Seed Characteristics, Oil Content and Gossypol gland of Different Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Genotypes

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to determine the seed characteristics (100-seed weight, seed yield, seed coat ratio, seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter), seed oil content and number of gossypol gland of two-hundred different cotton (Gossypium spp.) genotypes in Kahramanmaras (Turkey) conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018. At the end of the study, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences among the cotton genotypes for all investigated characteristics. The results showed that 100-seed weight, seed yield, seed coat ratio, seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter, seed oil content and number of seed gossypol gland for cotton genotypes ranged between 7.23-15.43 g, 95.60-489.62 kg da-1 , 15.53-38.27%, 0.41-1.00 mm, 2.12-5.28 mm, 13.16-38.46% and 7.46-80.16 no. seed-1 , respectively. As a result of the study, Shazbaz for seed yield, TAMB147-21 for oil ratio and Giza 75 for number of gossypol gland had the highest value.

Full text

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Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research
47
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2021, 8(12):47-54
Research Article
ISSN: 2394-2630
CODEN(USA): JSERBR
Seed Characteristics, Oil Content and Gossypol gland of Different Cotton
(Gossypium spp.) Genotypes
Fatih KILLI*, Tahsin BEYCIOGLU, Sidar DOGAN
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Agricultural Faculty, Field Crops Department, Kahramanmaras –
Turkey
*Corresponding Author: fakilli@ksu.edu.tr
Abstract The experiment was conducted to determine the seed characteristics (100-seed weight, seed yield,
seed coat ratio, seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter), seed oil content and number of gossypol gland
of two-hundred different cotton (Gossypium spp.) genotypes in Kahramanmaras (Turkey) conditions using a
randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018. At the end of the study, it was determined
that there were statistically significant differences among the cotton genotypes for all investigated
characteristics. The results showed that 100-seed weight, seed yield, seed coat ratio, seed coat thickness, seed
chalaza end diameter, seed oil content and number of seed gossypol gland for cotton genotypes ranged between
7.23 – 15.43 g, 95.60 – 489.62 kg da-1, 15.53 – 38.27%, 0.41 – 1.00 mm, 2.12 – 5.28 mm, 13.16 – 38.46% and
7.46 – 80.16 no. seed-1, respectively. As a result of the study, Shazbaz for seed yield, TAMB147-21 for oil ratio
and Giza 75 for number of gossypol gland had the highest value.
Keywords Cotton, seed weight, seed coat, seed yield, oil content and gossypol.
Introduction
Cotton is an important product for the textile, food and feed industry. It is the raw material of the textile and
cellulose industry with fiber, the vegetable oil industry with seed oil, and the feed industry with seed pulp.
Cotton constitutes approximately 90% of the fiber crops cultivation area in the world. In Turkey, total cotton
acreage of 359 thousand hectare resulted in production of 1.77 million tons of seed cotton [1]. Seed cotton
harvested from the field contains fiber and seeds and it is ginned and separated into fiber and seed [2]. Seed
cotton consists of an average 35-40% fiber and 60-65% seeds. The seed consists of 60% kernel, 28% seed coat,
9% linter and 3% foreign materials. Today, all products released after the ginning process were evaluated.
Cotton seeds contain about 19-28% oil [3]. Saxena et al. [4] emphasized that cotton seeds contain considerable
oil and protein. Ahmad et al. [5], Adelola and Ndudi [6], Kouser et al. [7], Bellaloui et al. [8] reported
respectable diversity of fat and protein substances in cotton. The toxic substance called “gossypol” found in
cotton seeds limits the use of cotton cake as feed [4]. In the cotton plant, the number of glands containing
gossypol depends on the species, cultivars, environmental conditions and plant organs. Lusas and Lividin [9]
stated that gossypol content in commercial upland cottons was changed between 0.6% and 2.0%. Percy et al.
[10] emphasized that gossypol content was changed between 0.81% and 1.04% (8.1 – 10.4 g kg-1) in cultivar of
Gossypium barbadense L., and also between 0.64% and 1.09% (6.4 – 10.9 g kg-1) in Gossypium hirsutum L.
cotton cultivars. In recent years, glandless cotton varieties have been developed in breeding studies and they do
not have gossypol producing glands. Since the by-products produced from these varieties do not contain toxic
pigments, they are much more suitable for nutrition [11].

KILLI F et al Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2021, 8(12):47-54
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research
48
In this study, 100 seed weight, seed yield, seed coat ratio, seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter, seed
oil content and number of seed gossypol gland properties were investigated in 200 different cotton genotypes in
Kahramanmaras (Turkey) conditions.
Materials and Methods
Two hundred different cotton (Gossypium spp.) genotypes (Table 1) were grown during the 2018 growing
season in Kahramanmaras, which is located in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey (between 37º 36ꞌ
north parallel and 46º 56ꞌ east meridians). The soils of the experimental area are alluvial soils carried by rivers
and they are deposited horizontally in different layers and first class agricultural land. The pH of soils is 7.53,
slightly alkaline, lime content is high (20.24%) and organic matter content (2.65%) is low [12]. Kahramanmaras
province has typical Mediterranean climatic conditions with hot and dry summers and mild, rainy winters. In
2018, Average air temperature during the growing season changed from 14.20°C (April) to 29.50°C (August).
The temperature at the experimental field during the growing season was convenient for cotton farming, while
the temperatures of July and August were higher than the other months. There was considerable versatility in
amount and distribution of precipitation from month to month. The rainfall was highest in October (115.00
mm), and there was an extended dry and hot period during July and September [13]. The experimental design
was a randomized complete block with three replications. Cultivars, consisting of one rows 5.0 m long with 0.70
m spacing between rows, were planted on 11 May 2018. Cotton cultivars were sown by hands, and after
emergence, plants hand-thinned to the desired intra-row spacing of 0.20 m. Recommended insect and weed
control methods were employed during the growing season as needed. The experimental area received 60 kg N
and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 as a seedbed application. Additional band-dressing of 90 kg N ha-1 was applied at the square
stage. Overall 7 irrigations were applied and weeds were controlled by hoeing.
Table 1: Cotton genotypes used in the study
Genotypes
No
Name
No
Name
No
Name
No
Name
No
Name
1
MNH-786
41
Carolina Queen
81
Viky (ES-
20021)
121
Acala 1064
161
Mex 68
2
BH-118
42
AfricaES(20025)
82
Sorbon
122
Acala Cluster
162
Europa
3
Ziroatkar-68
43
AcalaTex
83
AĞDAŞ 3
123
Auborn 56
163
TX No: 1389
4
Sindh-1
44
Tx No: 1412
84
Sugdiyon-2
124
TAM 94 L 25
P1
164
Ionia
5
AGC 85
45
Karnak 55
85
CIM-240
125
Aden
165
Helius
6
CIM 401
46
Mex 106
86
Sure Grow
125
126
Acala Okra
VA2-4
166
NIAB 874
7
Frego Cluster
47
Dpl 5540-85-
subokra
87
AzGR-3775
127
Deltapine 905
167
Ligur
8
AzGR-11468
48
Deltapine 120
88
Ujchi 2
Uzbek
128
Acala 29
168
NIAB 777
9
CIM-506
49
Acala 1517-70
89
Ziroatkar-64
129
Giza 45
169
Tex 2167
10
Sohni
50
TAM C155 - 22
ELS
90
AGC 208
130
Earlipima
170
Fibermax 819
11
CIM-70
51
Deltapine 45 –
vert
91
B557
131
Acala 1517
SR2 – vert
171
Tex 843
12
994
52
Acala 44
92
CRIS-342
132
Acala N 28-5
172
Acala 32
13
VH 260
53
Deltapine 15A
93
MNH-814
133
Deltapine 26
173
Acala 1-13-3-1
14
Stoneville 474
54
Brown Egyptian
94
KORİNA
134
AzGR-11835
174
Deltapine 61
15
Malmal-
MNH-786
55
Deltapine 12
95
FH 142
135
RANTOS
175
Deltapine 15
16
AzGR-11836
56
Deltapine 25
96
TX No: 1416
136
AĞDAŞ17
176
Deltapine 14
17
Marvi
57
AcalaNunn's
97
Stoneville
213
137
NIAB-111
177
AcalaShafter
Station
18
Ziroatkar-81
58
Acala 1517 D
98
ACALA SJ 3
138
Tex 1216
178
Acala 1517-91

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19
AzGR-11834
59
AcalaMorell
99
Mex 123
139
Mex 122
179
AcalaTex
20
AzGR-11839
60
TAM B147 – 21
100
Fibermax 832
140
Tx No: 2700
180
Deltapine 714
GN
21
Stoneville 506
61
TAM 87 G3- 27
101
Giza 75
141
Stoneville 014
181
Acala 1517 C
22
NIBGE-2
62
AcalaGlandless
102
Tex 844
142
Stonville 108
SR
182
Acala 44 WR
23
MNH-990
63
Acala 4-42
103
Tx No: 2383
143
TX No: 2382
183
Deltapine 50
24
Sadori
64
Acala 442
104
Bulgar 6396
144
Hopicala –
vert
184
Acala SJ1
25
Penta
65
TAM C66 - 26
105
Deltapine 20
145
Eva
185
Crumpled
26
Aboriginal79
66
DeltapineStaple
106
AgalaSindou
146
Mex 102
186
Deltapine 41
27
Nova
67
TOGO
107
Tex 1152
147
NIAB 78
187
TAM C66 - 16
28
Shazbaz
68
NIAB-KIRN
108
NIAB 111
148
Stoneville
731N
188
TAM 01 E -
22
29
Deltapine
5816
69
Sivon
109
Mehrgon
149
Taashkent
189
AcalaHarper
30
Deltapine 565
70
AlbaAcala 70
110
CAMPU
150
Stonville 504
190
Acala-55-5
31
Stoneville 2B
71
NIA-UFAQ
111
Stoneville
3202
151
CASCOT L7
191
Deltapine 80
32
Deltapine 50 –
vert
72
Giza 7
112
Stoneville 62
152
Avesto
192
Tropical 225
33
MNH-493
73
CRIS-134
113
Giza 70
153
Darmi
193
TAM 04 WB -
33
34
Stoneville 508
74
AcalaNaked
114
Deltapine 62
154
Giza 59
194
AcalaMexican
35
AzGR-7711
75
SAMOS
115
Acala Okra
155
Tadla 25
195
Acala 3080
36
Stoneville 256
76
AĞDAŞ 6
116
AcalaYoung's
156
New
MexicanAcala
196
Acala 51
37
Stoneville 5A
77
Zeta 2
117
TAM B182
157
Giza 83
197
TAM A106-
16ELS
38
TamcotSphinx
78
AĞDAŞ 7
118
Deltapine SR-
5
158
Stoneville 256-
315
198
TAM B139 -
17 ELS
39
Bulgar 73
79
AGC 375
119
TAM C147 -
42
159
Arcota-129
199
Deltapine SR4
40
Stoneville 618
BBR
80
Haridost
120
Giza 75
160
NIAB 846
200
Acala SS 2280
In the experiment, the harvest was done twice by hand. The first harvest commenced when the cotton was
approximately 70% open; the second harvest was three weeks later. In the experiment, harvested seed cotton
from each plot was ginned with the machine of roller gin and separated as seed and fiber. One hundred
randomly seeds with four replications were weighed and the average of 100 seeds weight was determined. Seed
yield (kg ha-1) was calculated as: [seed percentage (%) X seed cotton yield (kg ha-1)] [3]. After gin processing,
100 seeds sampled from each plots were acid delinted and dried at room temperature for 48 hours [14]. Then,
the seeds were cut in the middle with a scalpel, divided into two and their inner parts were removed. After the
obtained seed coats are weighed, the seed coats are obtained according to the formula below. Seed coat ratio
(%): [100 seed coat weight (g) / 100 seed weight (g) X 100]. Seed coat thickness, coats of 100 cotton seeds were
measured from 3 different places with a digital compass and averaged [14]. The chalaza end diameter was
determined by measuring 100 cotton seeds from the chalaza end with a digital caliper. Seed samples were

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50
collected from each plots and ground with an electric coffee mill. A small portion of ground seeds (5 g) was
transferred to a disposable filter column and seed oil content was determined by the Soxhlet apparatus. The
number of gossypol glands was determined by counting the glands under the Olympus SZX16 Stereo
microscope on 30 cotton seeds divided into two from the middle parts with a scalpel (Figure 1). Data of all
parameters from the study were analyzed using the MSTAT-C statistical programming. The significant of the
difference between means was compared by Duncan test (P < 0.05). The correlation coefficients between the
parameters were also determined.
a
b
c
Figure 1: a) stereo microscope, b) gossypol glands in cotton seed, c) glandless cotton seed
Results and Discussion
A considerable variation was observed for investigated characteristics among cotton genotypes (Table 1). The
distribution of 200 cotton genotypes for 100-seed weight is shown in Figure 2A. According to the two hundred
cotton genotypes, 100-seed weight value was 11.3±4.1 g, and it ranged from 7.23 g (Acala 1517 D) to 15.43 g
(Acala 1517 SR2-vert). The highest 100 seed weight values were obtained from Acala 1517 SR2-vert (15.43 g),
Mex 106 (14.6 g) TAM C66-26 (14.56 g) and Stoneville 213 (14.38 g) respectively. The lowest 100 seed
weights were recorded in genotype Acala 1517D (7.23 g), MNH-493 (7.37 g) and Shazbaz (7.72 g). Patel [15]
stated that 100 seed weight values differ according to cotton species; Efe et al. [16], 100 seed values of some
mutant cotton varieties brought from Azerbaijan in the Southeastern Anatolia region varied between 9.4 and
12.7 g; Yuka (2104) stated that the weight of 100 seeds in 13 different cotton genotypes varied between 8.13 –
10.71 g; Kıllı and Beycioglu [3] reported that the weight of 100 seeds in different cotton genotypes varied
between 9.11 – 12.65 g. The fact that the 100 seed weight values we obtained in the study showed a wide
variation between about 7 g and 15 g (Figure 2A), and also the differentiation from the findings of the
researchers was due to the presence of genotypes from different species and the high number of genotypes.
Table 1: Average values of seed characteristics, oil content and gossypol glands of two hundred different cotton
genotypes
100-Seed
weight (g)
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Seed coat
ratio (%)
Seed coat
thickness
(mm)
Seed
chalaza end
diameter
(mm)
Seed oil
content (%)
Gossypol
glands
(no. seed-1)
Average
11.3 ± 4.1
2926.1 ± 1970.1
26.9 ± 11.4
0.7 ± 0.3
3.7 ± 1.6
27.1 ± 10.7
43.8 ± 36.3
Analysis of variance for traits
F value of
genotypes
39.14**
1596.1**
6.49**
5.43**
29.90**
5.91**
18.34**
CV (%)
3.43
4.09
12.24
12.31
3.70
14.05
8.54
** Significant at the 0.01 level
Cotton genotypes showed significant differences in terms of seed yield per hectare. Average seed yield value
over all genotypes was 2286.3 kg ha-1 (Table I). Seed yield values varied between 966 kg ha-1 and 2896.2 kg ha-1
(Figure 2B). The highest seed yield values were from Shazbaz (4896.2 kg ha-1), Ziroatkar-81 (4878.8 kg ha-1),
MNH-493 (4281.1 kg ha-1) and Acala-32 (4191.1 kg ha-1) genotypes, respectively; the lowest seed yield values
were obtained from Acala 51 (956.0 kg ha-1), Giza 7 (1016.0 kg ha-1), NAIB 111 (1018.8 kg ha-1) and Acala
Nunn's (1039.1 kg ha-1) genotypes, respectively. Sawan et al. [17] reported the seed yields per hectare in cotton
were 1828 – 2084 kg; Sawan [17] also reported the seed yield per hectare was 1810 – 2130 kg; Tekeli [18], in his

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study with 46 cotton genotypes, found that the seed yield was significantly different between genotypes and the
seed yields per hectare were 596.9 kg and 2616.6 kg; Kıllı and Beycioglu [3] reported that the seed yield per
hectare ranged from 1731.1 to 2721.4 kg. The fact that the seed yield values we obtained in the study showed a
wide variation between about 966 kg and 4896.2 kg, and also differing from the findings of the researchers, was
due to the fact that there were different genotypes, the number of genotypes was quite high, and the seed cotton
yield and ginning yield values were different.
Figure 2: Distribution of 200 cotton genotypes for investigated traits ((100-seed weight, seed yield, seed coat
ratio, seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter, seed oil content and number of gossypol gland)
0
5
10
15
20
050 100 150 200
A) 100 seed weight (g)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
050 100 150 200
B) Seed yield (kg ha-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
050 100 150 200
C) Seed coat ratio (%)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
050 100 150 200
D) Seed coat thickness (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
050 100 150 200
E) Seed chalaza end diameter (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
050 100 150 200
F) Seed oil content (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
050 100 150 200
G) Gossypol glands (no. seed-1)

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The distribution of 200 cotton genotypes for seed coat ratio is shown in Figure 2C. According to the two
hundred cotton genotypes, seed coat ratio was 26.9 ± 11.4 %, and it ranged from 15.33% to 38.27%. The highest
seed coat ratio values were obtained from Stoneville 474 (38.27%), AcalaTex (36.25%) and AfricaES20025
(136.27%) respectively. The lowest seed coat ratios were recorded in genotype TxNo: 1416 (15.53%) and
TxNo: 1412 (17.31%). The fact that the seed coat ratio values we obtained in the study showed a wide variation
between about 15% and 38%, the presence of genotypes from different species, the fact that the number of
genotypes was quite high, and the seed coat thickness and 100 seed weight values were different.
A significantly variation was recorded for seed coat thickness among cotton cultivars (Table 1, Figure
2D). According to the two hundred cotton cultivars, average seed coat thickness was 0.7 ± 0.3 mm, and it
ranged from 0.41 mm to 1.00 mm. The variety 994 produced highest seed coat thickness (1.00 mm)
followed by FH142 (0.83 mm) and Acala 1517SR2-vert (0.82 mm). However significantly minimum seed coat
thickness (0.41 mm) was recorded in variety Stoneville 618BBR, and it was followed by Stoneville 2B (0.43
mm), B557 (0.43 mm), Sorbon (0.43 mm) and Agdaş 7 (0.44 mm). Average seed chalaza end diameter was 3.7
± 1.6 mm (Table 1), and it was ranged from 2.12 mm to 5.28 mm (Figure 2E). Maximum seed chalaza en
diameter was observed in Deltapine 120 (5.28 mm) and TxNo: 1389 (5.28 mm) followed by Acala 442 (5.22
mm), Giza 59 (5.22 mm) and rantos (5.20 mm) while minimum seed chalaza end diameter was observed in
Marvi (2.12 mm), Acala Shafter Station (2.17 mm) and Malmal-MNH-786 (2.29 mm).
Average seed oil content values of genotypes were ranged from 13.16% to 38.46% (Table 1 and Figure 2F). The
genotype TAMB147-21 (38.46%) gave significantly the highest seed oil content followed by NAIB-KIRN
(37.87%), Mex 106 (37.69%), Deltapine 5816 (36.55%), Penta (36.30%), Nova (36.24%), Deltapine 45-vert
(36.20%) NAIB-111 (35.48%), Bulgar 73 (35.14%) and TAM C155-22ELS (35.11%). However significantly
minimum seed oil content was recorded in genotype AzR-3775 (13.16%) followed by Agdaş 3 (13.56%).
According to the two hundred cotton genotypes, seed oil content value was 27.1 ± 10.7%. In studies related with
cotton genotypes, different results of seed oil content have been reported by the researchers. Swern [19],
Gotmare et al. [20], Sawan et al. [21] and Khan et al. [22] reported seed oil content of 17-26%, 10.26-22.89%,
19.55-19.82%, 27.52-30.15%, respectively. Song et al. [23] also reported that the oil content varied between
30.42% and 37.25% in G. hirsutum L. species, and between 34.77% and 38.87% in G. barbadense L. species,
and there was a wide variation between both species to improve the oil content. The seed oil content values we
obtained in the study are similar to the findings of many researchers. The difference between the lowest and
highest seed oil content obtained from genotypes was 25%.
A significantly variation was recorded for number of seed gossypol glands among cotton cultivars (Table 1,
Figure 2G). According to the two hundred cotton cultivars, average seed gossypol glands was 43.8 ± 36.3
(no. seed-1), and it ranged from 7.46 to 80.16 (no. seed-1). Significantly minimum number of seed gossypol
glands were recorded in Acala glandless (7.46 no. seed-1) and Acala 4-42 (9.16 no. seed-1) while maximum
number of seed gossypol glands were recorded in Giza 75 (80.16 no. seed-1), Giza 45 (76.36 no. seed-1)
Deltapine SR4 (76.13 no. seed-1). Pons et al. (1953), total gossypol production is affected by various factors
such as weather conditions and cotton varieties; Sharma et al. [24], the amount of gossypol in the glands is
different on the basis of species and genotype; Vroh Bi et al. [25] reported that the number of glands in the
cotton plant differed according to species, cultivars, environmental conditions and plant tissues.Obtaining the
highest number of seed gossypol gland values in Giza 75 and Giza 45 cultivars in the study confirms the results
of Soto-Blanco [26], who reported that Gossypium barbadense L. cotton has higher gossypol densities than
Gossypium hirsutum L. strains.
Conclusions
The present study was aimed to determine the seed characteristics (100-seed weight, seed yield, seed coat ratio,
seed coat thickness, seed chalaza end diameter), seed oil content and number of gossypol glands of two-hundred
different cotton (Gossypium spp.) genotypes in Kahramanmaras (Turkey) conditions. As a result of the study, it
was determined that there were significant differences between genotypes and there were quite wide and
significant variations in terms of all the examined characteristics. The breeding of new varieties may be possible
by evaluating the wide variation in terms of the examined traits as a result of the study.

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