... Factors biasing attention include priming (Li, Wolfe, & Chen, 2020), experience (Brockmole & Henderson, 2006;Goldfarb, Chun, & Phelps, 2016;Theeuwes, 2019;van Moorselaar, Daneshtalab, & Slagter, 2021), reward (Della Libera & Chelazzi, 2009;Failing & Theeuwes, 2018;Hickey, Chelazzi, & Theeuwes, 2010;Meyer, Sheridan, & Hopfinger, 2020;Peck, Jangraw, Suzuki, Efem, & Gottlieb, 2009), object meaning (Gayet & Peelen, 2022;Peacock, Cronin, Hayes, & Henderson, 2021) and high-level behavioral goals and motivations (Banerjee, Frey, Molholm, & Foxe, 2015;Lepsien, Thornton, & Nobre, 2011;Luck, Gaspelin, Folk, Remington, & Theeuwes, 2021;McMains & Kastner, 2011;Serences et al., 2005). When attention is voluntarily directed in the absence of explicit external cues, this has been referred to as internally-driven (Taylor, Rushworth, & Nobre, 2008) or self-initiated (Hopfinger, Camblin, & Parks, 2010) attention, or in our work as "willed attention" (Bengson, Kelley, Zhang, Wang, & Mangun, 2014;Bengson, Kelley, & Mangun, 2015;Bengson, Liu, Khodayari, & Mangun, 2020;Liu et al., 2017;Rajan et al., 2018). ...