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Novo Manual de Pragas Florestais Brasileiras
Abstract
"Novo Manual de Pragas Florestais Brasileiras" was written for forest engineers, agronomists, forest entomologists, forest protection specialists working with the management and protection of forests and forest plantations in Brazil. It was also made to serve as a textbook for the disciplines that address the management of forest pests in undergraduate courses in Forest Engineering or Agronomy. Researchers and professionals from different areas of knowledge, who want to learn more about the management and control of forest pests in Brazil, will also benefit from this work. The book is divided into two parts: the first concerns management and control techniques and the second refers to the main Brazilian forest pests. The main forest pests in Brazil were included, including acacia and teak, in addition to palm trees and native species such as cedar, mate, mahogany, paricá and rubber. We seek to cover pests from all regions of Brazil."
... Therefore, the increase in eucalypt monocultures in Brazil is the likely cause of the increasing diversity and abundance of insects colonizing Eucalyptus spp. (Zanuncio, 1993;Zanuncio et al., 1994). The adaptation of native phytophagous insectspecies to Eucalyptus have been reported in China, India, Papua New Guinea, and Sumatra (Ohmart and Edwards, 1991). ...
... In Brazil, insects from native Myrtaceae, especially defoliator Lepidoptera species, seem to be adapting to eucalypt . At present, these defoliator Lepidoptera represent one of the main groups of Eucalyptus pests in Brazil, second only to leaf cutting ants (Zanuncio, 1993;Zanuncio et al., 1998b). ...
... The increasing pest problems in Eucalyptus plantations led to the establishment of the Brazilian Integrated Forest Insect Management Program (PCMIP) in 1986, aiming to identify and establish the relative importance of eucalypt insect-pests (Zanuncio, 1993). Surveys carried out in different regions since then allowed a series of descriptive papers on the subject (e.g., Pereira et al., 1994Pereira et al., , 1995Zanuncio et al., 1998b). ...
The effect of plant age and weather factors on species richness and fluctuation of defoliator Lepidoptera populations was investigated in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation subjected to a five-year survey (June 1993–July 1998) in Santa Bárbara County, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Adult Lepidoptera were collected every 15 days with five light traps, and the number of individuals per morphospecies in each site was recorded. Lowest numbers of individuals were obtained in July (14.4 ± 4.7 insects/trap) and highest numbers were obtained by late December (86.8 ± 41.1 insects/trap). During the five-year period, 653 species of Lepidoptera were collected and the Geometridae Stenalcidia grosica, Glena unipennaria, and Oxydia vesulia were the most abundant species. The mean seasonal fluctuation of the first two species were positively correlated with the total Lepidoptera fluctuation (p < 0.01; r = 0.6; n = 98), unlike the third species (i.e. O. vesulia) which was poorly correlated with the total fluctuation (p = 0.05; r = 0.2; n = 98). Multiple regression models were developed to assess the relative importance of plant age and weather factors (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) affecting species richness and fluctuation of Lepidoptera populations. Plant age and average temperature were the main weather factors affecting species richness and abundance of total individuals and individuals of the species S. grosica. Older plants (six- to seven-years old) and lower temperatures (≈18°C) seem to favor species richness and higher populations of Lepidoptera, especially S. grosica. In contrast, plant age and rainfall were the main factors affecting the fluctuation of G. unipennaria populations which presented higher incidence in older plants (six- to seven-years old) and higher rainfall (≈400 mm). We were unable to develop robust models for fluctuation of O. vesulia populations (r2 < 0.15). The obtained results suggest that high populations of the main defoliator Lepidoptera species present in the area are more likely to occur in plants older than five years and especially during the rainy season (October–March).
... The higher number of collections of individuals of major important pest species during periods of cooler temperatures and lower precipitation is in agreement with data reported by Fragoso et al. [10], Pereira et al. [15] and Zanuncio et al. [19][20][21]23,24]. The stress of eucalyptus plants during these periods, can favour the establishment of pests due to lower defence capacity of these plants [3]. ...
... Glena unipennaria is of major importance in eucalypt plantations [21] because this species and others of this genus have been damaging these plantations in Brazil. One species of this genus defoliated an area over 700 hectares in the Municipality of Antônio Dias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil [19]. Larvae of G. unipennaria usually stay under eucalyptus leaves where they are difficult to be found due to their green color [19]. ...
... One species of this genus defoliated an area over 700 hectares in the Municipality of Antônio Dias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil [19]. Larvae of G. unipennaria usually stay under eucalyptus leaves where they are difficult to be found due to their green color [19]. This species showed higher abundance when eucalyptus plants were five and six years old and a sharp decline on its population after this year.This may be due to the impact of natural enemies such as predatory bugs that can limit population increase of this pest [5]. ...
Lepidopterous species were monitored using light traps between August 1991 and July 1996 in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in the Municipality of Nova Era, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 1.385 species of Lepidoptera were collected including 14 major pest species and 14 species of lesser importance. These two groups had, on average and during the five years period, respectively 959 and 449 individuals per trap, while the other species together had 8394 individuals per trap. Major pests collected with greatest abundance were Glena unipennaria, Sabulodes caberata and Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae) with different occurrence pattern in relation to temperature, rainfall and age of the plantation. This shows the necessity of monitoring these species during the whole growing cycle of eucalyptus plants. Effet de l’âge de la plante, de la température et de la pluviosité sur les lépidoptères ravageurs d’une plantation d’Eucalyptus grandis au Brésil, d’après des captures au piège lumineux. Les espèces de lépidoptères d’une plantation d’Eucalyptus grandis ont été suivies d’août 1991 à juillet 1996 par piégeage lumineux, à Nova Era, dans l’état du Minas Gerais, au Brésil. Un total de 1385 espèces a été récolté dont 14 espèces ravageuses et 14 espèces de moindre importance. Sur les cinq années de suivi, ces deux groupes comprennent respectivement en moyenne et par piège 959 et 449 individus, tandis que les autres espèces renferment 8394 individus par piège. Les ravageurs majeurs les plus représentés sont Glena unipennaria, Sabulodes caberata et Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae) dont la fréquence de capture varie selon la température, les précipitations et l’âge de la plantation. Cela montre qu’il est nécessaire de suivre ces espèces pendant toute la phase de croissance des eucalyptus.
... antisyphilitica, L. ferrea). Moreover, diseases such as leaf spots, root rot, and grey mould (Grigoletti Junior et al., 2001; Moreira & Arco-Verde, 1998) can be controlled by applying Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb, and Thiabendazole (GrigolettiJunior et al., 2001;Lemes, 2021;Moreira & Arco-Verde, 1998) in abovementioned stages. Furthermore, knowing the seedling phase's phenological stages enables precise calibration and evaluation of development models(Fagundes et al., 2021;2023;.Using phenological scales, especially the BBCH scale, is recommended to standardize and provide detailed plant development phases (and stages) during their cycle. ...
Understanding the phenological stages and thermal requirements of the seedling phase of forest species is crucial for sustainable nursery management. This study proposed an adaptation of a phenological scale based on the basic Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemical industry, associated with the thermal requirement to describe the phenological stages during the seedling phase of three forest species: Cybistax antisyphilitica, Libidibia ferrea, and Platycyamus regnellii. The phenological scale of C. antisyphilitica and L. ferrea was defined and described through 22 seedling development stages ranging from dry seed to 20th visible leaf emitted on the main stem (from 00 to 120) and P. regnellii for 12 leaf development stages, from dry seed to 10th visible leaf emitted on the main stem (from 00 to 110). In addition, the duration (days) and thermal time (°C day) were determined for each seedling development stage. C. antisyphilitica needs to accumulate more energy (and days) to finish the seedling phase (1551.9°C day or 261 days) compared to L. ferrea (1127°C day or 175 days) and P. regnellii (1109.7°C day or 193 days). However, the three forest species exhibit similar energy demands throughout most stages of seedling development, except code 09–12 for C. antisyphilitica. This study provides important information for optimizing silvicultural techniques, evaluating the response of temperature on phenological stages, and assessing the impacts of global warming on forest seedling development.
Os reflorestamentos com espécies do gênero Eucalyptus tem grande importância econômica no Brasil, sendo que a sua produção vem crescendo ao longo dos anos, aumentando a preocupação com os problemas fitossanitários. Um dos mais preocupantes é um inseto-praga originário da Austrália, o Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore 1964 (Hemiptera:Aphalaridae), seus danos são causados pela sua forma de alimentação e sua preferência por espécies do gênero eucalipto. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a flutuação populacional do inseto-praga e do seu principal inimigo natural o Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek 1962 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em um reflorestamento comercial de eucalipto, com o híbrido E. camaldulensis x grandis ao longo de 2 anos. Avaliamos e discutimos suas flutuações e suas relações com variáveis meteorológicas da região, assim como usamos a correlação de Spearman para inferir e discutir sobre as variáveis que possam ser fatores chaves nas flutuações. A precipitação e a temperatura são as variáveis meteorológicas que podem influenciar na flutuação da população do G. brimblecombei e a temperatura pode ter forte influência na abundância do P. bliteus. Concluímos que a precipitação é um fator limitante para a população de G. brimblemcombei e que a região possui faixas ótimas de desenvolvimento. A temperatura é um fator limitante para a população de P. bliteus e que as duas populações possuem uma relação de dependência.
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