littering of the territory, water pollution, etc. These interferences
usually negatively affect the ecosystem [3, 4, 9]. These loads act on different time and spatial scales,
which leads to environmental impacts that manifest themselves in several dimensions in time and space,
so that today almost every beach on every coastline is threatened by human activity [2, 10].
The problem of the qualitative spatial characteristics of the landscape-recreational structure arose in
connection with the increasing anthropogenic load in water bodies and the contrast of forms of recreation.
Currently, this is the subject of research by many authors [11, 12]. The increase in coastal tourism
increases the load on the shore, although these loads can be largely offset in developed and developing
countries by more efficient management. In particular, as a result of a deeper understanding of the factors
governing sandy shore systems and better interaction with beach managers and developers [9]. Due to
inertia associated with global climate change and population growth, no realistic management scenario
will eliminate these threats in the short term [9]. The first priority is to conduct long-term field
experiments and monitoring programs to quantify the dynamics of key ecological characteristics of the
sandy beaches of the studied lakes. Accordingly, zoning of coastal landscape and recreational zones and
the ecological state of coastal territories of tectonic lakes at different spatial levels is relevant. The
purpose of this article is to study the degree of degradation of coastal zones and the trophic state of lakes
Turgoyak and Uvildy (Russia). The results obtained will expand the understanding of the influence of
the degree of degradation of near-water areas on the state of the water bodies themselves; these issues
are currently poorly studied.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study area
Lake Uvildy is located in 80 km northwest of Chelyabinsk. The lake is a natural monument. The lake is
a typical tectonic water body located in a deep front fault. Most of the winding coastline is covered with
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
3
pine and mixed forests. The water in the lake is fresh, according to its chemical composition it belongs
to the bicarbonate-calcium, and according to the ratio of ions - to the sulfate-sodium [13]. In the
catchment area of the lake, there are sources of sapropel mud and radon, which contributed to the
development of national resorts [13], [14]. The total volume of water in the lake is about 1000 million
cubic meters. The bottom of the lake is sandy, with pebbles and silt.
Lake Turgoyak belongs to the Eastern Foothill Limnological Region [13]. The lake is located in a
deep intermountain basin, between the Ural-Tau and Ilmensky ridges at an altitude of 320 m above sea
level. The location of the lake on the border of mountains and foothills contributed to the widespread
development of tourist infrastructure. Birch-pine forests prevailing in the catchments, as well as linden
and spruce forests, increase the attractiveness of the territory. This is the deepest lake in South Ural. The
maximum depth reaches 34 m, and the average is 19.2 m [13]. Stony soils (granites) are the most
widespread in the catchment area. A lake basin is of tectonic origin. The role of surface runoff in the
water supply of the lake is small due to the small size of the catchment area. The total length of flows
within the catchment area does not exceed 20 km. Groundwater plays a significant role in the nutrition
of the lake. The catchment area of the lake is located in a zone of a sharply continental climate.
The annual amplitude of the air temperature in the studied area is 33.6 °C. Winter is cold, long, and
summer is warm but relatively short. A characteristic feature of the area is the late termination of spring
and early resumption of autumn frosts in the air and on the soil surface. Intrusions of Arctic air masses
lead to sudden weather changes. It is often influenced by southern cyclones moving from the Black,
Caspian and Aral Seas, as well as «diving» cyclones from the Barents Sea [13]. The average annual
precipitation is 496 mm. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm period of the year with a
maximum in July.
Field expedition studies were conducted in 2017-2021 on the lakes Uvildy, Turgoyak. Five sites were
selected for the study on Lake Uvildy and Lake Turgoyak. The selected sites are located in areas with
different degrees of a recreational load of the coast (various sanatoriums, recreation centres, settlements)
(table 1).
Table 1. Information about water-bodies.
Site
Digression
degree
Geographic coordinates
Zooplankton
saprobity index
TSI
Trophicity
Latitude, N
Longitude, E
Lake Uvildy
1
2
55 ° 32'9.13 "
60 ° 25'34.05"
1.6
40
oligomesotrophic
2
1
55°32'37.8"
60°26'14.5"
1.5
36
oligotrophic
3
4
55°33'11.0"
60°30'07.7"
2.3
51
mesotrophic
4
4
55°31'12.1"
60°34'26.5"
1.9
41
oligomesotrophic
5
5
55°28'45.4"
60°29'36.0"
2.5
49
mesotrophic
Lake Turgoyak
1
1
55°10 '42.9"
60°01'56.2"
1.1
25
oligotrophic
2
4
55°10'41.1"
60°05 '43.9"
1.3
38
oligotrophic
3
5
55°09 '19.2"
60°06 '35.3"
1.8
40
oligomesotrophic
4
5
55°07'44.6"
60°04 '12.6"
2.5
55
mesotrophic
5
4
55°07'56.9"
60°01'54.5"
1.9
42
oligomesotrophic
2.2. Sample collection
To prepare for measurements and measure recreational load, the methods of trial areas, transect,
mathematical-statistical and registration-measuring methods were used, according to OST 56-100-95
[15]. The digression stages (from 1 to 5) were determined by the ratio of the ground cover surface
trampled to the mineral horizon to the total surface of the studied area (from 1.0 to 25.0 %, respectively)
[15]. To assess the digression of forest recreational areas, the method of test sites in recreation areas
with a size of at least 100 x 100 m.
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
4
2.3. Data Analysis
The level of digression at the test site was determined by an integral generalized assessment of fifteen
characteristic criteria for the anthropogenic transformation of geosystems on a five-point scale. The
estimated number of one-time visitors to the territory of parks, forest parks, forests, green zones was
determined according to SP 42.13330.2016 (SNiP 2.07.01-89) [16]. To evaluate the degree of the water
body’s contamination, we used an extended method to analyze the saprobity of water bodies based on
Pantle-Bucc method in the Sladecek modification (Sladecek 1973), using the indices of the number of
cells of the indicator species and the value of the indicator significance of species in the formula [17].
The Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI) was calculated based on the water transparency values.
3. Results and discussion
Landscape and LRZ (as natural-anthropogenic complexes) of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd orders have been
identified in the coastal zone of lakes on the basis of defining the boundaries of geosystems and assessing
the recreational infrastructure (table 2).
Table 2. Assessment of the recreational infrastructure of lakes Uvildy and Turgoyak.
Lake
name
LRZ of
the 1st
order
LRZ of
the 2nd
order
Recreation
facilities area
(hectare)
Number of
vacationers
Maximum one-time
recreational density
(people per hectare)
Prevailing load
(people per
hectare)
Uvildy
11
81
20,0
1500
from 5 to 150
50
Turgoyak
6
40
14,0
1400
from 3 to 100
40
Within the LRZ of the 3rd order are formed, for example, camping sites, beaches, play areas, parking
lots. It is possible that on the coastal territories of lakes, LRZ of 4 orders can be formed, represented by
separate bivouacs, gazebos, playgrounds. However, these zones are obviously temporary. In turn, on the
contrary, landscape and recreational zones of the 1st order can be inscribed into recreational zones of
the district, regional and Russian territorial scale [2].
According to the conducted field landscape-ecological studies, it was revealed that recreational
institutions located near Lake Uvildy occupy up to 80% of the length of the coastal zone and, as a rule,
merge into single landscape-recreational complexes, up to 200-300 m wide, with the vast majority of
recreational institutions belong to recreation centers.
The maximum one-time recreational density on the coastal areas of water bodies fluctuates according
to the updated data. The lowest recreational density on lake Uvildy is observed on the northwestern and
northern coasts, and the maximum is observed near highways in the south, southwest, southeast, and
partly in the east. The average one-time recreational density, at which geosystems develop with the 3rd
stage of digression, is 25-30 people/ha. But this is consistent with a short-term rest period, such as a
weekend with warm, sunny weather. With an average annual and longer rest period, the recreational
density, taking into account the attendance of coastal areas, is 3-7 people/ha. At a distance of 100-150
meters from the lake, the recreational density decreases by 1.5-3 times
The territorial organization of the recreational infrastructure and especially its density have left a
significant “imprint” on the formation of the spatial “pattern” of the digression of coastal geosystems of
lakes (figure 1).
In particular, on the southwestern and western shores of Lake Uvildy, 3-4, in some places 5, stages
of digression prevail. On the northwestern coast, stage 2 prevails with sections of the 1st, on the northern
and northeastern coasts 2-3 stages, on the east and southeastern and southern - mainly the 3-4th stage.
According to field studies carried out at the end of May 2021, compared to 2017, the size of the coastal
areas of Lake Uvildy with stages 4-5 of digression increased by 5-12%, and for Lake Turgoyak it
increased by 15-20%. This happened due to the opening of a free beach in the southeast of Lake Uvildy
and open access to most of the coastline for cars to enter the reservoir. And on Lake Turgoyak due to
the geosystems adjacent to the "City Beach" and the increase in asphalt approaches to the lake. There
are about 10% of coastal landscapes with the 5th stage of digression; 30% - with stage 4; about 35% -
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
5
stage 3, about 25% - from the 1st and 2nd. The maximum one-time recreational density revealed within
the recreation centers exceeds the permissible values at which geosystems are characterized by stages
1-3 of digression, by 30-40% of the area of the coastal zones of Lake Uvildy, where in some areas it
exceeds the norms established by the standards by 3-4 times.
Figure 1. The degree of recreational digression of coastal areas in May 2021.
The greatest negative change in the state over the past 5-10 years on Lake Uvildy occurred at “wild”,
not equipped camping sites, some of which became paid, but the ecological state and the level of
improvement leaves much to be desired. In plan, coastal areas with 4-5 stages of digression at any of
the considered spatial levels have a radial linear-nodal or linear-block pattern. Institutions and recreation
facilities correspond to “knots”, and paths, roads and communications correspond to lines. In most of
the recreation centers, geosystems with 4-5 stages are distributed at a greater distance from lakes than
similar geosystems in camping fields.
Near Lake Turgoyak, the highest recreational density is characteristic of the eastern, southern and
partly northern coasts (figure 1). The minimum recreational density is observed on the western,
northwestern, and in some places southwestern coasts, which are the most distant from the highways
from a transport position, moreover, they have steep slopes combined with swampy bays, which makes
it difficult to travel and the construction of recreational facilities.
With the same degree of anthropogenic transformation on the coastal geosystems of lakes, it can be
noted that the recreational density of tourists at Lake Turgoyak is 5-10% less than at Lake Uvildy. This
indicates a greater vulnerability of the prevailing low-mountain and foothill pine forests in comparison
with the pine-birch forests located near Lake Uvildy on flatter areas of the relief, less prone to water and
wind erosion. Near Lake Turgoyak, the eastern, northeastern, northern, and southern coasts have
undergone the greatest anthropogenic transformation; the least western, north-western, which is a
reflection of the difference in the recreational density and attendance of the lake.
As a result of the study, it was noted that on the territory of camping sites located no further than
50 m from the lakes, the 4th-5th stage of digression prevails. At a distance from 50 to 150-200 m from
the lake – the 3rd stage. At a distance of more than 150-200 m, stage 2 dominates (near Lake Uvildy
with sections of the 3rd). At the same time, from the beginning to 50 meters from the edge of the lakes,
the degree of digression does not decrease significantly, then to a distance of 150-200 meters – by more
than one stage, and even further it changes slightly again (figure 2 A).
When moving away from the lake's edge within small recreation centers, the degree of digression
of the territory decreases in direct proportion to the distance from the reservoirs. At a distance of up to
100-150 m from the edge of reservoirs, the 4-5 stages of digression dominates. Further up to 200 meters
from the edge, stage 3 prevails, and at a greater distance – 2-3 stages (figure 2B).
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
6
When moving away from the water edge of lakes within large recreation centers, the degree of
digression of the territory practically does not change, slightly increasing at buildings located at a
distance of 50 meters from the lake and very gradually decreasing from a distance of more than 100-
150 m. On average, stage 4 of digression dominates (figure 2C).
Figure 2. The dependence of the distance of the territory on the edge of the lakes and the stage of its
digression on the territory: A - of camping sites; B - of small recreation centers; C - of large recreation
centers.
Thus, when moving away from the coastline at large recreation centers and sanatoriums, the
digression of coastal geosystems decreases very gradually, but at the same time, the 4th stage of
digression dominates on the shores, and at a distance of 150-200 meters – the 3rd stage. In contrast, at
small recreation centers and in places of spontaneous development of camping sites, when moving away
from the lake shore, the digression stage decreases very quickly, but at the water's edge, stage 5
dominates, but already at a distance of 70-100 meters – stage 3, and at a distance of 150-200 meters –
stage 1-2. In the direction from the peripheral areas of recreational zones to the coasts and in the direction
of territories with transport accessibility, the degree of digression increases from the 2nd to the 4th stage,
and the recreational load increases from 5-10 to 100 people/ha or more.
The larger the recreational facility, the more evenly the recreational load is distributed over it, and
the smaller the spatial differences in the ecological state of its territory. At the same time, there are
exceptions to the rules: on the territory of large recreation centers and sanatoriums, in conditions of a
dominant recreational density of 40-70 people/ha, the 4th stage of digression with the 3rd sections
prevails. But at small recreation centers and camping sites with the same recreational density, stage 5 of
digression with sections of the 4th is observed. This circumstance suggests that in the conditions of
proper landscaping and competent functional zoning of the coastal territory, their ecological state with
the same recreational load is much better.
The field studies have shown that there is a very significant degradation of coastal areas, which are
very vulnerable in conditions of non-compliance with the status of coastal protection zones and are
practically unable to adequately resist the existing anthropogenic impacts. As a result, recreational loads
are exceeded on 30-45% of the area of the studied coastal areas of the lakes, in contrast to the quality of
the waters themselves, which remain within the permissible values for many organoleptic and chemical
properties due to high water exchange rates, the predominance of cold temperatures of water masses and
possibly favorable conditions for plankton cleaning.
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
7
4. Сonclusions
It is revealed that the LRZ at Lake Turgoyak, as well as at Lake Uvildy, have a territorial differentiation
due to the landscape structure and recreational load, and are represented by at least 3 spatial orders that
repeat the contours of morphological elements of landscapes, as well as the boundaries of territories
with a separate type, genus and type of recreation, respectively.
It is determined that when the density of the path network in recreation areas is more than 200-250
m/ha, geosystems with 4-5 stages of digression prevail. This indicates the need for improvement of trails
(filling with screes, tree bark) in order to exclude the development of new trails bypassing existing ones
during rainy weather and reduce the areas of trampling of vegetation cover. This can restrain not only
the increase in the degraded territory, but also the ingress of loose soil and soil materials into the lake,
which leads to its siltation.
The selection and analysis of water samples taken in the coastal waters of the studied lakes, where
various stages of digression dominate, showed that the majority of organoleptic indicators of waters, as
well as the concentration of heavy metals in them, in the vast majority of cases, has a direct relationship
with the stages of digression of coastal territories. However, the amplitude of changes in the chemical
composition and water quality is significantly less than the corresponding amplitude of changes in the
digression of coastal geosystems. This is primarily due to the large self-cleaning capacity of reservoirs
with very large volumes of water masses and active mixing of waters, especially during the off-season
(spring and autumn).
According to the field studies, over the past 8-10 years, the area of coastal territories with 4-5th stages
of digression has increased by 15-20%, and the recreational load has increased by 5-10%. This indicates
a direct relationship and an “accumulating” effect of degradation of coastal geosystems. In comparison
with the coastal geosystems of Lake Uvildy, over the same period, the degree of degradation of
geosystems near Lake Turgoyak has significantly increased, especially in places where cars are
accessible.
In both of the studied lakes, there is a tendency towards an increase in degradation changes in coastal
areas. A positive correlation was noted between the digression of the coastal territory and the trophicity
of the corresponding parts of the reservoir.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by RFBR and Chelyabinsk Region (Russia), project number 20-45-740005.
References
[1] Lukoseviciute G and Panagopoulos T 2021 Management priorities from tourists’ perspectives and
beach quality assessment as tools to support sustainable coastal tourism Ocean Coast. Manage.
2081 105646
[2] Kostryukova A, Mashkova I, Shchelkanova E, Trofimenko V and Kornilova A 2020 Analysis of
water quality of rivers and reservoirs in Chelyabinsk region, South Ural Int. J. Geomate 18(67)
120–127
[3] Mashkova I, Kostryukova A, Shchelkanova E and Trofimenko V 2020 Influence of trophic status
on zooplankton structure in Chelyabinsk region lakes (Russia) IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ.
Sci. 612(1) 012006
[4] Mashkova I, Kostriykova A, Shchelkanova E, Trofimenko V and Slavnaya A 2020 Study of the
zooplankton community as an indicator of the trophic status of reservoirs Int. J. Geomate 19(73)
57–63
[5] Rodilla M, Pardo-Pascual J E and Herrera-Racionero P 2019 Assessing users’ expectations and
perceptions on different beach types and the need for diverse management frameworks along the
Western Mediterranean Land Use Policy 81 219-231
[6] Chen C-L and Teng N 2016 Management priorities and carrying capacity at a high-use beach
from tourists’ perspectives: A way towards sustainable beach tourism Mar. Policy 74 213-219
[7] Ali S, Darsan J, Singh A and Wilson M 2018 Sustainable coastal ecosystem management – An
The 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958 (2022) 012001
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012001
8
evolving paradigm and its application to Caribbean SIDS Ocean Coast. Manage. 163 173-184
[8] Ariel A, Feitelson E and Marinov U 2021 Economic and environmental explanations for the scale
and scope of coastal management around the Mediterranean Ocean Coast. Manage. 209 105639
[9] Brown A C and McLachlan A 2002 Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: Some
predictions for the year 2025 Environ. Conserv. 29 (1) 62-77
[10] Defeo O, McLachlan A, Schoeman D S, Schlacher T A, Dugan J, Jones A, Lastra M and Scapini
F Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: A review 2009 Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. 81 (1) 1-12
[11] Alves B, Ballester R, Rigall-I-Torrent R, Ferreira Ó and Benavente J 2017 How feasible is
coastal management? A social benefit analysis of a coastal destination in SW Spain Tourism
Manage. 60 188-200
[12] Huamantinco Cisneros M A, Revollo Sarmiento N V, Delrieux C A, Piccolo M C and Perillo G
M E 2016 Beach carrying capacity assessment through image processing tools for coastal
management Ocean Coast. Manage. 130 138-147
[13] Andreeva M A Lakes of Middle and South Ural, South-Ural 1973 Publishing house Chelyabinsk
270 (In Russian)
[14] Zakharov S G Lakes of Chelyabinsk region 2010 ABRIS, Chelyabinsk 128 (In Russian)
[15] Industry-standard 56-100-95 Methods and units for measuring recreational loads on forest natural
complexes 1995 (In Russian)
[16] SNiP 2.07.01-89 Urban planning. Planning and construction of urban and rural, Moscow, 1994,
120 (In Russian)
[17] Sladecek V 1973 System of water quality from the biological point of view. Ergebn. limnol. 218
