Review: Saffron’s Activity as an Active Ingredient in Cosmetics

Abstract

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a plant that has been widely used in Asia, especially in the health sector. This can be related to other than that saffron is also known for its use as a cosmetic because Saffron has various kinds of pharmacological activities beneficial to human skin. Today's cosmetic users prefer cosmetics with herbal or natural ingredients, especially in Indonesia. This happens because it is considered that herbal cosmetics are safer and harmless in long-term use. Therefore, it is necessary to do related act ivities of saffron as a cosmetic ingredient. This is narrative research where the data is obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with keywords Saffron, Saffron for cosmetics, and others. There were eight references, with inclusion criteria being national and international journals and national websites published in 2011-2021, especially regarding the study of saffron activity as an ingredient for cosmetics. Then the data is analyzed narratively. It was found that Saffron (Crocus sativus) contains compounds that have a cosmetic activity such as safranal which can be used as a perfume, crocin as an antioxidant and as anti-dark spot, crocin, safranal, and crocetin as anti-UV, crocin, and crocetin as an anti-inflammatory and as coloring pigment in cosmetics, vitamin C, flavonoids and zinc as a face toner, kaempferol, crocin and crocetin as anti-wrinkle, zeaxanthin, lycopene, carotene, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and crocin as anti-aging. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has various beneficial activities for the skin, so it can be used as an ingredient in making cosmetics.Keywords : Cosmetics, Herbal, Saffron, Herbal Cosmetics, Active Ingredient

Full text

Vol 3, Issue 2, 2021 (74-81)
http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp
*Corresponding author,
e-mail : norisca@unpad.ac.id (N. A. Putriana)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v3i2.34876
© 2021 N. A. Putriana et al
Review: Bioactivities of Saffron as an Active Ingredient in Cosmetics
Irna Roniawati1, Norisca Aliza Putriana2, Adinda Naswa Putri1, Yuniar Alfain Nur’aini1
1Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
2Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran
University, Sumedang, Indonesia
Submitted : 29 July 2021, Revised : 11 August 2021, Accepted : 21 Sept 2021, Published : 3 Nov 2021
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a plant that has been widely used in Asia, especially in the
health sector. This can be related to other than that saffron is also known for its use as a
cosmetic because Saffron has various kinds of pharmacological activities beneficial to
human skin. Today's cosmetic users prefer cosmetics with herbal or natural ingredients,
especially in Indonesia. This happens because it is considered that herbal cosmetics are
safer and harmless in long-term use. Therefore, it is necessary to do related activity of
saffron as a cosmetic ingredient. The aim of this review to provide information regarding
the active substances in saffron that can be used as cosmetics. This is narrative research
where the data is obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with
keywords Saffron, Saffron for cosmetics, and others. There were eight references, with
inclusion criteria being national and international journals and national websites
published in 2011-2021, especially regarding the study of saffron activity as an ingredient
for cosmetics. It was found that Saffron (Crocus sativus) contains compounds that have a
cosmetic activity such as safranal which can be used as a perfume, crocin as an antioxidant
and as anti-dark spot, crocin, safranal, and crocetin as anti-UV, crocin, and crocetin as an
anti-inflammatory and as coloring pigment in cosmetics, vitamin C, flavonoids and zinc
as a face toner, kaempferol, crocin and crocetin as anti-wrinkle, zeaxanthin, lycopene,
carotene, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and crocin as anti-aging. Saffron (Crocus
sativus) has various beneficial activities for the skin, so it can be used as an ingredient in
making cosmetics.
Keywords: Cosmetics, Herbal, Saffron, Herbal Cosmetics, Active Ingredient
1. Introduction
In Indonesia, cosmetics is one of
primary needs for women. Even now it has
been produced for men and children. (1). It
makes the cosmetic industry has a very rapid
economic growth from year to year. According
to data from the Ministry of Industry of the
Republic of Indonesia, the national cosmetic
industry experienced an increase in the
economic growth of 20% compared to
economic growth in 2017.
The high demand for cosmetics has
made many irresponsible people using harmful
elements in the manufacture of cosmetics, such
as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg)
(2). Lead (Pb) in cosmetics will be absorbed in
the body, causing organ damage and cancer.
Meanwhile, arsenic in cosmetics can cause skin
lesions, respiratory problems, and cancer (3).
The active ingredient that used in cosmetics
should be safe, effective, and the dose should
be avoided from long-term effects and side
effects such as dermatitis and allergies (4;5).
Increased production and distribution of
harmful cosmetics, causing cosmetic users to
become worried and afraid in using cosmetics.
So that users start switching to herbal or natural
cosmetics because they are considered safer

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
75
(6). These herbal ingredients are obtained from
plant parts of leaves, seeds, fruit, roots, stems,
flowers, rhizomes, and other plant parts (7).
Both are used in the whole form or have been
made into powdered extracts (8).
There are various kinds of herbal
cosmetic products such as herbal soap, herbal
shampoo, herbal face wash, and others (7). In
addition, some products function to protect the
skin from the harmful effects of free radicals,
maintain the keratin structure in good
condition, and make the skin healthier and
cleaner (6). This proves that herbal cosmetics
have properties comparable to synthetic
materials but are safer, lighter, and healthier to
use. Therefore, herbal cosmetics are
increasingly popular and favored by users
(9),(10). One of the herbal cosmetics that is
widely used by users in Indonesia is cosmetics
made from Saffron (Crocus sativus) (11).
Saffron in the market is sold in the form of a
cream joint which is efficacious as an anti-
wrinkle and also in the form of a face toner
(12). Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a plant
originating from the genus Iridaceous (13),
which has been widely used in Asia, especially
in the health sector, which can be related to its
use as a cosmetic because Saffron has a wide
range of pharmacological activities beneficial
for human skin (14). Saffron contains many
chemical compounds, including crocin,
safranal, crocetin, picrocrocin (15). crocin
compounds contain high glycosyl compounds
so that they dissolve in water and give a red or
orange color to Saffron, safranal compounds
are volatile compounds that produce aroma,
and picrocrocin compounds are compounds
that give saffron taste and aroma (16;14). These
compounds have effects such as antioxidant,
anti-UV, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-
wrinkle, anti-dark spot, face toner, and can
produce color and aroma pigments (perfume)
so that Saffron can be used as an astringent
active in herbal cosmetics (11;17).
2. Method
The method used when writing this
article is narrative research. The library sources
used are as many as 49 libraries, both from
books, official websites, national or
international journals. The search for library
sources was carried out through databases at
PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar
with Saffron, Crocus sativus, Cosmetic,
Saffron for cosmetics, Saffron Cosmetics, and
so on. Next, selecting the library sources that
will be used is carried out by reviewing the title
and abstract. The libraries used include libraries
published in the last ten years.
3. Result
There are 536 journals obtained from
PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar
using keywords. Choose from every journal
found through titles and abstracts taken with
Saffron benefits for cosmetics. The results of
the selection were obtained from 8 journals
which are then analyzed narratively.
Figure 1. Paper selection algorithm
4. Discussion
a. Antioxidant
In Saffron, high antioxidant activity is
provided by crocin as a carotenoid. Crocin
showed high radical scavenging activity (50%
and 65% for 500 and 1000 ppm solutions in
methanol, respectively), followed by safranal
(34% for solutions of 500 ppm). This
compound's high radical scavenging activity
may be due to its ability to donate hydrogen
atoms to DPPH radicals (19).
b. Anti-Inflammation

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
76
Saffron activity is an anti-inflammatory
derived from crocetin and crocins compounds
(21). Both of these compounds have strong
antioxidants shown through their inhibition in
producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
IL-1 production by suppressing NF-B activity
through inhibition of phosphorylation I kappa
B kinase-a (IKK-a) and prevention of nuclear
translocation of NF-B. p65 subunit (22). Crocin
at a dose of 20 mg/kg can inhibit several pro-
inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-
α) and inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin
E-2 (PGE-2) and COX-2) production (21). In
addition, crocin and safranal also suppress the
inflammatory pain response and reduce the
number of neutrophils (28).
Table 1. Activity of saffron and its compounds.
Effect
Compound
Activity
Reference
Perfume
Safranal
Main components of saffron
essential oil.
[18]
Antioxidant
Crocin
High radical scavenging
activity
[19]
Anti-UV
Crocin, Safranal, and
Crocetin
As an antioxidant that can
counteract and damage UV
radiation on the skin
[20]
Anti-Inflammation
Crocin and crocetins
Inhibits that some pro-
inflammatory cytokines
[21] [22]
Face Toner
Vitamin C, Flavonoid and
Zinc
Vit. C: treat
hyperpigmentation
Flavonoid: brighten the face
Zinc: retinol protein binder
[23]
Anti-Wrinkle
kaempferol, crocin and
crocetin
Antioxidant
[24]
Anti-Aging
zeaxanthin, likopen,
karoten, crocetin,
picrocrocin, kaempferol,
and crocin
Antioxidant
[25] [26]
Anti-Dark Spot
Crocin
Inhibits the enzyme
tyrosinase
[27]
Coloring Pigments in
Cosmetics
Crocin and crocetins
It gives red or orange
[14]
c. Anti-UV
Saffron flowers (Crocus sativus)
contain main compounds such as crocin,
safranal, and crocetin which have various
activities, for example, as antioxidants (20).
Safranal is an aldehyde monoterpene that is
included in the main volatile compounds in
Saffron Flowers. Safranal can act as an anti-UV
due to its activity as an antioxidant that can
counteract free radicals from ultraviolet (UV)
rays. This is because the impact of UV rays on
the skin can cause dry skin, wrinkles, and even
sagging (29).
Anti-UV, commonly called Sunscreen,
is included in photoprotection, which can
prevent and even damage UV radiation that
harms the skin, such as aging (30). In addition,
UV radiation can cause sunburn to skin cancer
(31).
d. Face Toner
According to Salvi and Prima's 2021
study, the pistil of Saffron (Crocus sativus) can
be used as a face toner because it contains
Vitamin C, Flavonoids, and Zinc which can
traditionally treat facial skin. Vitamin C
contained in the pistil of the Saffron flower is
1.41%. Vitamin C serves to treat
hyperpigmentation (32). Zinc functions as a
component of the retinol-binding protein so
that Vitamin A can flow in the blood.
Flavonoids function to depigmentation or are
often referred to as brightening agents to inhibit

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
77
tyrosinase activity when the melanogenesis
process occurs (23).
Face toner can function as a cleanser
after making facial repairs with facial cleansers
to remove excess sebum on facial skin so that
this face toner has anti-sebum activity (33, 34).
In addition, facial toner is also useful for
hydrating the skin to maintain its moisture (35).
e. Anti-wrinkle
Anti-wrinkle reduces or eliminates
wrinkles due to age, stress, smoking, or
exposure to free radicals or UV. So that in anti-
wrinkle activity, compounds containing
antioxidants are needed (36) (37) (38). In the
research of Zeka and Mashmoul, it was found
that the petals of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)
(24) (19) have antioxidant effects derived from
kaempferol, crocin, and crocetin compounds,
and there are safranal compounds that have
antioxidant activity (39).
f. Anti-aging
Like anti-wrinkle, anti-aging can work
well if it contains antioxidants (40). Saffron
(Crocus sativus) contains zeaxanthin, lycopene,
carotene, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol,
and crocin compounds that act as antioxidants
(25, 26).
One of the factors that cause skin aging
is exposure to UV radiation. So, the use of anti-
aging is usually accompanied by anti-UV (41).
Exposure to UV radiation, especially UV A
light, can increase the number of reactive
oxygen species and enzymes that act as
protective antioxidants such as catalase.
Catalase enzymes are commonly used as
biomarkers or important indicators of oxidative
stress. If in large quantities, it can cause
damage to the skin, such as skin aging (42, 43).
g. Anti-dark spot
Saffron is known to reduce melamine in which
dark spots are formed from the process of
melanogenesis by the occurrence of an
oxidative reaction that is controlled and
accelerated by the tyrosinase enzyme, which
will form melanin from a mixture of the
pigments eumelanin (dark brown) and
phaeomelanin (yellowish-red) which causes the
formation of dark spots on the skin (44) (11).
Increased melanin, especially the pigment
eumelanin, can be caused by ultraviolet
radiation (45). Saffron contains crocin
compounds that can inhibit the activity of the
tyrosinase enzyme by damaging the hydrogen
bonds in the tyrosinase, which causes
rearrangement and conformational changes in
the enzyme and based on silicon docking
studies, crocin forms extensive hydrophobic
interactions with amino acid residues of the
tyrosinase enzyme and crocin is an inhibitor.
Mixed competitive type (27). So that Saffron
can be used as an anti-dark spot and significant
depigmentation in reducing skin melanin (11).
h. Perfume
In the era of Ancient Greece, Saffron was often
used as a perfume by the royals because it had
a sensual fragrance and was admired by the
Greeks (11). Saffron has more than 150 volatile
and aroma-producing compounds. Safranal is
one of the main components of saffron essential
oil. It is formed by hydrolysis of picrocrocin
when it’s drying and storage (18). Studies have
shown that a higher temperature of around
80◦C and a less processing time of up to 30
minutes will result in a larger amount of
safranal. Saffron, with good quality, has 2.5%
volatile compounds such as safranal (46).
i. Coloring Pigments in Cosmetics
Saffron has been used as a natural color
for the manufacture of cosmetics since ancient
times. Reddish gold, orange, and orange-red
colors are produced by Saffron (47;23). these
colors have resulted from crocetin and crocin
compounds of Saffron(48), which have the
carotenoid glycoside structure (48).
5. Conclusion
Saffron has various activities, as an
antioxidant, anti-UV, anti-inflammatory,
perfume, face toner, anti-wrinkle, anti-aging,
anti-dark spot, and can provide color pigments.

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
78
So that Saffron has the potential to be used in
the manufacture of cosmetics.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Apt.
Norisca Aliza Putriana, M.Farm as a Advisor
who has guided the author to carry out this
review. And also Prof. apt. Rizky Abdullah,
S.Si, Ph.D. as a lecturer in Metodologi Riset
dan Biostatistik at the Faculty of Pharmacy,
Padjadjaran University.
References
1.
Kemenperin. Industri kosmetik
nasional tumbuh 20%. 2020. (download
on April 24, 2021). Available at:
https://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/
18957/Industri-Kosmetik-Nasional-
Tumbuh-20.
2.
Wang W, Ning B, Wenfeng Y,
Nianpeng S, Hua B, Haiyu L, et al.
Simultaneous determination of lead,
arsenic, and mercury in cosmetics using
a plastic based disposable
electrochemical sensor. Microchemical
Journal. 2019;148:240-7.
3.
Bhowmick S, Sreemanta P, Payel S,
Priyanka M, Debashis C, Jerome N.
Arsenic in groundwater of West
Bengal, India: A review of human
health risks and assessment of possible
intervention options. Science of The
Total Environment. 2018;612:148–69.
4.
Patisaul HB, Heather BA. Long-term
effects of environmental endocrine
disruptors on reproductive physiology
and behaviour. Front Behav Neurosci.
2009;1-18.
5.
Park JD, Wei Z. Human exposure and
health effects of inorganic and
elemental mercury. J Prev Med Public
Health. 2012;45(6):344-52.
6.
Joshi LS, Pawar H. Herbal cosmetics
and cosmeceuticals: an overview.
Natural Products Chemistry &
Research. 2015;3(2):1-8.
7.
Bijauliya RK, Shashi A, Mayank K,
Dilip KC, Shrishti Y. A comprehensive
review on herbal cosmetics.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research.
2017;8(12):4930-49.
8.
SahuAlakh N, Jha S, Dubey SD.
Formulation & evaluation of
curcuminoid based herbal face cream.
Indo-Global Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences. 2011;1(1):77-8.
9.
Kanlayavattanakul M, Nattaya L.
Plants and natural products for the
treatment of skin hyperpigmentation - a
review. Planta Med. 2018;84(14):988-
1006.
10.
Taofiq O, Sandrina A, Heleno, Ricardo
CC, Isabel PF, Maria JA, Lillian B, et
al. Mushroom-based cosmeceutical
ingredients: microencapsulation and in
vitro release profile. Industrial Crops
and Products. 2018;124:44-52.
11.
Mzabri I, Mohamed A, Abdelbasset B.
Traditional and modern uses of saffron
(Crocus Sativus). Cosmetics.
2019;6(4):63.
12.
Naeimifar A, Saman AN, Aniseh S,
Roya T, Seyed SA, Amir MH, et al.
Preparation and evaluation of anti-
wrinkle cream containing. Journal of
Cosmetic Dermatology.
2019;19(9):2366-73.
13.
Ismail RAJF, Nurma RN. Potensi
saffron sebagai antidiabates. Jurnal
Penelitian Perawat Profesional.
2020;2(1):99-104.
14.
Afifah MN, Aliya NH. Saffron (Crocus
sativus L): Kandungan dan Aktivitas
Farmakologinya. Majalah Farmasetika.
2020;5(3):116-23.

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
79
15.
Bolhassani A. Chapter 10 - bioactive
components of saffron and their
pharmacological properties. Studies in
Natural Products Chemistry.
2018;58:289-311.
16.
Hübert T, Carlo T, Ulrich B. Electronic
Noses and Tongues in Food Science.
Spain: Academic Press; 2016.
17.
Cardone L, Donato C, Michele P,
Nunzia C, Vincenzo C. Saffron (crocus
sativus l.), the king of spices: an
overview. Scientia Horticulturae.
2020;272:109560.
18.
Kosar M, Demirci B, Goger F, Kara I,
Baser KHC. Volatile composition,
antioxidant activity, and antioxidant
components in saffron cultivated in
Turkey. International Journal of Food
Properties. 2017;20(S1):S746-54.
19.
Mashmoul M, Azrina A, Huzwah K,
Barakatun NMY, Sabariah MN.
Saffron: a natural potent antioxidant as
a promising anti-obesity drug.
Antioxidants. 2013;2(4): 293-308.
20.
Mirhadi E, Hooriyeh N, Bizhan MN.
An updated review on therapeutic
effects of nanoparticle-based
formulations of saffron components
(safranal, crocin, and crocetin). Journal
of Pharmaceutical Investigation.
2019;50:47-58.
21.
Zeinali M, Seyed AR, Hossein H. An
overview on immunoregulatory and
anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin
and flavonoids substances. Biomed
Pharmacother. 2017;92:998-1009.
22.
Pradère JP, Céline H, Christiane K,
Richcard AF, Tom L, Robert FS.
Negative regulation of NF-kappaB p65
activity by serine 536 phosphorylation.
Sci Signal. 2016;1-9.
.23.
Salvi A, Prima M. Kelayakan Sediaan
Penyegar (Face Toner) Putik Bunga
Saffron (Crocus sativus) sebagai
Kosmetik Tradisional Perawatan Kulit
Wajah. Jurnal Tata Rias dan
Kecantikan. 2021;3(1):1-8.
24.
Zeka K, Ketan CR, Maria AC,
Dimitrios S, Francesco V, Randolph
RJA. Petals of Crocus sativus L. as a
potential source of the antioxidants
crocin and kaempferol. Fitoterapia.
2015;107:128-34.
25.
Akhtar N, Haji MSK, Shoaib A, Imran
SM, Najam S, Kamran B. Moisturizing
effect of stable cream containing
Crocus sativus extracts. Pakistan
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2014;27(6):1881-4.
26.
Jadoon S. Karim S, Muhammad
HHBA, Muhammad RA, Abida KK,
Arif M, Chunye C, Ghulam M. Anti-
Aging Potential of Phytoextract
Loaded-Pharmaceutical Creams for
Human Skin Cell Longetivity.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular
Longevity. 2015;1-17.
27
Anantharaman A, Hridya H, Rajendra
RP, Mohan S, Mohan G, Nallasamy P,
Ramamoorthy S. Inhibitory Effect of
Apocarotenoids on the Activity
Tyrosinase : Multi-Spectroscopic and
Docking Studies. J. Biosci Bioeng.
2016;121(1):13-20.
28.
Rahmani AH, Amjad AK, Yousef HA.
Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Active
Ingredients: Role in the Prevention and
Treatment of Disease. Pharmacogn J.
2017;9(6):873-9.
29.
Madan K, Sanju N. In-vitro evaluation
of antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-
collagenase, anti-hyaluronidase
activities of safranal and determination
of its sun protection factor in skin
photoaging. Bioorganic Chemistry.
2018;77: 159-67.

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
80
30.
Gabros A, Trevor AN, Patrick MZ.
Sunscreens And Photoprotection.
StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
31.
Palm MD, Marianne NO. Update on
photoprotection. Indian J Dermatol.
2012;57(5): 335-42.
32.
Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology.
Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4(2):
143-6.
33.
Pongsakornpaisan P, Nattaya L,
Mayuree K. Anti-sebum efficacy of
guava toner: A split-face, randomized,
single-blind placebo-controlled stud.
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.
2019;18(6):1737-41.
34.
Timudom T, Chaiyavat C, Bhagavathi
SS, Pratya T, Duangporn N. Anti-
Sebum Efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica
L. (Emblica) Toner on Facial Skin.
Appl. Sci. 2020;10(22):8193.
35.
Yuanxi L, Hua W, Xiiong L, Li L.
Comparison of skin hydration in
combination and single use of common
moisturizers (cream, toner, and spray
water). J Cosmet Sci. 2016;67(3):175-
83.
36.
Kerscher M, Buntrock H. Anti-aging
creams. What really helps?. Hautarzt.
2011;62(8): 607-13.
37.
Kim SR, Yu RJ, Hye JA, Dae HK, Eun
JJ, Yeon JC, Kyoung MM, et al. Anti-
Wrinkle and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
of Active Garlic Components and the
Inhibition of MMPs via NF-κB
Signaling. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(9): 1-
12.
38.
Zahruddin A, Damayanti. Penuaan
Kulit: Patofisiologi dan Manifestasi
Klinis. Periodical of Dermatology and
Venereology. 2018;30(3): 208-15.
39.
Bernad DC, Estefania VC, Joaquin JP,
Maria JF. Saffron bioactives crocin,
crocetin and safranal: effect on
oxidative stress and mechanisms of
action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.
2020;24:1-18.
40.
Ganceviciene R, Aikaterini IL,
Athanasios T, Evgenia M, Christos CZ.
Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-
Endocrinology. 2012;4(3): 308-19.
41.
Shanbhag A, Akshatha N, Reema N,
Usha YN. Anti-aging and Sunscreens:
Paradigm Shift in Cosmetics. Adv
Pharm Bull. 2019;9(3): 348-59.
42.
Amaro-Ortiz A, Betty Y, John AD.
Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the
Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical
cAMP Manipulation. Molecules.
2014;19(5): 6202-19.
43.
Dewi NK. Efek Paparan Logam Berat
Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehida dan
Aktivitas Katalase Ikan Mas dan Ikan
Nila di Sungai Kaligarang. Indonesian
Journal of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences. 2018;41(2): 69-75.
44.
Moshiri, M, Vahabzadeh M,
Hosseinzadeh H. Clinical Applications
of Saffron (Crocus Sativus) and its
Constituents : A Review. Drug Res
(Stuttg). 2015;287-95.
45
Pinon A, Youness L, Ludovic M,
Jeanne CM, Bertrans L, Christiane D, et
al. A novel form of meloname apoptosis
resistance: Melanogenesis Up-
Regulation in Apoptotic B16-F0 Cells
Delays Ursolic Acid-Triggered Cell
Death. Experimental Cell Res.
2011;317(12):1669-76.
46.
Rezaee R, Hossein H. Safranal: from an
aromatic natural product to a rewarding
pharmacological agent. Iranian journal
of basic medical sciences.
2013;16(1):12-26.
47.
Galanakis, CM. Saffron. London:
Academic Press; 2021.

N. A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2021) 74-81
81
48.
Javadi B, Amirhossein S, Seyed AE. A
Survey on Saffron in Major Islamic
Traditional Medicine Books. J Basic
Med Sci. 2013;16(1):1-11.
49.
Khazdair MR, Mohammad HB,
Mahmoud H, Ramin R, Aristidis MT.
The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron)
and its constituents on nervous system:
A review. Avicenna J Phytomed.
2015;5(5): 376-91.